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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burchard Christoph von Münnich – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Burchard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="بورکهارد کریستف فن مونیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بورکهارد کریستف فن مونیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burckhardt_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burckhardt Christoph von Münnich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Burckhardt Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9A" title="כריסטופור מיניך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כריסטופור מיניך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Бурхард Кристоф Миних – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бурхард Кристоф Миних" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhards_Kristofs_fon_Minihs" title="Burhards Kristofs fon Minihs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Burhards Kristofs fon Minihs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81_%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="بورخارد كريستوف ڤون مونيتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بورخارد كريستوف ڤون مونيتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%92" title="ブルクハルト・クリストフ・フォン・ミュンニヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルクハルト・クリストフ・フォン・ミュンニヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burchard Christoph von Münnich – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Burchard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph Münnich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burkhard Christoph Münnich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Миних, Бурхард Кристоф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миних, Бурхард Кристоф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Бурхарт Миних – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бурхарт Миних" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85" title="Бургард-Крістоф Мініх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бургард-Крістоф Мініх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61710#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline-block;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></b></i></div><br /><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Burkhard Christoph von Münnich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Minikh_BK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Minikh_BK.jpg/220px-Minikh_BK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Minikh_BK.jpg/330px-Minikh_BK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Minikh_BK.jpg/440px-Minikh_BK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1891" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Christofor Antonovich von Münnich</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">19 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9] 1683<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuenhuntorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuenhuntorf (page does not exist)">Neuenhuntorf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuenhuntorf" class="extiw" title="de:Neuenhuntorf">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Berne,_Germany" title="Berne, Germany">Berne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Duchy of Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 16] 1767 (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreis_Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Dorpat">Dorpat County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br />(present-day Tartu, <a href="/wiki/Tartu_County" title="Tartu County">Tartu County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Private estate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Army</a><br />Army of <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saxon_Army" title="Royal Saxon Army">Army of Saxony</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Army">Russian Imperial Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1700–1762</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">Field marshal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Army">Russian Imperial Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1734)" title="Siege of Danzig (1734)">Siege of Danzig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Austrian-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Ottoman War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1736)" title="Siege of Perekop (1736)">Storming of Perekop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1737)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1737)">Siege of Ochakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stavuchany" title="Battle of Stavuchany">Battle of Stavuchany</a></li> <li>Capture of Khotin<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnnich_COA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%BCnnich_COA.jpg/220px-M%C3%BCnnich_COA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%BCnnich_COA.jpg/330px-M%C3%BCnnich_COA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/M%C3%BCnnich_COA.jpg/440px-M%C3%BCnnich_COA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the counts of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnnich_(noble_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Münnich (noble family) (page does not exist)">Münnich family</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnnich_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Münnich (Adelsgeschlecht)">de</a>]</span> of 1728, in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Coat_of_arms_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Coat of arms book">Baltic Coat of arms book</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Arvid_von_Klingspor" title="Carl Arvid von Klingspor">Carl Arvid von Klingspor</a> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-Klingspor1882_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klingspor1882-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Burkhard Christoph Graf<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von Münnich</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Христофо́р Анто́нович Миних</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">tr.</a> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Khristofor (Christofor) Antonovich Minikh</i></span>; 19 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9] 1683 – 27 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 16] 1767) was a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">German</a>-born army officer who became a <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Political figure">political figure</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. He carried out major reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian Army</a> and founded several elite military formations during the reign of Empress <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna of Russia</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1730–1740</span>). As a statesman, he is regarded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as the founder of Russian <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">philhellenism</a>. Like his father, Münnich was an engineer and a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Hydrotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrotechnology">hydrotechnology</a>. He had the rank of <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> of the German Nation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Münnich was born at <a href="/wiki/Berne,_Germany" title="Berne, Germany">Neuenhuntorf</a> in the Grand <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Duchy of Oldenburg</a> in the military family of Anton Günther Mönnich (since 1688 <i>von Münnich</i>, an east-Frisian nobility). Besides the knowledge of the native <a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German language</a> he also learned the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French languages</a>. He entered the French service at 17. Thence he transferred successively to the armies of <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse-Darmstadt</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a> where he earned the rank of a <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1721, he was invited by the Russian ambassador in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Grigoryevich_Dolgorukov" title="Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov">Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov</a> for engineering projects of the newly acquired northern territories. Around that time his father has died. Upon arrival to Russia he presented <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter I</a> plans for the fortification of <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a> fortress, which pleasantly surprised the Russian emperor, and the <a href="/wiki/Annenkrone" title="Annenkrone">Annenkrone</a> fortification in <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>. He was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> in 1722. Among his first undertakings was the completion of the costly <a href="/wiki/Ladoga_Canal" title="Ladoga Canal">Ladoga Canal</a>, which had been under construction for more than a decade. For his engineering and military-engineering achievements he was promoted to the rank of the <a href="/wiki/General-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="General-in-Chief">General-in-Chief</a>, in 1726 by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine I">Catherine I</a>, and awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Alexander_Nevsky" title="Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky">Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky</a>. In 1727, Münnich was appointed the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> city while the Imperial court was temporarily transferred to Moscow by <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a>. From 1728 to 1734, he was a General-Governor of <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, and Finland as well as was awarded the title of a <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>. During his governorship, Münnich improved the local ports, reinforced the newly established <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a> (1703), and was thinking of building a bridge towards <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_army_reformer">Russian army reformer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russian army reformer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna of Russia</a> (1730), he was instructed to prepare the city for the return of Imperial court. After successfully accomplishing that Münnich was promoted to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_field_marshals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian field marshals">General-Fieldmarshal</a>, was appointed to the position of president of Russian <a href="/wiki/War_Collegiate" class="mw-redirect" title="War Collegiate">War Collegiate</a> in 1732 as well as given an order to re-organize the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian army</a>. Münnich became a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Guard" title="Russian Imperial Guard">Russian Imperial Guard</a>, known as Leib-Guard Cavalry Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Izmaylovsky_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Izmaylovsky Regiment">Izmaylovsky Regiment</a>, and the Shlyakhetskiy <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Corps_(Russia)" title="Cadet Corps (Russia)">Cadet Corps</a> which was destined to supply the future generations of officers. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Münnich also reformed numerous other military formations as well as the War Collegiate itself. He established a new formation for the Russian army at that time, the Corps which consisted of 12 regiments <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassier</a> Cavalry as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussar</a> regiments. Münnich revised the table of ranks and evened the salary of the Russian officers with the invited foreign military specialists. He was the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sapper</a> regiments to the Russian army as well as founded the Engineer School for Officers. During his administration some 50 other fortresses were erected which substantially improved the well-being of the Russian Armed Forces at that time. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Osterman" title="Andrey Osterman">Andrey Osterman</a> affairs, he was released of his duties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_campaign_of_1734–1739"><span id="Ottoman_campaign_of_1734.E2.80.931739"></span>Ottoman campaign of 1734–1739</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman campaign of 1734–1739"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1734, by the reference of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst Johann von Biron</a> he was sent to take the city of Danzig (<a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>) and after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1734)" title="Siege of Danzig (1734)">a prolonged siege</a> and evasion of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a> was heavily reproached. However, after that in 1733, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was able to install <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> as the King of Poland (ratified in 1736). </p><p>In 1736, as the commander of the Russian army, he headed the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Turkish campaigns</a>, besieging the important ports of <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azak</a> (modern Azov) and <a href="/wiki/Ochakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochakov">Özi</a>. On 21 May 1735 he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Perekop_(1736)" title="Siege of Perekop (1736)">sacked</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_Qapi" title="Or Qapi">Or Qapı fortress</a>, then continued into the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a>. Münnich destroyed the important Tatar cities of <a href="/wiki/Kezlev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kezlev">Kezlev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Aqmescit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bakhchisaray" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhchisaray">Bakhchisaray</a>. He was forced out of the peninsula due to poor logistics and battle fatigue of his formations, while another general, Count <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lacy" title="Peter Lacy">Peter von Lacy</a>, took <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azak</a>, earning himself a rank of the <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">general field marshal</a>. Münnich refused to resume the campaign the very next year, but he returned to the lower <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> steppes in 1737, and on 2 July took the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ochakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochakov">Özi</a> with the help of the Russian artillery. During the sack of Özi, he manually raised the regimental banner of the Izmailovsky Regiment on one of the towers of fortress after a successful attack. The siege of Özi was also later mentioned in the humorous stories about <a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a>, based on the adventures of the <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">page</a> to <a href="/wiki/Duke_Anthony_Ulrich_of_Brunswick" title="Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick">Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick</a>, Hieronymus von Münchhausen. Due to the heavy losses, the campaign was paused again while conducting negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Nemyriv" title="Nemyriv">Nemirov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Podolie" title="Podolie">Podolie</a>) without much result. In 1739, Münnich won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stavuchany" title="Battle of Stavuchany">Battle of Stavuchany</a>, took <a href="/wiki/Khotyn" title="Khotyn">Khotyn</a> two days later, and established himself firmly in <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>. His victory in this campaign was later mentioned in one of the Lomonosov's odes, considered to be the first poem of Russian literature. Threatening to burn down the capital of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, he forced the Moldavian boyars to sign the annexation of Moldavia. After the Ottoman war he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Order of St. Andrew</a> and the Golden Weapon for Courage. Due to military losses of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and worsening of the relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Swedish Hats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> had to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739)" title="Treaty of Niš (1739)">Treaty of Niš</a> by which it had to return the newly acquired Nogai steppes while keeping the fortress of Azak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall">Downfall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshal Münnich now began to take an active part in political affairs, the particular tone of which was given by his rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Biron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>, whom Münnich had arrested in 1740. Münnich's activity was brought to a close in 1741 by the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth of Russia</a>; he was arrested on his way to the border, and condemned to death. Brought out for execution, and withdrawn from the <a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">scaffold</a>, he was later sent to <a href="/wiki/Pelym,_Garinsky_District,_Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Pelym, Garinsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast">Pelym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, where he remained for several years, until the accession of <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> brought about his release in 1762. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a>, who soon displaced Peter, employed the old field marshal as director-general of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> ports. Münnich died four years later in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> and was buried at his estate nearby. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg/150px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg/225px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg/300px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Count Münnich in <a href="/wiki/Walhalla_(memorial)" title="Walhalla (memorial)">Walhalla</a> memorial.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine the Great</a> will say of him "<i> If Münnich is not one of the children of Russia, he is one of the fathers </i>". <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick the Great</a> professes great admiration for his exploits and calls him "Prince Eugene of the Muscovites". <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> wrote for his part: <i> It was Prince Eugene of the Muscovites; he had the virtues and vices of the great generals: skilful, enterprising, happy; but proud, superb, ambitious, and sometimes too despotic, and sacrificing the lives of his soldiers for his reputation. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Moritz_von_Lacy" title="Franz Moritz von Lacy">Franz Lacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Keith" title="James Francis Edward Keith">Keith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Friedrich_Woldemar_von_L%C3%B6wendal" title="Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar von Löwendal">Löwendal</a>, and other skilful generals, were training in his school </i>. </p><p>According to <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Hermann_von_Manstein" class="extiw" title="de:Christoph Hermann von Manstein">Hermann von Manstein</a>, his aide-de-camp: <i> The Count of Münnich is a real contrast of good and bad qualities. Polite, rude, human, carried away, in turn, nothing is easier for him than winning the hearts of those who deal with him. But suddenly, an instant later, he treats them so harshly that they are forced to hate him, so to speak. In certain conditions, we saw him generous, in others of a sordid greed. He is the man of the world who has the highest soul and yet we have seen him do mean things. Pride is a dominant vice. Constantly devoured by an excessive ambition, he sacrificed everything to the world to satisfy it. One of the best engineers in Europe, he was also one of the greatest captains of his century. Often reckless in his businesses, he has always ignored what the impossible is. With a tall and imposing stature, and a robust and vigorous temperament, he seems to have been born general. </i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gideon_von_Laudon" title="Ernst Gideon von Laudon">Ernst Gideon von Laudon</a> and Franz Lacy did their apprenticeship under his orders in front of Otchakov and <a href="/wiki/Khotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotin">Khotin</a>. </p><p>Burckhardt de Münnich is buried in his land of Lunia in <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his role as builder of modern Russia, his tomb was desecrated and partly destroyed by the Soviets. </p><p>The Imperial Russia <a href="/w/index.php?title=37th_Dragoons_Regiment_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="37th Dragoons Regiment (Russia) (page does not exist)">37th Dragoons Regiment</a> used to bear his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage">Heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christine_Lucretia_von_Witzleben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christine Lucretia von Witzleben (page does not exist)">Christine Lucretia von Witzleben</a> (1685–1727), his wife.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Juliana,_Baroness_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Juliana, Baroness von Krüdener">Barbara Juliana, Baroness von Krüdener</a> was his great-granddaughter.</li> <li>Count Johann Ernst Munnich (Sergei Khristoforovich Minikh) (1707–1788), his son, Russian statesman, diplomat, writer, studied jurisprudence, languages, and philosophy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Burkhard Christoph von Münnich. (1874) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.runivers.ru/lib/book4482/53779/">Notes of Field Marshal Count Münnich</a> (Записки фельдмаршала графа Миниха) at <a href="/wiki/Runivers.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Runivers.ru">Runivers.ru</a> in <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> and <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> formats</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The capitulation of the Ottoman fortress of <a href="/wiki/Hotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotin">Hotin</a> (Khotin) on 30 August, which surrendered without a fight: almost the entire garrison of the fortress took part in the Battle of Stavuchany.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrofimov2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trofimov, Anton (28 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histrf.ru/read/articles/bitva-pri-stavuchanakh-samaia-bieskrovnaia-pobieda-russkogho-oruzhiia">"Битва при Ставучанах. Самая бескровная победа русского оружия"</a>. <i>История.РФ</i> (in Russian). Russian Military Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85.+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Trofimov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistrf.ru%2Fread%2Farticles%2Fbitva-pri-stavuchanakh-samaia-bieskrovnaia-pobieda-russkogho-oruzhiia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkhard+Christoph+von+M%C3%BCnnich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klingspor1882-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klingspor1882_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Arvid_von_Klingspor1882" class="citation book cs1">Carl Arvid von Klingspor (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://personen.digitale-sammlungen.de/baltlex/Blatt_bsb00000445,00181.html?prozent="><i>Baltisches Wappenbuch</i></a>. Stockholm. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-98710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-98710-5"><bdi>978-0-543-98710-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltisches+Wappenbuch&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Stockholm&rft.date=1882&rft.isbn=978-0-543-98710-5&rft.au=Carl+Arvid+von+Klingspor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpersonen.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fbaltlex%2FBlatt_bsb00000445%2C00181.html%3Fprozent%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkhard+Christoph+von+M%C3%BCnnich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: Until 1919, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Graf</a></i></span> was a title, translated as '<a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>', not a first or middle name. The female form is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gräfin</i></span>. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Literary archives of Europe, or, Mixtures of literature, history and philosophy</i>, p.  403</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/M%C3%BCnnich,_Burkhard_Christoph" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Münnich, Burkhard Christoph">Münnich, Burkhard Christoph</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%BCnnich%2C+Burkhard+Christoph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkhard+Christoph+von+M%C3%BCnnich" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Governor of Saint Petersburg">Governors of Saint Petersburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">Governors General</a> of<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Governorate" title="Saint Petersburg Governorate">Saint Petersburg Governorate <span class="nobold">(1703–1873)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Danilovich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Danilovich Menshikov">Menshikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Apraksin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Apraksin (page does not exist)">Apraksin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kazimierz_Sapieha" title="Jan Kazimierz Sapieha">Sapieha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">von Münnich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikhailovich_Golitsyn" title="Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn">Golitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bruce_(1732%E2%80%931791)" title="James Bruce (1732–1791)">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Arkharov" title="Nikolai Arkharov">Arkharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Buxhoeveden" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden">von Buxhoeveden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ludwig_von_der_Pahlen" title="Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen">von der Pahlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">M. Golenishchev-Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kamensky" title="Mikhail Kamensky">Kamensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Aleksandrovich_Tolstoy" title="Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vyazmitinov" title="Sergey Vyazmitinov">Vyazmitinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky">Lobanov-Rostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balashov" title="Alexander Balashov">Balashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Miloradovich" title="Mikhail Miloradovich">Miloradovich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Golenishchev-Kutuzov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Golenishchev-Kutuzov (page does not exist)">P. Golenishchev-Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Essen" title="Peter Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kavelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Kavelin (page does not exist)">Kavelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matvey_Khrapovitsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matvey Khrapovitsky (page does not exist)">Khrapovitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Shulgin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Shulgin (page does not exist)">Shulgin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Ignatyev_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Ignatyev (general) (page does not exist)">Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arkadyevich_Suvorov" title="Alexander Arkadyevich Suvorov">Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Levashov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Levashov (page does not exist)">Levashov</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730_to_1856.svg/45px-Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730_to_1856.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730_to_1856.svg/68px-Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730_to_1856.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730_to_1856.svg/90px-Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730_to_1856.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="200" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730.png/45px-Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730.png/68px-Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730.png/90px-Petersburg_coat_of_arms_1730.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="189" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_Arms_of_St_Petersburg_proposal_large_%28XIX_century%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_St_Petersburg_proposal_large_%28XIX_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_Arms_of_St_Petersburg_proposal_large_%28XIX_century%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_St_Petersburg_proposal_large_%28XIX_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_Arms_of_St_Petersburg_proposal_large_%28XIX_century%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_St_Petersburg_proposal_large_%28XIX_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="390" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emblem_of_Leningrad_%28unofficial%29.svg/45px-Emblem_of_Leningrad_%28unofficial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emblem_of_Leningrad_%28unofficial%29.svg/68px-Emblem_of_Leningrad_%28unofficial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Emblem_of_Leningrad_%28unofficial%29.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Leningrad_%28unofficial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="210" /></span></span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Petersburg_%282003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="599" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gradonachalnik" title="Gradonachalnik">Gradonachalniks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg <span class="nobold">(1873–1914)</span></a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd <span class="nobold">(1914–1917)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Trepov_(senior)" title="Fyodor Trepov (senior)">F. Trepov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Zurov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Zurov (page does not exist)">Zurov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Gurko" title="Iosif Gurko">Romeyko-Gurko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Loris-Melikov" title="Mikhail Loris-Melikov">Loris-Melikov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Baranov_(1837)" title="Nikolay Baranov (1837)">Baranov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gresser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Gresser (page does not exist)">Gresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_von_Wahl" title="Viktor von Wahl">von Wahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kleigels" title="Nikolai Kleigels">Kleigels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fullon" title="Ivan Fullon">Fullon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Feodorovich_Trepov" title="Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov">D. Trepov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Dedyulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Dedyulin (page does not exist)">Dedyulin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_von_der_Launitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir von der Launitz (page does not exist)">von der Launitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniil_Drachevsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniil Drachevsky (page does not exist)">Drachevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Balk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Balk (page does not exist)">Balk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government <span class="nobold">(1917)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadim_Yurevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadim Yurevich (page does not exist)">Yurevich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yevgeny_Rogovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yevgeny Rogovsky (page does not exist)">Rogovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Schreider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigory Schreider (page does not exist)">Schreider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kishkin" title="Nikolai Kishkin">Kishkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs of <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd <span class="nobold">(1917-1924)</span></a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad <span class="nobold">(1924-1991)</span></a> Executive Committee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kuznetsov" title="Alexey Kuznetsov">Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Popkov" title="Pyotr Popkov">Popkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Andrianov_(politician)" title="Vasily Andrianov (politician)">Andrianov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Alexeyev_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexey Alexeyev (politician) (page does not exist)">Alexeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Zamchevsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Zamchevsky (page does not exist)">Zamchevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Spiridonov" title="Ivan Spiridonov">Spiridonov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Rodionov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Rodionov (page does not exist)">Rodionov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Popov_(politician)" title="Georgy Popov (politician)">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Aristov" title="Boris Aristov">Aristov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yury_Solovyov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yury Solovyov (politician) (page does not exist)">Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Dumachyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Dumachyov (page does not exist)">Dumachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Gerasimov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Gerasimov (page does not exist)">Gerasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Gidaspov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Gidaspov (page does not exist)">Gidaspov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Shelkanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Shelkanov (page does not exist)">Shelkanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Governor of Saint Petersburg">Governors of Saint Petersburg <span class="nobold">(since 1991)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sobchak" title="Anatoly Sobchak">Sobchak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Yakovlev_(politician)" title="Vladimir Yakovlev (politician)">Yakovlev</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beglov" title="Alexander Beglov">Beglov</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Matviyenko" title="Valentina Matviyenko">Matviyenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Poltavchenko" title="Georgy Poltavchenko">Poltavchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beglov" title="Alexander Beglov">Beglov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li> <li><sup>1</sup>The office was called <b>Mayor of Saint Petersburg</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61710#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61710#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61710#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110783895">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95202977">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/183582/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8J3vPq34VWjVFM4bjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/103148272">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85308194">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121122523">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149673210">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121122523">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149673210">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2015853947&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5443065">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000232333&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx02wc442s2x2t">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608861005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277587705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000142097">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13944962">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1051899X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd103148272.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/103148272">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029510023">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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