Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" > <head itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" > <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">  <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.5ecf62baa0fa.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.452c70ce66f7.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.7bf600913d6e.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.0bfa59184c7a.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/css/output.b576742ffc3e.css" type="text/css"> <title>Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging - PubMed</title> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/uswds/dist/fonts/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin />  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.png" />  <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-192.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-72.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-114.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon-144.png">  <meta name="ncbi_sg_optimize_id" content="">  <meta name="theme-color" content="#20558a">  <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="ncbi_pinger_gtm_track" content="true"/>  <meta name="ncbi_app" content="pubmed" /> <meta name="ncbi_db" content="pubmed" /> <meta name="ncbi_phid" content="0A3700011337ADA500001C7A0049B031.1.m_6" /> <meta name="ncbi_pinger_stat_url" content="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/stat" /> <meta name="log_category" content="literature" /> <meta name="ncbi_cost_center" content="pubmed" />  <meta name="ncbi_pdid" content="abstract" /> <meta name="log_op" content="retrieve" /> <meta name="uid" content="23354332" /> <meta name="ncbi_uid" content="23354332" /> <meta name="log_displayeduids" content="23354332" /> <meta name="log_source_db" content="pubmed,pmc" /> <meta name="log_icons_present" content="true" />  <meta name="description" content="Aging has independently been associated with regional brain atrophy, reduced slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and impaired long-term retention of episodic memories. However, whether the interaction of these factors represents a neuropatholgical pathway associated w …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:23354332, PMC4286370, doi:10.1038/nn.3324, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Bryce A Mander, Vikram Rao, Matthew P Walker, Adolescent, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging / pathology*, Aging / physiology, Aging / psychology, Atrophy / pathology, Atrophy / physiopathology, Atrophy / psychology, Brain Mapping, Brain Waves / physiology*, Female, Hippocampus / pathology*, Hippocampus / physiology, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Memory / physiology*, Memory, Episodic, Neuropsychological Tests, Organ Size, Polysomnography, Prefrontal Cortex / pathology*, Prefrontal Cortex / physiology, Sleep / physiology*, Young Adult, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/"><meta property="og:description" content="Aging has independently been associated with regional brain atrophy, reduced slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and impaired long-term retention of episodic memories. However, whether the interaction of these factors represents a neuropatholgical pathway associated w …"><meta property="og:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="PubMed"><meta name="twitter:domain" content="pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta name="twitter:title" content="Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging - PubMed"><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/"><meta name="twitter:description" content="Aging has independently been associated with regional brain atrophy, reduced slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and impaired long-term retention of episodic memories. However, whether the interaction of these factors represents a neuropatholgical pathway associated w …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Mander BA;Rao V;Lu B;Saletin JM;Lindquist JR;Ancoli-Israel S;Jagust W;Walker MP;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="2013 Mar"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nat Neurosci"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature neuroscience"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="23354332"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="16"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/nn.3324"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1546-1726"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! </div> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="no-session-banner" id="no-session-banner" hidden> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. </div> <button class="close-banner-button" title="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner" ref="linksrc=close_no_session_banner" aria-controls="no-session-banner" aria-label="Close Clipboard and Search History not available warning banner" aria-expanded="true"> </button> </div> </div> <a class="usa-skipnav" href="#article-details"> Skip to main page content </a>  <section class="usa-banner"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner-header"> <div class="usa-grid usa-banner-inner"> <img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/favicons/favicon-57.png" alt="U.S. flag" /> <p>An official website of the United States government</p> <button class="usa-accordion-button usa-banner-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-top" > <span class="usa-banner-button-text">Here's how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner-content usa-grid usa-accordion-content" id="gov-banner-top" > <div class="usa-banner-guidance-gov usa-width-one-half"> <img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov" /> <div class="usa-media_block-body"> <p> <strong>The .gov means it’s official.</strong> <br /> Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner-guidance-ssl usa-width-one-half"> <img class="usa-banner-icon usa-media_block-img" src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/uswds/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https" /> <div class="usa-media_block-body"> <p> <strong>The site is secure.</strong> <br /> The <strong>https://</strong> ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="ncbi-header" role="banner" data-section="Header"> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usa-width-one-whole"> <div class="ncbi-header__logo"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" class="logo" aria-label="NCBI Logo" data-ga-action="click_image" data-ga-label="NIH NLM Logo"> <img src="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/logos/AgencyLogo.svg" alt="NIH NLM Logo" /> </a> </div> <div class="ncbi-header__account"> <a id="account_login" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-button header-button" style="display:none" data-ga-action="open_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu">Log in</a> <button id="account_info" class="header-button" style="display:none" aria-controls="account_popup"> <span class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span class="username desktop-only" aria-hidden="true" id="uname_short"></span> <span class="sr-only">Show account info</span> </button> </div> <div class="ncbi-popup-anchor"> <div class="ncbi-popup account-popup" id="account_popup" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="ncbi-popup-head"> <button class="ncbi-close-button" data-ga-action="close_menu" data-ga-label="account_menu"><span class="fa fa-times"></span><span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span></button> <h4>Account</h4> </div> <div class="account-user-info"> Logged in as:<br/> <b><span class="username" id="uname_long">username</span></b> </div> <div class="account-links"> <ul class="usa-unstyled-list"> <li><a id="account_myncbi" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_myncbi">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a id="account_pubs" href="/myncbi/collections/bibliography/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_pubs">Publications</a></li> <li><a id="account_settings" href="/account/settings/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_settings">Account settings</a></li> <li><a id="account_logout" href="/account/signout/" class="set-base-url" data-ga-action="click_menu_item" data-ga-label="account_logout">Log out</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div role="navigation" aria-label="access keys"> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_0" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="0" tabindex="-1">Access keys</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="1" tabindex="-1">NCBI Homepage</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_2" href="/myncbi/" class="set-base-url usa-sr-only" accesskey="2" tabindex="-1">MyNCBI Homepage</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_3" href="#maincontent" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="3" tabindex="-1">Main Content</a> <a id="nws_header_accesskey_4" href="#" class="usa-sr-only" accesskey="4" tabindex="-1">Main Navigation</a> </div> <section data-section="Alerts"> <div class="ncbi-alerts-placeholder"></div> </section>  <a id="maincontent" aria-label="Main page content below" role="navigation"></a> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <form action="/" method="get" autocomplete="off" class="usa-search usa-search-big search-form content-page-layout" id="search-form" role="search"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <a class="pubmed-logo" aria-label="Pubmed Logo" href="/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="pubmed_logo"> <img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/core/images/pubmed-logo-blue.svg" alt="pubmed logo" /> </a> <a href="#" class="search-input-trigger" data-alt-title="Hide search bar" title="Show search bar" aria-label="Show search bar"> </a> <div role="search" class="search-input"> <div class="form-field "> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="id_term"> Search: </label> <input type="search" name="term" data-skip-ie-scroll-to-top="" data-replace-term-with-exact="" data-exact-query="" placeholder="" class="term-input" required="required" id="id_term"/><a href="#" class="clear-btn" aria-label="Clear search input" title="Clear search input" role="button" data-pinger-ignore></a><button type="submit" class="search-btn" aria-label="Search" disabled data-pinger-ignore><span class="usa-search-submit-text">Search</span></button> </div> </div>   <div class="search-links-wrapper content-page-layout"> <div class="search-links"> <a href="/advanced/" class="search-input-link adv-search-link" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="adv_search">Advanced</a> <a href="/clipboard/" class="search-input-link clipboard-link hidden" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="clipboard"> Clipboard <span class="amount-in-clipboard"></span> </a> </div> <span class="search-input-link user-guide-link" role="navigation" aria-label="User guide"> <a href="/help/" data-ga-category="featured_link" data-ga-action="user_guide"> User Guide </a> </span> </div> </div> </form> <div id="article-page-header"> <div id="article-top-actions-bar" class="article-top-actions-bar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="actions-container"> <div class="return-to-search"> </div> <div class="multiple-results-actions " role="region" aria-label="save, email, send to"> <button id="save-results-panel-trigger" type="button" class="save-results save-results-panel-trigger" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="save-action-panel" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="open"> Save </button><button id="email-results-panel-trigger" type="button" class="email-results email-results-panel-trigger" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="email-action-panel" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="open"> Email </button><div class="more-actions dropdown-block"><button id="more-actions-trigger" type="button" class="trigger more-actions-trigger" ref="linksrc=show_moreactions_btn" aria-label="Send to" aria-controls="more-actions-dropdown">Send to</button><div id="more-actions-dropdown" class="dropdown dropdown-container" hidden><div class="content"><ul class="more-actions-links"><li><a class="clipboard-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link " href="#" role="button" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="clipboard" data-ga-label="send"> Clipboard </a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link bibliography-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23354332%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li><li><a role="button" class="dropdown-block-link collections-trigger-target" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23354332%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li><li><a role="button" class="citation-manager-panel-trigger dropdown-block-link citation-manager-trigger-target" href="#">Citation manager</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="article-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="article-panels-container" class="article-panels-container"> <div id="save-action-panel" class="save-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Save citation to file </h2> <form id="save-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="save-action-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label> <select id="save-action-format" name="results-format" class="action-panel-selector"> <option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option> <option value="pubmed-text">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="csv">CSV</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Save citations to file' panel" ref="linksrc=close_save_panel" aria-controls="save-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="save" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="email-action-panel" class="email-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-recaptcha-script-url="https://www.recaptcha.net/recaptcha/enterprise.js?render=explicit&onload=onloadCaptchaCallback" data-recaptcha-enabled="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Email citation </h2> <form id="email-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/send-email/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-email-by-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/send-email/" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post" method="post" > <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <span class="action-panel-label"> Subject: </span> <span class="email-subject" id="email-subject" aria-label="Email subject">1 selected item: 23354332 - PubMed</span> <input type="hidden" name="email-subject" value="1 selected item: 23354332"/> <input type="hidden" name="email-subject-hash" value="0a70262dc24963ef18e71269a624fa877b51128cae8a0bb2465f5c12a77b626f"/> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="email-to" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> To: </label> <input type="email" aria-label="Recipient Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-to" class="email-to" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="100" required> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="email-from" class="action-panel-label"> From: </label> <input type="email" aria-label="Sender Email Address" placeholder="email@example.com" id="email-from" class="email-from" pattern="^[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\.[a-zA-Z0-9-.]+$" maxlength="256"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="email-citation-format" class="action-panel-label"> Format: </label> <select id="email-citation-format" name="citation-format" class="action-panel-selector email-citation-format"> <option selected="selected" value="summary">Summary</option> <option value="summary-text">Summary (text)</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="abstract-text">Abstract (text)</option> </select> </div> <div class="include-supplemental-container"> <input type="checkbox" aria-label="Include MeSH and other data" name="include-supplemental" id="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental"> <label for="email-include-supplemental" class="email-include-supplemental-label">MeSH and other data</label> </div> <div class="form-field recaptcha "> <div class="g-recaptcha" id="id-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfsWHMdAAAAAClKbtOpjQ2pMjgsGxvv7NdZW9uI"></div> </div> <div id="captcha-error-message" class="usa-input-error-message captcha-validation-message" role="alert"></div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="send"> Send email </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Email citations' panel" ref="linksrc=close_email_panel" aria-controls="email-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="email" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="email-search-details-hash" value="0e42663a6c3bd85498fcb88798998fed7bfdc45d457db35281e41afe13cc0524" /> </form> </div> </div> <div id="collections-action-panel" class="collections-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-collections-open-panel-enabled="false" data-collections-open-panel-url-hash="#open-collections-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to Collections </h3> <form id="collections-action-panel-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-add-to-collection-max-amount="1000" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"> <label for="collections-action-panel-new">Create a new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="23354332"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3324" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3094&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&nlmid=9809671" title="See full text options at Nature Publishing Group" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Nature Publishing Group" data-ga-label="23354332" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nature.com-static-images-logos-nature-portfolio-120.png" alt="Nature Publishing Group full text link"><span class="text"> Nature Publishing Group </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/23354332/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&nlmid=9809671" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="23354332" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> <div class="short-view"> <a href="#" class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger"> Full text links </a> </div> </div> <div class="actions-buttons sidebar"><h3 class="title">Actions</h3><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/23354332/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/23354332/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="23354332" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23354332%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="title">Add to Collections</div><div class="collections-action-panel action-panel"><form id="collections-action-dialog-form" class="collections-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-existing-collections-url="/list-existing-collections/" data-add-to-existing-collection-url="/add-to-existing-collection/" data-create-and-add-to-new-collection-url="/create-and-add-to-new-collection/" data-myncbi-max-collection-name-length="100" data-collections-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/"><input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="sidebar-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="social-sharing"> <h3 class="title"> Share </h3> <ul class="social-sharing-links usa-unstyled-list"> <li> <a href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Prefrontal%20atrophy%2C%20disrupted%20NREM%20slow%20waves%20and%20impaired%20hippocampal-dependent%20memory%20in%20aging%20https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/" class="share-link share-link-twitter" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup" title="Share article on Twitter" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="social" data-ga-label="twitter"></a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/" class="share-link share-link-facebook" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="Pubmed-Social-Media-Share-Popup" title="Share article on Facebook" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="social" data-ga-label="fb"></a> </li> <li> <div class="share-permalink"> <button class="trigger" title="Show article permalink" ref="linksrc=show_permalink_btn"> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Permalink </div> <div class="content"> <input type="text" class="permalink-text" value="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/" aria-label="Article permalink"/><button class="permalink-copy-button usa-button-primary" title="Copy article permalink" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="link" data-ga-label="copy_link"><span class="button-title">Copy</span></button> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <nav class="page-navigator" role="navigation" aria-label="Page navigation"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Page navigation </h3> <ul class="items-list"> <li class="heading "> <a href="#heading" aria-label="navigate to Title & authors section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="heading"> Title & authors </a> </li> <li class="abstract "> <a href="#abstract" aria-label="navigate to Abstract section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="abstract"> Abstract </a> </li> <li class="figures "> <a href="#figures" aria-label="navigate to Figures section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="figures"> Figures </a> </li> <li class="similar "> <a href="#similar" aria-label="navigate to Similar articles section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="similar"> Similar articles </a> </li> <li class="citedby "> <a href="#citedby" aria-label="navigate to Cited by section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="citedby"> Cited by </a> </li> <li class="references "> <a href="#references" aria-label="navigate to References section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="references"> References </a> </li> <li class="publication-types "> <a href="#publication-types" aria-label="navigate to Publication types section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="publication-types"> Publication types </a> </li> <li class="mesh-terms "> <a href="#mesh-terms" aria-label="navigate to MeSH terms section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="mesh-terms"> MeSH terms </a> </li> <li class="grants "> <a href="#grants" aria-label="navigate to Grants and funding section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="grants"> Grants and funding </a> </li> <li class="linkout "> <a href="#linkout" aria-label="navigate to LinkOut - more resources section" data-ga-category="page_nav" data-ga-action="linkout"> LinkOut - more resources </a> </li> </ul> </div> <select class="short-view" autocomplete="off" title="navigate to selected section" aria-label="Navigate to page section"> <option value="heading">Title & authors</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="figures">Figures</option> <option value="similar">Similar articles</option> <option value="citedby">Cited by</option> <option value="references">References</option> <option value="publication-types">Publication types</option> <option value="mesh-terms">MeSH terms</option> <option value="grants">Grants and funding</option> <option value="linkout">LinkOut - more resources</option> </select> </nav> </div> </aside> <main class="article-details" id="article-details">   <header class="heading" id="heading"> <div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="full-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Nature neuroscience" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Nature neuroscience" data-pinger-ignore> Nat Neurosci </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Nature neuroscience"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Nat Neurosci" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Neurosci"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Neurosci"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Nat Neurosci"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Nat Neurosci"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2013 Mar;16(3):357-64.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/nn.3324. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2013 Jan 27. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mander+BA&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bryce A Mander">Bryce A Mander</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. bamander@berkeley.edu" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rao+V&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Vikram Rao">Vikram Rao</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lu+B&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Brandon Lu">Brandon Lu</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Saletin+JM&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jared M Saletin">Jared M Saletin</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lindquist+JR&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="John R Lindquist">John R Lindquist</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ancoli-Israel+S&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sonia Ancoli-Israel">Sonia Ancoli-Israel</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jagust+W&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="William Jagust">William Jagust</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Walker+MP&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Matthew P Walker">Matthew P Walker</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/23354332/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. bamander@berkeley.edu</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">23354332</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC4286370&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4286370/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC4286370 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/nn.3324&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3324" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/nn.3324 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">Bryce A Mander</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Nat Neurosci<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2013 Mar</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/23354332/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="article-citation"> <div class="article-source"> <div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button id="short-view-journal-trigger" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="Nature neuroscience" tabindex="0" aria-controls="short-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal Nature neuroscience" data-pinger-ignore> Nat Neurosci </button><div id="short-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal Nature neuroscience"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=Nat Neurosci" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Neurosci"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=search_in_nlm_catalog_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D" data-ga-category="search_catalog" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="Nat Neurosci"> Search in NLM Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Nat Neurosci"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Nat Neurosci"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2013 Mar;16(3):357-64.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1038/nn.3324. </span> <span class="secondary-date"> Epub 2013 Jan 27. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mander+BA&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bryce A Mander">Bryce A Mander</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. bamander@berkeley.edu" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Rao+V&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Vikram Rao">Vikram Rao</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lu+B&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Brandon Lu">Brandon Lu</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Saletin+JM&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jared M Saletin">Jared M Saletin</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Lindquist+JR&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="John R Lindquist">John R Lindquist</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Ancoli-Israel+S&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sonia Ancoli-Israel">Sonia Ancoli-Israel</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Jagust+W&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="William Jagust">William Jagust</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Walker+MP&cauthor_id=23354332" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Matthew P Walker">Matthew P Walker</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. bamander@berkeley.edu</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">23354332</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC4286370&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4286370/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC4286370 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1038/nn.3324&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3324" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1038/nn.3324 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/23354332/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/23354332/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Aging has independently been associated with regional brain atrophy, reduced slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and impaired long-term retention of episodic memories. However, whether the interaction of these factors represents a neuropatholgical pathway associated with cognitive decline in later life remains unknown. We found that age-related medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) gray-matter atrophy was associated with reduced NREM SWA in older adults, the extent to which statistically mediated the impairment of overnight sleep-dependent memory retention. Moreover, this memory impairment was further associated with persistent hippocampal activation and reduced task-related hippocampal-prefrontal cortex functional connectivity, potentially representing impoverished hippocampal-neocortical memory transformation. Together, these data support a model in which age-related mPFC atrophy diminishes SWA, the functional consequence of which is impaired long-term memory. Such findings suggest that sleep disruption in the elderly, mediated by structural brain changes, represents a contributing factor to age-related cognitive decline in later life. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/a32e2069eac3/nihms433136f1.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="558" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC4286370" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/9066dda6116d/nihms433136f1.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="558"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The sleep-dependent episodic word-pair task… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> The sleep-dependent episodic word-pair task <sup> , </sup> utilized word-nonsense word pairs to 1) maximize… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">The sleep-dependent episodic word-pair task<sup>,</sup> utilized word-nonsense word pairs to 1) maximize the novel episodic and associated hippocampal-dependent demands of the task, and 2) minimize the semantic, and thus hippocampal-independent, demands of the task<sup>,,</sup>. Words were 3–8 letters in length and drawn from a normative set of English words. Nonsense words were 6–14 letters in length, derived from groups of common phonemes. The word pair task began with an encoding phase composed of 120 word-nonsense word trials. (<b>a</b>) During each encoding trial, a word-nonsense word pair was shown for 5 s. Criterion training occurred immediately after encoding. (<b>b</b>) During each self-paced criterion trial, a previously studied probe word was presented with its original nonsense word associate from encoding (outlined in the grey box) and two new nonsense words not previously shown. Upon responding, the participant was given feedback for 1 s, with incorrect responses resulting in trial repetition at random intervals. (<b>c</b>) During recognition trials, either a previously studied probe word or a new (foil) probe word was shown for 5 s with four response options presented below. When a previously studied probe word was presented, the following response options were presented below: (1) the nonsense word originally paired with that probe word at encoding (‘Hit’), (2) a previously studied nonsense word, but one presented with a different previously studied probe word (‘Lure’), (3) a new nonsense word never seen during encoding, and (4) an option designating the shown probe word as “new”. New nonsense words were only presented once during the entire experiment, while previously studied nonsense words were presented twice during recognition testing, always in the same session, as a lure on one trial and the correct paired associate on another. When a foil probe word was presented, the four responses options consisted of three new nonsense words never presented during learning (which if chosen, would designate a ‘False alarm’), and an option designating this foil probe word as “new” (which if chosen, would designate a ‘Correct rejection’). Forty-five null events, consisting of a fixation display (1.5 s – 10 s), were interspersed throughout long delay recognition testing during fMRI acquisition, jittering trial onsets.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/af3287fd370b/nihms433136f2.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="530" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC4286370" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/a513786586a9/nihms433136f2.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="530"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> EEG topographic plots of relative… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> EEG topographic plots of relative ( <b> a </b> ) slow wave activity (SWA: 0.8Hz–4.6Hz)… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">EEG topographic plots of relative (<b>a</b>) slow wave activity (SWA: 0.8Hz–4.6Hz) during slow wave sleep in Young and Older adults, and the relative (<b>b</b>) SWA difference between Young and Older adults both averaged across all electrode sites for a metric of global SWA (left) and averaged across prefrontal electrode sites (right), outlined in the box in (<b>a</b>: Fp1 and Fp2) exhibiting peak relative SWA in both groups. <b>(c)</b> EEG topographic plots of absolute slow wave activity (SWA: 0.8Hz–4.6Hz) during slow wave sleep in all adults collapsed and Young (top plot) and Older (bottom plot) adults separately, and <b>(d)</b> the SWA difference between Young and Older adults both averaged across all electrode sites for a metric of global SWA (left) and averaged across prefrontal electrode sites (right), outlined in the box in (<b>a</b>: Fp1 and Fp2) exhibiting prefrontal derivations where absolute SWA was averaged and then compared between groups. Error bars indicate s.e.m. *denotes significance at <i>P</i><0.001. %PTOT denotes percentage of total spectral power (0.4–50Hz)</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/93c0c68c19c3/nihms433136f3.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="235" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC4286370" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/08e798eaee11/nihms433136f3.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="235"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> a) </b> Age effects (Older<Young… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> a) </b> Age effects (Older<Young adults) in grey matter volume, with mean medial… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>a)</b> Age effects (Older<Young adults) in grey matter volume, with mean medial prefrontal grey matter volume in young (red) and older (blue) adults plotted to the right. Regression between mean prefrontal grey matter volume and global slow wave activity (SWA) (<b>b</b>), defined as the average relative SWA across all electrode sites, and (<b>c</b>) associative episodic memory change. Activations are displayed and considered significant at the voxel level of <i>P<0.05</i> family-wise error (FWE) corrected for multiple comparisons across the whole brain volume. Cool colors represent the extent of reduced grey matter volume in Older relative to Young adults. Error bars indicate s.e.m. *denotes significance at <i>P</i><0.05 FWE whole brain corrected. au denotes arbitrary units. %PTOT denotes percentage of total spectral power (0.4–50Hz)</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/770547f06e40/nihms433136f4.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="458" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC4286370" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/50ed4bc1e997/nihms433136f4.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="458"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> a </b> ) Recognition performance… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> a </b> ) Recognition performance (HR–LR–FAR: [hit rate to originally studied word pairs… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>a</b>) Recognition performance (HR–LR–FAR: [hit rate to originally studied word pairs – false alarm rate to originally studied word pairs – false alarm rate to new, unstudied words]) in Young (red) and Older (blue) adults both at pre (short delay) and post-sleep (long delay) testing, and (<b>b</b>) the change in recognition performance (long delay – short delay), reflecting a measure of associative episodic memory change. Age differences in recognition performance were driven by changes in hit rate (<i>P</i><0.001) and not Lure rate (<i>P</i>=0.16) or False alarm rate (<i>P</i>=0.17), suggesting that age differences in recognition performance were driven by changes in memory and not response bias. Error bars indicate s.e.m. *denotes significance at <i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/71257574c5c6/nihms433136f5.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="204" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC4286370" data-figure-id="F5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/8cdd613da85a/nihms433136f5.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="204"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Topographic plots of the association… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Topographic plots of the association between relative slow wave activity (SWA: 0.8Hz–4.6Hz) during… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Topographic plots of the association between relative slow wave activity (SWA: 0.8Hz–4.6Hz) during slow wave sleep and associative episodic memory change in (<b>a</b>) all participants collapsed and (<b>b</b>) in Young (top plots) and Older (bottom plots) adults, with corresponding regressions for Young (red) and Older (blue) adults plotted for global relative SWA (<b>c</b>), defined as the average relative SWA across all electrode sites, and prefrontal SWA (<b>d</b>), defined as the average at prefrontal electrodes outlined in the box in (<b>a & b</b>: Fp1 and Fp2) exhibiting peak relative SWA in both groups. Associations were specific to SWA, as measures of subjective sleepiness and alertness, objective alertness, circadian preference, neurocognitive status, fast spindle density during stage 2 sleep (Fig. S1), total sleep time, wake after sleep onset time, and sleep efficiency did not correlate with episodic memory change in either young or older adults separately (Table S3). Similar to relative slow wave activity, both global absolute SWA (r=0.57, <i>P</i>=0.001) and prefrontal absolute SWA (Fp1 & Fp2 mean; r=0.60, <i>P</i><0.001) predicted episodic memory change across all participants. While not significant in all cases, a similar association was detected within each group separately for both global (young adults: r=0.49 <i>P</i>=0.045, older adults: r=0.36 <i>P</i>=0.21) and prefrontal (young adults: r=0.56 <i>P</i>=0.019, older adults: r=0.24 <i>P</i>=0.41) absolute SWA. *denotes significance at <i>P</i><0.05 corrected. %PTOT denotes percentage of total spectral power (0.4–50Hz)</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/e4805fc3f548/nihms433136f6.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="202" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC4286370" data-figure-id="F6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/2b6216637ac8/nihms433136f6.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="202"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Model schematic of mediation findings.… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Model schematic of mediation findings. Aging is associated with grey matter atrophy, which… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Model schematic of mediation findings. Aging is associated with grey matter atrophy, which mediates the degree of slow wave activity disruption, with slow wave activity, in turn, mediating the degree of impaired memory retention.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="figure-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/abe392eb1a49/nihms433136f7.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="800" data-image-height="487" data-image-alt="Figure 7" data-pmc-id="PMC4286370" data-figure-id="F7"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/36b3/4286370/6191b0dd4a9e/nihms433136f7.gif" alt="Figure 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="800"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="487"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> (a) </b> Age effects (Older>Young adults)…</div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b> (a) </b> Age effects (Older>Young adults) in left hippocampal activation greater during successful associative…</div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 7 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><b>(a)</b> Age effects (Older>Young adults) in left hippocampal activation greater during successful associative episodic retrieval than correct rejection of novel words (Hits-Correct Rejections; 6mm-sphere ROI: [x=−33, y=−32, z=−7]). No age differences in activation were detected outside the Hippocampus when employing FWE correction across the whole brain. Regressions between global slow wave activity (SWA) (<b>b</b>), defined as the average relative SWA across all electrode sites, and prefrontal SWA (<b>c</b>), defined as the average at prefrontal electrodes exhibiting peak relative SWA in both groups and left hippocampal activation (Hits-Correct Rejections; 6mm-sphere ROI: [x=−33, y=−32, z=−7]). Regression between associative episodic memory change (<b>d</b>) and left hippocampal activation (Hits-Correct Rejections) at peak of both SWA correlations. Activations are displayed and considered significant at the voxel level of <i>P<0.05</i> family-wise error (FWE) corrected for multiple comparisons within the <i>a priori</i> hippocampal regions of interest. Hot colors represent the extent of increased activation in Older relative to Young adults, and cold colors represent the extent of the negative correlation between hippocampal activation and SWA. While the 6mm-sphere ROIs used to correct for multiple comparisons did extend outside the hippocampus, no effects were detected or presented outside the hippocampus in the current report. Error bars indicate s.e.m. *denotes significance at <i>P</i><0.05 FWE corrected. au denotes arbitrary units. %PTOT denotes percentage of total spectral power (0.4–50Hz)</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all actions-bar"> <button class="show-more" aria-controls="slides-container" data-ga-category="figure" data-ga-action="show_all"> All figures (7) </button> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/26030850/" ref="article_id=26030850&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="26030850" data-ga-label=""> β-amyloid disrupts human NREM slow waves and related hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Mander BA, Marks SM, Vogel JW, Rao V, Lu B, Saletin JM, Ancoli-Israel S, Jagust WJ, Walker MP.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Mander BA, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Nat Neurosci. 2015 Jul;18(7):1051-7. doi: 10.1038/nn.4035. Epub 2015 Jun 1.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Nat Neurosci. 2015.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">26030850</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/31883456/" ref="article_id=31883456&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="31883456" data-ga-label=""> Memory quality modulates the effect of aging on memory consolidation during sleep: Reduced maintenance but intact gain. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Muehlroth BE, Sander MC, Fandakova Y, Grandy TH, Rasch B, Lee Shing Y, Werkle-Bergner M.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Muehlroth BE, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Neuroimage. 2020 Apr 1;209:116490. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116490. Epub 2019 Dec 25.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Neuroimage. 2020.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">31883456</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/29249289/" ref="article_id=29249289&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="29249289" data-ga-label=""> Old Brains Come Uncoupled in Sleep: Slow Wave-Spindle Synchrony, Brain Atrophy, and Forgetting. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Helfrich RF, Mander BA, Jagust WJ, Knight RT, Walker MP.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Helfrich RF, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Neuron. 2018 Jan 3;97(1):221-230.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.020. Epub 2017 Dec 14.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Neuron. 2018.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">29249289</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/29331447/" ref="article_id=29331447&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=4" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="29331447" data-ga-label=""> Sharp-wave ripples as a signature of hippocampal-prefrontal reactivation for memory during sleep and waking states. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Tang W, Jadhav SP.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Tang W, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2019 Apr;160:11-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.002. Epub 2018 Jan 10.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2019.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">29331447</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/21571522/" ref="article_id=21571522&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=5" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="21571522" data-ga-label=""> Oscillations and hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Colgin LL.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Colgin LL.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011 Jun;21(3):467-74. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.006. Epub 2011 May 14.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">21571522</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=23354332" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all similar articles </a> </div> </div> <div class="citedby-articles" id="citedby"> <h2 class="title"> Cited by </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="citedby-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/27148046/" ref="article_id=27148046&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="27148046" data-ga-label=""> The Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis Perspective. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Emamian F, Khazaie H, Tahmasian M, Leschziner GD, Morrell MJ, Hsiung GY, Rosenzweig I, Sepehry AA.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Emamian F, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Front Aging Neurosci. 2016 Apr 12;8:78. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00078. eCollection 2016.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Front Aging Neurosci. 2016.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">27148046</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/33755184/" ref="article_id=33755184&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="33755184" data-ga-label=""> Sleep-dependent prospective memory consolidation is impaired with aging. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Leong RLF, Lo JC, Chee MWL.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Leong RLF, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Sleep. 2021 Sep 13;44(9):zsab069. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab069.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Sleep. 2021.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">33755184</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Clinical Trial.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/36469518/" ref="article_id=36469518&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="36469518" data-ga-label=""> A brain-wide form of presynaptic active zone plasticity orchestrates resilience to brain aging in Drosophila. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Huang S, Piao C, Beuschel CB, Zhao Z, Sigrist SJ.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Huang S, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">PLoS Biol. 2022 Dec 5;20(12):e3001730. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001730. eCollection 2022 Dec.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">PLoS Biol. 2022.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">36469518</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/25704624/" ref="article_id=25704624&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=4" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="25704624" data-ga-label=""> Impact of aging on frontostriatal reward processing. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Vink M, Kleerekooper I, van den Wildenberg WP, Kahn RS.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Vink M, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 Jun;36(6):2305-17. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22771. Epub 2015 Feb 20.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Hum Brain Mapp. 2015.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">25704624</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/25618616/" ref="article_id=25618616&linksrc=citedby_articles_link&ordinalpos=5" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="25618616" data-ga-label=""> Sleep-dependent motor memory consolidation in older adults depends on task demands. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Gudberg C, Wulff K, Johansen-Berg H.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Gudberg C, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Mar;36(3):1409-16. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.12.014. Epub 2014 Dec 20.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Neurobiol Aging. 2015.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">25618616</span></span> <span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="actions-bar"> <a class="show-all-linked-articles" data-href="/?linkname=pubmed_pubmed_citedin&from_uid=23354332" data-ga-category="cited_by" data-ga-action="show_all" > See all "Cited by" articles </a> </div> </div> <div class="references" id="references"> <h2 class="title"> References </h2> <div id='top-references-list' class="references-lists-container"> <div class="refs-list"> <ol id="top-references-list-1" class="references-list"> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Buckner RL. Memory and executive function in aging and AD: multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate. Neuron. 2004;44:195–208. - <a class="reference-link" href="/15450170/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="15450170" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Backhaus J, et al. Midlife decline in declarative memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in slow wave sleep. Learn Mem. 2007;14:336–341. - <a class="reference-link" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1876757/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="PMC1876757" > PMC </a> - <a class="reference-link" href="/17522024/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="17522024" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Sowell ER, et al. Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nat Neurosci. 2003;6:309–315. - <a class="reference-link" href="/12548289/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="12548289" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Dijk DJ, Beersma DG, van den Hoofdakker RH. All night spectral analysis of EEG sleep in young adult and middle-aged male subjects. Neurobiology of aging. 1989;10:677–682. - <a class="reference-link" href="/2628779/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="2628779" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> <li> <ol class="references-and-notes-list"> <li class="skip-numbering" value="1"> Van Cauter E, Leproult R, Plat L. Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men. Jama. 2000;284:861–868. - <a class="reference-link" href="/10938176/" ref="linksrc=references_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="10938176" > PubMed </a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <div class="actions-bar"> <button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_references_link" aria-controls="top-references-list-1" data-next-page-url="/23354332/references/" data-ga-category="reference" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 60 references </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="publication-types" class="publication-types keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Publication types </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural </button><div id="keyword-actions-publication-types-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="pub_type" data-ga-label="Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+N.I.H.%2C+Extramural" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="pub_type_link" data-ga-label="Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"[pt]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"[pt]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="mesh-terms" class="mesh-terms keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> MeSH terms </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Adolescent" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Adolescent </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Adolescent"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Adolescent%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Adolescent%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Adolescent"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Adolescent"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Adolescent" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Adolescent"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Adolescent"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Adolescent"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Aged" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Aged </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Aged"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Aged%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Aged"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Aged"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aged" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Aged"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Aged"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Aged"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Aged, 80 and over" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Aged, 80 and over </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Aged, 80 and over"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Aged%2C+80+and+over%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Aged%2C+80+and+over%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Aged, 80 and over"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Aged, 80 and over"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aged%2C+80+and+over" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Aged, 80 and over"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Aged, 80 and over"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Aged, 80 and over"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Aging / pathology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Aging / pathology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Aging / pathology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Aging%2Fpathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Aging%2Fpathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Aging/pathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Aging / pathology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aging" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Aging / pathology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Aging/pathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Aging/pathology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Aging / physiology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Aging / physiology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Aging / physiology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Aging%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Aging%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Aging/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Aging / physiology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aging" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Aging / physiology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Aging/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Aging/physiology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Aging / psychology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Aging / psychology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Aging / psychology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Aging%2Fpsychology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Aging%2Fpsychology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Aging/psychology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Aging / psychology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Aging" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Aging / psychology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Aging/psychology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Aging/psychology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Atrophy / pathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Atrophy / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Atrophy / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Atrophy%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Atrophy%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Atrophy/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Atrophy / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Atrophy" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Atrophy / pathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Atrophy/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Atrophy/pathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Atrophy / physiopathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Atrophy / physiopathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Atrophy / physiopathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Atrophy%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Atrophy%2Fphysiopathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Atrophy/physiopathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Atrophy / physiopathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Atrophy" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Atrophy / physiopathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Atrophy/physiopathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Atrophy/physiopathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Atrophy / psychology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Atrophy / psychology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Atrophy / psychology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Atrophy%2Fpsychology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Atrophy%2Fpsychology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Atrophy/psychology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Atrophy / psychology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Atrophy" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Atrophy / psychology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Atrophy/psychology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Atrophy/psychology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Brain Mapping" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Brain Mapping </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Brain Mapping"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Brain+Mapping%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Brain+Mapping%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Brain Mapping"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Brain Mapping"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Brain+Mapping" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Brain Mapping"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Brain Mapping"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Brain Mapping"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Brain Waves / physiology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Brain Waves / physiology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Brain Waves / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Brain+Waves%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Brain+Waves%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Brain Waves/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Brain Waves / physiology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Brain+Waves" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Brain Waves / physiology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Brain Waves/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Brain Waves/physiology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Female" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Female </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Female"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Female%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Female" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Female"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Female"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Female"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Hippocampus / pathology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Hippocampus / pathology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Hippocampus / pathology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Hippocampus%2Fpathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Hippocampus%2Fpathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Hippocampus/pathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Hippocampus / pathology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Hippocampus" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Hippocampus / pathology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Hippocampus/pathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Hippocampus/pathology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Hippocampus / physiology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Hippocampus / physiology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-13" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Hippocampus / physiology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Hippocampus%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Hippocampus%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Hippocampus/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Hippocampus / physiology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Hippocampus" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Hippocampus / physiology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Hippocampus/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Hippocampus/physiology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Image Processing, Computer-Assisted" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Image Processing, Computer-Assisted </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-15" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Image Processing, Computer-Assisted"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Image+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Image+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Image Processing, Computer-Assisted"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Image Processing, Computer-Assisted"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Image+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Image Processing, Computer-Assisted"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Image Processing, Computer-Assisted"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Image Processing, Computer-Assisted"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Male" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Male </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Male"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Male"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Male"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Male"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Male"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Male"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Memory / physiology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Memory / physiology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Memory / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Memory%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Memory%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Memory/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Memory / physiology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Memory" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Memory / physiology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Memory/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Memory/physiology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Memory, Episodic" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Memory, Episodic </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-18" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Memory, Episodic"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Memory%2C+Episodic%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Memory%2C+Episodic%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Memory, Episodic"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Memory, Episodic"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Memory%2C+Episodic" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Memory, Episodic"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Memory, Episodic"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Memory, Episodic"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Neuropsychological Tests" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Neuropsychological Tests </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Neuropsychological Tests"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Neuropsychological+Tests%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Neuropsychological+Tests%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Neuropsychological Tests"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Neuropsychological Tests"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Neuropsychological+Tests" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Neuropsychological Tests"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Neuropsychological Tests"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Neuropsychological Tests"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Organ Size" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Organ Size </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Organ Size"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Organ+Size%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Organ+Size%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Organ Size"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Organ Size"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Organ+Size" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Organ Size"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Organ Size"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Organ Size"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Polysomnography" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Polysomnography </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Polysomnography"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Polysomnography%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Polysomnography%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Polysomnography"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Polysomnography"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Polysomnography" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Polysomnography"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Polysomnography"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Polysomnography"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Prefrontal Cortex / pathology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-22" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Prefrontal Cortex / pathology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-22" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Prefrontal Cortex / pathology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Prefrontal+Cortex%2Fpathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Prefrontal+Cortex%2Fpathology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Prefrontal Cortex/pathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Prefrontal Cortex / pathology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Prefrontal+Cortex" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Prefrontal Cortex / pathology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Prefrontal Cortex/pathology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Prefrontal Cortex/pathology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Prefrontal Cortex / physiology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Prefrontal Cortex / physiology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-23" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Prefrontal Cortex / physiology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Prefrontal+Cortex%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Prefrontal+Cortex%2Fphysiology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Prefrontal Cortex/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Prefrontal Cortex / physiology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Prefrontal+Cortex" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Prefrontal Cortex / physiology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Prefrontal Cortex/physiology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Prefrontal Cortex/physiology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Sleep / physiology*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-24" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Sleep / physiology* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-24" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Sleep / physiology*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Sleep%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Sleep%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Sleep/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Sleep / physiology*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Sleep" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Sleep / physiology*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Sleep/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Sleep/physiology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Young Adult" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-25" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Young Adult </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-25" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Young Adult"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Young+Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Young+Adult%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Young Adult"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Young Adult"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Young+Adult" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Young Adult"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Young Adult"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Young Adult"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="grants" class="grants"> <h2 class="title"> Grants and funding </h2> <div class="grants-list"><ul id="grants-head-list"><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R01 AG034570/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R01+AG034570%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R01 AG034570" > R01 AG034570/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant F32-AG039170/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=F32-AG039170%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="F32-AG039170" > F32-AG039170/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R01 AG031164/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R01+AG031164%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R01 AG031164" > R01 AG031164/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant F32 AG039170/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=F32+AG039170%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="F32 AG039170" > F32 AG039170/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R01 MH093537/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R01+MH093537%2FMH%2FNIMH+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R01 MH093537" > R01 MH093537/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States </a></li></ul><ul id="grants-tail-list" class="list-tail"><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R01-AG08415/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R01-AG08415%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R01-AG08415" > R01-AG08415/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R01-AG034570/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R01-AG034570%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R01-AG034570" > R01-AG034570/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li><li class="grant-item"><a title="All articles for grant R01-AG031164/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States" href="/?term=R01-AG031164%2FAG%2FNIA+NIH+HHS%2FUnited+States%5BGrants+and+Funding%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=grant_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="grant" data-ga-label="R01-AG031164" > R01-AG031164/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States </a></li></ul></div><div class="actions-bar"><button class="show-all" ref="linksrc=show_all_grants_link" aria-controls="grants-tail-list" title="Show all grants" data-ga-category="grant" data-ga-action="show_more" > Show all 8 grants </button></div> </div> <div id="linkout" class="linkout"> <h2 class="title"> LinkOut - more resources </h2> <ul class="linkout-list"><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Full Text Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/23354332" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=6082&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9809671" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="Europe PubMed Central" > Europe PubMed Central </a></li><li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3324" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3094&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9809671" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="Nature Publishing Group" > Nature Publishing Group </a></li><li><a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/23354332/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3494&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9809671" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="PubMed Central" > PubMed Central </a></li><li><a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/qt7tf2v2np" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=7383&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9809671" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Full Text Sources" data-ga-label="eScholarship, California Digital Library, University of California" > eScholarship, California Digital Library, University of California </a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Other Literature Sources</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://facultyopinions.com/pubmed/23354332" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3533&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9809671" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources" data-ga-label="H1 Connect" > H1 Connect </a></li><li><a href="https://scite.ai/reports/23354332" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=10307&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9809671" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Other Literature Sources" data-ga-label="scite Smart Citations" > scite Smart Citations </a></li></ul></li><li><h3 class="linkout-category">Medical</h3><ul class="linkout-category-links"><li><a href="https://medlineplus.gov/memory.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=linkout_link&PrId=3162&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&itool=Abstract&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=9809671" data-ga-category="link_out" data-ga-action="Medical" data-ga-label="MedlinePlus Health Information" > MedlinePlus Health Information </a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </main> <div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Full Text Links Dialog"> <div id="full-text-links-dialog" class="dialog full-text-links-dialog"> <strong class="title">Full text links</strong> <button class="close-overlay" tabindex="3">[x]</button> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3324" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3094&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&nlmid=9809671" title="See full text options at Nature Publishing Group" tabindex="1" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Nature Publishing Group" data-ga-label="23354332" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.nature.com-static-images-logos-nature-portfolio-120.png" alt="Nature Publishing Group full text link"><span class="text"> Nature Publishing Group </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/23354332/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=23354332&db=pubmed&nlmid=9809671" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" tabindex="2" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="23354332" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="Citation Dialog"> <div class="dialog citation-dialog"> <button class="close-overlay" tabindex="1">[x]</button> <div class="title">Cite</div> <div class="citation-text-block"> <div class="citation-text"></div> <div class="citation-actions"> <button class="copy-button dialog-focus" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="copy" tabindex="2"> Copy </button> <form method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="95oQgHwVdE291dW7hLWiCVREt5nI3WdhqkN0VMLAbY8nj3pz5lPjStJDCIiojnY9"> <button type="submit" class="export-button" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="download" title="Download a file for external citation management software" tabindex="3"> <span class="download-title">Download .nbib</span> <span class="download-title-mobile">.nbib</span> </button> </form> <div class="citation-style-selector-wrapper"> <label class="selector-label">Format:</label> <select aria-label="Format" class="citation-style-selector" tabindex="4"> <option data-style-url-name="ama" value="AMA" > AMA </option> <option data-style-url-name="apa" value="APA" > APA </option> <option data-style-url-name="mla" value="MLA" > MLA </option> <option data-style-url-name="nlm" value="NLM" selected="selected"> NLM </option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="overlay" role="dialog" aria-label="More Actions Dialog"> <div id="more-actions-dialog" class="dialog more-actions-dialog"> <strong class="title">Send To</strong> <ul class="more-actions-links"> <li><a id="clipboard-trigger" role="button" class="submit-button clipboard-trigger clipboard-trigger-target dialog-focus link-item " href="#">Clipboard</a></li> <li><a class="email-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Email</a></li> <li><a class="save-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Save</a></li> <li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23354332%2F%23open-bibliography-panel">My Bibliography</a></li> <li><a class="link-item" role="button" href="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23354332%2F%23open-collections-panel">Collections</a></li> <li><a class="citation-manager-trigger link-item" role="button" href="#">Citation Manager</a></li> </ul> <button class="close-overlay">[x]</button> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ncbi-footer"> <div class="literature-footer" role="complementary" title="Links to NCBI Literature Resources"> <div class="usa-grid"> <p class="literature-footer-text">NCBI Literature Resources</p> <p class="literature-footer-text"> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/">MeSH</a> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="pmc_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/">PMC</a> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="bookshelf_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books">Bookshelf</a> <a class="literature-footer-link" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" href="/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a> </p> <p class="literature-footer-text attribution-statement">The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.</p> </div> </div>  <footer> <section class="icon-section"> <div id="icon-section-header" class="icon-section_header">Follow NCBI</div> <div class="grid-container container"> <div class="icon-section_container"> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ncbi" aria-label="Twitter"> <svg width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 40 37" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Twitter</title> <g id="twitterx1008"> <path id="path1008" d="M6.06736 7L16.8778 20.8991L6.00001 32.2H10.2L18.6 23.1L25.668 32.2H34L22.8 17.5L31.9 7H28.4L20.7 15.4L14.401 7H6.06898H6.06736ZM9.66753 8.73423H12.9327L29.7327 30.4658H26.5697L9.66753 8.73423Z" fill="#5B616B"/> </g> </svg> </a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm" aria-label="Facebook"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"> <title>Facebook</title> <path class="cls-11" d="M210.5,115.12H171.74V97.82c0-8.14,5.39-10,9.19-10h27.14V52l-39.32-.12c-35.66,0-42.42,26.68-42.42,43.77v19.48H99.09v36.32h27.24v109h45.41v-109h35Z"> </path> </svg></a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm" aria-label="LinkedIn"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"> <title>LinkedIn</title> <path class="cls-11" d="M101.64,243.37H57.79v-114h43.85Zm-22-131.54h-.26c-13.25,0-21.82-10.36-21.82-21.76,0-11.65,8.84-21.15,22.33-21.15S101.7,78.72,102,90.38C102,101.77,93.4,111.83,79.63,111.83Zm100.93,52.61A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,163,182v61.39H119.18s.51-105.23,0-114H163v13a54.33,54.33,0,0,1,34.54-12.66c26,0,44.39,18.8,44.39,55.29v58.35H198.1V182A17.54,17.54,0,0,0,180.56,164.44Z"> </path> </svg></a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_github" href="https://github.com/ncbi" aria-label="GitHub"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 300 300"> <defs> <style> .cls-11, .cls-12 { fill: #737373; } .cls-11 { fill-rule: evenodd; } </style> </defs> <title>GitHub</title> <path class="cls-11" d="M151.36,47.28a105.76,105.76,0,0,0-33.43,206.1c5.28,1,7.22-2.3,7.22-5.09,0-2.52-.09-10.85-.14-19.69-29.42,6.4-35.63-12.48-35.63-12.48-4.81-12.22-11.74-15.47-11.74-15.47-9.59-6.56.73-6.43.73-6.43,10.61.75,16.21,10.9,16.21,10.9,9.43,16.17,24.73,11.49,30.77,8.79,1-6.83,3.69-11.5,6.71-14.14C108.57,197.1,83.88,188,83.88,147.51a40.92,40.92,0,0,1,10.9-28.39c-1.1-2.66-4.72-13.42,1-28,0,0,8.88-2.84,29.09,10.84a100.26,100.26,0,0,1,53,0C198,88.3,206.9,91.14,206.9,91.14c5.76,14.56,2.14,25.32,1,28a40.87,40.87,0,0,1,10.89,28.39c0,40.62-24.74,49.56-48.29,52.18,3.79,3.28,7.17,9.71,7.17,19.58,0,14.15-.12,25.54-.12,29,0,2.82,1.9,6.11,7.26,5.07A105.76,105.76,0,0,0,151.36,47.28Z"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M85.66,199.12c-.23.52-1.06.68-1.81.32s-1.2-1.06-.95-1.59,1.06-.69,1.82-.33,1.21,1.07.94,1.6Zm-1.3-1"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M90,203.89c-.51.47-1.49.25-2.16-.49a1.61,1.61,0,0,1-.31-2.19c.52-.47,1.47-.25,2.17.49s.82,1.72.3,2.19Zm-1-1.08"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M94.12,210c-.65.46-1.71,0-2.37-.91s-.64-2.07,0-2.52,1.7,0,2.36.89.65,2.08,0,2.54Zm0,0"></path> <path class="cls-12" d="M99.83,215.87c-.58.64-1.82.47-2.72-.41s-1.18-2.06-.6-2.7,1.83-.46,2.74.41,1.2,2.07.58,2.7Zm0,0"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M107.71,219.29c-.26.82-1.45,1.2-2.64.85s-2-1.34-1.74-2.17,1.44-1.23,2.65-.85,2,1.32,1.73,2.17Zm0,0"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M116.36,219.92c0,.87-1,1.59-2.24,1.61s-2.29-.68-2.3-1.54,1-1.59,2.26-1.61,2.28.67,2.28,1.54Zm0,0"> </path> <path class="cls-12" d="M124.42,218.55c.15.85-.73,1.72-2,1.95s-2.37-.3-2.52-1.14.73-1.75,2-2,2.37.29,2.53,1.16Zm0,0"></path> </svg></a> <a class="footer-icon" id="footer_blog" href="https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" aria-label="Blog"> <svg id="Layer_1" data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><defs><style>.cls-1{fill:#737373;}</style></defs><path class="cls-1" d="M14,30a4,4,0,1,1-4-4,4,4,0,0,1,4,4Zm11,3A19,19,0,0,0,7.05,15a1,1,0,0,0-1,1v3a1,1,0,0,0,.93,1A14,14,0,0,1,20,33.07,1,1,0,0,0,21,34h3a1,1,0,0,0,1-1Zm9,0A28,28,0,0,0,7,6,1,1,0,0,0,6,7v3a1,1,0,0,0,1,1A23,23,0,0,1,29,33a1,1,0,0,0,1,1h3A1,1,0,0,0,34,33Z"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="container-fluid bg-primary"> <div class="container pt-5"> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12"> <p><a class="text-white" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html">Connect with NLM</a></p> <ul class="list-inline social_media"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH" aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <svg width="35" height="35" viewBox="0 0 38 35" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Twitter</title> <g id="twitterx1009" clip-path="url(#clip0_65276_3946)"> <path id="Vector" d="M17.5006 34.6565C26.9761 34.6565 34.6575 26.9751 34.6575 17.4996C34.6575 8.02416 26.9761 0.342773 17.5006 0.342773C8.02514 0.342773 0.34375 8.02416 0.34375 17.4996C0.34375 26.9751 8.02514 34.6565 17.5006 34.6565Z" fill="#205493" stroke="white" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-miterlimit="10"></path> <path id="path1009" d="M8.54811 8.5L16.2698 18.4279L8.50001 26.5H11.5L17.5 20L22.5486 26.5H28.5L20.5 16L27 8.5H24.5L19 14.5L14.5007 8.5H8.54927H8.54811ZM11.1197 9.73873H13.4519L25.4519 25.2613H23.1926L11.1197 9.73873Z" fill="white"></path> </g> <defs> <clipPath id="clip0_65276_3946"> <rect width="38" height="38" fill="white"></rect> </clipPath> </defs> </svg></a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve"> <style type="text/css"> .st10 { fill: #FFFFFF; } .st110 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } </style> <title>SM-Facebook</title> <g> <g> <path class="st10" d="M159,99.1h-24V88.4c0-5,3.3-6.2,5.7-6.2h16.8V60l-24.4-0.1c-22.1,0-26.2,16.5-26.2,27.1v12.1H90v22.5h16.9 v67.5H135v-67.5h21.7L159,99.1z"></path> </g> </g> <circle class="st110" cx="123.6" cy="123.2" r="108.2"></circle> </svg> </a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH" aria-label="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 249 249" style="enable-background:new 0 0 249 249;" xml:space="preserve"> <title>SM-Youtube</title> <style type="text/css"> .st4 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } .st5 { fill: #FFFFFF; } </style> <circle class="st4" cx="124.2" cy="123.4" r="108.2"></circle> <g transform="translate(0,-952.36218)"> <path class="st5" d="M88.4,1037.4c-10.4,0-18.7,8.3-18.7,18.7v40.1c0,10.4,8.3,18.7,18.7,18.7h72.1c10.4,0,18.7-8.3,18.7-18.7 v-40.1c0-10.4-8.3-18.7-18.7-18.7H88.4z M115.2,1058.8l29.4,17.4l-29.4,17.4V1058.8z"></path> </g> </svg></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12"> <p class="address_footer text-white">National Library of Medicine<br> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323" class="text-white" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">8600 Rockville Pike<br> Bethesda, MD 20894</a></p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg"> <p><a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html" class="text-white">Web Policies</a><br> <a href="https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office" class="text-white">FOIA</a><br> <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html" class="text-white" id="vdp">HHS Vulnerability Disclosure</a></p> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 col-12 centered-lg"> <p><a class="supportLink text-white" href="https://support.nlm.nih.gov/">Help</a><br> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html" class="text-white">Accessibility</a><br> <a href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html" class="text-white">Careers</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 centered-lg"> <nav class="bottom-links"> <ul class="mt-3"> <li> <a class="text-white" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/">NLM</a> </li> <li> <a class="text-white" href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a> </li> <li> <a class="text-white" href="https://www.hhs.gov/">HHS</a> </li> <li> <a class="text-white" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> </footer>   <script type="text/javascript"> var nwds_version = "1.2.3"; var meta_nwds_ver = document.createElement('meta'); meta_nwds_ver.name = 'ncbi_nwds_ver'; meta_nwds_ver.content = nwds_version; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds_ver); var meta_nwds = document.createElement('meta'); meta_nwds.name = 'ncbi_nwds'; meta_nwds.content = 'yes'; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(meta_nwds); var alertsUrl = "/core/alerts/alerts.js"; if (typeof ncbiBaseUrl !== 'undefined') { alertsUrl = ncbiBaseUrl + alertsUrl; } </script> </div>  <script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/js/output.293fbf76aa18.js"></script>  <script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/js/output.550e9c8906a2.js"></script> <script> ncbi.awesome.basePage.init({ userInfo: { isLoggedIn: false, username: "", loginUrl: "https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F23354332%2F", logoutUrl: "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/?back_url=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23354332/" }, baseUrl: 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov', noSessionCookieName: "pm-ns", searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid", adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid", searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs", isOnSearchPageCookieName: "pm-iosp", backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl", clinicalSeeAllCookieName: "pm-csa", jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", userShareRequestFailed: "", noSharedSettings: "myncbi_no_shared_settings", noSharedAccount: "myncbi_no_shared_account" }); </script> <script type="module"> import dismissableNCBIAlert from "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/core/dismissable-ncbi-alert.js"; jQuery.getScript("https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/alerts/alerts.js", function () { galert(['body > *:last-child']); dismissableNCBIAlert(); }).fail(function() { }); </script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/pinger/pinger.js"> </script> <script src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/CACHE/js/output.bf6785e60568.js"></script> <script> ncbi.awesome.articlePage.init({ baseSuggestionsUrl: "/suggestions/", mathJaxUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/mathjax/unpacked/MathJax.js?config=MML_CHTML", clipboardAPIRoot: "/ajax/clipboard/", clipboardNextPageUrl: "/clipboard-next-page/", searchIdCookieName: "pm-sid", searchFormSubmittedCookieName: "pm-sfs", backToSearchCookieName: "pm-btsl", jsCookieDomain: "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", longTermPrefix: "longquery", adjNavURLPath: "/23354332/adj-nav/", adjNavSearchIdCookieName: "pm-adjnav-sid", articlePageUrl: "/23354332/", markJSUrl: "https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1aadf23f-d23c-47f2-9ae5-722feb08e2c5/mark.js/dist/jquery.mark.js", termHighlightColor: "", highlightedTokens: "", citeFormatPreferenceCookieName: "pm-cf" }); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Prefrontal atrophy, disrupted NREM slow waves and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory in aging - PubMed