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id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_Consortium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_Consortium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Unicode Consortium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_Consortium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripts_covered" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripts_covered"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Scripts covered </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripts_covered-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Script_Encoding_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Script_Encoding_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Script Encoding Initiative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Script_Encoding_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projected_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projected_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Projected versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projected_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Architecture and terminology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture and terminology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Codespace_and_code_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codespace_and_code_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Codespace and code points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codespace_and_code_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_planes_and_blocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_planes_and_blocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Code planes and blocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_planes_and_blocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Category_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Category_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 General Category property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Category_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstract_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstract_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Abstract characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstract_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ready-made_versus_composite_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ready-made_versus_composite_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ready-made versus composite characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ready-made_versus_composite_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Ligatures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardized_subsets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardized_subsets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Standardized subsets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardized_subsets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_and_encodings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_and_encodings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Mapping and encodings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_and_encodings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adoption </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adoption subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Operating systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Input_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Input_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Input methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Input_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Email" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Email </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Fonts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Newlines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Character unification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Han_unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Han unification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italic_or_cursive_characters_in_Cyrillic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italic_or_cursive_characters_in_Cyrillic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Italic or cursive characters in Cyrillic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italic_or_cursive_characters_in_Cyrillic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Localised_case_pairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localised_case_pairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Localised case pairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localised_case_pairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics_on_lowercase_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics_on_lowercase_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Diacritics on lowercase I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics_on_lowercase_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_to_legacy_character_sets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_to_legacy_character_sets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Mapping to legacy character sets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_to_legacy_character_sets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indic_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indic_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Indic scripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indic_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combining_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combining_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Combining characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combining_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anomalies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomalies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Anomalies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomalies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Unicode</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" > 119 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AE%E1%8B%B5" title="ዩኒኮድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዩኒኮድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="الترميز الموحد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الترميز الموحد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E2%80%99%E0%A6%A1" title="ইউনিক’ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউনিক’ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="ইউনিকোড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউনিকোড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Унікод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Унікод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юнікод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юнікод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="युनिकोड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="युनिकोड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Уникод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уникод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юникод – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юникод" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikodo" title="Unikodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unikodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%AF" title="یونی‌کد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونی‌کد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1" title="યુનિકોડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુનિકોડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="유니코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유니코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Յունիկոդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յունիկոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="यूनिकोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनिकोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikod" title="Unikod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Unikod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" title="יוניקוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוניקוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುನಿಕೋಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುನಿಕೋಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="უნიკოდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნიკოდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="यूनिकोड – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="यूनिकोड" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юникод – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юникод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юникод – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Юникод" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicodex" title="Unicodex – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unicodex" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikods" title="Unikods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Unikods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikodas" title="Unikodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Unikodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="युनिकोड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="युनिकोड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Уникод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уникод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="യൂണികോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണികോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="युनिकोड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिकोड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="იუნიკოდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუნიკოდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%B3%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ယူနဳကုဒ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ယူနဳကုဒ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юникод – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юникод" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ယူနီကုဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူနီကုဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="युनिकोड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युनिकोड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="युनिकोड – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युनिकोड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unic%C3%B2de" title="Unicòde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Unicòde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A1" title="ਯੂਨੀਕੋਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਨੀਕੋਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="یونیکوڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونیکوڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB" title="ယူနီကုဒ်ကရိုꩻနောဝ်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယူနီကုဒ်ကရိုꩻနောဝ်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89" title="يونيکوډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يونيکوډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юникод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юникод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юникод – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Юникод" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="युनिकोड – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="युनिकोड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱠᱳᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="යුනිකෝඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුනිකෝඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%88%DA%8A" title="يونيڪوڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يونيڪوڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AF" title="یوونیکۆد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یوونیکۆد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junikod" title="Junikod – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Junikod" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikod" title="Unikod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Unikod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒருங்குறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒருங்குறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="యూనికోడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యూనికోడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94" title="ยูนิโคด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูนิโคด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юникод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Юникод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%9B" title="ᏳᏂᎪᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏳᏂᎪᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Юнікод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юнікод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="یونیکوڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونیکوڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unic%C3%B4de" title="Unicôde – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Unicôde" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E5%9C%8B%E7%A2%BC" title="萬國碼 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="萬國碼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93" title="יוניקאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יוניקאד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E7%A2%BC" title="統一碼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="統一碼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Unicode" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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Consortium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alias(es)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">Universal Coded Character Set</a> (UCS)</li><li>ISO/IEC 10646</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">168 scripts (<a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)#List_of_scripts_in_Unicode" title="Script (Unicode)">list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Standard</th><td class="infobox-data">Unicode Standard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Encoding formats</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB18030</a></li></ul></div><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul></div> (uncommon)<hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li></ul></div> (obsolete)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a>, among others</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.unicode.org/">Official website</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/main.html">Technical website</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_character_encoding" title="Template:Infobox character encoding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_character_encoding" title="Template talk:Infobox character encoding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_character_encoding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox character encoding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,<a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Text_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Text encoding">text encoding</a> standard maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a> designed to support the use of text in all of the world's <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> that can be digitized. Version 16.0 of the standard<a href="#cite_note-standard-latest-4">[A]</a> defines 154998 <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">characters</a> and 168 <a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">scripts</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> used in various ordinary, literary, academic, and technical contexts. Many common characters, including numerals, punctuation, and other symbols, are unified within the standard and are not treated as specific to any given writing system. Unicode encodes 3790 <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a>, with the continued development thereof conducted by the Consortium as a part of the standard.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> Moreover, the widespread adoption of Unicode was in large part responsible for the initial popularization of emoji outside of Japan. Unicode is ultimately capable of encoding more than 1.1 million characters. Unicode has largely supplanted the previous environment of a myriad of incompatible <a href="/wiki/Character_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Character sets">character sets</a>, each used within different locales and on different computer architectures. Unicode is used to encode the vast majority of text on the Internet, including most <a href="/wiki/Web_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="Web pages">web pages</a>, and relevant Unicode support has become a common consideration in contemporary software development. The Unicode <a href="/wiki/Character_repertoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Character repertoire">character repertoire</a> is synchronized with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a>, each being code-for-code identical with one another. However, The Unicode Standard is more than just a repertoire within which characters are assigned. To aid developers and designers, the standard also provides charts and reference data, as well as annexes explaining concepts germane to various scripts, providing guidance for their implementation. Topics covered by these annexes include <a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence#Normalization" title="Unicode equivalence">character normalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">character composition</a> and decomposition, <a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">collation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text#Unicode_bidi_support" title="Bidirectional text">directionality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Unicode text is processed and stored as binary data <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">using one of several encodings</a>, which define how to translate the standard's abstracted codes for characters into sequences of bytes. The Unicode Standard itself defines three encodings: <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a>, though several others exist. Of these, UTF-8 is the most widely used by a large margin, in part due to its backwards-compatibility with <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and development">edit</a>]</div> Unicode was originally designed with the intent of transcending limitations present in all text encodings designed up to that point: each encoding was relied upon for use in its own context, but with no particular expectation of compatibility with any other. Indeed, any two encodings chosen were often totally unworkable when used together, with text encoded in one <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">interpreted as garbage characters</a> by the other. Most encodings had only been designed to facilitate interoperation between a handful of scripts—often primarily between a given script and <a href="/wiki/Latin_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin character">Latin characters</a>—not between a large number of scripts, and not with all of the scripts supported being treated in a consistent manner. The philosophy that underpins Unicode seeks to encode the underlying characters—<a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> and grapheme-like units—rather than graphical distinctions considered mere variant <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> thereof, that are instead best handled by the <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a>, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Markup_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Markup (computing)">markup</a>, or by some other means. In particularly complex cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">the treatment of orthographical variants in Han characters</a>, there is considerable disagreement regarding which differences justify their own encodings, and which are only graphical variants of other characters. At the most abstract level, Unicode assigns a unique number called a <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> to each character. Many issues of visual representation—including size, shape, and style—are intended to be up to the discretion of the software actually rendering the text, such as a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> or <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a>. However, partially with the intent of encouraging rapid adoption, the simplicity of this original model has become somewhat more elaborate over time, and various pragmatic concessions have been made over the course of the standard's development. The first 256 code points mirror the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO/IEC 8859-1</a> standard, with the intent of trivializing the conversion of text already written in Western European scripts. To preserve the distinctions made by different legacy encodings, therefore allowing for conversion between them and Unicode without any loss of information, many <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">characters nearly identical to others</a>, in both appearance and intended function, were given distinct code points. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms</a> block encompasses a full semantic duplicate of the Latin alphabet, because legacy <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK encodings</a> contained both "fullwidth" (matching the width of CJK characters) and "halfwidth" (matching ordinary Latin script) characters. The Unicode Bulldog Award is given to people deemed to be influential in Unicode's development, with recipients including <a href="/wiki/Tatsuo_Kobayashi" title="Tatsuo Kobayashi">Tatsuo Kobayashi</a>, Thomas Milo, <a href="/wiki/Roozbeh_Pournader" title="Roozbeh Pournader">Roozbeh Pournader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Lunde" title="Ken Lunde">Ken Lunde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The origins of Unicode can be traced back to the 1980s, to a group of individuals with connections to <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard" title="Xerox Character Code Standard">Character Code Standard</a> (XCCS).<a href="#cite_note-unicode-88-9">[7]</a> In 1987, Xerox employee <a href="/wiki/Joe_Becker_(Unicode)" title="Joe Becker (Unicode)">Joe Becker</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> employees <a href="/wiki/Lee_Collins_(Unicode)" title="Lee Collins (Unicode)">Lee Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Davis_(Unicode)" title="Mark Davis (Unicode)">Mark Davis</a>, started investigating the practicalities of creating a universal character set.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> With additional input from Peter Fenwick and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Opstad" title="Dave Opstad">Dave Opstad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-unicode-88-9">[7]</a> Becker published a draft proposal for an "international/multilingual text character encoding system in August 1988, tentatively called Unicode". He explained that "the name 'Unicode' is intended to suggest a unique, unified, universal encoding".<a href="#cite_note-unicode-88-9">[7]</a> In this document, entitled Unicode 88, Becker outlined a scheme using <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> characters:<a href="#cite_note-unicode-88-9">[7]</a> <blockquote> Unicode is intended to address the need for a workable, reliable world text encoding. Unicode could be roughly described as "wide-body <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>" that has been stretched to 16 bits to encompass the characters of all the world's living languages. In a properly engineered design, 16 bits per character are more than sufficient for this purpose. </blockquote> This design decision was made based on the assumption that only scripts and characters in "modern" use would require encoding:<a href="#cite_note-unicode-88-9">[7]</a> <blockquote> Unicode gives higher priority to ensuring utility for the future than to preserving past antiquities. Unicode aims in the first instance at the characters published in the modern text (e.g. in the union of all newspapers and magazines printed in the world in 1988), whose number is undoubtedly far below 214 = 16,384. Beyond those modern-use characters, all others may be defined to be obsolete or rare; these are better candidates for private-use registration than for congesting the public list of generally useful Unicode. </blockquote> In early 1989, the Unicode working group expanded to include Ken Whistler and Mike Kernaghan of Metaphor, Karen Smith-Yoshimura and Joan Aliprand of <a href="/wiki/Research_Libraries_Group" title="Research Libraries Group">Research Libraries Group</a>, and Glenn Wright of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>. In 1990, Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>'s Rick McGowan had also joined the group. By the end of 1990, most of the work of remapping existing standards had been completed, and a final review draft of Unicode was ready. The <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a> was incorporated in California on 3 January 1991,<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> and the first volume of The Unicode Standard was published that October. The second volume, now adding Han ideographs, was published in June 1992. In 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points, which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts, such as <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, and thousands of rarely used or obsolete characters that had not been anticipated for inclusion in the standard. Among these characters are various rarely used CJK characters—many mainly being used in proper names, making them far more necessary for a universal encoding than the original Unicode architecture envisioned.<a href="#cite_note-unicoderevisited-12">[10]</a> Version 1.0 of Microsoft's TrueType specification, published in 1992, used the name "Apple Unicode" instead of "Unicode" for the Platform ID in the naming table. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode_Consortium">Unicode Consortium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unicode Consortium">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></div> The Unicode Consortium is a nonprofit organization that coordinates Unicode's development. Full members include most of the main computer software and hardware companies (and few others) with any interest in text-processing standards, including <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a> (previously as Facebook), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SAP" title="SAP">SAP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-members-13">[11]</a> Over the years several countries or government agencies have been members of the Unicode Consortium. Presently only the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Endowments_and_Religious_Affairs_(Oman)" title="Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs (Oman)">Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs (Oman)</a> is a full member with voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-members-13">[11]</a> The Consortium has the ambitious goal of eventually replacing existing character encoding schemes with Unicode and its standard Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes, as many of the existing schemes are limited in size and scope and are incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> environments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripts_covered">Scripts covered</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scripts covered">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Script (Unicode)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unicode_sample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Unicode_sample.png/200px-Unicode_sample.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Unicode_sample.png/300px-Unicode_sample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Unicode_sample.png/400px-Unicode_sample.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>Many modern applications can render a substantial subset of the many <a href="/wiki/Scripts_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts in Unicode">scripts in Unicode</a>, as demonstrated by this screenshot from the <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> application.</figcaption></figure> Unicode currently covers most major <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> in use today.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 168 <a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">scripts</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> are included in the latest version of Unicode (covering <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a>), although there are still scripts that are not yet encoded, particularly those mainly used in historical, liturgical, and academic contexts. Further additions of characters to the already encoded scripts, as well as symbols, in particular for mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">music</a> (in the form of notes and rhythmic symbols), also occur. The Unicode Roadmap Committee (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>, Rick McGowan, Ken Whistler, V.S. Umamaheswaran)<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> page of the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a> website. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a>, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process. For other scripts, such as <a href="/wiki/Numidian_language" title="Numidian language">Numidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">Rongorongo</a>, no proposal has yet been made, and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved. Some modern invented scripts which have not yet been included in Unicode (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a>) or which do not qualify for inclusion in Unicode due to lack of real-world use (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a>) are listed in the <a href="/wiki/ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a>, along with unofficial but widely used <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Areas</a> code assignments. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Unicode_Font_Initiative" title="Medieval Unicode Font Initiative">Medieval Unicode Font Initiative</a> focused on special Latin medieval characters. Part of these proposals has been already included in Unicode. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Script_Encoding_Initiative"> Script Encoding Initiative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Script Encoding Initiative">edit</a>]</div> The Script Encoding Initiative,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> a project run by Deborah Anderson at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> was founded in 2002 with the goal of funding proposals for scripts not yet encoded in the standard. The project has become a major source of proposed additions to the standard in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions">Versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Versions">edit</a>]</div> The Unicode Consortium together with the ISO have developed a shared <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">repertoire</a> following the initial publication of The Unicode Standard: Unicode and the ISO's <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">Universal Coded Character Set</a> (UCS) use identical character names and code points. However, the Unicode versions do differ from their ISO equivalents in two significant ways. While the UCS is a simple character map, Unicode specifies the rules, algorithms, and properties necessary to achieve interoperability between different platforms and languages. Thus, The Unicode Standard includes more information, covering in-depth topics such as bitwise encoding, <a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">collation</a>, and rendering. It also provides a comprehensive catalog of character properties, including those needed for supporting <a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">bidirectional text</a>, as well as visual charts and reference data sets to aid implementers. Previously, The Unicode Standard was sold as a print volume containing the complete core specification, standard annexes,<a href="#cite_note-20">[note 2]</a> and code charts. However, version 5.0, published in 2006, was the last version printed this way. Starting with version 5.2, only the core specification, published as a print-on-demand paperback, may be purchased.<a href="#cite_note-version6.1PoD-21">[18]</a> The full text, on the other hand, is published as a free PDF on the Unicode website. A practical reason for this publication method highlights the second significant difference between the UCS and Unicode—the frequency with which updated versions are released and new characters added. The Unicode Standard has regularly released annual expanded versions, occasionally with more than one version released in a calendar year and with rare cases where the scheduled release had to be postponed. For instance, in April 2020, a month after version 13.0 was published, the Unicode Consortium announced they had changed the intended release date for version 14.0, pushing it back six months to September 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Unicode 16.0, the latest version, was released on 10 September 2024. It added 5,185 characters and seven new scripts: <a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunuwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunuwar">Sunuwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri">Todhri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulu-Tigalari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu-Tigalari">Tulu-Tigalari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Thus far, the following versions of The Unicode Standard have been published. Update versions, which do not include any changes to character repertoire, are signified by the third number (e.g., "version 4.0.1") and are omitted in the table below.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before{border-bottom-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .content-table-scrollbar,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed .content-table{overflow:visible}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right{box-shadow:none;border-left:none}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.125rem}}@media screen and (min-width:851px){body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.51em}}@media screen and (max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="font-size:95%; width:100%; text-align:center"> <caption>Unicode version history and notable changes to characters and scripts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Version </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Date </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Publication (book, text) </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">UCS</a> edition </th> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:44%" class="unsortable">Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Scripts </th> <th scope="col">Characters<a href="#cite_note-24">[a]</a> </th></tr> <tr id="1.0.0"> <td>1.0.0<a href="#cite_note-v1.0.0-25">[21]</a> </td> <td>October 1991 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-56788-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-56788-1">0-201-56788-1</a> (vol. 1) </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>24 </td> <td>7129 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Initial scripts covered: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek and Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> </td></tr> <tr id="1.0.1"> <td>1.0.1<a href="#cite_note-v1.0.1-26">[22]</a> </td> <td>June 1992 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-60845-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-60845-6">0-201-60845-6</a> (vol. 2) </td> <td>25 </td> <td>28327+21204 −6 </td> <td style="text-align:left">The initial 20,902 <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a> </td></tr> <tr id="1.1"> <td>1.1<a href="#cite_note-v1.1-27">[23]</a> </td> <td>June 1993 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a>-1:1993 <a href="#cite_note-28">[b]</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>34168+5963 −9 </td> <td style="text-align:left">33 reclassified as control characters. 4,306 <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> syllables, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> removed </td></tr> <tr id="2.0"> <td>2.0<a href="#cite_note-v2.0.0-29">[24]</a> </td> <td>July 1996 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-48345-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-48345-9">0-201-48345-9</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">25 </td> <td>38885+11373 −6656 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Original set of Hangul syllables removed, new set of 11,172 Hangul syllables added at new location, Tibetan added back in a new location and with a different character repertoire, Surrogate character mechanism defined, Plane 15 and Plane 16 <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Areas</a> allocated </td></tr> <tr id="2.1"> <td>2.1<a href="#cite_note-2.1.0-30">[25]</a> </td> <td>May 1998 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>38887+2 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+20AC € EURO SIGN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER</a><a href="#cite_note-2.1.0-30">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="3.0"> <td>3.0<a href="#cite_note-3.0.0-31">[26]</a> </td> <td>September 1999 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-61633-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-61633-5">0-201-61633-5</a> </td> <td>ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>49194+10307 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi Syllables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> patterns </td></tr> <tr id="3.1"> <td>3.1<a href="#cite_note-3.1.0-32">[27]</a> </td> <td>March 2001 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="2">ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000<a href="#cite_note-33">[c]</a><hr />ISO/IEC 10646-2:2001 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>94140+44946 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic</a>, sets of symbols for Western and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a>, 42,711 additional CJK Unified Ideographs </td></tr> <tr id="3.2"> <td>3.2<a href="#cite_note-3.2.0-34">[28]</a> </td> <td>March 2002 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>95156+1016 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> scripts (<a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a>) </td></tr> <tr id="4.0"> <td>4.0<a href="#cite_note-4.0.0-35">[29]</a> </td> <td>April 2003 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-18578-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-18578-1">0-321-18578-1</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">ISO/IEC 10646:2003 <a href="#cite_note-36">[d]</a> </td> <td>52 </td> <td>96382+1226 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language#Writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Le</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexagram_(I_Ching)" title="Hexagram (I Ching)">Hexagram symbols</a> </td></tr> <tr id="4.1"> <td>4.1<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> </td> <td>March 2005 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>59 </td> <td>97655+1273 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> disunified from Greek, ancient <a href="/wiki/Unicode_numerals#Ancient_Greek_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode numerals">Greek numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation#Ancient_Greece" title="Musical notation">musical symbols</a>, first named character sequences were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="5.0"> <td>5.0<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> </td> <td>July 2006 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0">0-321-48091-0</a> </td> <td>64 </td> <td>99024+1369 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="5.1"> <td>5.1<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> </td> <td>April 2008 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>75 </td> <td>100648+1624 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycian script">Lycian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydian script">Lydian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a>, sets of symbols for the <a href="/wiki/Phaistos_Disc" title="Phaistos Disc">Phaistos Disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">Mahjong</a> tiles, <a href="/wiki/Dominoes" title="Dominoes">Domino tiles</a>, additions to Burmese, <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Scribal abbreviations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_%E1%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital ẞ"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1E9E ẞ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S</a> </td></tr> <tr id="5.2"> <td>5.2<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> </td> <td>October 2009 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-00-9">978-1-936213-00-9</a> </td> <td>90 </td> <td>107296+6648 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardiner%27s_sign_list" title="Gardiner's sign list">Gardiner's sign list</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Old South Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a>, additional CJK Unified Ideographs, Jamo for Old Hangul, <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> </td></tr> <tr id="6.0"> <td>6.0<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> </td> <td>October 2010 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-01-6">978-1-936213-01-6</a> </td> <td>ISO/IEC 10646:2010 <a href="#cite_note-44">[e]</a> </td> <td>93 </td> <td>109384+2088 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing card</a> symbols, transport and map symbols, <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emoticons" class="mw-redirect" title="Emoticons">emoticons</a> and emoji,<a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a> additional CJK Unified Ideographs </td></tr> <tr id="6.1"> <td>6.1<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> </td> <td>January 2012 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-02-3">978-1-936213-02-3</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">ISO/IEC 10646:2012 <a href="#cite_note-47">[f]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">100 </td> <td>110116+732 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic cursive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic hieroglyphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sora Sompeng</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> </td></tr> <tr id="6.2"> <td>6.2<a href="#cite_note-48">[39]</a> </td> <td>September 2012 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-07-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-07-8">978-1-936213-07-8</a> </td> <td>110117+1 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+20BA ₺ TURKISH LIRA SIGN </td></tr> <tr id="6.3"> <td>6.3<a href="#cite_note-49">[40]</a> </td> <td>September 2013 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-08-5">978-1-936213-08-5</a> </td> <td>110122+5 </td> <td style="text-align:left">5 bidirectional formatting characters </td></tr> <tr id="7.0"> <td>7.0<a href="#cite_note-50">[41]</a> </td> <td>June 2014 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-09-2">978-1-936213-09-2</a> </td> <td>123 </td> <td>112956+2834 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mro_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mro script">Mro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Old North Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter Pahlavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">dingbats</a> </td></tr> <tr id="8.0"> <td>8.0<a href="#cite_note-51">[42]</a> </td> <td>June 2015 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-10-8">978-1-936213-10-8</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">ISO/IEC 10646:2014 <a href="#cite_note-54">[g]</a> </td> <td>129 </td> <td>120672+7716 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian alphabet">Old Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a>, additional CJK Unified Ideographs, lowercase letters for Cherokee, 5 emoji <a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale" title="Fitzpatrick scale">skin tone modifiers</a> </td></tr> <tr id="9.0"> <td>9.0<a href="#cite_note-55">[45]</a> </td> <td>June 2016 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-13-9">978-1-936213-13-9</a> </td> <td>135 </td> <td>128172+7500 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language#Scripts" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Marchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Newa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a>, 72 emoji<a href="#cite_note-laobo-56">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="10.0"> <td>10.0<a href="#cite_note-v10-57">[47]</a> </td> <td>June 2017 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-16-0">978-1-936213-16-0</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">ISO/IEC 10646:2017 <a href="#cite_note-58">[h]</a> </td> <td>139 </td> <td>136690+8518 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaram_Gondi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Masaram Gondi script">Masaram Gondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">hentaigana</a>, 7,494 CJK Unified Ideographs, 56 emoji, <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+20BF ₿ BITCOIN SIGN</a> </td></tr> <tr id="11.0"> <td>11.0<a href="#cite_note-59">[48]</a> </td> <td>June 2018 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-19-1">978-1-936213-19-1</a> </td> <td>146 </td> <td>137374+684 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts#Mkhedruli" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian Mtavruli</a> capital letters, <a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indic_Siyaq_Numbers" title="Indic Siyaq Numbers">Indic Siyaq Numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian and Sogdian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Maya numerals</a>, 5 CJK Unified Ideographs, symbols for <a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">xiangqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_(classification)" title="Star (classification)">star ratings</a>, 145 emoji </td></tr> <tr id="12.0"> <td>12.0<a href="#cite_note-60">[49]</a> </td> <td>March 2019 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-22-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-22-1">978-1-936213-22-1</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">150 </td> <td>137928+554 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao script</a>, hiragana and katakana small letters, Tamil historic fractions and symbols, Lao letters for <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, Latin letters for Egyptological and Ugaritic transliteration, hieroglyph format controls, 61 emoji </td></tr> <tr id="12.1"> <td>12.1<a href="#cite_note-61">[50]</a> </td> <td>May 2019 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-25-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-25-2">978-1-936213-25-2</a> </td> <td>137929+1 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+32FF ㋿ SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA</a> </td></tr> <tr id="13.0"> <td>13.0<a href="#cite_note-v13.0.0-62">[51]</a> </td> <td>March 2020 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-26-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-26-9">978-1-936213-26-9</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">ISO/IEC 10646:2020 <a href="#cite_note-63">[52]</a> </td> <td>154 </td> <td>143859+5930 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language#Writing_system" title="Khwarezmian language">Chorasmian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a>, 4,969 CJK ideographs, Arabic script additions used to write <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>, and other African languages, additions used to write <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> in Pakistan, Bopomofo additions used for Cantonese, Creative Commons license symbols, graphic characters for compatibility with teletext and home computer systems, 55 emoji </td></tr> <tr id="14.0"> <td>14.0<a href="#cite_note-v14.0.0-64">[53]</a> </td> <td>September 2021 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-29-0">978-1-936213-29-0</a> </td> <td>159 </td> <td>144697+838 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a>, extended IPA, Arabic script additions for use in languages across Africa and in Iran, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Java, and Bosnia, additions for honorifics and Quranic use, additions to support languages in North America, the Philippines, India, and Mongolia, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstani_som" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzstani som"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+20C0 ⃀ SOM SIGN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a> musical notation, 37 emoji </td></tr> <tr id="15.0"> <td>15.0<a href="#cite_note-v15.0.0-65">[54]</a> </td> <td>September 2022 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-32-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-32-0">978-1-936213-32-0</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">161 </td> <td>149186+4489 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari</a>, 20 emoji, 4,192 CJK ideographs, control characters for Egyptian hieroglyphs </td></tr> <tr id="15.1"> <td>15.1<a href="#cite_note-v15.1.0-66">[55]</a> </td> <td>September 2023 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-33-7">978-1-936213-33-7</a> </td> <td>149813+627 </td> <td style="text-align:left">Additional CJK ideographs </td></tr> <tr id="16.0"> <td>16.0<a href="#cite_note-v16.0.0-67">[56]</a> </td> <td>September 2024 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-34-4">978-1-936213-34-4</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>168 </td> <td>154998+5185 </td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri">Todhri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu-Tigalari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu-Tigalari">Tulu-Tigalari</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The total number of graphic and format characters, excluding <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">private-use characters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">control characters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noncharacter" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncharacter">noncharacters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_code_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate code points">surrogate code points</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="sslist"><li>2.0 added Amendments 5, 6, and 7</li><li>2.1 added two characters from Amendment 18.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> 3.2 added Amendment 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="sslist"><li>4.1 added Amendment 1</li><li>5.0 added Amendment 2 as well as four characters from Amendment 3</li><li>5.1 added Amendment 4</li><li>5.2 added Amendments 5 and 6</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Plus the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Indian rupee sign</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="sslist"><li>6.2 added the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira_sign" title="Turkish lira sign">Turkish lira sign</a></li><li>6.3 added five additional characters</li><li>7.0 added Amendments 1 and 2 as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ruble_sign" title="Ruble sign">ruble sign</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Plus Amendment 1, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari sign</a>, nine CJK unified ideographs, and 41 emoji;<a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a> 9.0 added Amendment 2, as well as Adlam, Newa, Japanese TV symbols, and 74 emoji and symbols.<a href="#cite_note-53">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="sslist"><li>Plus 56 emoji, 285 <a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">hentaigana</a> characters, and 3 Zanabazar Square characters</li><li>11.0 added 46 Mtavruli Georgian capital letters, 5 CJK unified ideographs, and 66 emoji</li><li>12.0 added 62 additional characters.</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projected_versions">Projected versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Projected versions">edit</a>]</div> The Unicode Consortium normally releases a new version of The Unicode Standard once a year. Version 17.0, the next major version, is projected to include 4301 new unified <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK characters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_terminology">Architecture and terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture and terminology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set characters</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codespace_and_code_points">Codespace and code points</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Codespace and code points">edit</a>]</div> The Unicode Standard defines a codespace:<a href="#cite_note-Glossary-70">[59]</a> a sequence of integers called <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[60]</a> in the range from 0 to 1114111, notated according to the standard as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0000–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10FFFF.<a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a> The codespace is a systematic, architecture-independent representation of The Unicode Standard; actual text is processed as binary data via one of several Unicode encodings, such as <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>. In this normative notation, the two-character prefix <code>U+</code> always precedes a written code point,<a href="#cite_note-73">[62]</a> and the code points themselves are written as <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> numbers. At least four hexadecimal digits are always written, with <a href="/wiki/Leading_zero" title="Leading zero">leading zeros</a> prepended as needed. For example, the code point <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00F7 ÷ DIVISION SIGN is padded with two leading zeros, but <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+13254 𓉔 EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O004 (<a href="/wiki/File:Hiero_O4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hiero_O4.png/15px-Hiero_O4.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Hiero_O4.png 1.5x" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="18" /></a>) is not padded.<a href="#cite_note-74">[63]</a> There are a total of 220 + (216 − 211) = 1112064 valid code points within the codespace. (This number arises from the limitations of the <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> character encoding, which can encode the 216 code points in the range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0000 through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFF except for the 211 code points in the range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+D800 through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+DFFF, which are used as surrogate pairs to encode the 220 code points in the range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10000 through <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10FFFF.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_planes_and_blocks">Code planes and blocks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Code planes and blocks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane (Unicode)</a></div> The Unicode codespace is divided into 17 planes, numbered 0 to 16. Plane 0 is the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">Basic Multilingual Plane</a> (BMP), and contains the most commonly used characters. All code points in the BMP are accessed as a single code unit in UTF-16 encoding and can be encoded in one, two or three bytes in UTF-8. Code points in planes 1 through 16 (the supplementary planes) are accessed as surrogate pairs in <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> and encoded in four bytes in <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>. Within each plane, characters are allocated within named <a href="/wiki/Block_(Unicode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Block (Unicode)">blocks</a> of related characters. The size of a block is always a multiple of 16, and is often a multiple of 128, but is otherwise arbitrary. Characters required for a given script may be spread out over several different, potentially disjunct blocks within the codespace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Category_property">General Category property</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General Category property">edit</a>]</div> Each code point is assigned a classification, listed as the code point's <a href="/wiki/Character_property_(Unicode)#General_Category" class="mw-redirect" title="Character property (Unicode)">General Category</a> property. Here, at the uppermost level code points are categorized as one of Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator, or Other. Under each category, each code point is then further subcategorized. In most cases, other properties must be used to adequately describe all the characteristics of any given code point. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6" style="border:1px solid grey; line-height:1.75em;">General Category <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(Unicode <a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property#General_Category" title="Unicode character property">Character Property</a>)<a href="#cite_note-fn1-75">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;padding:2px;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_Category_(Unicode)" title="Template:General Category (Unicode)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_Category_(Unicode)" title="Template talk:General Category (Unicode)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_Category_(Unicode)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General Category (Unicode)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Value</th> <th>Category Major, minor</th> <th>Basic type<a href="#cite_note-fn2-76">[b]</a></th> <th>Character assigned<a href="#cite_note-fn2-76">[b]</a></th> <th>Count<a href="#cite_note-fn6-77">[c]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(as of 16.0)</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <th>  </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="000" style="font-weight:bold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">L, Letter; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">LC, Cased Letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(Lu, Ll, and Lt only)<a href="#cite_note-fn5-78">[d]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="001"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Lu</td> <td>Letter, uppercase</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,858</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="002"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Ll</td> <td>Letter, lowercase</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,258</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="003"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Lt</td> <td>Letter, titlecase</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> containing an uppercase followed by a lowercase part (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%C7%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ǅ">ǅ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C7%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ǈ">ǈ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ǋ">ǋ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C7%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ǲ">ǲ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="004"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Lm</td> <td>Letter, modifier</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">404</td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter" title="Modifier letter">modifier letter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="005"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Lo</td> <td>Letter, other</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">136,477</td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Ideograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograph">ideograph</a> or a letter in a <a href="/wiki/Unicase_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicase alphabet">unicase alphabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="010" style="font-weight:bold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">M, Mark </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="011"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Mn</td> <td>Mark, nonspacing</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,020</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="012"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Mc</td> <td>Mark, spacing combining</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">468</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="013"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Me</td> <td>Mark, enclosing</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">13</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="020" style="font-weight:bold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">N, Number </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="021"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Nd</td> <td>Number, decimal digit</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">760</td> <td>All these, and only these, have <a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property#Numeric_values_and_types" title="Unicode character property">Numeric Type</a> = De<a href="#cite_note-fn3-79">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="022"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Nl</td> <td>Number, letter</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">236</td> <td>Numerals composed of letters or letterlike symbols (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="023"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">No</td> <td>Number, other</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">915</td> <td>E.g., <a href="/wiki/Fraction" title="Fraction">vulgar fractions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript">superscript</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscript</a> digits, vigesimal digits </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="030" style="font-weight:bold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">P, Punctuation </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="031"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Pc</td> <td>Punctuation, connector</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">10</td> <td>Includes spacing <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a> characters such as "_", and other spacing <a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie characters</a>. Unlike other punctuation characters, these may be classified as "word" characters by <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expression</a> libraries.<a href="#cite_note-80">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="032"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Pd</td> <td>Punctuation, dash</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">27</td> <td>Includes several <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> characters </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="033"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Ps</td> <td>Punctuation, open</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">79</td> <td>Opening <a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a> characters </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="034"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Pe</td> <td>Punctuation, close</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">77</td> <td>Closing bracket characters </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="035"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Pi</td> <td>Punctuation, initial quote</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">12</td> <td>Opening <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a>. Does not include the ASCII "neutral" quotation mark. May behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="036"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Pf</td> <td>Punctuation, final quote</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">10</td> <td>Closing quotation mark. May behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Po</td> <td>Punctuation, other</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">640</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="040" style="font-weight:bold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">S, Symbol </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="041"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Sm</td> <td>Symbol, math</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Mathematical symbols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="+">+</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%88%92" class="mw-redirect" title="−">−</a>, <a href="/wiki/%3D" class="mw-redirect" title="=">=</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%97" class="mw-redirect" title="×">×</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="÷">÷</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%88%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="√">√</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%88%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="∊">∊</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%89%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="≠">≠</a>). Does not include parentheses and brackets, which are in categories Ps and Pe. Also does not include <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">*</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">-</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a>, which despite frequent use as mathematical operators, are primarily considered to be "punctuation". </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="042"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Sc</td> <td>Symbol, currency</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="043"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Sk</td> <td>Symbol, modifier</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">125</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="044"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">So</td> <td>Symbol, other</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">7,376</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="050" style="font-weight:bold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Z, Separator </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="051"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Zs</td> <td>Separator, space</td> <td>Graphic</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">17</td> <td>Includes the space, but not <a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">TAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">CR</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">LF</a>, which are Cc </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="052"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Zl</td> <td>Separator, line</td> <td>Format</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">1</td> <td>Only <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR (LSEP) </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="053"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Zp</td> <td>Separator, paragraph</td> <td>Format</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">1</td> <td>Only <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR (PSEP) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="060" style="font-weight:bold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">C, Other </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="061"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Cc</td> <td>Other, control</td> <td>Control</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">65 (will never change)<a href="#cite_note-fn3-79">[e]</a></td> <td>No name,<a href="#cite_note-fn4-81">[g]</a> <control> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="062"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Cf</td> <td>Other, format</td> <td>Format</td> <td>Character </td> <td style="text-align:right">170</td> <td>Includes the <a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">soft hyphen</a>, joining control characters (<a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">ZWNJ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">ZWJ</a>), control characters to support <a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">bidirectional text</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">language tag</a> characters </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="063"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Cs</td> <td>Other, surrogate</td> <td>Surrogate</td> <td>Not (only used in <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,048 (will never change)<a href="#cite_note-fn3-79">[e]</a></td> <td>No name,<a href="#cite_note-fn4-81">[g]</a> <surrogate> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="064"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Co</td> <td>Other, private use</td> <td>Private-use</td> <td>Character (but no interpretation specified) </td> <td style="text-align:right">137,468 total (will never change)<a href="#cite_note-fn3-79">[e]</a> (6,400 in <a href="/wiki/Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Multilingual Plane">BMP</a>, 131,068 in <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Planes 15–16</a>)</td> <td>No name,<a href="#cite_note-fn4-81">[g]</a> <private-use> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="065"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Cn</td> <td rowspan="2">Other, not assigned</td> <td>Noncharacter</td> <td>Not </td> <td style="text-align:right">66 (will not change unless the range of Unicode code points is expanded)<a href="#cite_note-fn3-79">[e]</a></td> <td>No name,<a href="#cite_note-fn4-81">[g]</a> <noncharacter> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reserved</td> <td>Not </td> <td style="text-align:right">819,467</td> <td>No name,<a href="#cite_note-fn4-81">[g]</a> <reserved> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-75"><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-4/#G134153">"Table 4-4: General Category"</a>. The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Table+4-4%3A+General+Category&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode16.0.0%2Fcore-spec%2Fchapter-4%2F%23G134153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn2_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-2/#G286941">"Table 2-3: Types of code points"</a>. The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Table+2-3%3A+Types+of+code+points&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode16.0.0%2Fcore-spec%2Fchapter-2%2F%23G286941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn6-77"><a href="#cite_ref-fn6_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/extracted/DerivedGeneralCategory.txt">"DerivedGeneralCategory.txt"</a>. The Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DerivedGeneralCategory.txt&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2024-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FUCD%2Flatest%2Fucd%2Fextracted%2FDerivedGeneralCategory.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn5-78"><a href="#cite_ref-fn5_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr44/#General_Category_Values">"5.7.1 General Category Values"</a>. UTR #44: Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UTR+%2344%3A+Unicode+Character+Database&rft.atitle=5.7.1+General+Category+Values&rft.date=2024-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr44%2F%23General_Category_Values&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn3-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn3_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn3_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn3_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn3_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn3_79-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/policies/stability_policy.html#Property_Value">Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies: Property Value Stability</a> Stability policy: Some gc groups will never change. gc=Nd corresponds with Numeric Type=De (decimal). </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/reports/tr18/tr18-23.html#word">"Annex C: Compatibility Properties (§ word)"</a>. Unicode Regular Expressions. Version 23. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2022-02-08. Unicode Technical Standard #18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode+Regular+Expressions&rft.atitle=Annex+C%3A+Compatibility+Properties+%28%C2%A7+word%29&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr18%2Ftr18-23.html%23word&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn4-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn4_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn4_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn4_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn4_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn4_81-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-4/#G135875">"Table 4-9: Construction of Code Point Labels"</a>. The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Table+4-9%3A+Construction+of+Code+Point+Labels&rft.date=2024-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode16.0.0%2Fcore-spec%2Fchapter-4%2F%23G135875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> A Code Point Label may be used to identify a nameless code point. E.g. <control-hhhh>, <control-0088>. The Name remains blank, which can prevent inadvertently replacing, in documentation, a Control Name with a true Control code. Unicode also uses <not a character> for <noncharacter>. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The 1024 points in the range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+D800–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+DBFF are known as high-surrogate code points, and code points in the range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+DC00–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+DFFF (1024 code points) are known as low-surrogate code points. A high-surrogate code point followed by a low-surrogate code point forms a surrogate pair in UTF-16 in order to represent code points greater than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFF. In principle, these code points cannot otherwise be used, though in practice this rule is often ignored, especially when not using UTF-16. A small set of code points are guaranteed never to be assigned to characters, although third-parties may make independent use of them at their discretion. There are 66 of these noncharacters: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FDD0–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FDEF and the last two code points in each of the 17 planes (e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFE, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFF, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1FFFE, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1FFFF, ..., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10FFFE, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10FFFF). The set of noncharacters is stable, and no new noncharacters will ever be defined.<a href="#cite_note-stability-policy-82">[64]</a> Like surrogates, the rule that these cannot be used is often ignored, although the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">byte order mark</a> assumes that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFE will never be the first code point in a text. The exclusion of surrogates and noncharacters leaves 1111998 code points available for use. Private-use code points are considered to be assigned, but they intentionally have no interpretation specified by The Unicode Standard<a href="#cite_note-83">[65]</a> such that any interchange of such code points requires an independent agreement between the sender and receiver as to their interpretation. There are three private-use areas in the Unicode codespace: <ul><li>Private Use Area: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+E000–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+F8FF (6400 characters),</li> <li>Supplementary Private Use Area-A: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+F0000–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFFD (65534 characters),</li> <li>Supplementary Private Use Area-B: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+100000–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+10FFFD (65534 characters).</li></ul> Graphic characters are those defined by The Unicode Standard to have particular semantics, either having a visible <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> shape or representing a visible space. As of Unicode 16.0, there are 154826 graphic characters. Format characters are characters that do not have a visible appearance but may have an effect on the appearance or behavior of neighboring characters. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+200C <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="‌">ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+200D <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="‍">ZERO WIDTH JOINER</a> may be used to change the default shaping behavior of adjacent characters (e.g. to inhibit ligatures or request ligature formation). There are 172 format characters in Unicode 16.0. 65 code points, the ranges <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0000–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+001F and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+007F–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+009F, are reserved as control codes, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 and C1 control codes</a> as defined in <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6429" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 6429">ISO/IEC 6429</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0089 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>LINE TABULATION, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+008A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">LINE FEED, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+000D <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">CARRIAGE RETURN are widely used in texts using Unicode. In a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">mojibake</a>, the C1 code points are improperly decoded according to the <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> codepage, previously widely used in Western European contexts. Together, graphic, format, control code, and private use characters are collectively referred to as assigned characters. Reserved code points are those code points that are valid and available for use, but have not yet been assigned. As of Unicode 15.1, there are 819467 reserved code points. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstract_characters">Abstract characters </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abstract characters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Characters,_grapheme_clusters_and_glyphs" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set characters § Characters, grapheme clusters and glyphs</a></div> The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point.<a href="#cite_note-84">[66]</a> However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a single Unicode character, and some abstract characters may be represented in Unicode by a sequence of two or more characters. For example, a Latin small letter "i" with an <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dot_above" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot above">dot above</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, which is required in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, is represented by the character sequence <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+012F; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0307; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0301. Unicode maintains a list of uniquely named character sequences for abstract characters that are not directly encoded in Unicode.<a href="#cite_note-85">[67]</a> All assigned characters have a unique and immutable name by which they are identified. This immutability has been guaranteed since version 2.0 of The Unicode Standard by its Name Stability policy.<a href="#cite_note-stability-policy-82">[64]</a> In cases where a name is seriously defective and misleading, or has a serious typographical error, a formal alias may be defined that applications are encouraged to use in place of the official character name. For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+A015 ꀕ YI SYLLABLE WU has the formal alias <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">YI SYLLABLE ITERATION MARK, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE18 ︘ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET (<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>) has the formal alias <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET.<a href="#cite_note-86">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ready-made_versus_composite_characters">Ready-made versus composite characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ready-made versus composite characters">edit</a>]</div> Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying characters that greatly extends the supported repertoire of glyphs. This covers the use of <a href="/wiki/Combining_diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Combining diacritical mark">combining diacritical marks</a> that may be added after the base character by the user. Multiple combining diacritics may be simultaneously applied to the same character. Unicode also contains <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed</a> versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make the conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, <code>é</code> can be represented in Unicode as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0065 e LATIN SMALL LETTER E followed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), and equivalently as the precomposed character <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00E9 é LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE. Thus, users often have multiple equivalent ways of encoding the same character. The mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Canonical_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical equivalence">canonical equivalence</a> within The Unicode Standard ensures the practical interchangeability of these equivalent encodings. An example of this arises with the Korean alphabet <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>: Unicode provides a mechanism for composing Hangul syllables from their individual <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Jamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangul Jamo">Hangul Jamo</a> subcomponents. However, it also provides 11172 combinations of precomposed syllables made from the most common jamo. <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK characters</a> presently only have codes for uncomposable radicals and precomposed forms. Most Han characters have either been intentionally composed from, or reconstructed as compositions of, simpler orthographic elements called <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">radicals</a>, so in principle Unicode could have enabled their composition as it did with Hangul. While this could have greatly reduced the number of required code points, as well as allowing the algorithmic synthesis of many arbitrary new characters, the complexities of character etymologies and the post-hoc nature of radical systems add immense complexity to the proposal. Indeed, attempts to design CJK encodings on the basis of composing radicals have been met with difficulties resulting from the reality that Chinese characters do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does. The <a href="/wiki/CJK_Radicals_Supplement" title="CJK Radicals Supplement">CJK Radicals Supplement</a> block is assigned to the range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2E80–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2EFF, and the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_radicals" title="Kangxi radicals">Kangxi radicals</a> are assigned to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2F00–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2FDF. The <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Description_Sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideographic Description Sequences">Ideographic Description Sequences</a> block covers the range <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2FF0–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2FFB, but The Unicode Standard warns against using its characters as an alternate representation for characters encoded elsewhere: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This process is different from a formal encoding of an ideograph. There is no canonical description of unencoded ideographs; there is no semantic assigned to described ideographs; there is no equivalence defined for described ideographs. Conceptually, ideographic descriptions are more akin to the English phrase "an 'e' with an acute accent on it" than to the character sequence <U+0065, U+0301>.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ligatures">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg/190px-JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg/285px-JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg/380px-JanaSanskritSans_ddhrya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="212" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a> ddhrya-ligature (द् + ध् + र् + य = द्ध्र्य) of JanaSanskritSans<a href="#cite_note-87">[69]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:23a-Lam-Alif.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/23a-Lam-Alif.svg/94px-23a-Lam-Alif.svg.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/23a-Lam-Alif.svg/141px-23a-Lam-Alif.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/23a-Lam-Alif.svg/188px-23a-Lam-Alif.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="73" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Lām">lām</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic" title="Aleph">alif</a> ligature (ل ‎+‎ ا ‎=‎ لا)</div></div></div></div></div> Many scripts, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanāgarī</a>, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature forms</a>. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of The Unicode Standard), which became the <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> for <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> (by Adobe and Microsoft), <a href="/wiki/Graphite_(SIL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite (SIL)">Graphite</a> (by <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Apple_Advanced_Typography" title="Apple Advanced Typography">AAT</a> (by Apple). Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally, this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardized_subsets">Standardized subsets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Standardized subsets">edit</a>]</div> Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" title="Windows NT 4.0">Windows NT 4.0</a> supports <a href="/wiki/WGL-4" class="mw-redirect" title="WGL-4">WGL-4</a> with 657 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets:<a href="#cite_note-88">[70]</a> MES-1 (Latin scripts only; 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic; 1062 characters)<a href="#cite_note-89">[71]</a> and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4. The standard <a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[72]</a> specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow the correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This standard supports all of the official languages of all European Union countries, as well as the German minority languages and the official languages of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards, all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided. <table class="wikitable"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">WGL-4, MES-1 and MES-2 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Row</th> <th>Cells</th> <th>Range(s) </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">00 </th> <td>20–7E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Basic Latin</a> (00–7F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>A0–FF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)">Latin-1 Supplement</a> (80–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">01 </th> <td>00–13, 14–15, 16–2B, 2C–2D, 2E–4D, 4E–4F, 50–7E, 7F </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-A" title="Latin Extended-A">Latin Extended-A</a> (00–7F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8F, 92, B7, DE-EF, FA–FF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-B" title="Latin Extended-B">Latin Extended-B</a> (80–FF ...) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">02 </th> <td>18–1B, 1E–1F </td> <td>Latin Extended-B (... 00–4F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>59, 7C, 92 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IPA_Extensions" title="IPA Extensions">IPA Extensions</a> (50–AF) </td></tr> <tr> <td>BB–BD, C6, C7, C9, D6, D8–DB, DC, DD, DF, EE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">Spacing Modifier Letters</a> (B0–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>03 </th> <td>74–75, 7A, 7E, 84–8A, 8C, 8E–A1, A3–CE, D7, DA–E1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_and_Coptic" title="Greek and Coptic">Greek</a> (70–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>04 </th> <td>00–5F, 90–91, 92–C4, C7–C8, CB–CC, D0–EB, EE–F5, F8–F9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_(Unicode_block)" title="Cyrillic (Unicode block)">Cyrillic</a> (00–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1E </th> <td>02–03, 0A–0B, 1E–1F, 40–41, 56–57, 60–61, 6A–6B, 80–85, 9B, F2–F3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended_Additional" title="Latin Extended Additional">Latin Extended Additional</a> (00–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1F </th> <td>00–15, 18–1D, 20–45, 48–4D, 50–57, 59, 5B, 5D, 5F–7D, 80–B4, B6–C4, C6–D3, D6–DB, DD–EF, F2–F4, F6–FE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Extended" title="Greek Extended">Greek Extended</a> (00–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">20 </th> <td>13–14, 15, 17, 18–19, 1A–1B, 1C–1D, 1E, 20–22, 26, 30, 32–33, 39–3A, 3C, 3E, 44, 4A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Punctuation" title="General Punctuation">General Punctuation</a> (00–6F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7F, 82 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superscripts_and_Subscripts" title="Superscripts and Subscripts">Superscripts and Subscripts</a> (70–9F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>A3–A4, A7, AC, AF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Currency_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Currency Symbols (Unicode block)">Currency Symbols</a> (A0–CF) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">21 </th> <td>05, 13, 16, 22, 26, 2E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Letterlike_Symbols" title="Letterlike Symbols">Letterlike Symbols</a> (00–4F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5B–5E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Number_Forms" title="Number Forms">Number Forms</a> (50–8F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>90–93, 94–95, A8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrows_(Unicode_block)" title="Arrows (Unicode block)">Arrows</a> (90–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <td>00, 02, 03, 06, 08–09, 0F, 11–12, 15, 19–1A, 1E–1F, 27–28, 29, 2A, 2B, 48, 59, 60–61, 64–65, 82–83, 95, 97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Operators" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Operators">Mathematical Operators</a> (00–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <td>02, 0A, 20–21, 29–2A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical" title="Miscellaneous Technical">Miscellaneous Technical</a> (00–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">25 </th> <td>00, 02, 0C, 10, 14, 18, 1C, 24, 2C, 34, 3C, 50–6C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Box_Drawing" title="Box Drawing">Box Drawing</a> (00–7F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>80, 84, 88, 8C, 90–93 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Block_Elements" title="Block Elements">Block Elements</a> (80–9F) </td></tr> <tr> <td>A0–A1, AA–AC, B2, BA, BC, C4, CA–CB, CF, D8–D9, E6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geometric_Shapes_(Unicode_block)" title="Geometric Shapes (Unicode block)">Geometric Shapes</a> (A0–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 </th> <td>3A–3C, 40, 42, 60, 63, 65–66, 6A, 6B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous Symbols</a> (00–FF) </td></tr> <tr> <th>F0 </th> <td>(01–02) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Area_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Use Area (Unicode block)">Private Use Area</a> (00–FF ...) </td></tr> <tr> <th>FB </th> <td>01–02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_Presentation_Forms" title="Alphabetic Presentation Forms">Alphabetic Presentation Forms</a> (00–4F) </td></tr> <tr> <th>FF </th> <td>FD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)" title="Specials (Unicode block)">Specials</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Rendering software that cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFD to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. Apple's <a href="/wiki/Last_Resort_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Resort font">Last Resort font</a> will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Unicode_fallback_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode fallback font">Unicode fallback font</a> will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_and_encodings">Mapping and encodings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mapping and encodings">edit</a>]</div> Several mechanisms have been specified for storing a series of code points as a series of bytes. Unicode defines two mapping methods: the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">Universal Coded Character Set</a> (UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode code points to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed code units. All UTF encodings map code points to a unique sequence of bytes.<a href="#cite_note-91">[73]</a> The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code unit (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code unit (for UCS encodings and <a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a>). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are the most commonly used encodings. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">UCS-2</a> is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent. UTF encodings include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, which uses one to four 8-bit units per <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[note 3]</a> and has maximal compatibility with <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>, which uses either one or two 16-bit units per code point, but cannot encode <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Surrogates" title="Universal Character Set characters">surrogate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a>, which uses one 32-bit unit per code point</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a>, not specified as part of The Unicode Standard, which uses one to five 8-bit units per code point, intended to maximize compatibility with <a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a></li></ul> UTF-8 uses one to four 8-bit units (bytes) per code point and, being compact for Latin scripts and ASCII-compatible, provides the de facto standard encoding for the interchange of Unicode text. It is used by <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and most recent <a href="/wiki/Linux_distributions" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux distributions">Linux distributions</a> as a direct replacement for legacy encodings in general text handling. The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode <a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">byte order mark</a> (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte-order detection (or <a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">byte endianness</a> detection). The BOM, encoded as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE, has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FFFE (the result of byte-swapping <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FEFF) does not equate to a legal character, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FEFF in places other than the beginning of text conveys the zero-width non-break space. The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence <code>EF BB BF</code>. The Unicode Standard allows the BOM "can serve as a signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked".<a href="#cite_note-93">[74]</a> Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">code pages</a>. However <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3629">3629</a>, the UTF-8 standard, recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8, but discusses the cases where this may not be possible. In addition, the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 (for instance there cannot be any lone bytes with the high bit set) means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM. In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> code unit serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code unit manifests as a byte sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code units. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">gcc</a> compilers to generate software uses it as the standard "<a href="/wiki/Wide_character" title="Wide character">wide character</a>" encoding. Some programming languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Seed7" title="Seed7">Seed7</a>, use UTF-32 as an internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a> coded software. <a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a>, another encoding form, enables the encoding of Unicode strings into the limited character set supported by the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS). The encoding is used as part of <a href="/wiki/IDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="IDNA">IDNA</a>, which is a system enabling the use of <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Domain_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationalized Domain Names">Internationalized Domain Names</a> in all scripts that are supported by Unicode. Earlier and now historical proposals include <a href="/wiki/UTF-5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-5">UTF-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-6">UTF-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB18030</a> is another encoding form for Unicode, from the <a href="/wiki/Standardization_Administration_of_China" title="Standardization Administration of China">Standardization Administration of China</a>. It is the official <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character set</a> of the People's Republic of China (PRC). <a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a> are Unicode compression schemes. The <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day_RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="April Fools' Day RFC">April Fools' Day RFC</a> of 2005 specified two parody UTF encodings, <a href="/wiki/UTF-9" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-9">UTF-9</a> and <a href="/wiki/UTF-18" class="mw-redirect" title="UTF-18">UTF-18</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adoption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UTF-8#Implementations_and_adoption" title="UTF-8">UTF-8 § Implementations and adoption</a></div> Unicode, in the form of <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a>, has been the most common encoding for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-markdavis-94">[75]</a> It has near-universal adoption, and much of the non-UTF-8 content is found in other Unicode encodings, e.g. <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a>. As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit">[update]</a>, UTF-8 accounts for on average 98.3% of all web pages (and 983 of the top 1,000 highest-ranked web pages).<a href="#cite_note-W3TechsWebEncoding-95">[76]</a> Although many pages only use <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters to display content, UTF-8 was designed with 8-bit ASCII as a subset and almost no websites now declare their encoding to only be ASCII instead of UTF-8.<a href="#cite_note-96">[77]</a> Over a third of the languages tracked have 100% UTF-8 use. All internet protocols maintained by <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[78]</a> have required support for UTF-8 since the publication of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2277">2277</a> in 1998, which specified that all IETF protocols "MUST be able to use the UTF-8 charset".<a href="#cite_note-98">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operating systems">edit</a>]</div> Unicode has become the dominant scheme for the internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">UCS-2</a> (the fixed-length two-byte obsolete precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to <a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a> (the variable-length current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> (and its descendants, <a href="/wiki/Windows_2000" title="Windows 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">XP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Vista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">11</a>), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> bytecode environments, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> also use it for internal representation. Partial support for Unicode can be installed on <a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Layer_for_Unicode" title="Microsoft Layer for Unicode">Microsoft Layer for Unicode</a>. <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> (originally developed for <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>)<a href="#cite_note-99">[80]</a> has become the main storage encoding on most <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems (though others are also used by some libraries) because it is a relatively easy replacement for traditional <a href="/wiki/Extended_ASCII" title="Extended ASCII">extended ASCII</a> character sets. UTF-8 is also the most common Unicode encoding used in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> documents on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. Multilingual text-rendering engines which use Unicode include <a href="/wiki/Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a> and <a href="/wiki/DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a> for Microsoft Windows, <a href="/wiki/ATSUI" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSUI">ATSUI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Core_Text" title="Core Text">Core Text</a> for macOS, and <a href="/wiki/Pango" title="Pango">Pango</a> for <a href="/wiki/GTK%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="GTK+">GTK+</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> desktop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Input_methods">Input methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Input methods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a></div> Because keyboard layouts cannot have simple key combinations for all characters, several operating systems provide alternative input methods that allow access to the entire repertoire. <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14755" title="ISO/IEC 14755">ISO/IEC 14755</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[81]</a> which standardises methods for entering Unicode characters from their code points, specifies several methods. There is the Basic method, where a beginning sequence is followed by the hexadecimal representation of the code point and the ending sequence. There is also a screen-selection entry method specified, where the characters are listed in a table on a screen, such as with a character map program. Online tools for finding the code point for a known character include Unicode Lookup<a href="#cite_note-101">[82]</a> by Jonathan Hedley and Shapecatcher<a href="#cite_note-102">[83]</a> by Benjamin Milde. In Unicode Lookup, one enters a search key (e.g. "fractions"), and a list of corresponding characters with their code points is returned. In Shapecatcher, based on <a href="/wiki/Shape_context" title="Shape context">Shape context</a>, one draws the character in a box and a list of characters approximating the drawing, with their code points, is returned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Email">Email</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Email">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Unicode and email</a></div> <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the "Subject:"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unicode, the <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> character set and the <a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Quoted-printable" title="Quoted-printable">Quoted-printable</a> transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software. The IETF has defined<a href="#cite_note-103">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[85]</a> a framework for internationalized email using UTF-8, and has updated<a href="#cite_note-105">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[89]</a> several protocols in accordance with that framework. The adoption of Unicode in email has been very slow.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some East Asian text is still encoded in encodings such as <a href="/wiki/ISO-2022" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-2022">ISO-2022</a>, and some devices, such as mobile phones,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] still cannot correctly handle Unicode data. Support has been improving, however. Many major free mail providers such as <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Mail">Yahoo! Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a> support it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Web">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode and HTML</a></div> All <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> recommendations have used Unicode as their document character set since HTML 4.0. <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a> have supported Unicode, especially UTF-8, for many years. There used to be display problems resulting primarily from <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">font</a> related issues; e.g. v6 and older of Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> did not render many code points unless explicitly told to use a font that contains them.<a href="#cite_note-109">[90]</a> Although syntax rules may affect the order in which characters are allowed to appear, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> (including <a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>) documents, by definition,<a href="#cite_note-110">[91]</a> comprise characters from most of the Unicode code points, with the exception of: <ul><li>FFFE or FFFF.</li> <li>most of the <a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 control codes</a>,</li> <li>the permanently unassigned code points D800–DFFF,</li></ul> HTML characters manifest either directly as <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> according to the document's encoding, if the encoding supports them, or users may write them as numeric character references based on the character's Unicode code point. For example, the references <code>&#916;</code>, <code>&#1049;</code>, <code>&#1511;</code>, <code>&#1605;</code>, <code>&#3671;</code>, <code>&#12354;</code>, <code>&#21494;</code>, <code>&#33865;</code>, and <code>&#47568;</code> (or the same numeric values expressed in hexadecimal, with <code>&#x</code> as the prefix) should display on all browsers as Δ, Й, ק ,م, ๗, あ, 叶, 葉, and 말. When specifying <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URIs</a>, for example as <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> in <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> requests, non-ASCII characters must be <a href="/wiki/Percent_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent encoding">percent-encoded</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonts">Fonts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fonts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Unicode font</a></div> Unicode is not in principle concerned with fonts per se, seeing them as implementation choices.<a href="#cite_note-111">[92]</a> Any given character may have many <a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">allographs</a>, from the more common bold, italic and base letterforms to complex decorative styles. A font is "Unicode compliant" if the glyphs in the font can be accessed using code points defined in The Unicode Standard.<a href="#cite_note-112">[93]</a> The standard does not specify a minimum number of characters that must be included in the font; some fonts have quite a small repertoire. Free and retail <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> based on Unicode are widely available, since <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> support Unicode (and <a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">Web Open Font Format</a> (WOFF and <a href="/wiki/WOFF2" class="mw-redirect" title="WOFF2">WOFF2</a>) is based on those). These font formats map Unicode code points to glyphs, but OpenType and TrueType font files are restricted to 65,535 glyphs. Collection files provide a "gap mode" mechanism for overcoming this limit in a single font file. (Each font within the collection still has the 65,535 limit, however.) A TrueType Collection file would typically have a file extension of ".ttc". <a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">Thousands of fonts</a> exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts—sometimes described as "pan-Unicode" fonts—attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_fonts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unicode fonts">fonts</a> typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several reasons justify this approach: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to demand resources in computing environments; and operating systems and applications show increasing intelligence in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as needed, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Font_substitution" title="Font substitution">font substitution</a>. Furthermore, designing a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs constitutes a monumental task; such a venture passes the point of <a href="/wiki/Diminishing_returns" title="Diminishing returns">diminishing returns</a> for most typefaces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newlines">Newlines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Newlines">edit</a>]</div> Unicode partially addresses the <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">newline</a> problem that occurs when trying to read a text file on different platforms. Unicode defines a large number of <a href="/wiki/Newline#Unicode" title="Newline">characters</a> that conforming applications should recognize as line terminators. In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform-dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_text_system" title="Cocoa text system">Cocoa text system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">macOS</a> and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach, every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_unification">Character unification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Character unification">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Han_unification">Han unification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Han unification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a> (IRG) is tasked with advising the Consortium and ISO regarding Han unification, or Unihan, especially the further addition of CJK unified and compatibility ideographs to the repertoire. The IRG is composed of experts from each region that has historically used <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. However, despite the deliberation within the committee, Han unification has consistently been one of the most contested aspects of The Unicode Standard since the genesis of the project.<a href="#cite_note-113">[94]</a> Existing character set standards such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0208</a> (encoded by <a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a>) defined unification criteria, meaning rules for determining when a <a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant Chinese character">variant Chinese character</a> is to be considered a handwriting/font difference (and thus unified), versus a spelling difference (to be encoded separately). Unicode's character model for CJK characters was based on the unification criteria used by JIS X 0208, as well as those developed by the Association for a Common Chinese Code in China.<a href="#cite_note-tus-appe-114">[95]</a> Due to the standard's principle of encoding semantic instead of stylistic variants, Unicode has received criticism for not assigning code points to certain rare and archaic <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> variants, possibly complicating processing of ancient and uncommon Japanese names. Since it places particular emphasis on Chinese, Japanese and Korean sharing many characters in common, Han unification is also sometimes perceived as treating the three as the same thing.<a href="#cite_note-dw2001-115">[96]</a> Less-frequently-used alternative encodings exist, often predating Unicode, with character models differing from this paradigm, aimed at preserving the various stylistic differences between regional and/or nonstandard character forms. One example is the <a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON Code</a> favored by some users for handling historical Japanese text, though not widely adopted among the Japanese public. Another is the <a href="/wiki/CCCII" class="mw-redirect" title="CCCII">CCCII</a> encoding adopted by library systems in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. These have their own drawbacks in general use, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a> encoding (introduced in 1984, four years after CCCII) having become more common than CCCII outside of library systems.<a href="#cite_note-hanazono-116">[97]</a> Although work at <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Research_Libraries_Group" title="Research Libraries Group">Research Libraries Group</a>'s CJK Thesaurus, which was used to maintain the EACC variant of CCCII, was one of the direct predecessors of Unicode's <a href="/wiki/Unihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unihan">Unihan</a> set, Unicode adopted the JIS-style unification model.<a href="#cite_note-tus-appe-114">[95]</a> The earliest version of Unicode had a repertoire of fewer than 21,000 Han characters, largely limited to those in relatively common modern usage. As of version 16.0, the standard now encodes more than 97,000 Han characters, and work is continuing to add thousands more—largely historical and dialectal variant characters used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a>. Modern typefaces provide a means to address some of the practical issues in depicting unified Han characters with various regional graphical representations. The 'locl' <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> table allows a renderer to select a different glyph for each code point based on the text locale.<a href="#cite_note-117">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Variation_Selectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Variation Selectors">Unicode variation sequences</a> can also provide in-text annotations for a desired glyph selection; this requires registration of the specific variant in the <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Variation_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideographic Variation Database">Ideographic Variation Database</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italic_or_cursive_characters_in_Cyrillic">Italic or cursive characters in Cyrillic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Italic or cursive characters in Cyrillic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrillic_cursive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cyrillic_cursive.svg/220px-Cyrillic_cursive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cyrillic_cursive.svg/330px-Cyrillic_cursive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cyrillic_cursive.svg/440px-Cyrillic_cursive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Various <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> characters shown with upright, oblique, and italic alternate forms</figcaption></figure> If the appropriate glyphs for characters in the same script differ only in the italic, Unicode has generally unified them, as can be seen in the comparison among a set of seven characters' italic glyphs as typically appearing in Russian, traditional Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbian texts at right, meaning that the differences are displayed through smart font technology or manually changing fonts. The same OpenType 'locl' technique is used.<a href="#cite_note-118">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Localised_case_pairs">Localised case pairs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Localised case pairs">edit</a>]</div> For use in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azeri_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri alphabet">Azeri alphabet</a>, Unicode includes a separate <a href="/wiki/Dotless_I" title="Dotless I">dotless lowercase I</a> (ı) and a <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0" title="İ">dotted uppercase I</a> (İ). However, the usual ASCII letters are used for the lowercase dotted I and the uppercase dotless I, matching how they are handled in the earlier <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-9">ISO 8859-9</a>. As such, case-insensitive comparisons for those languages have to use different rules than case-insensitive comparisons for other languages using the Latin script.<a href="#cite_note-119">[100]</a> By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">Icelandic eth (ð)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Đ">barred D (đ)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C6%89" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɖ">retroflex D (ɖ)</a>, which usually<a href="#cite_note-120">[note 4]</a> look the same in uppercase (Đ), are given the opposite treatment, and encoded separately in both letter-cases (in contrast to the earlier <a href="/wiki/ISO_6937" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 6937">ISO 6937</a>, which unifies the uppercase forms). Although it allows for case-insensitive comparison without needing to know the language of the text, this approach also has issues, requiring security measures relating to <a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">homoglyph</a> attacks.<a href="#cite_note-121">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diacritics_on_lowercase_I">Diacritics on lowercase I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Diacritics on lowercase I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_acute_-_soft_dotted_and_Lithuanian_dot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I_acute_-_soft_dotted_and_Lithuanian_dot.svg/220px-I_acute_-_soft_dotted_and_Lithuanian_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I_acute_-_soft_dotted_and_Lithuanian_dot.svg/330px-I_acute_-_soft_dotted_and_Lithuanian_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/I_acute_-_soft_dotted_and_Lithuanian_dot.svg/440px-I_acute_-_soft_dotted_and_Lithuanian_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Localised forms of the letter í (I with <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>)</figcaption></figure> Whether the lowercase letter I is expected to retain its <a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">tittle</a> when a diacritic applies also depends on local conventions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> Unicode has a large number of <a href="/wiki/Homoglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoglyphs">homoglyphs</a>, many of which look very similar or identical to ASCII letters. Substitution of these can make an identifier or URL that looks correct, but directs to a different location than expected.<a href="#cite_note-122">[102]</a> Additionally, homoglyphs can also be used for manipulating the output of <a href="/wiki/NLP_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="NLP (computer science)">natural language processing (NLP)</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-123">[103]</a> Mitigation requires disallowing these characters, displaying them differently, or requiring that they resolve to the same identifier;<a href="#cite_note-124">[104]</a> all of this is complicated due to the huge and constantly changing set of characters.<a href="#cite_note-125">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[106]</a> A security advisory was released in 2021 by two researchers, one from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and the other from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, in which they assert that the <a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_Text#Bidirectional_text#Explicit_formatting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidirectional Text">BiDi marks</a> can be used to make large sections of code do something different from what they appear to do. The problem was named "<a href="/wiki/Trojan_Source" title="Trojan Source">Trojan Source</a>".<a href="#cite_note-127">[107]</a> In response, code editors started highlighting marks to indicate forced text-direction changes.<a href="#cite_note-128">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_to_legacy_character_sets">Mapping to legacy character sets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mapping to legacy character sets">edit</a>]</div> Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_format_conversion" title="Round-trip format conversion">round-trip format conversion</a> to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be converted to Unicode and then back and get back the same file, without employing context-dependent interpretation. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining diacritics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a>, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combined sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode. <a href="/wiki/Injective" class="mw-redirect" title="Injective">Injective</a> mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as <a href="/wiki/Shift-JIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift-JIS">Shift-JIS</a> or <a href="/wiki/EUC-JP" class="mw-redirect" title="EUC-JP">EUC-JP</a> and Unicode led to <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_format_conversion" title="Round-trip format conversion">round-trip format conversion</a> mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '～' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FF5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE (in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+301C 〜 WAVE DASH (other vendors).<a href="#cite_note-129">[109]</a> Some Japanese computer programmers objected to Unicode because it requires them to separate the use of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+005C \ REVERSE SOLIDUS (backslash) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+00A5 ¥ YEN SIGN, which was mapped to 0x5C in JIS X 0201, and a lot of legacy code exists with this usage.<a href="#cite_note-130">[110]</a> (This encoding also replaces tilde '~' 0x7E with macron '¯', now 0xAF.) The separation of these characters exists in <a href="/wiki/ISO_8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8859-1">ISO 8859-1</a>, from long before Unicode. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indic_scripts">Indic scripts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Indic scripts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_All_Character_Encoding" title="Tamil All Character Encoding">Tamil All Character Encoding</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic scripts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the <a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a> standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (also known as conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only.<a href="#cite_note-131">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[113]</a> Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part, because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> in 2003 when the <a href="/wiki/Standardization_Administration_of_China" title="Standardization Administration of China">Standardization Administration of China</a> proposed encoding 956 precomposed Tibetan syllables,<a href="#cite_note-134">[114]</a> but these were rejected for encoding by the relevant ISO committee (<a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai alphabet</a> support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the <a href="/wiki/TIS-620" class="mw-redirect" title="TIS-620">Thai Industrial Standard 620</a>, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation.<a href="#cite_note-dw2001-115">[96]</a> Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:แสดง">แสดง</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[sa dɛːŋ]</a> "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combining_characters">Combining characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Combining characters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_normalization#Normalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode normalization">Unicode normalization § Normalization</a></div> Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> (◌̄) and <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (◌́), but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">underdots</a>, as needed in the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indic languages</a>, will often be placed incorrectly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded, the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as <a href="/wiki/Charis_SIL" title="Charis SIL">Charis SIL</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Graphite_(SIL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite (SIL)">Graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> ('gsub'), or <a href="/wiki/Apple_Advanced_Typography" title="Apple Advanced Typography">AAT</a> technologies for advanced rendering features. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomalies">Anomalies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Anomalies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Unicode alias names and abbreviations</a></div> The Unicode Standard has imposed rules intended to guarantee stability.<a href="#cite_note-136">[116]</a> Depending on the strictness of a rule, a change can be prohibited or allowed. For example, a "name" given to a code point cannot and will not change. But a "script" property is more flexible, by Unicode's own rules. In version 2.0, Unicode changed many code point "names" from version 1. At the same moment, Unicode stated that, thenceforth, an assigned name to a code point would never change. This implies that when mistakes are published, these mistakes cannot be corrected, even if they are trivial (as happened in one instance with the spelling <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">BRAKCET for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">BRACKET in a character name). In 2006 a list of anomalies in character names was first published, and, as of June 2021, there were 104 characters with identified issues,<a href="#cite_note-tn27-137">[117]</a> for example: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+034F ͏ <a href="/wiki/Combining_grapheme_joiner" title="Combining grapheme joiner">COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER</a>: Does not join graphemes.<a href="#cite_note-tn27-137">[117]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+2118 ℘ <a href="/wiki/Weierstrass_p" class="mw-redirect" title="Weierstrass p">SCRIPT CAPITAL P</a>: This is a small letter. The capital is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+1D4AB 𝒫 MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P.<a href="#cite_note-138">[118]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+A015 ꀕ <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">YI SYLLABLE WU</a>: This is not a Yi syllable, but a Yi iteration mark.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FE18 ︘ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET: bracket is spelled incorrectly.<a href="#cite_note-139">[119]</a> (Spelling errors are resolved by using <a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Unicode alias names</a>.)</li></ul> While Unicode defines the script designator (name) to be "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">Phags_Pa</a>", in that script's character names, a hyphen is added: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+A840 ꡀ PHAGS-PA LETTER KA.<a href="#cite_note-USA24-140">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[121]</a> This, however, is not an anomaly, but the rule: hyphens are replaced by underscores in script designators.<a href="#cite_note-USA24-140">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of Unicode encodings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a> (ICU), now as ICU-<abbr title="technical committee">TC</abbr> a part of Unicode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_binary_codes" title="List of binary codes">List of binary codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">List of Unicode characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">List of XML and HTML character entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set</a> (LMBCS), a parallel development with similar intentions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_Unicode_typefaces" title="Open-source Unicode typefaces">Open-source Unicode typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_political_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Religious and political symbols in Unicode">Religious and political symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards_related_to_Unicode" title="Standards related to Unicode">Standards related to Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Unicode symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">Universal Coded Character Set</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Sometimes abbreviated as TUS.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "A Unicode Standard Annex (UAX) forms an integral part of The Unicode Standard, but is published as a separate document."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr31/tr31-5.html">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> a <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> is an abstract representation of an UCS character by an integer between 0 and 1,114,111 (1,114,112 = 220 + 216 or 17 × 216 = 0x110000 code points) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Rarely, the uppercase Icelandic eth may instead be written in an <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">insular</a> style (Ꝺ) with the crossbar positioned on the stem, particularly if it needs to be distinguished from the uppercase retroflex D (see <a href="/wiki/African_Reference_Alphabet" title="African Reference Alphabet">African Reference Alphabet</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-standard-latest-4"><a href="#cite_ref-standard-latest_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_16.0.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0.0</a>. 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Retrieved 2010-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Data-4.1.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2F4.1.0%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/4.1.0/ucd/NamedSequences.txt">"Named Sequences-4.1.0"</a>. 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Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2006-07-14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0"><bdi>0-321-48091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+5.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2006-07-14&rft.isbn=0-321-48091-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode5.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/5.0.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"Unicode Data 5.0.0"</a>. Retrieved 2010-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Data+5.0.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2F5.0.0%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_5.1.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 5.1.0</a>. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2008-04-04. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0"><bdi>0-321-48091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+5.1.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft.isbn=0-321-48091-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode5.1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/5.1.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"Unicode Data 5.1.0"</a>. 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Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2009-10-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-00-9"><bdi>978-1-936213-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+5.2.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-00-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode5.2.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/5.2.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"Unicode Data 5.2.0"</a>. 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Retrieved 2010-10-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Data+6.0.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2F6.0.0%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emojipedia.org/unicode-6.0/">"Unicode 6.0 Emoji List"</a>. emojipedia.org. Retrieved 2022-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emojipedia.org&rft.atitle=Unicode+6.0+Emoji+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femojipedia.org%2Funicode-6.0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_6.1.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.1.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1.0</a>. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2012-01-31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-02-3"><bdi>978-1-936213-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+6.1.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-02-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode6.1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/6.1.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"Unicode Data 6.1.0"</a>. Retrieved 2012-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Data+6.1.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2F6.1.0%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_6.2.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.2.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2.0</a>. 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Retrieved 2012-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Data+6.2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2F6.2.0%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_6.3.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0</a>. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2013-09-30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-08-5"><bdi>978-1-936213-08-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+6.3.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-08-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode6.3.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/6.3.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"Unicode Data 6.3.0"</a>. 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Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2014-06-16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-09-2"><bdi>978-1-936213-09-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+7.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-09-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode7.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/7.0.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"Unicode Data 7.0.0"</a>. 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Retrieved 2015-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Data+8.0.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2F8.0.0%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_8.0.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0.0</a>. 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Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2016-06-21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-13-9"><bdi>978-1-936213-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+9.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-13-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode9.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/9.0.0/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"Unicode Data 9.0.0"</a>. Retrieved 2016-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Data+9.0.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2F9.0.0%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-laobo-56"><a href="#cite_ref-laobo_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobao2016" class="citation web cs1">Lobao, Martim (2016-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidpolice.com/2016/06/07/two-emoji-werent-approved-unicode-9-google-added-android-anyway/">"These Are The Two Emoji That Weren't Approved For Unicode 9 But Which Google Added To Android Anyway"</a>. Android Police. Retrieved 2016-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Police&rft.atitle=These+Are+The+Two+Emoji+That+Weren%27t+Approved+For+Unicode+9+But+Which+Google+Added+To+Android+Anyway&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.aulast=Lobao&rft.aufirst=Martim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidpolice.com%2F2016%2F06%2F07%2Ftwo-emoji-werent-approved-unicode-9-google-added-android-anyway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v10-57"><a href="#cite_ref-v10_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_10.0.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 10.0.0</a>. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2017-06-20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-16-0"><bdi>978-1-936213-16-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+10.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2017-06-20&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-16-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode10.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_11.0.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0.0</a>. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2018-06-05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-19-1"><bdi>978-1-936213-19-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+11.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-19-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode11.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_12.0.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 12.0.0</a>. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2019-03-05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-22-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-22-1"><bdi>978-1-936213-22-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+12.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-22-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode12.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.unicode.org/2019/05/unicode-12-1-en.html">"Unicode Version 12.1 released in support of the Reiwa Era"</a>. 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Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2020-03-10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-26-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-26-9"><bdi>978-1-936213-26-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+13.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-26-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode13.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.unicode.org/2020/03/announcing-unicode-standard-version-130.html">"Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0"</a>. The Unicode Blog. 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Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. 2021-09-14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936213-29-0"><bdi>978-1-936213-29-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+14.0.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft.isbn=978-1-936213-29-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode14.0.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.unicode.org/2021/09/announcing-unicode-standard-version-140.html">"Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+14.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.unicode.org%2F2021%2F09%2Fannouncing-unicode-standard-version-140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-v15.0.0-65"><a href="#cite_ref-v15.0.0_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnicode_15.0.0" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0">The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0.0</a>. 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BCP 18. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2277">2277</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overview+and+Framework+for+Internationalized+Email&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4952&rft.au=J.+Klensin&rft.au=Y.+Ko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._KlensinY._Ko2012" class="citation cs1">J. Klensin; Y. 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Retrieved 2022-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overview+and+Framework+for+Internationalized+Email&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6530&rft.au=J.+Klensin&rft.au=Y.+Ko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._YaoW._Mao2012" class="citation cs1">J. Yao; W. 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Unicode. 2021-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode&rft.atitle=Unicode+Technical+Note+%2327%3A+Known+Anomalies+in+Unicode+Character+Names&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fnotes%2Ftn27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2100.pdf">"Unicode chart: "actually this has the form of a lowercase calligraphic p, despite its name""</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+chart%3A+%22actually+this+has+the+form+of+a+lowercase+calligraphic+p%2C+despite+its+name%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU2100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE10.pdf">"Misspelling of BRACKET in character name is a known defect"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Misspelling+of+BRACKET+in+character+name+is+a+known+defect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUFE10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA24-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA24_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA24_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/">"Unicode Standard Annex #24: Unicode Script Property"</a>. The Unicode Consortium. 2021. 2.2 Relation to ISO 15924 Codes. Retrieved 2022-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Standard+Annex+%2324%3A+Unicode+Script+Property&rft.pages=2.2+Relation+to+ISO+15924+Codes&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Scripts.txt">"Scripts-15.1.0.txt"</a>. The Unicode Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scripts-15.1.0.txt&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FUNIDATA%2FScripts.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Julie D. Allen. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0, The <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>, Mountain View, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936213016" title="Special:BookSources/9781936213016">9781936213016</a>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.0.0/">Unicode 6.0.0</a>).</li> <li>The Complete Manual of Typography, James Felici, Adobe Press; 1st edition, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-12730-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-12730-7">0-321-12730-7</a></li> <li>The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0, The Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., April 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-61633-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-61633-5">0-201-61633-5</a></li> <li>The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, The Unicode Consortium, Addison-Wesley Professional, 27 August 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-18578-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-18578-1">0-321-18578-1</a></li> <li>The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0, Fifth Edition, The <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>, Addison-Wesley Professional, 27 October 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0">0-321-48091-0</a></li> <li>Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard, Richard Gillam, Addison-Wesley Professional; 1st edition, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-70052-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-70052-2">0-201-70052-2</a></li> <li>Unicode Explained, Jukka K. Korpela, O'Reilly; 1st edition, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-10121-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-10121-X">0-596-10121-X</a></li> <li>Unicode: A Primer, Tony Graham, M&T books, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-4625-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7645-4625-2">0-7645-4625-2</a>.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaralambousMartin_Dürst2019" class="citation book cs1">Haralambous, Yannis; Martin Dürst (2019). "Unicode from a Linguistic Point of View". In Haralambous, Yannis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36824/2018-graf-hara1">Proceedings of Graphemics in the 21st Century, Brest 2018</a>. Brest: Fluxus Editions. pp. 167–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36824%2F2018-graf-hara1">10.36824/2018-graf-hara1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9570549-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9570549-1-6"><bdi>978-2-9570549-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unicode+from+a+Linguistic+Point+of+View&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+Graphemics+in+the+21st+Century%2C+Brest+2018&rft.place=Brest&rft.pages=167-183&rft.pub=Fluxus+Editions&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36824%2F2018-graf-hara1&rft.isbn=978-2-9570549-1-6&rft.aulast=Haralambous&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rft.au=Martin+D%C3%BCrst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36824%2F2018-graf-hara1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Unicode at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Unicode" class="extiw" title="c:Unicode">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Unicode" class="extiw" title="b:Unicode">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.unicode.org">Unicode, Inc.</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/main.html">Unicode Technical Site</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest">The Unicode Standard</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts">Unicode Character Code Charts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/charindex.html">Unicode Character Name Index</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alanwood.net/unicode">Alan Wood's Unicode Resources</a> – contains lists of word processors with Unicode capability; fonts and characters are grouped by type; characters are presented in lists, not grids.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=UnicodeBMPFallbackFont">Unicode BMP Fallback Font</a> – displays the Unicode 6.1 value of any character in a document, including in the Private Use Area, rather than the glyph itself.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldswritingsystems.org">The World's Writing Systems</a>, all 293 known writing systems with their Unicode status (128 not yet encoded as of June 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unicode&action=edit">[update]</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unicode" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unicode_navigation" title="Template talk:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unicode</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unicode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Versions">Versions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">Code points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_charts" title="Category:Unicode charts">Character charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property" title="Unicode character property">Character property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Special-purpose_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Special purpose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">BOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_grapheme_joiner" title="Combining grapheme joiner">Combining grapheme joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-to-right_mark" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_mark" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">Soft hyphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">Word joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">Zero-width non-joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Halfwidth and fullwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Alias names and abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#Unicode" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">Bidirectional text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">Collation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">ISO/IEC 14651</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of encodings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16/UCS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32/UCS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On pairs of code points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">Compatibility characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">Precomposed character</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">Regional indicator symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji#Skin_color" title="Emoji">Emoji skin color</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Domain names (IDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric references</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode anomaly">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_involved_with_Unicode" title="Category:People involved with Unicode">People involved with Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scripts_and_symbols_in_Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a> and symbols in Unicode</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)#Common_and_inherited_scripts" title="Script (Unicode)">Common and inherited scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Punctuation_marks_in_Unicode" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunuoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu (Fraser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing#Munshi_Mangal_Singh_Masaram_Script" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao (Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Alphabet" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Mundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Mundari">Nag Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit (Newa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language#Writing_system" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_language#Writing_system" title="Toto language">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient and historic scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_alphabet" title="Bassa Vah alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Written_Parthian" title="Parthian language">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> (Chorasmian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language#Writing_systems" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog (Baybayin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tulu Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi (script)">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notational scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols, emojis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_political_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Religious and political symbols in Unicode">Cultural, political, and religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Pictures" title="Control Pictures">Control Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_operators_and_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode">Mathematical operators and symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols (including IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode" title="Category:Unicode">Category: Unicode</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">Category: Unicode blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Character_encodings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Character_encodings" title="Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Character_encodings" title="Template talk:Character encodings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Character_encodings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Character_encodings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encodings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Non-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun/Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot and Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T.51/ISO/IEC_6937" title="T.51/ISO/IEC 6937">T.51/ISO/IEC 6937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_T.61" title="ITU T.61">ITU T.61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex_character_set" title="Videotex character set">ITU T.101</a></li> <li>World System Teletext <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">sets</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Approved parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1 (Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2 (Central Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4 (North Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5 (Cyrillic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6 (Arabic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7 (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8 (Hebrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9 (Turkish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10 (Nordic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11 (Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13 (Baltic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14 (Celtic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15 (New Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16 (Romanian)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Abandoned parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12 (Devanagari)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proposed but not approved <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-111" title="ISO-IR-111">KOI-8 Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-197" title="ISO-IR-197">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Adaptations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-182" title="ISO-IR-182">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-200" title="ISO-IR-200">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">Ukrainian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliographic use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARC-8" title="MARC-8">MARC-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII/EACC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">ISO 5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6862" title="ISO 6862">6862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BraSCII" title="BraSCII">BraSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_66003" title="DIN 66003">DIN 66003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELOT_927" title="ELOT 927">ELOT 927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_10859" title="GOST 10859">GOST 10859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12345" title="GB 12345">GB 12345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">HKSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">JIS X 0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">JIS X 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-7" title="KOI-7">KOI-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1564" title="LST 1564">LST 1564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1590-4" title="LST 1590-4">LST 1590-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">PASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533" title="Thai Industrial Standard 620-2533">TIS-620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange">TSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSCII" title="VSCII">VSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10367" title="ISO/IEC 10367">ISO/IEC 10367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">Extended Unix Code / EUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">Code pages</a> ("scripts")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Armenian" title="Mac OS Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Barents_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Barents Cyrillic">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Devanagari_encoding" title="Mac OS Devanagari encoding">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacFarsi_encoding" title="MacFarsi encoding">Farsi (Persian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Font_X_encoding" title="Macintosh Font X encoding">Font X (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGreek_encoding" title="MacGreek encoding">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gujarati" title="Mac OS Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gurmukhi" title="Mac OS Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Hebrew" title="Mac OS Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Inuit" title="Mac OS Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Keyboard_encoding" title="Mac OS Keyboard encoding">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Latin_encoding" title="Macintosh Latin encoding">Latin (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Maltese/Esperanto_encoding" title="Mac OS Maltese/Esperanto encoding">Maltese/Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ogham" title="Mac OS Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_S%C3%A1mi" title="Mac OS Sámi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkic_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic">Turkic Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ukrainian_encoding" title="Mac OS Ukrainian encoding">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100_encoding" title="VT100 encoding">VT100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DOS code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_668" title="Code page 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_737" title="Code page 737">737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_770" title="Code page 770">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_773" title="Code page 773">773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_775" title="Code page 775">775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_776" title="Code page 776">776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_777" title="Code page 777">777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_778" title="Code page 778">778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_851" title="Code page 851">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_852" title="Code page 852">852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_853" title="Code page 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_855" title="Code page 855">855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_856" title="Code page 856">856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_857" title="Code page 857">857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_858" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 858">858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_859" title="Code page 859">859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_860" title="Code page 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_867" title="Code page 867">867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_868" title="Code page 868">868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_869" title="Code page 869">869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_897" title="Code page 897">897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_899" title="Code page 899">899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_903" title="Code page 903">903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_904" title="Code page 904">904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(IBM)" title="Code page 932 (IBM)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(IBM)" title="Code page 936 (IBM)">936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_942" title="Code page 942">942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_949_(IBM)" title="Code page 949 (IBM)">949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_951" title="Code page 951">951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1034" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1034">1034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1040" title="Code page 1040">1040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1042" title="Code page 1042">1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1043" title="Code page 1043">1043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1044" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1044">1044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1098" title="Code page 1098">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1115" title="Code page 1115">1115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1116" title="Code page 1116">1116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1117" title="Code page 1117">1117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1118" title="Code page 1118">1118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1127" title="Code page 1127">1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_3846" title="Code page 3846">3846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Indic_character_set" title="CS Indic character set">CS Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Indic_character_set" title="CSX Indic character set">CSX Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX%2B_Indic_character_set" title="CSX+ Indic character set">CSX+ Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWI-2" title="CWI-2">CWI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_System_encoding" title="Iran System encoding">Iran System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenick%C3%BD_encoding" title="Kamenický encoding">Kamenický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazovia_encoding" title="Mazovia encoding">Mazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIK_(character_set)" title="MIK (character set)">MIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_895" title="Code page 895">895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_896" title="Code page 896">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_912" title="Code page 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_915" title="Code page 915">915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_921" title="Code page 921">921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1006" title="Code page 1006">1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1008" title="Code page 1008">1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1009" title="Code page 1009">1009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1010" title="Code page 1010">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1012" title="Code page 1012">1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1013" title="Code page 1013">1013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1014" title="Code page 1014">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1015" title="Code page 1015">1015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1016" title="Code page 1016">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1017" title="Code page 1017">1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1018" title="Code page 1018">1018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1019" title="Code page 1019">1019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">1124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1133" title="Code page 1133">1133</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CER-GS" title="CER-GS">CER-GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 936 (Microsoft Windows)">936</a> (<a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1169" title="Code page 1169">1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Latin-8" title="Extended Latin-8">Extended Latin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1253" title="Windows-1253">1253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">1254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1255" title="Windows-1255">1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">1256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">1257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1270" title="Windows-1270">1270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_Finnish" title="Windows Cyrillic + Finnish">Cyrillic + Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_French" title="Windows Cyrillic + French">Cyrillic + French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_German" title="Windows Cyrillic + German">Cyrillic + German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polytonic_Greek" title="Windows Polytonic Greek">Polytonic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_in_EBCDIC" title="Japanese language in EBCDIC">Japanese language in EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKOI" title="DKOI">DKOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> terminals (<a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VTx</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational (MCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement (NRCS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1020" title="Code page 1020">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1021" title="Code page 1021">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1023" title="Code page 1023">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1101" title="Code page 1101">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1102" title="Code page 1102">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1103" title="Code page 1103">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1105" title="Code page 1105">Norwegian and Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1106" title="Code page 1106">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1107" title="Code page 1107">Norwegian and Danish (alternative)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">8-bit Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">8-bit Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1052">1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1053" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1053">1053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1054">1054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1055" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1055">1055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_page_1056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code page 1056 (page does not exist)">1056</a></li> <li>1057</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1058" title="Code page 1058">1058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS_character_set" title="RISC OS character set">Acorn RISC OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_character_set" title="Amstrad CPC character set">Amstrad CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II_character_set" title="Apple II character set">Apple II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitstream_International_Character_Set" title="Bitstream International Character Set">BICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio_calculator_character_sets" title="Casio calculator character sets">Casio calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_display_code" title="CDC display code">CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intecolor/Compucolor_8001_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 character set">Compucolor 8001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compucolor_II_character_set" title="Compucolor II character set">Compucolor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CP/M_Plus_character_set" title="Amstrad CP/M Plus character set">CP/M+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">DEC MCS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">NRCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(computer)#Character_ROM" title="Galaksija (computer)">Galaksija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 03.38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Roman" title="HP Roman">HP Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_character_set" title="FOCAL character set">HP FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_character_set" title="RPL character set">HP RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUOZE#Identifier_name_character_encoding" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_International_Character_Set" title="Lotus International Character Set">LICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">LMBCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX_character_set" title="MSX character set">MSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_APC_character_set" title="NEC APC character set">NEC APC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Latin_1_Encoding" title="PostScript Latin 1 Encoding">PostScript Latin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM Coupé character set">SAM Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_SC-3000_character_set" title="Sega SC-3000 character set">Sega SC-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_pocket_computer_character_sets" title="Sharp pocket computer character sets">Sharp calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL_character_set" title="Sinclair QL character set">Sinclair QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_calculator_character_sets" title="TI calculator character sets">TI calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRS-80_character_set" title="TRS-80 character set">TRS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_International" title="Ventura International">Ventura International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_International_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Wang International Standard Code for Information Interchange">WISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard" title="Xerox Character Code Standard">XCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX80_character_set" title="ZX80 character set">ZX80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX81_character_set" title="ZX81 character set">ZX81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_character_set" title="ZX Spectrum character set">ZX Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unicode</a> / <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_All_Character_Encoding" title="Tamil All Character Encoding">TACE16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of Unicode encodings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_encoding" title="Cork encoding">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY1_encoding" title="LY1 encoding">LY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OML_encoding" title="OML encoding">OML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_encoding" title="OMS encoding">OMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT1_encoding" title="OT1 encoding">OT1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">ASMO 449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Digital encoding of APL symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-68" title="ISO-IR-68">ISO-IR-68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD-B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ_(character_encoding)" title="HZ (character encoding)">HZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC-P27-1" title="IEC-P27-1">IEC-P27-1</a></li> <li>INIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INIS_character_set" title="INIS character set">7-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INIS-8" title="INIS-8">8-bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-169" title="ISO-IR-169">ISO-IR-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">ISO 2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI_character_encodings" title="KOI character encodings">KOI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-RU" title="KOI8-RU">KOI8-RU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-U" title="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojiky%C5%8D" title="Mojikyō">Mojikyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Extended_ASCII" title="Stanford Extended ASCII">SEASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford/ITS_character_set" title="Stanford/ITS character set">Stanford/ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(typeface)" title="Symbol (typeface)">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Unified Hangul Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">Control character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Morse prosigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 and C1 control codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ISO/IEC 6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">JIS X 0211</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">Unicode control, format and separator characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCSID" title="CCSID">CCSID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings in HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charset_detection" title="Charset detection">Charset detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_code_page" title="Hardware code page">Hardware code page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">Mojibake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-width_encoding" title="Variable-width encoding">Variable-length encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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