CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c48cb73e-5434-48de-b896-815af67c7333","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor","wgTitle":"Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor","wgCurRevisionId":1225402252, "wgRevisionId":1225402252,"wgArticleId":23582792,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor","wgRelevantArticleId":23582792,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby": true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk", "autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn", "autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ca","autonym":"català","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym": "словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fa","autonym":"فارسی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym": "ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko","autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nl","autonym":"Nederlands","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym": "isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym": "ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"} ,{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym": "reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo" ,"autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd", "kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true, "mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q318140","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1234"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="823"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="658"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor rootpage-Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0">The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia" title="Imperial Regalia">imperial regalia</a> from the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, symbolizing both the pope's right to crown <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> sovereigns and also the emperor's role as protector of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman empress">Holy Roman empresses</a> were crowned as well. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg/220px-Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg/330px-Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg/440px-Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="617"></a><figcaption>The coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was established in 962 under <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a>. Later emperors were crowned by the pope or other Catholic bishops. In 1530 <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> became the last Holy Roman emperor to be crowned by a pope, <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, albeit in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. Thereafter, until the abolition of the empire in 1806, no further crownings by the pope were held.<a href="#cite_note-1">[N 1]</a> Later rulers simply proclaimed themselves Imperator Electus Romanorum ("Elected Emperor of the Romans") after their coronation as German king. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Preliminaries">1 Preliminaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ceremonies">2 Ceremonies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Locations">2.1 Locations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#German_royal_coronation">2.2 German royal coronation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Roman_imperial_coronation">2.3 Roman imperial coronation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Coronation_of_Frederick_I_Barbarossa">2.3.1 Coronation of Frederick I Barbarossa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Coronation_of_Henry_VI_and_Constantia">2.3.2 Coronation of Henry VI and Constantia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Coronations_of_the_Latin_Emperors_of_Constantinople">2.4 Coronations of the Latin Emperors of Constantinople</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Crowns">2.5 Crowns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Laudes_Imperiale">2.6 Laudes Imperiale</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Empresses_and_queens">3 Empresses and queens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#List_of_Roman_imperial_coronations">4 List of Roman imperial coronations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Frankish_kings_crowned_Emperors_of_the_Romans">4.1 Frankish kings crowned Emperors of the Romans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Holy_Roman_Emperors">4.2 Holy Roman Emperors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">7 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Sources">7.1 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Preliminaries">Preliminaries</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preliminaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Before being crowned emperor by the pope, a monarch first had to win the support of the majority of the seven <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_election" title="Imperial election">Imperial election</a>, then to be crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> by an archbishop, for example that of Cologne, Mainz, or Trier. He then had to conduct an <a href="/wiki/Italienzug" title="Italienzug">Italienzug</a> (Romzug), leading his army from Germany to Rome and occasionally having to fight off enemies barring the way, making his coronation into a military expedition. Some elected or crowned Kings of the Romans never made it that far, and thus were never confirmed as Holy Roman Emperors by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. The papal coronation was necessary for the Imperial title until 1508, when the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetians</a> blocked the journey of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a>, and he was instead proclaimed emperor elect by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> This established the right of elected Germanic monarchs to use the imperial title. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Ceremonies">Ceremonies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ceremonies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Locations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/250px-Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1091"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 364px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/250px-Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="364" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/375px-Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg/500px-Henry_VII_Holy_Roman_Emperor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Henry VII">Emperor Henry VII</a></figcaption></figure> Successors of Charlemagne were crowned in Rome for several centuries, where they received the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">imperial crown</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> from the pope. The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a> (with the title King of Italy or King of the Lombards) was conferred in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio" title="Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio">Church of St. Ambrose</a> at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> or at the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[N 2]</a> that of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Burgundy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>. The German crown—which came to be the most important of all—was usually given at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muir-5">[3]</a> From 1562 until the last German coronation in 1792, the emperors-elect were crowned kings of Germany in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Cathedral" title="Frankfurt Cathedral">Frankfurt Cathedral</a>, which had already in 1356 had become the established site for the imperial elections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_royal_coronation">German royal coronation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German royal coronation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The German coronation ceremony first required the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">electors</a> to meet at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt, Germany">Frankfurt</a>, under the presidency of the elector-archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a>, who formally summoned the electors and had the right of the last vote. The new emperor-elect was led to the high altar of the cathedral and seated, then conducted to a gallery over the entrance to the choir, where he sat with the electors while his election was proclaimed. The coronation itself took place on a subsequent day. If the coronation was performed (as usual before 1562) at the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel_at_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Chapel at Aachen">Palatine Chapel at Aachen</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a>), then the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">archbishop of Cologne</a>, as local metropolitan, was the chief officiant and was assisted by the two other clerical electors, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Mainz">archbishop of Mainz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Trier">archbishop of Trier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[N 3]</a> These three archbishop-electors met the emperor-elect at the entrance of the church, where the archbishop of Cologne said the prayer, "Almighty, everlasting God, your servant,..."<a href="#cite_note-7">[N 4]</a> The choir sang the <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a>, "Behold, I send my Angel..." (Ecce mitto Angelum meum...) as the emperor-elect and the archbishops filed into the church. The archbishop of Cologne then said the prayers, "God, who knows the human race,..." and "Almighty and everlasting God of heaven and earth,...." The Mass then began with the propers of the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collect</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of St. Michael">Feast of St. Michael</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence (poetry)">sequence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Saints" title="Litany of the Saints">Litany of the Saints</a>, the archbishop of Cologne put six questions to the emperor-elect, each time receiving the response "I will": 1. Will he defend the holy faith? 2. Will he defend the holy church? 3. Will he defend the kingdom? 4. Will he maintain the laws of the empire? 5. Will he maintain justice? 6. Will he show due submission to the pope?<a href="#cite_note-8">[N 5]</a> The emperor-elect then laid two fingers on the altar and swore his oath. The Recognition then followed, with the emperor-elect asking those assembled to accepted him as their king, three times receiving the response "Let it be done". The archbishop of Cologne then said the prayers, "Bless, Lord, this king,..." and "Ineffable God,...."<a href="#cite_note-9">[N 6]</a> The archbishop then anointed the emperor-elect with the <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">oil of the catechumens</a> on his head, breast and shoulders, saying, "I anoint you king with the oil of sanctification in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen." and then on the palms of both hands, saying, "Let these hands be anointed, as kings and prophets were anointed and as Samuel anointed David to be king may you be blessed and established king in this kingdom over this people, whom the Lord, your God, has given you to rule and govern, which he vouchsafes to grant, who with the Father and the Holy Spirit, lives and reigns,...."<a href="#cite_note-10">[N 7]</a> He was then vested in the imperial robes, including <a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">buskins</a>, a long <a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">alb</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a> crossed priest-wise over the breast, <a href="/wiki/Gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloves">gloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">mantle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[N 8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Sword" title="Imperial Sword">sword</a> was given with the words, "Receive this sword at the hands of us bishops...." The ring was given with the words, "Receive this ring of royal dignity...." The <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">orb</a> were given with the words, "Receive this rod of virtue and equity...." Finally the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">crown</a> was set on his head conjointly by the three archbishop-electors with the words, "Receive this royal crown...." The oath was taken again, this time in the direct form in both Latin and German, "I promise and pledge in the sight of God...." The responsory is chanted, "My soul is longing,..," and the king is enthroned<a href="#cite_note-13">[N 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[N 10]</a> with the words, "Stand fast and hold firmly...." At the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> the archbishop-elector of Mainz preached a homily at this point. The coronation of the queen followed and was conducted jointly by the archbishop-electors of Mainz and Trier. The <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a> was then sung during which Charles V dubbed a number of knights with the imperial sword, although at subsequent coronations this took place after the Coronation proper. The Mass was then concluded, during which the king communed in one kind. Whenever the coronations were performed at Aachen, the new king was made a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a> of the church at its conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-Muir-5">[3]</a> From 1562 to 1792 the German coronation took place before the Altar of St. Bartholomew in the crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Cathedral" title="Frankfurt Cathedral">Frankfurt Cathedral</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_imperial_coronation">Roman imperial coronation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman imperial coronation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Holy Roman imperial coronation in Rome evolved over the thousand years of the empire's existence from an originally very simple ritual (which by its very simplicity paralleled and most clearly demonstrated its origins in its <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Byzantine counterpart</a>) to one of increasing complexity. The oldest manuscript of the Roman imperial coronation ritual is found in the 9th century Gemunden Codex and while it is uncertain for whom (if anyone) the ritual described in it was intended to be used in it we come the closest to seeing the very types of forms which would have been used for Charlemagne himself.<a href="#cite_note-15">[5]</a> The ritual began with a short prayer for the emperor, "Hear our prayer, Lord, and those of your servant...". This was immediately followed by the prayer, "Look, Almighty God, with a serene gaze on this, your glorious servant,...", in which a golden crown was placed on the emperor's head during the words of the concluding phrase of this prayer, "Through whom honor and glory are yours through infinite ages of ages. Amen." A sword was then given to the emperor with the word, "Receive this sword by the hands of bishops, who, though unworthy, are consecrated to be in the place and authority of the holy Apostles, deliver it to you, with our blessing, to serve for the defense of the holy Church, divinely ordained, and remember of whom the Psalmist prophesied, saying, 'Gird the sword upon your thigh, O most Powerful One, that with it you may exercise equity.'", a form which would have a long history both in the imperial coronation ritual and in those of numerous European royal coronation rituals as well. The Laudes Imperiale (a series of formal acclamations that originated in Roman times—see below) were then chanted. The ceremony traditionally took place in Saint Peter's basilica. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coronation_of_Frederick_I_Barbarossa">Coronation of Frederick I Barbarossa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coronation of Frederick I Barbarossa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In its more developed form during the High Middle Ages, before the coronation proper the emperor<a href="#cite_note-16">[N 11]</a> went in procession first to the Church of St. Mary in Turri,<a href="#cite_note-17">[N 12]</a> where he took an oath to protect the Roman Church, "In the name of Christ, I, Frederick, the emperor, promise, pledge and guarantee in the sight of God and the blessed Apostle Peter that I will be the protector and defender of this holy Roman Church in all ways useful to her, however many, in so far as I am supported by divine assistance according to my knowledge and ability." The imperial party then proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of St. Peter</a>. The emperor was met at the silver door of St. Peter's by the cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Albano" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Albano">bishop of Albano</a>, who said the prayer, "God in whose hands are the hearts of kings...". He then entered the church, where the cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Porto">bishop of Porto</a> said the prayer, "Inscrutable God, Author of the world...." The emperor then went up into the choir and the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Saints" title="Litany of the Saints">Litany of the Saints</a>, then sang while the emperor lay prostrate before the Altar of St. Peter. The emperor then went to the Altar of <a href="/wiki/St._Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Maurice">St. Maurice</a>, the patron saint of the Empire, where the cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Ostia">bishop of Ostia</a> anointed him on his right forearm and on the nape of his neck with the Oil of the Catechumens as he said the prayer, "Lord God with whom is all power, ..." or "God the Son of God,..."<a href="#cite_note-18">[N 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[N 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[N 15]</a> Following this, the emperor proceeded to the Altar of St. Peter, where the pope handed him a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> with the words, "Receive the imperial sword for vindication over evil..." and then kissed him. The pope then girded the emperor with the sword saying, "Receive the sword upon your thigh..." and kissed him again. The emperor brandished the sword and returned it to its sheath. The pope next handed the <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a> to the emperor with the words, "Receive the royal sceptre, the rod of virtue..." and lastly crowned him with the words, "Receive the sign of glory..." and kissed the emperor a third time. The Germans present then chanted the Laudes Imperiale in German and Mass was celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-21">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coronation_of_Henry_VI_and_Constantia">Coronation of Henry VI and Constantia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coronation of Henry VI and Constantia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the coronation of Henry VI and Constantia<a href="#cite_note-22">[7]</a> we see the Roman imperial ritual in substantially its final form; the imperial coronation ritual used for Henry VII in 1312<a href="#cite_note-23">[8]</a> and that found in the Roman Pontifical of 1520<a href="#cite_note-24">[9]</a> differ from it only in certain details. The emperor and empress go in procession to St. Mary in Turri, the choir singing, "Behold, I send an angel"<a href="#cite_note-25">[10]</a> (1312--The emperor is received as a brother canon by the canons of the church and dressed in a <a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Almuce" title="Almuce">almuce</a>.) The emperor takes the Oath to defend the Roman Church and swears fealty to the pope and his successors and kisses the pope's feet.<a href="#cite_note-26">[N 16]</a> The pope gives the emperor the Kiss of Peace and the procession sets out for the Basilica of St. Peter, the choir singing, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel".<a href="#cite_note-27">[11]</a> At the Silver Door of the Basilica the cardinal bishop of Albano says the prayer, "God in whose hands are the hearts of kings."<a href="#cite_note-28">[12]</a> As the pope enters the Basilica the <a href="/wiki/Responsory" title="Responsory">responsory</a> "Peter, do you love me?"<a href="#cite_note-29">[13]</a> is sung. At the Rota porfiretica<a href="#cite_note-30">[N 17]</a> the pope puts several questions to the emperor about his faith and duty and then he retires to vest for the Mass. The cardinal bishop of Porto says the prayer, "Unerring God, Author of the World."<a href="#cite_note-31">[14]</a> The emperor goes to the Chapel of St. Gregory where he is vested in <a href="/wiki/Amice" title="Amice">amice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">alb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cincture" title="Cincture">cincture</a> and is then led to the pope who 'makes him a <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">cleric</a>. The emperor is then vested in <a href="/wiki/Tunicle" title="Tunicle">tunicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalmatic" title="Dalmatic">dalmatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">pluviale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Buskins">buskins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandals">sandals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[N 18]</a> The cardinal bishop of Ostia in the meanwhile goes to the Silver Door where the empress is waiting and on meeting her says the prayer, "Almighty, eternal God, fount and source of goodness"<a href="#cite_note-33">[15]</a> and then leads her to the Altar of St. Gregory to await the pope's procession. The pope proceeds to the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">confessio of St. Peter</a> and beginning the Mass. After the <a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie</a>, while the emperor and empress lie prostrate before the confessio, the Archdeacon sings the Litany of the Saints. The emperor and empress then rise and go to the Altar of St. Maurice where the cardinal bishop of Ostia anoints the emperor with the Oil of the Catechumens on his right forearm and on the nape of his neck, while he says the prayers, "The Lord God Almighty, whose omnipotence is"<a href="#cite_note-34">[16]</a> and "God the Son of God."<a href="#cite_note-35">[17]</a> The cardinal bishop of Ostia then says the prayer, "God who alone has immortality"<a href="#cite_note-36">[18]</a> for the empress and then anoints her on the breast with the Oil of the Catechumens while he says, "The grace of the Holy Spirit through my humble ministry descend upon you copiously."<a href="#cite_note-37">[19]</a> The pope then descends to the Altar of St. Maurice<a href="#cite_note-38">[N 19]</a> (and 1312--kisses the emperor 'after the manner of a deacon'). The pope then give the emperor a ring with the words, "Receive this ring the visible witness of holy faith..." and then the short prayer, "God with whom is all power..." (a much shorter version of the prayer said at the anointing). The pope girds the sword on the emperor with the words, "Receive this sword with the blessing of God..." and the prayer, "God whose providence..." and then crowns the emperor with the words, "Receive the Crown of royal excellence..." The pope gives the emperor the scepter with the words, "Receive the Scepter of royal power, the rod of royal rectitude, the staff of virtue,..." and the prayer, "Lord, fount of all honor..." The pope returns to the Altar of St. Peter and the <a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria in excelsis">Gloria in excelsis</a> is sung and the pope says the <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collect</a>, "God of all kings..." (In the 1312 and later coronations this is said after the collect for the feastday and after these collects the Laudes Imperiale are sung). The Epistle<a href="#cite_note-39">[N 20]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gradual" title="Gradual">gradual</a> is sung. (In the 1312 and later coronations the investitures with the imperial regalia take place after the gradual. The pope sets a miter on the emperor's head with the points 'to the right and to the left' and crowns him with the words, "Receive the sign of glory..."<a href="#cite_note-40">[N 21]</a> The sword is then given to the emperor and gird on him, after which he brandishes it thrice. The <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">Orb</a> is placed in the emperor's right hand and the Scepter in his left hand with the words, "Receive the Rod of virtue and truth..." and the emperor is crowned and then kisses the pope's feet. The pope sets a miter on the empress' head 'with the points to the right and to the left'<a href="#cite_note-41">[N 22]</a> and crowns her with the words, "Solemnly blessed as empress by our unworthy ministry, receive the crown of imperial excellence...") The Laudes Imperiale are sung and then the Gospel is read by the emperor. At the Offertory the emperor offers bread, candles and gold and the emperor offers the pope the wine and the empress the water for the chalice. (1312--The Emperor serves the pope 'as a <a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">subdeacon</a> offering him the chalice and water cruet.) Both the emperor and the empress communicate and in 1312 after Communion the emperor kisses the pope's cheek and the empress kisses the pope's hand. (After 1312 at the end of the Mass the pope if he chooses may say the prayers, "Look, we ask you, Lord, with a serene countenance...", "Bless, Lord, we ask you, this prince...," or "God, Father of eternal glory..."). Upon leaving the basilica, the emperor swore in three places to maintain the rights and privileges of the Roman people. The Roman imperial coronation ritual had certain unique elements which distinguished it from those of the royal coronation rituals developed in the European royal coronation rituals, e.g., the stational character of the ritual in which individual parts of the ritual took place in different parts of the papal basilica (usually that of St. Peter's in the Vatican)<a href="#cite_note-42">[N 23]</a> and the imperial coronation is quite unique in not having a solemn enthronement of the monarch (or even any use of a throne at all) in its ritual. Instead of an enthronement ritual we find the chanting of the Laudes Regiae, which paralleled in both form and importance its Byzantine imperial counterpart. Indeed, only those European coronation rituals which were directly modeled on the Roman imperial ritual, i.e., the papal coronation<a href="#cite_note-43">[N 24]</a> and the royal coronation ritual in the Roman Pontifical, also include such chanting of a Laudes. The custom of Holy Roman Emperors going to Rome to be crowned was last observed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>; in 1452, his great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, was crowned by the Pope in Bologna in 1530. After that, only the German coronation ritual was performed.<a href="#cite_note-Muir-5">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronations_of_the_Latin_Emperors_of_Constantinople">Coronations of the Latin Emperors of Constantinople</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coronations of the Latin Emperors of Constantinople" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> R. M. Woolley states that the accounts of the coronations of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin emperors of Constantinople</a> are very scant and provide no record of the actual texts used in these ceremonies, but from what is recorded it may be assumed that these imperial coronations were modeled on the forms used for the coronations of the Holy Roman Emperors, rather than those traditionally used for the coronations of the Byzantine emperors.<a href="#cite_note-44">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[N 25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowns">Crowns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crowns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(169)pano2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg/220px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1156"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg/220px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg/330px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg/440px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG/240px-Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1957"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 320px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG/240px-Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG" data-width="240" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG/360px-Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG/480px-Crown_of_Constance_of_Aragon_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Constance of Aragon's crown.</figcaption></figure> It is unclear as to which crown was used for either the German royal coronation or the Roman imperial coronation. Lord Twining suggests that when the German royal coronation still took place at Aachen, the <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">silver-gilt</a> crown on the <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Charlemagne" title="Bust of Charlemagne">reliquary bust of Charlemagne</a> was used, since the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown</a> or Reichskrone is made of gold. This is reinforced by medieval sources that refer to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown</a> of Italy, the silver crown of Germany and the gold crown of the Roman Empire. Twining indicates that it is also unclear as to what crown was used for the imperial coronation in Rome, and indicates that the Imperial Crown might have been worn by the emperor-elect for his formal entry into the city of Rome, with another gold crown, perhaps provided by the pope, being used in the actual imperial coronation ritual itself. One of these latter crowns, specifically that used for the imperial coronation of Frederick II, may be the Byzantine style closed crown found in the tomb of his mother, Constance of Sicily, in the Cathedral of Palermo.<a href="#cite_note-46">[21]</a> Apparently, once Frankfurt had become the normal site for the German royal coronation, the Imperial Crown was always used and thus eventually became identified as the Crown of Charlemagne.<a href="#cite_note-47">[22]</a> The Imperial Crown was originally made for <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a> (probably in the workshops of <a href="/wiki/Reichenau_abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichenau abbey">Reichenau abbey</a>, the single arch of the crown from front to back originally separating the two halves of the now collapsed inner cap like the ribbon which similarly caused the 10th bishops' <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">miters</a> to bulge up on either side.<a href="#cite_note-48">[23]</a> Thus the Imperial Crown is the first example of the miter crown worn as a unique privilege of the Holy Roman emperors and empresses. Later personal crowns of the emperors were worn over miters with points like that of contemporary bishops' miters,<a href="#cite_note-49">[N 26]</a> the miter eventually becoming a part of the crown itself,<a href="#cite_note-50">[N 27]</a> although in the Baroque period the two halves of the miter took the form of two hemispheres.<a href="#cite_note-51">[N 28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laudes_Imperiale">Laudes Imperiale</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Laudes Imperiale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cantors: </th> <th>Response: </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hear, O Christ </td> <td>Life to our Lord, decreed by God, Supreme Pontiff and Universal Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hear, O Christ </td> <td>Hear, O Christ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savior of the World </td> <td>You that are (our)<a href="#cite_note-52">[N 29]</a> Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hear, O Christ </td> <td>Life to our Lord, that Augustus crowned by God, the great and pacifying emperor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Mary </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Mary </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Mary </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hear, O Christ </td> <td>And life to the most excellent sons of the King </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Peter </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Peter </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Peter </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hear, O Christ </td> <td>Life and victory to the army of the Franks, Romans and Germans<a href="#cite_note-53">[N 30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Theodore </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Theodore </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Theodore </td> <td>You that are (our) Help </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ commands, </td> <td>Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ commands. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ commands, </td> <td>Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ commands. </td></tr> <tr> <td>King of kings, Christ conquers, Christ reigns </td> <td>King of kings, Christ conquers, Christ reigns.<a href="#cite_note-54">[N 31]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="Wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Further acclamations: </th></tr> <tr> <td>Our King, Christ conquers, Christ reigns. Our Hope, Christ conquers. Our Glory, Christ conquers. Our Mercy, Christ conquers, Our Help, Christ conquers. Our Strength, Christ conquers. Our Victory, Christ conquers. Our Liberation and Redemption, Christ conquers. Our Victory, Christ conquers. Our Armor, Christ conquers. Our Impregnable Wall, Christ conquers. Our Defense and Exaltation, Christ conquers. Our Light, Way and Life, Christ conquers. To him alone be command, glory and power through immortal ages. Amen. To him alone be vigor, strength and victory through all ages of ages. Amen. To him alone be honor, praise and jubilation through infinite ages of ages. Amen.<a href="#cite_note-55">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Empresses_and_queens">Empresses and queens</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Empresses and queens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Up to and including the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Richenza_of_Northeim" title="Richenza of Northeim">Richenza of Northeim</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in 1125, Holy Roman empresses and German queens were usually anointed and crowned separately from their husbands, unless joint ceremony was required by political circumstances. From then on, joint coronation ceremonies were more common.<a href="#cite_note-56">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="List_of_Roman_imperial_coronations">List of Roman imperial coronations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: List of Roman imperial coronations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_kings_crowned_Emperors_of_the_Romans">Frankish kings crowned Emperors of the Romans</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Frankish kings crowned Emperors of the Romans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Emperor </th> <th>Coronation date </th> <th>Officiant </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charles I</a> (Charlemagne) </td> <td>25 December 800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a> </td> <td>5 October 816 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Pope Stephen IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, France </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a> </td> <td>5 April 823 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Pope Paschal I</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis II</a> </td> <td>15 June 844 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Pope Sergius II</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a> </td> <td>29 December 875 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles III</a> </td> <td>12 February 881 </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_III_of_Spoleto" title="Guy III of Spoleto">Guy III of Spoleto</a> </td> <td>21 February 891 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Pope Stephen V</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambert_II_of_Spoleto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert II of Spoleto">Lambert II of Spoleto</a> </td> <td>30 April 892 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Pope Formosus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> </td> <td>22 February 896 </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Blind" title="Louis the Blind">Louis III</a> </td> <td>15 or 22 February 901 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Pope Benedict IV</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar</a> </td> <td>December 915 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">Pope John X</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Emperors">Holy Roman Emperors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Emperors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Emperor </th> <th>Coronation date </th> <th>Officiant </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I</a> </td> <td>2 February 962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">Pope John XII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> </td> <td>25 December 967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">Pope John XIII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a> </td> <td>21 May 996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Pope Gregory V</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> </td> <td>14 February 1014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Pope Benedict VIII</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a> </td> <td>26 March 1027 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">Pope John XIX</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> </td> <td>25 December 1046 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Pope Clement II</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> </td> <td>31 March 1084 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Antipope Clement III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> </td> <td>13 April 1111 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a> </td> <td>4 June 1133 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> </td> <td>18 June 1155 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> </td> <td>14 April 1191 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a> </td> <td>4 October 1209 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> </td> <td>22 November 1220 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Pope Honorius III</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire#Interregnum" title="Holy Roman Empire">Great Interregnum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> </td> <td>29 June 1312 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Ghibellines</a> cardinals </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a> </td> <td>17 January 1328 </td> <td>Senator <a href="/wiki/Sciarra_Colonna" title="Sciarra Colonna">Sciarra Colonna</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> </td> <td>5 April 1355 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Pope Innocent VI</a>'s cardinal </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> </td> <td>31 May 1433 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eugenius IV">Pope Eugenius IV</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a> </td> <td>19 March 1452 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> </td> <td>Rome, Italy </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> </td> <td>24 February 1530 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/28px-Reichskrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/28px-Reichskrone.jpg" data-alt="image" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/42px-Reichskrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/56px-Reichskrone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Portal:Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Coronation_Gospels" title="Vienna Coronation Gospels">Vienna Coronation Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Hungarian monarch">Coronation of the Hungarian monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation of the British monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation of the French monarch</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> See also Guy Stair Sainty, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/nobility/holyroman/">The Holy Roman Empire: Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608090548/http://www.chivalricorders.org/nobility/holyroman/">Archived</a> June 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chivalricorders.org/">Almanach de la Cour</a> website. Retrieved on 14 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The Encyclopædia Britannica notes that there is no clear record of a coronation with the Iron Crown before that of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in 1312.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> This account is of the German royal coronation ritual used for Rudolf I in 1273 and remained substantially the same until that of Matthias II at Frankfurt in 1612. The account is found in <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 122–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The canons of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen would bring the silver-gilt reliquary bust of Charlemagne with them to the entrance for the emperor-elect to venerate as he enter the Palatine Chapel. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "Will you be duly subject and show reverent faith to the Father and Lord most holy in Christ, the Roman pontiff and to the holy Roman church?" </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The German rite as also the English has the word 'ineffable', whereas the other European coronation rites has 'inexecutable.' </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> A number of other prayers of consecration then follow, which Woolley assumes were intended as alternative prayers, since the king had already been consecrated and anointed. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> These vestments may be seen at <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coronations_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coronations of Holy Roman Emperors">Coronations of Holy Roman Emperors</a> at Wikimedia Commons. Woolley notes that not only was the king clothed in these robes and invested with the regalia identified as those of Charlemagne, but accounts of the coronation of Leopold II state that the king's coiffure and beard were cut to look like that of "a man of the seventh (sic) century."<a href="#cite_note-11">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> When the ceremony took place in Aachen, the throne used was Charlemagne's own marble throne directly opposite the high altar. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Before the coronation proper Saint Stephen's Purse, reliquary containing earth soaked the blood of the first Christian martyr and which had once been in Charlemagne's tomb was placed within the throne. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The emperor is attended by German archbishops or bishops, as the British monarch is similarly attended by the Anglican bishops of Durham and of Baths and Wells. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> A church which formed part of the complex of buildings around the east atrium of the <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The Ordo of Waitz which is contemporary with this one used for Frederick I has the prayer, "God, who is glory of the just and the mercy of sinner,..." with the anointing taking place at the words, "Kindle, Lord, we ask you, his heart with the love of your grace through this anointing with oil as you have anointed priests, kings and prophets,..." After this was said the prayer, "Lord God with whom is all power,.." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The anointing with the Oil of the Catechumens by the senior cardinal before a side altar and between the shoulders and right arm may have been intended to stress the fact that a coronation was not a sacramental act, unlike the consecration of a bishop which included an anointing with <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">Chrism</a> before the high altar on the top of the head. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The text of this formula can be found in <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Hungarian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Hungarian monarch">Coronation of the Hungarian monarch</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> In 1312 and in later coronations the emperor no longer swears fealty to the pope. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> A large circular stab of <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> set into the floor of both the Old Basilica and the present one upon which many emperors, beginning with Charlemagne, are said to have been crowned. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The emperor had the unique privilege as a layman given him by the pope of wearing <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">pontifical vestments</a>, i.e., the vestments proper to a bishop. Nevertheless, one should also recall that the dress and insignia of both emperors and bishops have a common origin in the dress and insignia of the Roman senators. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> where the crowns have already been deposited </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ideally read by the King of France, he is present, or by the King of Naples. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Cf. the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a> wearing such an imperial crown over a miter. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The only other women who had the right to wear a miter were the 'mitered <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbesses</a>', the superiors of certain very ancient monastic communities, although Gregory Dix in his book, The Shape of the Liturgy notes that these abbesses were originally ex officio deaconesses and that these miters were originally the caps worn by deaconesses as an insignia of their deaconal status. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Note that the prayer said by the cardinal bishops at the entrances of the emperor and empress into the church was later imitated in the French, German, Swedish and Norwegian coronation rituals. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The Papal Laudes were last chanted during the entrance procession of the Inauguration Mass of Pope Benedict XVI on April 24, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Byzantine_emperor" title="Coronation of the Byzantine emperor">Coronation of the Byzantine emperor</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Cf. The portrait of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Cf. The only extant example is the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Austria" title="Imperial Crown of Austria">Austrian Imperial Crown</a> made for Rudolf II. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> The only extant example of such a crown is the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Crown of Russia">Russian Imperial Crown</a> made for Catherine the Great. Peter the Great adopted the contemporary miter crowns worn by the Habsburg emperors as the model for the actual and heraldic crowns of the Russian Empire. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> The actual Latin has no possessive pronoun, but the English translation would make no sense without it. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The actual text has "Teutons". </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> An English translation of the Latin text in <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 42-43. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2020" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Andrew H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_P_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">A Companion to Music at the Habsburg Courts in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</a>. BRILL. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004435032" title="Special:BookSources/9789004435032"><bdi>9789004435032</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103222335/https://books.google.com/books?id=5_P_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Music+at+the+Habsburg+Courts+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004435032&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_P_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294417/Iron-Crown-of-Lombardy">"Iron Crown of Lombardy at Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. Retrieved 2009-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iron+Crown+of+Lombardy+at+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F294417%2FIron-Crown-of-Lombardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muir-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muir_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muir_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muir_5-2">c</a> <a href="#Muir">Muir (1911)</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 44–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Cf. <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 49–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 54–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Ecce mitto angelum (Exodus 23.20). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel (Luke 1:68). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Deus in cujus manu sunt corda regum (Cf. Prov. 21:1). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Petre, amas me? (John 21:1). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Deus inenarrabilis auctor mundi </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Omnipotens aeterne Deus, fons et origo bonitatis. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Dominus Deus omnipotens, cujus est omnis potestas. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Deus Dei Filius. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Deus qui solus habes immortalitatem. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Spiritus Sancti gratia humiliatis nostrae officio copiosa descendat. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 7–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010812/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Sicily%20%26%20S%20Italy/Montages/Sicily/Palermo/Palermo%20Duomo.htm">"The Palermo Duomo"</a>. Paradoxplace. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Sicily%20%26%20S%20Italy/Montages/Sicily/Palermo/Palermo%20Duomo.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2019-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paradoxplace&rft.atitle=The+Palermo+Duomo&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paradoxplace.com%2FPerspectives%2FSicily%2520%2526%2520S%2520Italy%2FMontages%2FSicily%2FPalermo%2FPalermo%2520Duomo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#Twining">Twining (1960)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 'Crown' Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#Woolley">Woolley (1915)</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#J%C3%A4schke">Jäschke (2002)</a>, p. 79. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Special:EditPage/Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor%22">"Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jäschke" class="citation book cs1">Jäschke, Kurt-Ulrich (2002). "From famous empresses to unspectacular queens: the Romano-German Empire to Margaret of Brabant, Countess of Luxembourg and Queen of the Romans (d. 1311)". In Anne J. Duggan (ed.). Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at King's College London, April 1995. Boydell Press. pp. 75–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-881-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-881-5"><bdi>978-0-85115-881-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+famous+empresses+to+unspectacular+queens%3A+the+Romano-German+Empire+to+Margaret+of+Brabant%2C+Countess+of+Luxembourg+and+Queen+of+the+Romans+%28d.+1311%29&rft.btitle=Queens+and+Queenship+in+Medieval+Europe%3A+Proceedings+of+a+Conference+Held+at+King%27s+College+London%2C+April+1995&rft.pages=75-108&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-881-5&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Kurt-Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Twining" class="citation book cs1">Twining, Lord Edward Francis (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe. London, England: B.T. Batsford Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crown+Jewels+of+Europe&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=B.T.+Batsford+Ltd&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Twining&rft.aufirst=Lord+Edward+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Woolley" class="citation book cs1">Woolley, Reginald Maxwell (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coronationrites00wooluoft">Coronation Rites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronation+Rites&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Reginald+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoronationrites00wooluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Muir" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Muir, Thomas (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coronation">"Coronation" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 185–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coronation&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=185-187&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronation+of+the+Holy+Roman+Emperor" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&oldid=1225402252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&oldid=1225402252</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 May 2024, at 06:56 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="تتويج الإمبراطور الروماني المقدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تتويج الإمبراطور الروماني المقدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korunovace_panovn%C3%ADk%C5%AF_Svat%C3%A9_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e_%C5%99%C3%ADmsk%C3%A9" title="Korunovace panovníků Svaté říše římské – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korunovace panovníků Svaté říše římské" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B6nung_der_r%C3%B6misch-deutschen_K%C3%B6nige_und_Kaiser" title="Krönung der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krönung der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaci%C3%B3n_del_emperador_del_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Germ%C3%A1nico" title="Coronación del emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coronación del emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couronnement_de_l%27empereur_romain_germanique" title="Couronnement de l'empereur romain germanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couronnement de l'empereur romain germanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoronazione_dell%27imperatore_del_Sacro_Romano_Impero" title="Incoronazione dell'imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incoronazione dell'imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronacja_kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w_i_cesarzy_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego_Cesarstwa_Rzymskiego" title="Koronacja królów i cesarzy Świętego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koronacja królów i cesarzy Świętego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_imperador_do_Sacro_Imp%C3%A9rio_Romano-Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Coroação do imperador do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coroação do imperador do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8,_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Коронация королей Священной Римской империи, королей Германии и императоров Священной Римской империи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коронация королей Священной Римской империи, королей Германии и императоров Священной Римской империи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Коронація в Священній Римській імперії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коронація в Священній Римській імперії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%95%E7%A4%BC" title="神圣罗马帝国皇帝的加冕礼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神圣罗马帝国皇帝的加冕礼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 May 2024, at 06:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x6txf","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.402","walltime":"0.589","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1967,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":49910,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1495,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":66865,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 476.156 1 -total"," 26.64% 126.868 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.95% 90.225 2 Template:Navbox"," 17.98% 85.636 4 Template:Cite_book"," 17.34% 82.562 1 Template:Imperial_election"," 17.28% 82.264 1 Template:Short_description"," 12.00% 57.161 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 11.10% 52.871 1 Template:Ambox"," 8.03% 38.230 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.07% 33.645 5 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.204","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5729263,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-l66s2","timestamp":"20241122152032","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronation_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q318140","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q318140","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-07-12T18:09:58Z","dateModified":"2024-05-24T06:56:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Karl_den_store_krons_av_leo_III.jpg","headline":"crowning ceremony of the newly-elected Holy Roman Emperor"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>