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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Subsequent activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subsequent_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subsequent activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Monitoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Split </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admirers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admirers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Admirers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admirers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013_investigation_and_media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_investigation_and_media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 2013 investigation and media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_investigation_and_media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Montenegro_crackdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Montenegro_crackdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 2016 Montenegro crackdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Montenegro_crackdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_Russian_crackdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_Russian_crackdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 2016 Russian crackdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_Russian_crackdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Aleph_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Aleph_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 2017 Aleph raids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Aleph_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_Tokyo_car_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Tokyo_car_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 2019 Tokyo car attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Tokyo_car_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Aum Shinrikyo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="أوم شنريكيو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوم شنريكيو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_%C5%9Einrikyo" title="Aum Şinrikyo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aum Şinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Chin-l%C3%AD-k%C3%A0u" title="Aum Chin-lí-kàu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aum Chin-lí-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93m_%C5%A1inrikj%C3%B3" title="Óm šinrikjó – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Óm šinrikjó" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cmu_Shinriky%C5%8D" title="Ōmu Shinrikyō – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ōmu Shinrikyō" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinriky%C5%8D" title="Aum Shinrikyō – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aum Shinrikyō" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_%C5%9Cinrikjo" title="Aum Ŝinrikjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aum Ŝinrikjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="اوم شینریکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوم شینریکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinriky%C5%8D" title="Aum Shinrikyō – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aum Shinrikyō" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%B4%EC%A7%84%EB%A6%AC%EA%B5%90" title="옴진리교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옴진리교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%90_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93" title="ॐ श्रिंरिकिओ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ॐ श्रिंरिकिओ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinriky%C5%8D" title="Aum Shinrikyō – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aum Shinrikyō" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95" title="אום שינריקיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אום שינריקיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Sinrike" title="Aum Sinrike – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aum Sinrike" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Sinrikj%C3%B3" title="Aum Sinrikjó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aum Sinrikjó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%98%D0%BE" title="Аум Шинрикјо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аум Шинрикјо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B" title="ഓം ഷിന്റിക്യോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓം ഷിന്റിക്യോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="اوم شنريكيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوم شنريكيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%95%99" title="オウム真理教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オウム真理教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinriky%C5%8D" title="Aum Shinrikyō – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aum Shinrikyō" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinriky%C5%8D" title="Aum Shinrikyō – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aum Shinrikyō" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%91" title="Аум синрикё – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аум синрикё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_%C5%A0inrikjo" title="Aum Šinrikjo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aum Šinrikjo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumu_Shinriky%C5%8D" title="Oumu Shinrikyō – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oumu Shinrikyō" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korkein_totuus" title="Korkein totuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korkein totuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="โอมชินริเกียว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอมชินริเกียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_%C5%9Einrikyo" title="Aum Şinrikyo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aum Şinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Аум Сінрікьо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аум Сінрікьо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aum Shinrikyo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B5%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%95%99" title="唵真理教 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleph_(Japanese_cult)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Japanese cult)">Aleph (Japanese cult)</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese cult and terrorist organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Shinreikyo" title="Shinreikyo">Shinreikyo</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Aleph</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">アレフ</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/220px-Aum_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/330px-Aum_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/440px-Aum_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="603" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religious movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dharmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic">Dharmic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data">Western <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarianism</a>/millennialism (formerly)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data">Yoga meetings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1987; 37 years ago (1987) <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hikari_no_Wa" title="Hikari no Wa">Hikari no Wa</a> (2008), Yamada's Club, Keroyon Club</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 1,650 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-npa-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Aum Shinrikyo (オウム真理教, Oumu Shinrikyō) (1984–2007)</td></tr></tbody></table> Aleph (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: アレフ, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Arefu), better known by their former name Aum Shinrikyo (オウム真理教, Oumu Shinrikyō, literally 'religion of Aum Supreme Truth'), is a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religious movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">doomsday cult</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a> in 1987. It carried out the deadly <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack</a> in 1995 and was found to have been responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_sarin_attack" title="Matsumoto sarin attack">Matsumoto sarin attack</a> the previous year. The group says that those who carried out the attacks did so secretly, without their plans being known to other executives and ordinary believers. Asahara insisted on his innocence in a radio broadcast relayed from Russia and directed toward <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> On 6 July 2018, after exhausting all appeals, Asahara and six followers on death row were executed as punishment for the 1995 attacks and other crimes.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-executions-4">[4]</a> Six additional followers were executed on 26 July.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> At 12:10 am, on New Year's Day 2019, at least nine people were injured (one seriously) when <a href="/wiki/2019_Tokyo_car_attack" title="2019 Tokyo car attack">a car was deliberately driven into crowds</a> celebrating the new year on <a href="/wiki/Takeshita_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeshita Street">Takeshita Street</a> in Tokyo. Local police reported the arrest of Kazuhiro Kusakabe, the suspected driver, who allegedly admitted to intentionally ramming his vehicle into crowds to protest his opposition to the death penalty, specifically in retaliation for the execution of the aforementioned Aum cult members. Aum Shinrikyo, which split into Aleph and <a href="/wiki/Hikari_no_Wa" title="Hikari no Wa">Hikari no Wa</a> in 2007, had already been <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">formally designated a terrorist organization</a> by several countries, including <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Japan-police-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It was previously designated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as a terrorist organization until 2022, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> determined the group to be largely defunct as a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">Public Security Intelligence Agency</a> considered Aleph and Hikari no Wa to be branches of a "dangerous religion"<a href="#cite_note-NPA-whitepaper-2009-11">[11]</a> and it announced in January 2015 that they would remain under surveillance for three more years.<a href="#cite_note-jiji-12">[12]</a> The Tokyo District Court canceled the extension to surveillance of Hikari no Wa in 2017 following legal challenges from the group, but continued to keep Aleph under watch.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The government appealed the cancellation, and in February 2019, the Tokyo High Court overturned the lower court's decision, reinstating the surveillance, citing no major changes between Aum Shinrikyo and Hikari no Wa.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The movement was founded by <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a> in his one-bedroom apartment in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a> ward in 1987, starting off as a <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> class<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> known as Oumu Shinsen no Kai (オウム神仙の会, "Aum <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Heavenly Sage</a> Association") and steadily grew in the following years. It gained official status as a <a href="/wiki/Religious_organization" title="Religious organization">religious organization</a> in 1989 and attracted a considerable number of graduates from Japan's elite universities, thus being dubbed a "religion for the elite".<a href="#cite_note-controversial-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_activities">Early activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early activities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Shinri Party (Truth Party) 真理党</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;">World salvation based on the teachings of Aum Shinrikyo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Japanese_general_election" title="1990 Japanese general election">1990 Japanese general election</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">25</td></tr></tbody></table> Although Aum was, from the beginning, considered controversial in Japan, it was not initially associated with serious crimes. It was during this period that Asahara became obsessed with <a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Biblical prophecies</a>. Aum's public relations activities included publishing comics and animated cartoons that attempted to tie its religious ideas to popular <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> themes, including space missions, powerful weapons, world conspiracies, and the quest for ultimate truth.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Aum published several magazines including <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Sacca and Enjoy Happiness, adopting a somewhat missionary attitude.<a href="#cite_note-controversial-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s science fiction <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(book_series)" title="Foundation (book series)">Foundation Trilogy</a> was referenced "depicting as it does an elite group of spiritually evolved scientists forced to go underground during an age of barbarism so as to prepare themselves for the moment...when they will emerge to rebuild civilization".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Lifton posited that Aum's publications used Christian and Buddhist ideas to impress what he considered to be the more shrewd and educated Japanese who were not attracted to boring, purely traditional <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lifton-19">[19]</a>: 258  In private, both Asahara and his top disciples reportedly continued their humble lifestyles, the only exception being the armored <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> gifted by a wealthy follower.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Advertising and recruitment activities, dubbed the "Aum Salvation plan", included claims of curing physical illnesses with health improvement techniques, realizing life goals by improving intelligence and positive thinking, and concentrating on what was important at the expense of leisure. This was to be accomplished by practicing ancient teachings, accurately translated from original <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> (these three were referred to as "threefold salvation"). These efforts resulted in Aum becoming one of the fastest-growing religious groups in Japan's history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] David E. Kaplan and Andrew Marshall, in their 1996 book, The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult, from the Subways of Tokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals of Russia, claim that its practices remained secret. Initiation rituals, assert the authors of the book, often involved the use of <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>. Religious practices often involved extremely ascetic practices claimed to be "yoga". These included everything from renunciants being hung upside down to being given <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">shock therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kaplan2-20">[20]</a> In the early days, Aum was able to recruit a variety of people ranging from bureaucrats to personnel from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Self-Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Self-Defense Forces">Japanese Self-Defense Forces</a> and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police.<a href="#cite_note-WIRED-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents_before_1995">Incidents before 1995</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Incidents before 1995">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aum affair</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1989 – March 20, 1995</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Arrest of Shoko Asahara Government Victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/File:Aum_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/25px-Aum_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/38px-Aum_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/50px-Aum_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="603" /></a> Aum Shinrikyo</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Tomiichi Murayama</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department">MPD</a> <a href="/wiki/Riot_Police_Unit" title="Riot Police Unit">Riot Police Unit</a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Brigade_(Japan)" title="1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)">1st Airborne Brigade</a> civilian protesters</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Armed believers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 27 killed 6,000+ injured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 killed 192+ arrested (later 13 executed)</td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> started attracting controversy in the late 1980s with accusations of deception of recruits, holding cult members against their will, forcing members to donate money and murdering a cult member who tried to leave in February 1989.<a href="#cite_note-cultdeath-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-rearrest-23">[23]</a> In October 1989, the group's negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">Tsutsumi Sakamoto</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult</a> lawyer threatening a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> against them which could potentially bankrupt the group, failed. In the same month, Sakamoto recorded an interview for a talk show on the Japanese TV station <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">TBS</a>. The network then had the interview secretly shown to the group without notifying Sakamoto, intentionally breaking <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of sources">protection of sources</a>. The group then pressured TBS to cancel the broadcast. The following month Sakamoto, his wife and his child went missing from their home in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>. The police were unable to resolve the case at the time, although some of his colleagues publicly voiced their suspicions of the group. It was not until after the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">1995 Tokyo attack</a> that they were found to have been <a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">murdered</a> and their bodies dumped in separate locations by cult members.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-death-25">[25]</a> Kaplan and Marshall allege in their book that Aum was also connected with such activities as <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>. The group, authors report, "commonly took patients into its hospitals and then forced them to pay exorbitant medical bills".<a href="#cite_note-kaplan2-20">[20]</a> The cult is known to have considered <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a> of several individuals critical of the cult, such as the heads of Buddhist sects <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Happy_Science" title="Happy Science">The Institute for Research in Human Happiness</a>. After cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Kobayashi" title="Yoshinori Kobayashi">Yoshinori Kobayashi</a> began satirizing the cult, he was included on Aum's assassination list. An assassination attempt was made on Kobayashi in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-david-26">[26]</a> In 1991, Aum began to use wiretapping to get <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a> uniforms/equipment and created a manual for wiretapping.<a href="#cite_note-WIRED-21">[21]</a> In July 1993, cult members sprayed large amounts of liquid containing <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a> spores from a cooling tower on the roof of Aum Shinrikyo's Tokyo headquarters. However, their plan to cause an <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> epidemic failed. The attack resulted in a large number of complaints about bad odors but no infections.<a href="#cite_note-Takahashi2004-27">[27]</a> At the end of 1993, the cult started secretly manufacturing the nerve agent <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>. Aum tested its sarin on sheep at <a href="/wiki/Banjawarn_Station" title="Banjawarn Station">Banjawarn Station</a>, a remote pastoral property in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, killing 29 sheep. Both sarin and VX were then used in several assassinations (and attempts) over 1994–95.<a href="#cite_note-Tandfon-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Research-29">[29]</a> On the night of 27 June 1994, the cult carried out a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a> attack against civilians when they released sarin in the central Japanese city of <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano" title="Matsumoto, Nagano">Matsumoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano</a>. With the help of a converted <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator_truck" title="Refrigerator truck">refrigerator truck</a>, members of the cult released a cloud of sarin which floated near the homes of judges who were overseeing a lawsuit concerning a real-estate dispute which was predicted to go against the cult. This <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_sarin_attack" title="Matsumoto sarin attack">Matsumoto incident</a> killed eight and harmed 500 more.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Police investigations focused only on an innocent local resident, <a href="/wiki/Yoshiyuki_K%C5%8Dno_(victim)" title="Yoshiyuki Kōno (victim)">Yoshiyuki Kouno</a>, and failed to implicate the cult at the time. It was only after the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway attack</a> that Aum Shinrikyo was discovered to be behind the Matsumoto sarin attack.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the end of 1994, the cult broke into the Hiroshima factory of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, in an attempt to steal technical documents on military weapons such as tanks and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-kaplan2-20">[20]</a> In December 1994 and January 1995, Aum Shinrikyo member <a href="/wiki/Masami_Tsuchiya_(terrorist)" title="Masami Tsuchiya (terrorist)">Masami Tsuchiya</a> synthesized 100 to 200 grams of VX which was used to attack three people. On 2 December, Noboru Mizuno, who was believed to have assisted former members of Aum, was attacked with syringes containing <a href="/wiki/VX_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="VX gas">VX gas</a>, leaving him in a serious condition.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Tadahito Hamaguchi, whom Asahara suspected was a spy, was attacked at 7:00 a.m. on 12 December 1994, on the street in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tomomitsu_Niimi" title="Tomomitsu Niimi">Tomomitsu Niimi</a> and another Aum member, who sprinkled the nerve agent on his neck. He chased them for about 100 yards (91 m) before collapsing, dying 10 days later without coming out of a deep coma. Doctors in the hospital suspected at the time he had been poisoned with an <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a> pesticide. But the cause of death was pinned down only after cult members arrested for the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">subway attack in Tokyo</a> in March 1995 confessed to the killing. Ethyl methylphosphonate, methylphosphonic acid, and diisopropyl-2-(methylthio) ethylamine were later found in the body of the victim. Unlike the cases for <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsumoto incident">Matsumoto incident</a> and Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway), VX was not used for mass murder.<a href="#cite_note-Tandfon-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Research-29">[29]</a> On January 4, the cult tried to kill Hiroyuki Nagaoka, an important member of the Aum Victims' Society, a civil organization that protested against the sect's activities, in the same way.<a href="#cite_note-Tandfon-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Research-29">[29]</a> In February 1995, several cult members kidnapped Kiyoshi Kariya, a 69-year-old brother of a member who had escaped, from a Tokyo street and took him to a compound in <a href="/wiki/Kamikuishiki,_Yamanashi" title="Kamikuishiki, Yamanashi">Kamikuishiki</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, where he was killed. His corpse was destroyed in a <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a>-powered incinerator and the remnants disposed of in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kawaguchi" title="Lake Kawaguchi">Lake Kawaguchi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Before Kariya was abducted, he had been receiving threatening phone calls demanding to know the whereabouts of his sister, and he had left a note saying, "If I disappear, I was abducted by Aum Shinrikyo".<a href="#cite_note-Tandfon-28">[28]</a> Police made plans to simultaneously raid cult facilities across Japan in March 1995.<a href="#cite_note-chrono-36">[36]</a> Prosecutors alleged Asahara was tipped off about this and that he ordered the Tokyo subway attack to divert police.<a href="#cite_note-Research-29">[29]</a> Meanwhile, Aum had also attempted to manufacture 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, but only completed one.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> According to the testimony of Kenichi Hirose at the Tokyo District Court in 2000, Asahara wanted the group to be self-sufficient in manufacturing copies of the Soviet Union's main infantry weapon, the <a href="/wiki/AK-74" title="AK-74">AK-74</a>;<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> one rifle was smuggled into Japan, to be studied so that Aum could <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse engineer">reverse engineer</a> and mass-produce the AK-74.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Police seized AK-74 components and blueprints from a vehicle used by an Aum member on April 6, 1995.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack_and_related_incidents">Tokyo subway sarin attack and related incidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tokyo subway sarin attack and related incidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg/280px-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg/420px-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg/560px-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Aum Shinrikyo facility in Kamikuishiki, September 8, 1996</figcaption></figure> On the morning of 20 March 1995, Aum members released a <a href="/wiki/Binary_chemical_weapon" title="Binary chemical weapon">binary chemical weapon</a>, most closely chemically similar to sarin, in a coordinated attack on five trains in the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway" title="Tokyo subway">Tokyo subway</a> system, killing 13 commuters, seriously injuring 54 and affecting 980 more. Some estimates claim as many as 6,000 people were injured by the sarin. It is difficult to obtain exact numbers since many victims are reluctant to come forward.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Prosecutors allege that Asahara was tipped off by an insider about planned police raids on cult facilities and ordered an attack in central Tokyo to divert police attention away from the group. The attack evidently backfired, and police conducted huge simultaneous raids on cult compounds across the country.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Over the next week, the full scale of Aum's activities was revealed for the first time. At the cult's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Kamikuishiki,_Yamanashi" title="Kamikuishiki, Yamanashi">Kamikuishiki</a>, on the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a>, police found explosives, chemical weapons, and a Russian <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil Mi-17</a> military helicopter. While the finding of <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> agents such as <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell cultures">cultures</a> was reported, those claims now appear to have been widely exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> There were stockpiles of chemicals that could be used for producing enough sarin to kill four million people.<a href="#cite_note-CT1-44">[44]</a> Police also found laboratories to manufacture drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, and a crude form of <a href="/wiki/Truth_serum" title="Truth serum">truth serum</a>, a safe containing millions of U.S. dollars in cash and gold, and cells, many still containing prisoners. During the raids, Aum issued statements claiming that the chemicals were for fertilizers. Over the next six weeks, over 150 cult members were arrested for a variety of offenses. The media was stationed outside Aum's Tokyo headquarters on Komazawa Dori in <a href="/wiki/Aoyama,_Tokyo" title="Aoyama, Tokyo">Aoyama</a> for months after the attack and arrests waiting for action and to get images of the cult's other members. On 30 March 1995, Takaji Kunimatsu, chief of the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">National Police Agency</a>, was shot four times near his house in Tokyo and was seriously wounded. While many suspected Aum involvement in the shooting, the <a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Nakamura_(dissident)" title="Hiroshi Nakamura (dissident)">Hiroshi Nakamura</a> is suspected of the crime, but nobody has been charged.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 23 April 1995, <a href="/wiki/Hideo_Murai" title="Hideo Murai">Hideo Murai</a>, the head of Aum's Ministry of Science, was stabbed to death outside the cult's Tokyo headquarters amidst a crowd of about 100 reporters, in front of cameras. The man responsible, a Korean member of <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi-gumi" title="Yamaguchi-gumi">Yamaguchi-gumi</a>, was arrested and eventually convicted of the murder. His motive remains unknown. On the evening of 5 May, a burning paper bag was discovered in a toilet in Tokyo's busy <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinjuku station">Shinjuku station</a>. Upon examination it was revealed that it was a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a> device which, had it not been extinguished in time, would have released enough gas into the ventilation system to potentially kill 10,000 commuters.<a href="#cite_note-chrono-36">[36]</a> On 4 July, several undetonated cyanide devices were found at other locations in the Tokyo subway.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> During this time, numerous cult members were arrested for various offenses, but arrests of the most senior members on the charge of the subway gassing had not yet taken place. In June, an individual unrelated to Aum had launched a copycat attack by hijacking <a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways_Flight_857" title="All Nippon Airways Flight 857">All Nippon Airways Flight 857</a>, a Boeing 747 bound for Hakodate from Tokyo. The hijacker claimed to be an Aum member in possession of sarin and plastic explosives, but these claims were ultimately found to be false.<a href="#cite_note-LAT-48">[48]</a> Asahara was finally found hiding within a wall of a cult building known as "The 6th Satian" in the Kamikuishiki complex on 16 May and was arrested.<a href="#cite_note-chrono-36">[36]</a> On the same day, the cult mailed a parcel bomb to the office of <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Aoshima" title="Yukio Aoshima">Yukio Aoshima</a>, the governor of Tokyo, blowing off the fingers of his secretary's hand. Asahara was initially charged with 23 counts of murder and 16 other offenses. The trial, dubbed "the trial of the century" by the press, ruled Asahara guilty of masterminding the attack and <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">sentenced him to death</a>. The indictment was appealed unsuccessfully. A number of senior members accused of participation, such as Masami Tsuchiya, also received death sentences.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The reasons why a small circle of mostly senior Aum members committed atrocities and the extent of personal involvement by Asahara remain unclear, although several theories have attempted to explain these events. In response to the prosecution's charge that Asahara ordered the subway attacks to distract authorities, the defense maintained that Asahara was not aware of events, pointing to his deteriorating health. Shortly after his arrest, Asahara abandoned his post as the organization's leader, and maintained silence afterward, refusing to communicate even with lawyers and family members.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1995">After 1995</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After 1995">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG/280px-Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG/420px-Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG/560px-Anti-Aum_Shinrikyo_protest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An anti–Aum Shinrikyo protest in Japan, 2009</figcaption></figure> On 21 June 1995, Asahara acknowledged that in January 1994 he ordered the killing of a sect member, Kotaro Ochida, a pharmacist at an Aum hospital. Ochida, who tried to escape from a sect compound, was held down and strangled by another Aum member who was allegedly told that he too would be killed if he did not strangle Ochida. On 10 October 1995, Aum Shinrikyo was ordered stripped of its official status as a "religious <a href="/wiki/Juridical_person" title="Juridical person">legal entity</a>" and was declared bankrupt in early 1996. However, the group continues to operate under the constitutional guarantee of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">freedom of religion</a>, funded by a successful computer business and donations, and under strict <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>. Attempts to ban the group altogether under the 1952 Subversive Activities Prevention Law were rejected by the Public Security Examination Commission in January 1997.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The group underwent a number of transformations in the aftermath of Asahara's arrest and trial. For a brief time, Asahara's two preteen sons officially replaced him as guru. It re-grouped under the new name "Aleph" in February 2000. It announced a change in doctrine: religious texts related to controversial <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhist doctrines and the Bible were removed. The group apologized to the victims of the sarin gas attack and established a special compensation fund. Provocative publications and activities that alarmed society are no longer published.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Fumihiro_Joyu" title="Fumihiro Joyu">Fumihiro Joyu</a>, one of the few senior leaders of the group under Asahara who did not face serious charges, became official head of the organization in 1999. <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Ishii" title="Kōki Ishii">Kōki Ishii</a>, a legislator who formed an anti-Aum committee in the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> in 1999, was murdered in 2002. For over 15 years, only three fugitives were being actively sought. At 11:50 p.m. on 31 December 2011, Makoto Hirata surrendered himself to the police and was arrested on suspicion of being involved in the 1995 abduction of Kiyoshi Kariya, a non-member who had died during an Aum kidnapping and interrogation.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 3 June 2012, police captured Naoko Kikuchi, the second fugitive, acting on a tip from local residents.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Acting on information from the capture of Kikuchi, including recent photographs showing a modified appearance, the last remaining fugitive, Katsuya Takahashi, was captured on 15 June 2012. He is said to have been the driver in the Tokyo gas attack and was caught in Tokyo, having been on the run for 17 years.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On 6 July 2018, Asahara and six other Aum Shinrikyo members were executed by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-executionjapantimes-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-executions-4">[4]</a> Japan's Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dko_Kamikawa" title="Yōko Kamikawa">Yōko Kamikawa</a> stated that the crimes "plunged people, not only in Japan but in other countries as well, into deadly fear and shook society to its core." <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticized use of the death penalty in the case. While executions are rare in Japan, they have public support according to surveys.<a href="#cite_note-execution2018-55">[55]</a> There were 13 members on death row at the time: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-aum-flag-japan-2014-11-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anti-aum-flag-japan-2014-11-13.jpg/170px-Anti-aum-flag-japan-2014-11-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anti-aum-flag-japan-2014-11-13.jpg/255px-Anti-aum-flag-japan-2014-11-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Anti-aum-flag-japan-2014-11-13.jpg/340px-Anti-aum-flag-japan-2014-11-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>An anti–Aum Shinrikyo banner in 2014</figcaption></figure> Aum Shinrikyo members executed on 6 July 2018:<a href="#cite_note-executionjapantimes-54">[54]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a>, leader of Aum Shinrikyo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihiro_Inoue" title="Yoshihiro Inoue">Yoshihiro Inoue</a>, Aum's "head of intelligence" and chief coordinator of the Tokyo subway attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomitsu_Niimi" title="Tomomitsu Niimi">Tomomitsu Niimi</a>, the getaway driver for <a href="/wiki/Ikuo_Hayashi" title="Ikuo Hayashi">Ikuo Hayashi</a>, one of the perpetrators of the Tokyo subway attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomasa_Nakagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomomasa Nakagawa">Tomomasa Nakagawa</a>, a perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">Sakamoto family murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyohide_Hayakawa" title="Kiyohide Hayakawa">Kiyohide Hayakawa</a>, Aum's "construction minister", convicted of strangling a young cult member in 1989 suspected of dissidence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Endo" title="Seiichi Endo">Seiichi Endo</a>, the "head scientist" of Aum Shinrikyo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masami_Tsuchiya_(terrorist)" title="Masami Tsuchiya (terrorist)">Masami Tsuchiya</a>, Aum Shinrikyo's chief chemist and director of the sarin gas manufacturing</li></ul> The six remaining Aum Shinrikyo members were executed on 26 July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-sixremaining-57">[57]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Hayashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasuo Hayashi">Yasuo Hayashi</a>, a perpetrator of the Tokyo subway attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Hirose" title="Kenichi Hirose">Kenichi Hirose</a>, a perpetrator of the Tokyo subway attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Toyoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Toru Toyoda">Toru Toyoda</a>, a perpetrator of the Tokyo subway attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masato_Yokoyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Masato Yokoyama">Masato Yokoyama</a>, a perpetrator of the Tokyo subway attack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuaki_Okazaki" title="Kazuaki Okazaki">Kazuaki Okazaki</a>, a perpetrator of the Sakamoto family murder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Hashimoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Satoru Hashimoto">Satoru Hashimoto</a>, a perpetrator of the Sakamoto family murder</li></ul> Initially it was expected that Shoko Asahara's ashes would be collected by his youngest daughter according to his will. She urged her relatives and cult members to "put an end to the Aum and stop hating society". The ashes were kept at the detention center for fears of reprisals from other elements of the cult.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 2020 the Tokyo Family Court ruled that the second daughter, who had the "closest" relationship with her father, and who had repeatedly visited her father while he was incarcerated, should receive his hair and remains. On July 2, 2021, the Supreme Court rejected an appeal by the fourth daughter and upheld the ruling of the family court.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 2024 the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_District_Court" title="Tokyo District Court">Tokyo District Court</a> ordered the government to hand over the remains to daughter.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Doctrine">edit</a>]</div> Aum Shinrikyo is a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> belief system that draws upon Asahara's idiosyncratic interpretations of elements of early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, taking <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as the main image of worship; it also incorporates <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millennialist</a> ideas, the theory and practice of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Nostradamus" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Its founder, <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a> (born Chizuo Matsumoto), claimed that he sought to restore "original Buddhism" but employed Christian millennialist rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1992, Asahara published a foundational book, declaring himself to be "<a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>",<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Japan's only fully enlightened master, as well as identifying himself as the "<a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Asahara's purported mission was to take upon himself the <a href="/wiki/Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sins">sins</a> of the world, and he claimed he could transfer spiritual power to his followers and ultimately take away their sins and bad deeds.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> While some scholars reject Aum Shinrikyo's claims of Buddhist characteristics and affiliations with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> other scholars refer to it as an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> and this was how the movement generally defined and saw itself.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Their teachings claimed a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear apocalypse</a> was predicted to occur soon, as the result of a conspiracy involving Jewish financiers, Freemasons, and war profiteers. The United States would lead a Western nuclear attack on Japan in 2000 or 2006, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">WWIII</a> would start. It would be fought with <a href="/wiki/Particle-beam_weapon" title="Particle-beam weapon">particle beam weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a>, an American psychiatrist and author:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Asahara] described a final conflict culminating in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear</a> '<a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>', borrowing the term from the Book of Revelation <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2016:16&version=nrsv">16:16</a>"<a href="#cite_note-lifton-19">[19]</a></blockquote> Humanity would end, except for the elite few who joined Aum.<a href="#cite_note-kaplan2-20">[20]</a> Aum's mission was not only to spread the word of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, but also to survive these <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End Times</a>. Asahara predicted the gathering at Armageddon would happen in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-kaplan2-20">[20]</a> Kaplan notes that in his lectures, Shoko Asahara referred to the United States as "<a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a>" from the Book of Revelation, predicting it would eventually attack Japan.<a href="#cite_note-kaplan2-20">[20]</a> Asahara outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">Third World War</a> instigated by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Arthur Goldwag, author of a book on conspiracies and secret societies, characterizes Asahara as someone who was influenced by conspiratorial writings about <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the opinion of Daniel A. Metraux, Aum Shinrikyo justified its violence through its own unique interpretation of Buddhist ideas and doctrines, such as the Buddhist concepts of <a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Mappō and Shōbō</a>. Aum claimed that by bringing about the end of the world, they would restore Shōbō.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Furthermore, Lifton believes, Asahara "interpreted the Tibetan Buddhist concept of <a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">phowa</a> in order to claim that by killing someone contrary to the group's aims, they were preventing them from accumulating bad karma and thus saving them".<a href="#cite_note-lifton-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In Aum's terminology, phowa is spelled "poa" (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A2_(%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%95%99)" class="extiw" title="ja:ポア (オウム真理教)">ポア</a>). The name "Aum Shinrikyo" (オウム真理教, Oumu Shinrikyō), usually rendered in English as "Aum Supreme Truth", derives from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> syllable <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Aum</a>, used to represent <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">the universe</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> Shinrikyo (meaning, roughly, "Teaching of Truth") written in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>. (In Japanese, kanji are often used to write both <a href="/wiki/Sino-xenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-xenic">Sino-xenic</a> and native Japanese words, but only rarely to transcribe direct borrowings from other languages.) In January 2000, the organization changed its name to "Aleph", a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">first letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and it also replaced its logo.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_activities">Subsequent activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subsequent activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleph-logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aleph-logo.png/250px-Aleph-logo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Aleph-logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Aleph</figcaption></figure> According to a June 2005 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">National Police Agency</a>, Aleph had approximately 1,650 members, of whom 650 <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">lived communally</a> in compounds.<a href="#cite_note-npa-1">[1]</a> The group operated 26 facilities in 17 <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">prefectures</a>, and about 120 residential facilities. An article in the <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a> newspaper on 11 September 2002 showed that the Japanese public still distrusts Aleph, and compounds are usually surrounded by protest banners from local residents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monitoring">edit</a>]</div> In January 2000, the group was placed under surveillance for a period of three years under an anti-Aum law, in which the group was required to submit a list of members and details of assets to the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In the same year, a Russian member was arrested for plotting a bombing attack as part of a plan to rescue Asahara from police custody.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The plan was led by Dmitry Sigachev, who was arrested at <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rbth-80">[80]</a> In 2001, Russian Aum members had reportedly planned to attack the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Tokyo Imperial Palace</a> with explosives in an effort to free Asahara from police custody.<a href="#cite_note-TW-81">[81]</a> In January 2003, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">Public Security Intelligence Agency</a> received permission to extend the surveillance for another three years, as they found evidence which suggested that the group still revered Asahara.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> According to the Religious News Blog report issued in April 2004, the authorities still considered the group "a threat to society".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> On 15 September 2006, Shoko Asahara lost his final appeal against the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">death penalty</a>. The following day Japanese police raided the offices of Aleph in order to "prevent any illegal activities by cult members in response to the confirmation of Asahara's death sentence".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Thirteen cult members were eventually sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split">Split</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Split">edit</a>]</div> On 8 March 2007, <a href="/wiki/Fumihiro_Joyu" title="Fumihiro Joyu">Fumihiro Joyu</a>, former Aum Shinrikyo spokesman and head of Aum's <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> operation, formally announced a long-expected split.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Joyu's group, called <a href="/wiki/Hikari_no_Wa" title="Hikari no Wa">Hikari no Wa</a> ("The Circle of Light"), claims to be committed to uniting science and religion and creating "the new science of the human mind", having previously aimed to move the group away from its criminal history and toward its spiritual roots.<a href="#cite_note-cfr.org-87">[87]</a> In April 2011, the Public Security Intelligence Agency stated that Aum had about 1,500 members.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In July 2011, the cult reported its membership as 1,030. The group was reportedly active in trying to recruit new members via social media and proselytizing on college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Japan's Public Security Examination Commission announced in January 2015 that Aum Shinrikyo's two spinoffs would remain under surveillance for three more years starting 1 February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-jiji-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admirers">Admirers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Admirers">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a> alleged that "good looks and commitment to a cause", demonstrated by Aleph, "inspire a new generation of admirers". Dissatisfaction with society and low degrees of success in life make them "identify with the cult" and "adore the cultists as if they were pop idols".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_investigation_and_media_coverage">2013 investigation and media coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2013 investigation and media coverage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSIA_May_2013_Facility_inspection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PSIA_May_2013_Facility_inspection.jpg/220px-PSIA_May_2013_Facility_inspection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/PSIA_May_2013_Facility_inspection.jpg/330px-PSIA_May_2013_Facility_inspection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/PSIA_May_2013_Facility_inspection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>PSIA officers conduct a surprise inspection on a suspected Aleph building in 2013.</figcaption></figure> Sometime after April 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Intelligence_Agency" title="Public Security Intelligence Agency">Public Security Intelligence Agency</a> took a photograph inside of Aleph's facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[92]</a> In this photograph, a bundle of papers is pierced with a knife on an <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>-like object.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[92]</a> The papers included photographs of PSIA employees and directors, police officers, and lawyer Taro Takimoto, who helped followers leave Aum Shinrikyo.<a href="#cite_note-:0-92">[92]</a> At least at this point in time, Aleph still displayed portraits of Shoko Asahara and demanded followers' dependence using videos of Asahara.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_Montenegro_crackdown">2016 Montenegro crackdown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2016 Montenegro crackdown">edit</a>]</div> In March 2016, Montenegro expelled 58 foreigners suspected of being associated with Aum Shinrikyo.<a href="#cite_note-BBMASM-94">[94]</a> Four of them were from Japan; 43 were from Russia, seven from Belarus, three from Ukraine, and one from Uzbekistan.<a href="#cite_note-BBMASM-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016_Russian_crackdown">2016 Russian crackdown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2016 Russian crackdown">edit</a>]</div> On 5 April 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> announced it opened a criminal case against Aum Shinrikyo followers and that its investigators, along with <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a> (FSB) forces, were conducting raids in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> to find them and confiscate literature, religious items and electronic information.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On 20 September 2016, the Russian government banned Aum Shinrikyo from the country, declaring it a terrorist organization.<a href="#cite_note-rbth-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_Aleph_raids">2017 Aleph raids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2017 Aleph raids">edit</a>]</div> In November 2017, Japanese police raided five offices of Aleph in an investigation into the group's recruiting practices after a woman paid tens of thousands of yen for study sessions.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_Tokyo_car_attack">2019 Tokyo car attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2019 Tokyo car attack">edit</a>]</div> On 1 January 2019, in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Aum sympathizer Kazuhiro Kusakabe told authorities he <a href="/wiki/2019_Tokyo_car_attack" title="2019 Tokyo car attack">intentionally rammed into pedestrians</a> crowded into narrow <a href="/wiki/Takeshita_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeshita Street">Takeshita Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harajuku" title="Harajuku">Harajuku</a> district as a terrorist attack in "retaliation for an execution". It remains unclear whether he was referencing the 2018 executions of Aum Shinrikyo doomsday cult members directly or making a broader statement. The attack, on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">New Year's Day</a>, left eight injured. A ninth person was also directly injured by the driver.<a href="#cite_note-japantoday1-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governmental_lists_of_cults_and_sects" title="Governmental lists of cults and sects">Governmental lists of cults and sects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddha_claimants" title="List of Buddha claimants">List of Buddha claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">List of designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_messiah_claimants" title="List of messiah claimants">List of messiah claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">List of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_Jesus" title="List of people claimed to be Jesus">List of people claimed to be Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihiro_Yasuda" title="Yoshihiro Yasuda">Yoshihiro Yasuda</a>, a lawyer who represented Shoko Asahara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaki_Kito" title="Masaki Kito">Masaki Kito</a>, a lawyer who represents Aum victims</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Guhyasamāja Tantra">Guhyasamāja Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigoku:_Japanese_Hell" title="Jigoku: Japanese Hell">Hell</a>, a movie made in 1999 by director <a href="/wiki/Teruo_Ishii" title="Teruo Ishii">Teruo Ishii</a> where the real cult story is used in a <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> story.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-npa-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npa_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npa_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sankei.com/affairs/news/141108/afr1411080004-n1.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2014. 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BBC News. 6 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Aum+Shinrikyo%3A+The+Japanese+cult+behind+the+Tokyo+Sarin+attack&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-35975069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAum+Shinrikyo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/en/society/867313">"Searches underway in Moscow, St. Pete in order to expose Aum Shinrikyo followers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_News_Agency_TASS" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian News Agency TASS">TASS</a>. Moscow. 5 April 2016. 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Retrieved 1 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Today&rft.atitle=9+injured+as+man+rams+car+into+pedestrians+in+Harajuku+in+%27retaliation+for+execution%27&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fcrime%2F9-injured-as-man-rams-car-into-pedestrians-in-Harajuku-in-retaliation-for-execution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAum+Shinrikyo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a>, Supreme Initiation: An Empirical Spiritual Science for the Supreme Truth, 1988, AUM USA Inc., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945638-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-945638-00-0">0-945638-00-0</a>. Highlights the main stages of Yogic and Buddhist practice, comparing Yoga-sutra system by Patanjali and the Eightfold Noble Path from Buddhist tradition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a>, Life and Death, (Shizuoka: Aum, 1993). Focuses on the process of Kundalini-Yoga, one of the stages in Aum's practice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a>, Disaster Approaches the Land of the Rising Sun: Shoko Asahara's Apocalyptic Predictions, (Shizuoka: Aum, 1995). A controversial book, later removed by Aum leadership, speaks about possible destruction of Japan.</li> <li>Stefano Bonino, Il Caso Aum Shinrikyo: Società, Religione e Terrorismo nel Giappone Contemporaneo, 2010, Edizioni Solfanelli, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89756-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-89756-88-1">978-88-89756-88-1</a>. Preface by Erica Baffelli.</li> <li>Ikuo Hayashi, Aum to Watakushi (Aum and I), Tokyo: Bungei Shunju, 1998. Book about personal experiences by former Aum member.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a>, Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism, Henry Holt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6511-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6511-3">0-8050-6511-3</a>, LoC BP605.088.L54, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underground_(stories)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground (stories)">Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche</a>, Vintage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72580-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72580-6">0-375-72580-6</a>, LoC BP605.O88.M8613, 2001. Interviews with victims.</li> <li>Global Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Case Study on the Aum Shinrikyo, [USA] Senate Government Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 31 October 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/congress/1995_rpt/aum/index.html">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Kaplan_(author)" title="David E. Kaplan (author)">David E. Kaplan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marshall_(Asia_journalist)" title="Andrew Marshall (Asia journalist)">Andrew Marshall</a>, The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult, from the Subways of Tokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals of Russia, 1996, Random House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-70543-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-70543-5">0-517-70543-5</a>. An account of the cult from its beginnings to the aftermaths of the Tokyo subway attack, including details of facilities, weapons and other information regarding Aum's followers, activities and property.</li> <li>Ian Reader, Religious Violence in Contemporary Japan: The Case of Aum Shinrikyo, 2000, Curzon Press</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aum_Shinrikyo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aum_Shinrikyo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aleph.to/">Aleph official website</a></li> <li>(in English) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/PSIA/psia01-04.html">PSIA (Public Security Investigative Agency) report</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aleph" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Template:Aum Shinrikyo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Template talk:Aum Shinrikyo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aum Shinrikyo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleph" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(Japanese_cult)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Japanese cult)">Aleph</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Endo" title="Seiichi Endo">Seiichi Endo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Hashimoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Satoru Hashimoto">Satoru Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyohide_Hayakawa" title="Kiyohide Hayakawa">Kiyohide Hayakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikuo_Hayashi" title="Ikuo Hayashi">Ikuo Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Hayashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasuo Hayashi">Yasuo Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Hirose" title="Kenichi Hirose">Kenichi Hirose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihiro_Inoue" title="Yoshihiro Inoue">Yoshihiro Inoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumihiro_Joyu" title="Fumihiro Joyu">Fumihiro Joyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Murai" title="Hideo Murai">Hideo Murai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomasa_Nakagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomomasa Nakagawa">Tomomasa Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomitsu_Niimi" title="Tomomitsu Niimi">Tomomitsu Niimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuaki_Okazaki" title="Kazuaki Okazaki">Kazuaki Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Toyoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Toru Toyoda">Toru Toyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masami_Tsuchiya_(terrorist)" title="Masami Tsuchiya (terrorist)">Masami Tsuchiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masato_Yokoyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Masato Yokoyama">Masato Yokoyama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations</a> (removed in 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">Sakamoto family murder (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_sarin_attack" title="Matsumoto sarin attack">Matsumoto incident (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo subway sarin attack (1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(1998_Japanese_film)" title="A (1998 Japanese film)">A (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_and_the_Cult_Leader" title="Me and the Cult Leader"> Me and the Cult Leader (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kamikuishiki_Village" title="The Story of Kamikuishiki Village">The Story of Kamikuishiki Village (video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_(Murakami_book)" title="Underground (Murakami book)">Underground (book)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sects/Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_no_Wa" title="Hikari no Wa">Hikari no Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tokyo_car_attack" title="2019 Tokyo car attack">2019 Tokyo car attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikuishiki,_Yamanashi" title="Kamikuishiki, Yamanashi">Kamikuishiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" class="extiw" title="s:Aum Shinrikyo">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" class="extiw" title="commons:Aum Shinrikyo">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/230290282">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4404387-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88150443">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266238705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/2e16cb7b-25f6-459f-bbf0-f87483d01d8e">MusicBrainz label</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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