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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical">metallurgical</a> method employed in the purification of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> which contains <a href="/wiki/Copper_oxide" title="Copper oxide">copper oxide</a> as an impurity and also in the purification of tin which contains tin oxide (stannic oxide or "SnO<sub>2</sub>") as an impurity. The impure metal, usually in the form of molten blister copper, is placed in an anode furnace for two stages of refining.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first stage, sulphur and iron are removed by gently blowing air through the molten metal to form <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oudiz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oudiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iron oxides are skimmed or poured off the top of the copper and the gaseous sulfur dioxide exits the furnace via the off-gas system. Once the first <i><a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a></i> stage is complete, the second stage (<i>reduction</i> or <i>poling</i>) begins. This involves using a reducing agent, normally <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a> (but <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oudiz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oudiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liquid petroleum gas,<sup id="cite_ref-Oudiz_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oudiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and naphtha<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be used), to react with the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the copper oxide to form copper . In the past, freshly cut ("green") trees were used as wooden poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Oudiz_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oudiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sap in these poles acted as the reducing agent. The heat of the copper makes the pole emit wood gas(CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>) that reduces the cuprous oxide to copper. </p><p>It was the use of these greenwood poles gave rise to the term "poling." </p><p>Care must be taken to avoid removing too much of the oxygen from the anode copper, as this will cause other impurities to change from their oxide to metallic states and they will remain in solid solution in the copper, reduce its conductivity and change its physical properties. Also upper surface can be covered with coke to prevent reoxidation of metal.<sup id="cite_ref-Oudiz_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oudiz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poling_(metallurgy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Fourth Edition</i>, Eds W G Davenport, M King, M Schlesinger and A K Biswas (Elsevier Science Limited: Kidlington, Oxford, England, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oudiz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oudiz_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oudiz_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oudiz_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oudiz_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oudiz_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J J Oudiz, "Poling processes for copper refining," <i>Journal of Metals</i>, December 1973, 35–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N B Gray, M J Hollitt, R G Henley and J Pritchard, "Investigation and modelling of anode furnaces and casting operations at Mount Isa Mines, Ltd., Queensland, Australia," <i>Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)</i>, <b>91</b>, June 1982, C54–C63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John B Huttl, "'Poling' becomes ancient history at Phelps Dodge smelters," <i>E&MJ</i> Volume 162, No. 7, July 1961, 82–85.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515221933/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0005250"><i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extractive_metallurgy" title="Template:Extractive metallurgy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extractive_metallurgy" title="Template talk:Extractive metallurgy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extractive_metallurgy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extractive metallurgy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extractive_metallurgy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Extractive metallurgy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">Metallurgical assay</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_extractive_metallurgy" title="Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy">Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">Mineral processing</a><br /><small>(by physical means)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">Geological survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground in hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground in soft rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comminution" title="Comminution">Comminution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_mill" title="Stamp mill">Stamp mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrastra" title="Arrastra">Arrastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusher" title="Crusher">Crusher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Autogenous_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">AG mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#SAG_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">SAG mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Pebble_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">Pebble mill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_mill" title="Ball mill">Ball mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Rod_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">Rod mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsaMill" title="IsaMill">IsaMill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sizing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ore_sorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore sorting">Ore sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanning" title="Vanning">Vanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocyclone" title="Hydrocyclone">Hydrocyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trommel_screen" title="Trommel screen">Trommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyratory_equipment" title="Gyratory equipment">Gyratory equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_screening" title="Mechanical screening">Mechanical screening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ore_concentrate" title="Ore concentrate">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_cell" title="Jameson cell">Jameson cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_concentrators" title="Jig concentrators">Jig concentrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing#Gravity_concentration" title="Mineral processing">Gravity Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_separation" title="Magnetic separation">Magnetic separation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnetation_(iron_ore)" title="Magnetation (iron ore)">Magnetation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_box" title="Rocker box">Rocker box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drywasher" title="Drywasher">Dry washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddle_pit" title="Buddle pit">Buddle pit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">Pyrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by heat)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Iron smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting" title="Zinc smelting">Zinc smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_smelting" title="Flash smelting">Flash smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISASMELT" title="ISASMELT">ISASMELT</a> furnace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory linings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">Refining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">Cupellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkes_process" title="Parkes process">Parkes process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom-blown_oxygen_converter" title="Bottom-blown oxygen converter">Bottom-blown oxygen converter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsaKidd_refining_technology" title="IsaKidd refining technology">IsaKidd process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">Calcination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">Roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquation" title="Liquation">Liquation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">Hydrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by aqueous solution)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">Leaching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lixiviant" title="Lixiviant">Lixiviant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heap_leaching" title="Heap leaching">Heap leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_leaching" title="Dump leaching">Dump leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_leaching" title="Tank leaching">Tank leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_leach" title="In situ leach">In situ leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbery%E2%80%93Vautin_chlorination_process" title="Newbery–Vautin chlorination process">Gold chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">Gold cyanidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">Amalgamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patio_process" title="Patio process">Patio process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_amalgamation" title="Pan amalgamation">Pan amalgamation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrometallurgy" title="Electrometallurgy">Electrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by electricity)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Electrolysis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">Electrowinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner_process" title="Castner process">Castner process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downs_cell" title="Downs cell">Downs cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Tailings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">Gangue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slag" 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