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field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field--label sr-only">Biografía</div> <div class="field--item"><p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Afflitto (o Aflito, o Aflicto), Genaro María</span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">. Nápoles (Italia), f. s. XVI-p. s. XVII – 1673. </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Religioso</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">, ingeniero militar y matemático al servicio de los reyes Felipe IV y Carlos II.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Pertenecía como religioso a la Orden de Predicadores, como lector de Arte, Teología y como profesor de Matemáticas, lo que sugiere que debió recibir una buena formación </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">científica</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> y humanística, probablemente en su ciudad natal. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Entró a servir al rey de España en 1638, prestando relevantes servicios en el control de los alborotos ocurridos en ese año en Nápoles. Con fecha de 30 de septiembre de 1650 pasaba a Cataluña integrado en el ejército de D. Juan José de Austria, como capellán mayor e ingeniero del Tercio Napolitano, con el que participaría en el sitio de Barcelona de 1652, que puso fin a la larga guerra de la corona contra la rebelión de Cataluña. Además, colaboró como ingeniero militar en el sitio de Gerona. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">El 6 de noviembre de 1653 era licenciado del citado </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">ejército</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> de Cataluña para ser destinado al ejército de Extremadura, donde se dedicó a dar clases de Matemáticas y Fortificación. Al quedar libre, por el fallecimiento de Luis Carduchi, la cátedra de Matemáticas de la Academia de Matemáticas, Artillería y Fortificación de Madrid (1605-1697), que dependía del Consejo de Guerra, presentaba su candidatura, siendo admitida con un sueldo de 25 escudos </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">al</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> mes.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Relacionado con su labor docente, escribió el <i>Compendio de Modernas Fortificaciones</i>, un breve tratado de 13 capítulos “a modo de lecciones de clase”, con descripciones precisas y textos reducidos. En los tres primeros capítulos se estudian los principios geométricos y los fundamentos de la forma y medidas de las fortificaciones; en los capítulos cuarto y duodécimo se describen los elementos esenciales de una plaza fortificada: falsabraga, baluarte, cortina (o muralla), parapeto, foso, cavallero, terraplén…Finalmente, el capítulo décimo tercero está dedicado a la fortificación irregular. Dada su brevedad, en el tratado no se estudian los procesos de </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">construcción</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> ni los materiales de las obras defensivas. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">En 1660 solicitaba retirarse a su tierra natal, aduciendo que con su sueldo no podía mantenerse, a pesar de lo cual se le denegaba el permiso para ello. En 1662 llegaba fray Afflitto, por orden del Consejo de Guerra, a Ceuta para reconocer sus fortificaciones y posteriormente delinear las necesarias para su defensa. En mayo del mismo año (1662) incorporaba a su informe enviado al Consejo unos planos y plantas de Ceuta, con el objetivo de ampliar la visión del conjunto del proyecto por él realizado para mejorar las defensas de la plaza. En primer lugar, remitía un plano topográfico en el que situaba los puestos más importantes de Andalucía en el Atlántico y en el Mediterráneo, así como los de Ceuta, no limitándose a posicionar los enclaves, sino que daba </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">información</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> esencial, como las brazas (la braza equivale a 1,6718 metros) de profundidad del mar en los surgideros.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">El segundo documento es la <i>Planta de la ciudad de Ceuta y de su Almina</i>, en el que se sitúan numerosos elementos defensivos nuevos o proyectados, como la Almina, el fuerte de San Simón… En el campo exterior se señalan, como obras más importantes, el pozo de agua dulce, el “facho” de Nuestra Señora, el del Lobo…</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">El tercero de los documentos es una nueva <i>Planta de la ciudad de Ceuta</i>, que incluye los baluartes del Caballero, el de San Sebastián y el de la Barbacana, la puerta de la Marina, la de la Almina, el puente, el foso seco…Al respecto, el Consejo no aprobaba la construcción del fuerte propuesto por este ingeniero en la eminencia de San Simón por quedar lejos de la </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">plaza</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> y por su elevado coste, presupuestado en 50.000 ducados.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">En 1664, de nuevo el Consejo le pedía su parecer con relación a la propuesta de construir dos medias lunas a añadir a las fortificaciones de la plaza, a lo que contestaba considerando </span></span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size:12.0pt" xml:lang="ES-TRAD"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">necesario</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> añadir las dos medias lunas a los baluartes y otra en medio de las cortinas.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">El proyecto de Afflitto fue uno de los hitos del sistema de fortificación de la plaza de Ceuta en el siglo XVII, evidenciando que su preparación en matemáticas, en fortificaciones y en artillería quedaba demostrada con la planificación de la defensa del “presidio” ceutí. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Por otro lado, la actividad de Afflitto no decayó en estos últimos años de trabajo, ya que, por Real Decreto de 24 de marzo de 1664, llevaba a cabo un reconocimiento, junto a otros dos ingenieros, de las minas de Almadén. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Finalmente, en 1665 dejaba la cátedra, regresando a Nápoles donde ingresaba en el monasterio de Sanità de dicho reino, permaneciendo en el mismo hasta su fallecimiento en 1673.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Obras de ~: <i>Muniendarum urbiun methodus modernus</i>, 1650; <i>De Igne et ignivorus, Cesaraugustae</i>, 1661; <i>Compendio de Modernas Fortificaciones</i>, 1657; <i>De Igni et ignivorus Autore FR. Jannario M. Aflicto</i>. <i>Ordinis Prredicatorum. Cesar Augustae Yypis Didadi Dormer</i>, 1661; <i>Introduzione allá moderna fortificazione, cavata degli originali del P. F. Genaro Maria Afflitto</i>, In Firenze, nelle Stam de S.A.S. per il Vangelisti e Matini, 1667; <i>De Munittione et fortificatione libri duo</i>, s.f.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Fuentes y bibl.: Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar, Colección Aparici.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">J. Almirante, <i>Bibliografía militar de España</i>, Madrid, Imprenta de Manuel Tello, 1876; J. A. Galindo Díaz, <i>El conocimiento constructivo de los ingenieros militares del siglo XVIII</i>, tesis doctoral, Barcelona, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1996; J. A. Ruiz Oliva, <i>Fortificaciones militares de Ceuta: siglos XVI al XVIII</i>, Ceuta, Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes - UNED, Centro Asociado de Ceuta, 2002; A. Bravo Nieto, “El Norte de África”, en J. M. Muñoz Corbalán (coord.), <i>La Academia de Matemáticas de Barcelona. El legado de los Ingenieros Militares</i>, Madrid-Barcelona, Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Defensa - Novatesa, 2004; J. M. Navarro Loidi, <i>Las ciencias matemáticas y las enseñanzas militares durante el reinado de Carlos II</i>, tesis doctoral, Universidad del País Vasco, 2004.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Juan Carrillo de Albornoz y Galbeño</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="col-sm-4" role="complementary"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <section id="block-preguntasfrecuentes" class="block block-block-content block-block-contentbb506541-4315-4ede-8b34-510511732f52 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><a href="/preguntas-frecuentes">Preguntas frecuentes</a></p> </div> </section> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockbiografia-destacada-block-2 clearfix" id="block-views-block-biografia-destacada-block-2"> <h2 class="block-title">Biografía destacada</h2> <div class="form-group"><div class="view view-biografia-destacada view-id-biografia_destacada view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-3690eb50afe2a3684f0560dea21b4f9f0e1946cae7e99bc55d284a06262a947f"> <div class="view-content"> <div id="views-bootstrap-biografia-destacada-block-2" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="5000" data-pause="" data-wrap="0"> <div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"> <div class="item row active"> <div class="col-md-12"> <a href="/biografias/portal-historia-hispanica" hreflang="und"><img src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/imagenes/biografias/Portal-Historia-Hisp%C3%A1nica.jpg" width="480" height="320" alt="HH" title="https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> <div 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class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personaje view-id-personaje view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-272ae96154ab6e2c11a3eb6eca9f37f826990e7c27b021a157c89a0b49ce245d"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/genaro-maria-aflitto" hreflang="und"><img width="100" height="100" src="/sites/default/files/default_images/personaje-azul.svg" alt="DBE" title="DBE" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/genaro-maria-aflitto" hreflang="und">Genaro María Aflitto</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-5 col-last"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personajes-relacionados view-id-personajes_relacionados view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-d327dd8413bf3831de4ec3bf2dabf0a157d088d7a8439cd33713c813b767a3ab"> <div class="view-header"> <h2>Personajes citados en esta biografía</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="block-dbepersonajessimilares" class="block block-dbe-block block-dbe-personajes-similares clearfix"> <div class="block-personajes-similares-wrapper"> <h1>Personajes similares</h1> <div class="personajes-similares-select-wrapper"> <select id="personajes-similares-select" class="form-select required form-control"> <option value="1" selected="selected">Mismo ámbito disciplinar / Misma época</option> <option value="2">Mismo ámbito geográfico de nacimiento / Misma época</option> <option value="3">Mismo ámbito geográfico de muerte / Misma época</option> </select> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 block-personajes-content"> <div class="col-xs-12 content-similares content-similares-1 active"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-personajes-similares 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"Conservacion de Monarquias" por Fernández Navarrete, Pedro - 1626 - Bavarian State Library, Germany - No Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Only. https://www.europeana.eu/es/item/368/item_RSQS3BBIR5RDTUHYTV7VA2Q4N26MHUS5" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/29267/beato-alonso-de-mena-navarrete">Beato Alonso de Mena Navarrete</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/biografias/53281/beato-alonso-pacheco-alarcon" hreflang="und"><img width="" height="" src="/sites/default/files/default_images/personaje-azul.svg" alt="DBE" title="DBE" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/biografias/53281/beato-alonso-pacheco-alarcon">Beato Alonso Pacheco Alarcón</a></span></div></div> <div 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