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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruniquelgo_leizea" title="Bruniquelgo leizea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bruniquelgo leizea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="غار برونیکل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غار برونیکل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotte_de_Bruniquel" title="Grotte de Bruniquel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grotte de Bruniquel" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bruniquel_Cave&params=44_3_51_N_1_40_33_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°3′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°40′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.06417°N 1.67583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.06417; 1.67583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cave and archaeological site in France with Neanderthal stalagmite structures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bruniquel Cave</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruniquel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The village of Bruniquel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bruniquel.JPG/220px-Bruniquel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bruniquel.JPG/330px-Bruniquel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bruniquel.JPG/440px-Bruniquel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The village of Bruniquel</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240 px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240 px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240 px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruniquel Cave in France"><img alt="Bruniquel Cave in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-France_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/France_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-France_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.817%;left:47.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bruniquel Cave"><img alt="Bruniquel Cave in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in France</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">east of <a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bruniquel_Cave&params=44_3_51_N_1_40_33_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°3′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°40′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.06417°N 1.67583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.06417; 1.67583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bruniquel Cave</b> is an archeological site near <a href="/wiki/Bruniquel" title="Bruniquel">Bruniquel</a>, in an area which has many <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> sites, east of <a href="/wiki/Montauban" title="Montauban">Montauban</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Annular (ring) and accumulation (pile) structures made of broken <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">stalagmites</a> have been found 336 metres from the cave entrance. Traces of fire were also found. The constructions have been dated to approximately 176,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> reporting the discovery in 2016, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Jaubert" title="Jacques Jaubert">Jacques Jaubert</a> and his co-authors state the structures are of anthropogenic origin, and as early <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> were the only humans in the area at that time, they must have been the builders,<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a conclusion that is accepted by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stringer" title="Chris Stringer">Chris Stringer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-stringer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stringer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discovery demonstrates early Neanderthals were capable of building more elaborate structures than previously realised, and had a more complex social organisation than previously thought. The modern human <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> culture, more than 100,000 years later, is not known to have produced constructions in caves.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruniquel_Cave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bruniquel Cave was closed naturally during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. A complex structure containing three circles located in the cave was discovered when cavers dug through the collapsed entrance in 1990. During initial research in the cave during the early 1990s, a plan was made of the circles. A burnt bone found in the cave was <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon-dated</a> to more than 47,600 years because carbon-14 was no longer detectable in the bone, indicating thus a greater age. Research stopped after the death of the lead archaeologist François Rouzaud and at that time it was unclear whether the structures could be attributed to the Neanderthals. </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Jaubert" title="Jacques Jaubert">Jacques Jaubert</a> and his colleagues decided to study and date the structures. They published a letter outlining the results of their research in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_constructions">The constructions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruniquel_Cave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_structure_de_la_grotte_de_Bruniquel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/La_structure_de_la_grotte_de_Bruniquel.jpg/300px-La_structure_de_la_grotte_de_Bruniquel.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/La_structure_de_la_grotte_de_Bruniquel.jpg/450px-La_structure_de_la_grotte_de_Bruniquel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/La_structure_de_la_grotte_de_Bruniquel.jpg/600px-La_structure_de_la_grotte_de_Bruniquel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The ring structures built in Bruniquel cave by Neanderthal humans using speleofacts have been dated to 176,500 years ago</figcaption></figure> <p>The artificial ring structures made of broken stalagmites now have been dated by <a href="/wiki/Uranium_series_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium series dating">uranium series dating</a> as 176.5 (±2.1) thousand years old, with <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">2σ</a> uncertainties (95.5% probability). There are two annular structures, one 6.7 by 4.5 metres (ellipse major/minor axes), and the other 2.2 by 2.1 metres (ellipse major/minor axes), composed of one to four aligned layers of stalagmites, with some small pieces placed inside the layers to support them. Some stalagmites were placed vertically against the rings, possibly as reinforcement. There are also four stacks of stalagmites measuring between 0.55 and 2.60 metres in diameter, two of which were inside the large ring and two outside it. Approximately 400 stalagmite pieces (called "speleofacts" by the researchers) were used in the construction of the structure, with a total length of 112.4 metres and weight of approximately 2.2 tons. </p><p>Very few of the stalagmites are whole, with half being from the middle of a broken off portion, trimmed to exclude the root and tip. All six structures show signs of fire, with 57 reddened and 66 blackened pieces. The stalagmite pieces are well calibrated, with an average length of 34.4 cm for the large ring and 29.5 cm for a small one, which in the view of Jaubert and colleagues strongly suggests intentional construction. Burnt <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic material</a> was also found, including a 6.7 cm bone from a <a href="/wiki/Bear#Hibernation" title="Bear">bear</a> or large herbivore. As of 2023, no other evidence of human activity has yet to be found during the archaeological research that continues in the cave.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruniquel_Cave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constructions were made during the cold <a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine isotope stage">MIS6</a> period, but <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> flows on the surface of the main ring are similar in age to the structures, showing that in spite of the generally glacial conditions, the climate was then warm and humid enough to allow calcite deposition. The researchers suggest that the constructions may date to a warm phase in the cold period.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stringer" title="Chris Stringer">Chris Stringer</a> suggests that the cave may have provided a temporary refuge from arctic conditions, however, and evidence of occupation may be found under unexcavated sediments or later calcitic encrustations.<sup id="cite_ref-stringer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stringer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deep <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> is a difficult environment, and before the discovery of Bruniquel, Neanderthal constructions in caves beyond the distance exposed to daylight, and thus requiring artificial lighting, were completely unknown. Even in caves visited by modern humans during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, there are no proven cases of constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stringer observes that: "this discovery provides clear evidence that Neanderthals had fully human capabilities in the planning and the construction of 'stone' structures".<sup id="cite_ref-stringer_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stringer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known whether the structures were built as part of a ritual or had a symbolic function. </p><p>In the view of Jaubert and his colleagues: </p> <dl><dd>The attribution of the Bruniquel constructions to early Neanderthals is unprecedented in two ways. First, it reveals the appropriation of a deep karst space (including lighting) by a pre-modern human species. Second, it concerns elaborate constructions that have never been reported before, made with hundreds of partially calibrated, broken stalagmites (speleofacts) that appear to have been deliberately moved and placed in their current locations, along with the presence of several intentionally heated zones. Our results therefore suggest that the Neanderthal group responsible for these constructions had a level of social organization that was more complex than previously thought for this hominid species.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaubert_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruniquel_Cave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jaubert-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaubert_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJaubert,_JacquesVerheyden,_SophieGenty,_DominiqueSoulier,_Michel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jaubert, Jacques; Verheyden, Sophie; Genty, Dominique; Soulier, Michel; Cheng, Hai; Blamart, Dominique; Burlet, Christian; Camus, Hubert; Delaby, Serge; Deldicque, Damien; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Ferrier, Catherine; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, François; Lévêque, François; Maksud, Frédéric; Mora, Pascal; Muth, Xavier; Régnier, Édouard; Rouzaud, Jean-Noël; Santos, Frédéric (2 June 2016) [online 25 May 2016]. "Early Neanderthal Constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in Southwestern France". <i>Nature</i>. <b>534</b> (7605): 111–114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.534..111J">2016Natur.534..111J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature18291">10.1038/nature18291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27251286">27251286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Early+Neanderthal+Constructions+deep+in+Bruniquel+Cave+in+Southwestern+France&rft.volume=534&rft.issue=7605&rft.pages=111-114&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature18291&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27251286&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.534..111J&rft.au=Jaubert%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Verheyden%2C+Sophie&rft.au=Genty%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Soulier%2C+Michel&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Hai&rft.au=Blamart%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Burlet%2C+Christian&rft.au=Camus%2C+Hubert&rft.au=Delaby%2C+Serge&rft.au=Deldicque%2C+Damien&rft.au=Edwards%2C+R.+Lawrence&rft.au=Ferrier%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Lacrampe-Cuyaub%C3%A8re%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Maksud%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Mora%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Muth%2C+Xavier&rft.au=R%C3%A9gnier%2C+%C3%89douard&rft.au=Rouzaud%2C+Jean-No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Santos%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruniquel+Cave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stringer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stringer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stringer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stringer_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringer2016" class="citation web cs1">Stringer, Chris (25 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/comment-on-early-neanderthal-constructions-in-brunique-cave.html">"A comment on the 'Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France' paper published in Nature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+comment+on+the+%27Early+Neanderthal+constructions+deep+in+Bruniquel+Cave+in+southwestern+France%27+paper+published+in+Nature&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum%2C+London&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fpress-office%2Fpress-releases%2Fcomment-on-early-neanderthal-constructions-in-brunique-cave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruniquel+Cave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruniquel_Cave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grotte_de_Bruniquel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grotte de Bruniquel">Grotte de Bruniquel</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/54904-photos-neanderthals-created-cave-ring-structures.html">Photographs and drawings at <i>Live Science</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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