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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_Vivendi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_Vivendi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Creation of <i>Vivendi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_Vivendi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vivendi_Universal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vivendi_Universal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Vivendi Universal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vivendi_Universal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vivendi_Environnement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vivendi_Environnement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Vivendi Environnement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vivendi_Environnement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Corporate loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_acquisitions,_mergers_and_divestments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_acquisitions,_mergers_and_divestments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Further acquisitions, mergers and divestments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_acquisitions,_mergers_and_divestments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_of_entertainment,_publishing,_advertising,_and_investment_businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_of_entertainment,_publishing,_advertising,_and_investment_businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Split of entertainment, publishing, advertising, and investment businesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_of_entertainment,_publishing,_advertising,_and_investment_businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description_and_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_and_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description and location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_and_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Corporate governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corporate governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supervisory_board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supervisory_board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Supervisory board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supervisory_board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Business units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Business units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Business_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gameloft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gameloft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gameloft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gameloft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equity_investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equity_investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Equity investments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equity_investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disinformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disinformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disinformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disinformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vivendi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="فيفاندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيفاندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ویوندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویوندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Вивенди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вивенди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi_Universal" title="Vivendi Universal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivendi Universal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ویوندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویوندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B0%A9%EB%94%94" title="비방디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비방디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Վիվենդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիվենդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi_Films" title="Vivendi Films – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Vivendi Films" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="فيفاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيفاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi_(bedrijf)" title="Vivendi (bedrijf) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vivendi (bedrijf)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ヴィヴェンディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィヴェンディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ڤیڤێندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیڤێندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi_SA" title="Vivendi SA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vivendi SA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="วีว็องดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วีว็องดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Vivendi" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French investment company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vivendi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vivendi (disambiguation)">Vivendi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivendi" class="extiw" title="fr:Vivendi">the corresponding article</a> in French</b>.  <i><small>(August 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVivendi&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the French article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_French#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand French">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 1,954 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Vivendi]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|fr|Vivendi}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Vivendi" title="Talk:Vivendi">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Vivendi SE</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivendi_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vivendi_logo.svg/220px-Vivendi_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vivendi_logo.svg/330px-Vivendi_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vivendi_logo.svg/440px-Vivendi_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="37" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Current logo, since 20 April 2006</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivendi_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vivendi_headquarters.jpg/250px-Vivendi_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vivendi_headquarters.jpg/375px-Vivendi_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Vivendi_headquarters.jpg/500px-Vivendi_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Vivendi's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Compagnie générale des eaux <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1853–1997)</span></li><li>Vivendi SARL <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1997–2000)</span></li><li>Vivendi Universal SA <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2000–2006)</span></li><li>Vivendi SA <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2006–2021)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Euronext Paris</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronext.com/products/equities/FR0000127771-XPAR">VIV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/CAC_Mid_60" title="CAC Mid 60">CAC Mid 60</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">FR0000127771 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127887?uselang=en#P946" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Investment_company" title="Investment company">Investment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1853<span class="noprint">; 171 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1853-12-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a><sup id="cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivendiabout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yannick_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Yannick Bolloré">Yannick Bolloré</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_de_Puyfontaine" title="Arnaud de Puyfontaine">Arnaud de Puyfontaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li><li>François Laroze (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CFO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>10.5 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-FR-2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap">€0.93 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-FR-2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap">€0.72 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-FR-2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap">€38.3 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-FR-2023_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span class="nowrap">€17.1 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-FR-2023_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9" title="Bolloré">Bolloré</a> (27% equity, 30% voting power)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 73,000<sup id="cite_ref-FR-2023_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en">vivendi.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vivendi SE</b> (stylized in all lowercase) is a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Investment_company" title="Investment company">investment company</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. It currently wholly-owns <a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a> as well as a number of investments in several companies, primarily involved in content, entertainment, media, and telecommunications. In 2000, <b>Vivendi Universal</b> was created from the merger with <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_S.A." title="Canal+ S.A.">Groupe Canal+</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram Company Ltd.</a>, owner of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>. Vivendi sold 80% of Universal to the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE, owner of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>) in 2004, forming what is now <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a>. In 2006, it sold off most of the Universal components and its name reverted to Vivendi. GE bought out Vivendi's 20% stake in NBCUniversal during <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_NBC_Universal_by_Comcast" title="Acquisition of NBC Universal by Comcast">acquisition of the latter</a>. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Vivendi's chairman <a href="/wiki/Yannick_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Yannick Bolloré">Yannick Bolloré</a> is also CEO of <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a>, which was spun off from Vivendi in 2000 but has since become a subsidiary. The company is known for its stake in <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, which it partially spun off from 2021. In 2024, Vivendi spun-off its non-investment businesses into three companies: <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_S.A." title="Canal+ S.A.">Canal+</a> (entertainment), Havas (advertising), and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hachette_Group" title="Louis Hachette Group">Louis Hachette Group</a> (publishing, distribution, and travel retail). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivendi_old_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Vivendi_old_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="195" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Original Vivendi logo</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 December 1853, a water company named <b>Compagnie générale des eaux</b> (<b>CGE</b>) was created by an imperial decree of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivendiabout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, CGE obtained a concession in order to supply water to the public in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, serving in that capacity for over a hundred years. In 1861, it obtained a 50-year concession with the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">City of Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CGE also supplied water to <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> (from 1880), <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (from 1882) and <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> (from 1883).<sup id="cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivendiabout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Guy_Dejouany" title="Guy Dejouany">Guy Dejouany</a> as CEO in 1976, CGE extended its activities into other sectors with a series of takeovers.<sup id="cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vivendiabout-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1980, CGE began diversifying from water into waste management, energy, transport services, and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> and property. It acquired the <i>Compagnie générale d'entreprises automobiles</i> (CGEA), specialized in industrial vehicles, which was later divided into two branches: <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Transport" title="Veolia Transport">Connex</a> (later Veolia Transport) in 1999 and <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Environmental_Services" title="Veolia Environmental Services">Onyx Environnement</a> (later Veolia Environmental Services) in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-history1950_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history1950-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CGE then acquired the <i>Compagnie générale de chauffe</i>, and the Montenay group, with these companies later becoming the Energy Services division of CGE, and later renamed "<a href="/wiki/Dalkia" title="Dalkia">Dalkia</a>" in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-history1950_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history1950-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, CGE helped to found <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay-TV</a> channel in France, and in the 1990s began expanding into telecommunications and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, especially after <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Messier" title="Jean-Marie Messier">Jean-Marie Messier</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Guy_Dejouany" title="Guy Dejouany">Guy Dejouany</a> on 27 June 1996, acquiring companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1996, CGE created <a href="/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel" title="Neuf Cegetel">Neuf Cegetel</a> to take advantage of the 1998 deregulation of the French telecommunications market, accelerating the move into the media sector which would culminate in the 2000 demerger into Vivendi Universal and Vivendi Environnement (<a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Veolia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_Vivendi">Creation of <i>Vivendi</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of Vivendi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vivendi" title="Special:EditPage/Vivendi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vivendi%22">"Vivendi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vivendi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vivendi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vivendi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vivendi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vivendi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg/220px-Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg/330px-Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg/440px-Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Universal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivendi Universal">Vivendi Universal</a> logo from 2001 to 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1997, Compagnie Générale des Eaux changed its name to <i>Vivendi</i> (derived from the Latin "vivendus"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which means what? (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), and sold off its property and construction divisions the following year to what would become <a href="/wiki/Vinci_SA" title="Vinci SA">Vinci SA</a>. Vivendi went on to acquire stakes in or merge with <a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cendant_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendant Software">Cendant Software</a>, Grupo Anaya, and NetHold, a large Continental European pay-TV operator. Beginning in 1998, Vivendi launched digital channels in Italy, Spain, Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands. </p><p>In June 1999, Vivendi merged with <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9" title="Pathé">Pathé</a>, and the exchange ratio for the merger was fixed at three Vivendi shares for every two Pathé shares. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> estimated the value of the deal at US$2.59 billion. Following the completion of the merger, Vivendi retained Pathé's interests in <a href="/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting_Group_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC">British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC</a> and CanalSatellite, a French broadcasting corporation, then sold all remaining assets to Jérôme Seydoux's family-owned holding company, <i>Fornier SA</i>, which changed its name to Pathé. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vivendi_Universal">Vivendi Universal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vivendi Universal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 December 2000, Vivendi acquired <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_S.A." title="Canal+ S.A.">Groupe Canal+</a>, the French television network and film production company.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 December 2000, Vivendi Universal was created from the merger of Groupe Canal+, Canadian company <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram Company Ltd</a> (owner of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios,_Inc." title="Universal Studios, Inc.">Universal Studios</a>), and Vivendi.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vivendi Universal acquired <a href="/wiki/MP3.com" title="MP3.com">MP3.com</a> and the leading American publisher <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a> in 2001. To raise the funds, Vivendi Universal sold its trade and medical publishing businesses to a group led by <a href="/wiki/Cinven" title="Cinven">Cinven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vivendi_Environnement">Vivendi Environnement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vivendi Environnement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Veolia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Vivendi Environnement</a> was formed in 1999 by Vivendi to consolidate its environmental divisions, which were <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Transport" title="Veolia Transport">CGEA Transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Environmental_Services" title="Veolia Environmental Services">Onyx Environnement</a> (now Veolia Environmental Services), <a href="/wiki/Dalkia" title="Dalkia">Dalkia</a> and CGE water division. As a result, CGEA Transport was renamed Connex (later Veolia Transport), and CGE's water division was renamed Vivendi Water (now <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Water" title="Veolia Water">Veolia Water</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-history1950_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history1950-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2000, Vivendi Environnement was divested through <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPOs</a> in Paris and later New York in October 2001. Initially, Vivendi Universal retained a 70% stake in Vivendi Environnement in 2000, but by December 2002, it was reduced to 20.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_loss">Corporate loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Corporate loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vivendi" title="Special:EditPage/Vivendi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vivendi%22">"Vivendi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vivendi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vivendi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vivendi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vivendi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vivendi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vivendi Universal disclosed a corporate loss of €23.3 billion in its 2002 annual report. It responded with financial reshuffling, trying to shore up media holdings while selling off shares in its <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin-off</a> companies. Amid intense media scrutiny, its chairman and CEO, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Messier" title="Jean-Marie Messier">Jean-Marie Messier</a> (who had overseen the most dramatic phase of the company's diversification), was subsequently replaced by Jean-René Fourtou. Messier was found guilty of embezzlement in 2011, but not before he was paid over US$20 million as part of his severance package. The company reduced its stake in <a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivendi Environnement">Vivendi Environnement</a> to 40% and sold its stake in <a href="/wiki/Vinci_SA" title="Vinci SA">Vinci SA</a>. The company then began reorganizing to stave off <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>, announcing a strategy to sell non-strategic assets. Its largest single shareholder was the family of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Jr." title="Edgar Bronfman Jr.">Edgar Bronfman Jr.</a>, who was head of Seagram at the time of the merger. Vivendi sold its stake in <a href="/wiki/Vizzavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizzavi">Vizzavi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vodafone" title="Vodafone">Vodafone</a>, with the exception of Vizzavi France. It also sold 20.4% of Vivendi Environnement's capital to a group of investors, and its stake in North American satellite operator <a href="/wiki/EchoStar_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="EchoStar Communications Corporation">EchoStar Communications Corporation</a>. It also sold its European book publishing to <a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also sold Houghton Mifflin to Thomas H Lee, <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone Group">Blackstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain</a> consortium for US$1.66 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in 2002, Vivendi Universal sold the Belgian and Dutch activities of its subsidiary Scoot Europe to Kapitol, the parent company of online directory <a href="/wiki/Infobel" title="Infobel">Infobel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Vivendi Universal sold Canal+ Technologies to <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Thomson SA</a>; Tele+ to <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a>. It also sold its 26.3% interest in <a href="/wiki/Xfera" class="mw-redirect" title="Xfera">Xfera</a>. Also in 2003, it sold its consumer magazines to <a href="/wiki/Socpresse" title="Socpresse">Socpresse</a> and its free newspapers to <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hersant_(newspaper_publisher)" title="Philippe Hersant (newspaper publisher)">France Antilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December, Vivendi Universal closed a deal to sell <a href="/wiki/MP3.com" title="MP3.com">MP3.com</a> to <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. Despite predictions that it would be unable to raise the cash needed, Vivendi Universal bought out one of the two minority shareholders in Cegetel, taking its holding to 60 percent, with Vodafone holding the remaining 40 percent. Management viewed the mobile communications firm as a core asset once the bulk of media assets had been sold off.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_acquisitions,_mergers_and_divestments"><span id="Further_acquisitions.2C_mergers_and_divestments"></span>Further acquisitions, mergers and divestments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further acquisitions, mergers and divestments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, 80% of the Vivendi Universal subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios,_Inc." title="Universal Studios, Inc.">Universal Studios</a> was sold to <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">GE</a> and merged with GE's subsidiary National Broadcasting Company, Inc. to form <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBC Universal</a>, with Vivendi retaining a 20 percent stake. At the same time, it sold a 50% stake in <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> and <a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a> to the new company. Vivendi also sold its interests in Kencell (re-branded Celtel, Kenya), <a href="/wiki/Monaco_Telecom" title="Monaco Telecom">Monaco Telecom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sportfive" title="Sportfive">Sportfive</a> (which it held through Canal+ Group), and sold <a href="/wiki/Newsworld_International" title="Newsworld International">Newsworld International</a> to the business partnership of <a href="/wiki/Joel_Hyatt" title="Joel Hyatt">Joel Hyatt</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the United States">Vice-President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>. Vivendi also sold <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 16 December 2005, it was announced that Canal Plus would merge with <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Par_Satellite" title="Télévision Par Satellite">TPS</a>, France's second largest pay-TV provider. Vivendi owned 85% of the combined entity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2013)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 17 January 2006, Vivendi Universal announced it would end its <a href="/wiki/American_Depositary_Receipt" class="mw-redirect" title="American Depositary Receipt">American Depositary Receipt</a> program and its listing on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> by the end of the second quarter of 2006, due to lowered trading volume on its shares and high costs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 April, Vivendi in its current form came into existence, following the sale of an 80% stake in the Vivendi Universal unit to <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> to form <a href="/wiki/NBC_Universal" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Universal">NBC Universal</a> (merging GE's NBC unit and Vivendi's Vivendi Universal unit) and the gradual recovery of the company from its disastrous over-expansion in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. The company announced that shareholders had approved the name change to "Vivendi".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In August, Vivendi signed a deal with <a href="/wiki/Spiralfrog" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiralfrog">Spiralfrog</a> to distribute Vivendi's songs online in the United States and Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 2 December 2007, Vivendi announced that it would be merging <a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Games" title="Vivendi Games">its game publishing unit</a> with <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a> in a <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">$</a>18.8 billion deal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merger_Reuters_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merger_Reuters-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will allow the merged company, <a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a>, to rival <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, the world's biggest video game publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-Merger_Reuters_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merger_Reuters-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merger closed on 9 July 2008, for $9.8 billion. Vivendi held a 52% majority stake in the new business.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 8 September 2009, Vivendi announced negotiations to buy the Brazilian phone operator <a href="/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom" title="Global Village Telecom">Global Village Telecom</a> (GVT).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vivendi took control of GVT at a cost of 56 reais per share, on 13 November, trumping <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a>'s bid.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geneva-based Crédit des Alpes was the investment bank to the transaction, originating the acquisition proposal and advising GVT's majority shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 December 2009, GE announced it would purchase Vivendi's stake in NBC Universal, which would become a joint venture between GE and <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vivendi sold its stake in NBC Universal on 25 January 2011. </p><p>On 4 April 2011, Vodafone sold its 44% stake in French mobile service provider <a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a> to Vivendi for about $11 billion<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and giving Vivendi full control of its largest unit.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Vivendi announced having entered a strategic review of its assets and decided to refocus its activities on media and content activities while maximizing its telecoms assets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25 July 2013, Activision Blizzard announced the buyout of 429 million shares from Vivendi for $5.83 billion, dropping the shareholder from a 63% stake to 11.8% by the end of the deal in September, ending Vivendi's majority ownership of Activision Blizzard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In November, Vivendi also sold its 53% stake in <a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Etisalat" title="Etisalat">Etisalat</a> for around $4.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vivendi also confirmed in November 2013 its intention to launch a demerger plan which would result in Vivendi becoming an international media group consisting primarily of Canal+, Universal Music Group, and GVT, while SFR would be listed separately on the stock market. As a result of the foregoing, Vivendi group results for the first semester of 2014 are in a strong growth, witnessing the success of its repositioning strategy. Net income was up 84,8% to €1.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2014 Vivendi sells GVT to <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B4nica_Vivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefônica Vivo">Telefônica Vivo</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a> in Brazil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The moves allowed Vivendi to pay down debt and increase cash returns to shareholders while leaving it able to do acquisitions of its own. After SFR deal closes, Vivendi was expected to have around €5 billion, leaving it with some room to maneuver even after it pays down debt and returns nearly €5 billion in dividends and share buybacks to shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Vivendi decided to sell mobile companies <a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a> (France) to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Drahi" title="Patrick Drahi">Patrick Drahi</a>'s company, <a href="/wiki/Altice_(company)" title="Altice (company)">Altice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom" title="Global Village Telecom">GVT</a> (Brazil) to the Brazilian company <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B4nica_Vivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefônica Vivo">Telefônica Vivo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 May, Vivendi sold half of its remaining shares (nearly 41.5 million shares) in Activision Blizzard for $850 million, reducing its stake to 6%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2015, it was announced that a shareholder in the company <a href="/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9" title="Bolloré">Bolloré</a> raised its stake from 10.2 percent to 12.01 percent for a total fee of €568 million.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Vivendi bought 80% share in <a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dailymotion_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailymotion-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Wall Street Journal, the "French media group offered around $273 million for streaming service".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vivendi was in talks with Orange, to Buy 80% stake in Dailymotion. Also, Vivendi announced extra payouts in compromise with P. Schoenfeld Asset Management shareholder.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was revealed in October 2015 that Vivendi would increase its stake in <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a> to around 19% of the ordinary share capital as part of its aims to increase its influence in the group.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of May 2017, Vivendi owns 24.6% of the company with Vivendi's CEO Arnaud de Puyfontaine becoming Executive Chairman of Telecom Italia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, Vivendi bought minority stakes in the French video game studios <a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 December 2015, Vivendi acquired a 64.4% majority stake in Belgian online radio aggregator <a href="/wiki/Radionomy" title="Radionomy">Radionomy</a> (including its media player platform <a href="/wiki/Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a> and internet radio streaming software <a href="/wiki/Shoutcast" title="Shoutcast">Shoutcast</a>). Its shareholders, including its employees and U.S.-based investment firm <a href="/wiki/Union_Square_Ventures" title="Union Square Ventures">Union Square Ventures</a>, however, retained their stakes in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2016, after having triggered a mandatory <a href="/wiki/Tender_offer" title="Tender offer">tender offer</a> in February 2016 by reaching 30% ownership, and then becoming its largest shareholder, Vivendi completed a <a href="/wiki/Hostile_takeover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile takeover">hostile takeover</a> of Gameloft with the acquisition of its founders' stake. At the same time, Vivendi also further increased its stake in Ubisoft, which had led to concern from the company's management that Vivendi was also planning a hostile takeover of Ubisoft, however as of 2018 Vivendi is no longer in the position to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vivendi (once the owner of <a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard</a>, later Activision Blizzard),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> searching for a new games publisher property has started investing in both <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers in charge of Ubisoft and Gameloft, Yves Guillemot and Michel Guillemot<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively, view the investments as a hostile takeover attempt,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are raising capital from within the family<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from Canadian investors<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to maintain control of the companies. As of 8 June 2016, Vivendi has acquired a controlling stake in Gameloft. In news from 11 September 2016 Yves Guillemot is set to buy an additional 3.5% of Ubisoft shares to raise his stake to 12.5% to attempt to block a takeover from Vivendi. Yves has been attempting to lobby other shareholders to prevent them from selling their shares to Vivendi.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 20 March 2018, Vivendi has sold all its shares in Ubisoft and <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> has bought in in their place.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an auction on 6 June, Vivendi won a bid to acquire Flavorus from <a href="/wiki/SFX_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="SFX Entertainment">SFX Entertainment</a> for $4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-See_Tickets_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See_Tickets-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that month, it acquired Paddington and Company Limited-owner of <a href="/wiki/Paddington_Bear" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a> and other properties, and The Copyrights Group. Vivendi declared that it owned 12.3% of <a href="/wiki/Mediaset" title="Mediaset">Mediaset</a> in December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, Vivendi owns 28.8% of Mediaset.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2019, Vivendi completed its €900 million acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Editis" title="Editis">Editis</a>, one of France's major book publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, Vivendi acquired Nigeria's film studio ROK Studios which included its linear channels and VOD service, IROKO+.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the first quarter of 2020, Vivendi completed a partial sale of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (UMG) to a consortium led by <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, a Chinese media conglomerate. The amount of stake of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> group that has been sold to the consortium is 10% and the valuation of which was $3.3 billion. The Tencent-led consortium retained an option to purchase another 10% at the same valuation until January 2021, which they opted to exercise in December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pershing_Square_Holdings" title="Pershing Square Holdings">Pershing Square Holdings</a> later acquired 10% of UMG prior to its <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a> stock exchange. The company went public on 21 September 2021, at a valuation of €46 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-euronext-amsterdam_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euronext-amsterdam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, Vivendi bought a 10.6% stake in <a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère Group</a>, another French media group, the assets of which include the world's third-largest book publisher <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 2020, Vivendi had doubled its stake in Lagardère to 23.5%, becoming the largest shareholder of the rival group.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, Vivendi acquired a 12% stake in South Africa's media company, <a href="/wiki/MultiChoice" title="MultiChoice">MultiChoice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, Vivendi announced a deal to buy the French media conglomerate Prisma Media from <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2021, Vivendi bought a 9.9% stake in the Spanish media conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Prisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisa">Prisa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2021, Vivendi distributed 60% of its UMG shares to shareholders and retained 10% of shares in an IPO at <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-euronext-amsterdam_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euronext-amsterdam-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber Capital informed Vivendi of its intention to sell all its shares in Lagardère (17.93 of the share capital) and invited Vivendi to make an acquisition offer. Vivendi has acquired Amber Capital's shares for 24.1 euros per share. The transaction will be completed by 15 December 2022, after gaining the approvals required by the current regulations in light of the takeover that could result from the mandatory public offer following this acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2021, Vivendi announced its plan to accelerate the purchase of Amber's stake in Lagardère.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Vivendi owns 57.3% of Lagardère following the latter's IPO.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vivendi offered to divest the book publisher <a href="/wiki/Editis" title="Editis">Editis</a>, as Lagardère already owns <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ft.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, Vivendi announced its plan to spin off Editis, anticipating the European competition regulators not to allow Editis and Lagardère Publishing to merge.<sup id="cite_ref-ft.com_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2023, Vivendi agreed to sell Editis to Czech billionaire <a href="/wiki/Daniel_K%C5%99et%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD" title="Daniel Křetínský">Daniel Křetínský</a>'s Czech Media Invest.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2023, Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of Gala magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transactions for Editis and Gala magazine were finalized in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_of_entertainment,_publishing,_advertising,_and_investment_businesses"><span id="Split_of_entertainment.2C_publishing.2C_advertising.2C_and_investment_businesses"></span>Split of entertainment, publishing, advertising, and investment businesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Split of entertainment, publishing, advertising, and investment businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 December 2023, Vivendi announced that it was studying a split project to separate its three businesses, Canal+, Havas and its publishing unit (including its stake in Lagardère and Prisma Media) as well as Gameloft and its investments in other companies (Universal Music Group, TIM, MFE, Banijay, Prisa, Telefonica) into four separate companies.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 January 2024, the company's supervisory board approved the split project.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 July 2024, Vivendi announced that the publishing company post-split would become <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hachette_Group" title="Louis Hachette Group">Louis Hachette Group</a> while Canal+ and Havas would be listed on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a> respectively while LHG would trade on Euronext Paris. Canal+ would retain its French corporate status.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 October 2024, the company's supervisory board approved the split plan. Vivendi would retain its listing on the Euronext Paris and would continue its operations as an investment company.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 December 2024, Vivendi's shareholders approved the split project.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spin-off companies started trading on 16 December 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_location">Description and location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Description and location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official name of the company is Vivendi SE (<i>société européenne</i>). The headquarters are located at 42 Avenue Friedland, 75008 Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Corporate governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 31 December 2019, Vivendi ownership is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9" title="Bolloré">Bolloré</a> (27.06%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a> (5.29%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caisse_des_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4ts_et_consignations" title="Caisse des dépôts et consignations">Caisse des dépôts et consignations</a> (3.23%)</li> <li>Vivendi employees (2.95%)</li> <li>DNCA Finance (0,31%)</li> <li>Self control (1.18%)</li> <li>Other shareholders (59.99%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supervisory_board">Supervisory board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Supervisory board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 16 May 2020, the board is comprised as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yannick_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Yannick Bolloré">Yannick Bolloré</a> (chairman); also CEO of <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a>, which was spun off from Vivendi in 2000 but has since become a subsidiary<sup id="cite_ref-FR-2021_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FR-2021-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Philippe Bénacin, chairman and CEO of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interparfums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interparfums (page does not exist)">Interparfums</a></li> <li>Cyrille Bolloré, former chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9" title="Bolloré">Bolloré</a></li> <li>Paulo Cardoso, treasurer of <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Dassault" title="Laurent Dassault">Laurent Dassault</a>, co-managing director of <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Group" title="Dassault Group">Dassault Group</a></li> <li>Sébastien Bolloré</li> <li>Véronique Driot-Argentin, Vivendi HR executive</li> <li>Aliza Jabès, chairwoman of NUXE</li> <li>Cathia Lawson-Hall, executive at <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a></li> <li>Sandrine Le Bihan, Vivendi legal executive</li> <li>Michèle Reiser, filmmaker and culture commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Jacobs_Stanton" title="Katie Jacobs Stanton">Katie Stanton</a>, general partner of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moxxie_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moxxie Ventures (page does not exist)">Moxxie Ventures</a></li> <li>Athina Vasilogiannaki, legal and business affairs director of <a href="/wiki/Minos_EMI" title="Minos EMI">Minos EMI</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_units">Business units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Business units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Vivendi" title="List of assets owned by Vivendi">List of assets owned by Vivendi</a>.</div> <p>Vivendi is a company primarily focused on digital entertainment. It currently owns the French video game company <a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a>. </p><p>Vivendi's president <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Vincent Bolloré">Vincent Bolloré</a>, appointed in June 2014, aims at developing synergies between the company's subsidiaries now refocused on media: Gameloft.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gameloft">Gameloft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gameloft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2016, Vivendi completed its takeover of <a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the world's largest mobile-games publisher in terms of downloads. Gameloft reported that their games had amassed over 1 billion downloads in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equity_investments">Equity investments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Equity investments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MediaForEurope" title="MediaForEurope">MFE</a> (4.6%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/PRISA" title="PRISA">PRISA</a> (9.9%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gruppo_TIM" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo TIM">TIM</a> (23.75%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a> (1%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Banijay_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Banijay Group">Banijay Group</a> (19.2%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (10%)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disinformation">Disinformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Disinformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2024, Vivendi was alleged by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RWB) to have been involved in a <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> campaign against RWB.<sup id="cite_ref-RSF_ProgressMedia_disinformation_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSF_ProgressMedia_disinformation-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 February 2024, in response to a request lodged by RWB, the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Conseil d'État">Conseil d'État</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a>, part of the Vivendi group, to better respect journalistic standards and diversity. The February order by the Conseil d'État was followed by an intense disinformation campaign of <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> against RWB. In July 2024, RWB published the results of its investigation into the disinformation campaign. Its findings included a fake website pretending to be run by RWB hosted on a server hosting "Fan de CNews", a fansite supporting CNews. The website was run by what RWB states is a disinformation agency called Progressif Media, hosted at Vivendi. The main investigator, Arnaud Froger, stated that Progressif Media used "counterfeiting, concealment, cybersquatting [and] trolling" as disinformation techniques against RWB.<sup id="cite_ref-RSF_ProgressMedia_disinformation_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSF_ProgressMedia_disinformation-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French companies">List of French companies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vivendi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-vivendiabout-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vivendiabout_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/our-group/key-milestones/the-groups-origins/">"The group's origins"</a>. Vivendi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926023547/https://www.vivendi.com/en/vivendi-en/our-history/the-groups-origins/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+group%27s+origins&rft.pub=Vivendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Four-group%2Fkey-milestones%2Fthe-groups-origins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FR-2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FR-2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FR-2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FR-2023_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FR-2023_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FR-2023_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FR-2023_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/20240307_VIV_Pres_2023_Eng.pdf">"Financial Report and Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vivendi</i>. 8 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414181758/https://www.vivendi.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/20210303_VIV_CP_Resultats-annuels-2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivendi&rft.atitle=Financial+Report+and+Audited+Consolidated+Financial+Statements+for+the+year+ended+December+31%2C+2023&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2F20240307_VIV_Pres_2023_Eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230541/http://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1853-1900/">"History CGE-Vivendi-Veolia Environment 1853-1900"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1853-1900/">the original</a> on 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+CGE-Vivendi-Veolia+Environment+1853-1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veolia.com%2Fen%2Fgroup%2Fhistory%2F1853-1900%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history1950-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history1950_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history1950_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history1950_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia-group/profile/history/1950-2000">"The history of Veolia : 1950 - 2000"</a>. Veolia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129081710/https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia-group/profile/history/1950-2000">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Veolia+%3A+1950+-+2000&rft.pub=Veolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veolia.com%2Fen%2Fveolia-group%2Fprofile%2Fhistory%2F1950-2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230552/http://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1950-2000/">"History CGE-Vivendi-Veolia Environment 1950-2000"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1950-2000/">the original</a> on 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+CGE-Vivendi-Veolia+Environment+1950-2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veolia.com%2Fen%2Fgroup%2Fhistory%2F1950-2000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-09-fi-63172-story.html">"Canal Plus OKs Acquisition by Vivendi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 9 December 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Canal+Plus+OKs+Acquisition+by+Vivendi&rft.date=2000-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-dec-09-fi-63172-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldhist-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205011344/http://www.canalplusgroup.com/pid163.htm#anch_29">"L'histoire du Groupe CANAL+ de 1983 à nos jours"</a>. <i>Canal+</i>. 1 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en/pid163.htm#anch_29">the original</a> on 5 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canal%2B&rft.atitle=L%27histoire+du+Groupe+CANAL%2B+de+1983+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalplusgroup.com%2Fen%2Fpid163.htm%23anch_29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCowell2001" class="citation news cs1">Cowell, Alan (29 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/29/business/vivendi-sells-trade-show-and-journal-businesses.html">"Vivendi Sells Trade Show And Journal Businesses"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624041806/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/29/business/vivendi-sells-trade-show-and-journal-businesses.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Sells+Trade+Show+And+Journal+Businesses&rft.date=2001-08-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F08%2F29%2Fbusiness%2Fvivendi-sells-trade-show-and-journal-businesses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChinwala" class="citation web cs1">Chinwala, Yasmine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/cinven-closes-vivendi-business-publishing-deal-for-20020418">"Cinven closes Vivendi business publishing deal for €1.2bn"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150350/https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/cinven-closes-vivendi-business-publishing-deal-for-20020418">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cinven+closes+Vivendi+business+publishing+deal+for+%E2%82%AC1.2bn&rft.aulast=Chinwala&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fnlondon.com%2Farticles%2Fcinven-closes-vivendi-business-publishing-deal-for-20020418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia-group/profile/history/2000-2010">"The history of Veolia : 2000 - 2010"</a>. Veolia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129080552/https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia-group/profile/history/2000-2010">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Veolia+%3A+2000+-+2010&rft.pub=Veolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veolia.com%2Fen%2Fveolia-group%2Fprofile%2Fhistory%2F2000-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarreyrouFrank2002" class="citation news cs1">Carreyrou, John; Frank, Robert (23 October 2002). "Vivendi Universal Reaches Pact To Sell Part of Publishing Unit --- France's Lagardere Is Set To Buy Non-U.S. Portion; Criticism of Deal Is Likely". <i>Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y</i>. New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y. pp. –4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/398881177">398881177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal%2C+Eastern+edition%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Universal+Reaches+Pact+To+Sell+Part+of+Publishing+Unit+---+France%27s+Lagardere+Is+Set+To+Buy+Non-U.S.+Portion%3B+Criticism+of+Deal+Is+Likely&rft.pages=-4&rft.date=2002-10-23&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Carreyrou&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Frank%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030714160845/http://sa2.info/ARCHIVE/2002/10octB.html">"Society of Academic Authors: Late October 2002 News"</a>. Archived from the original on 14 July 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+of+Academic+Authors%3A+Late+October+2002+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsa2.info%2FARCHIVE%2F2002%2F10octB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Kapitol acquires Scoot's Belgian and Dutch units". Europemedia. 5 December 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kapitol+acquires+Scoot%27s+Belgian+and+Dutch+units&rft.date=2002-12-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Vivendi-Completes-Sale-of-Press-Unit-7086328.php">"Vivendi Completes Sale of Press Unit"</a>. <i>Midland Daily News</i>. 4 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027220218/https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Vivendi-Completes-Sale-of-Press-Unit-7086328.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Midland+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Completes+Sale+of+Press+Unit&rft.date=2003-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourmidland.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FVivendi-Completes-Sale-of-Press-Unit-7086328.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827224126/http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/press_2006/20060803_Vivendi_Voluntarily_Delists_from_NYSE_and_Terminates_ADR_Program.php">"Vivendi Voluntarily Delists from NYSE and Terminates ADR Program"</a>. Vivendi.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/press_2006/20060803_Vivendi_Voluntarily_Delists_from_NYSE_and_Terminates_ADR_Program.php">the original</a> on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vivendi+Voluntarily+Delists+from+NYSE+and+Terminates+ADR+Program&rft.pub=Vivendi.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fcorp%2Fen%2Fpress_2006%2F20060803_Vivendi_Voluntarily_Delists_from_NYSE_and_Terminates_ADR_Program.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCellan-Jones2007" class="citation news cs1">Cellan-Jones, Rory (2 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7123582.stm">"Video game giants in $18bn merger"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Video+game+giants+in+%2418bn+merger&rft.date=2007-12-02&rft.aulast=Cellan-Jones&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7123582.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merger_Reuters-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merger_Reuters_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merger_Reuters_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-activision-vivendi-idUSN0236714920071202">"Vivendi's Activision bid lifts videogame sector"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Vivendi%27s+Activision+bid+lifts+videogame+sector&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-activision-vivendi-idUSN0236714920071202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivesey2009" class="citation news cs1">Livesey, Ben (8 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aNNP9dPMePVk">"Vivendi to Make Offer to buy GVT (Holding) at BRL42 a share"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022145739/http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vivendi+to+Make+Offer+to+buy+GVT+%28Holding%29+at+BRL42+a+share&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.aulast=Livesey&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601086%26sid%3DaNNP9dPMePVk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520104713/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jN3E6Qz1wZ_CoDKOpigKq-glplvw">"AFP: France's Vivendi takes control of Brazil's GVT"</a>. 13 November 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFP%3A+France%27s+Vivendi+takes+control+of+Brazil%27s+GVT&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jN3E6Qz1wZ_CoDKOpigKq-glplvw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsgateny.com/vivendi-buys-gvt-brazil-credit-des-alpes/">"Crédit des Alpes: Vivendi buys GVT of Brazil"</a>. NewsGateNY.com. 3 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527160353/https://www.newsgateny.com/vivendi-buys-gvt-brazil-credit-des-alpes/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%A9dit+des+Alpes%3A+Vivendi+buys+GVT+of+Brazil&rft.pub=NewsGateNY.com&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsgateny.com%2Fvivendi-buys-gvt-brazil-credit-des-alpes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanPepitone2009" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, David; Pepitone, Julianne (3 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2009/12/03/news/companies/comcast_nbc/index.htm">"GE, Comcast announce NBC Universal joint venture deal"</a>. <i>CNN Money</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330061345/http://money.cnn.com/2009/12/03/news/companies/comcast_nbc/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Money&rft.atitle=GE%2C+Comcast+announce+NBC+Universal+joint+venture+deal&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Pepitone%2C+Julianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2009%2F12%2F03%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Fcomcast_nbc%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313081607/http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/114278-vivendi-sa-chief-executive-officer-gains-ownership-biggest-cash-cow">"Vivendi SA Chief Executive Officer Gains Ownership of the Biggest Cash Cow"</a>. <i>French Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/114278-vivendi-sa-chief-executive-officer-gains-ownership-biggest-cash-cow">the original</a> on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=French+Tribune&rft.atitle=Vivendi+SA+Chief+Executive+Officer+Gains+Ownership+of+the+Biggest+Cash+Cow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrenchtribune.com%2Fteneur%2F114278-vivendi-sa-chief-executive-officer-gains-ownership-biggest-cash-cow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110407153808/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-04-03/vivendi-to-purchase-vodafone-stake-in-sfr-for-7-95-billion-euros.html">"Vivendi to Purchase Vodafone Stake in SFR for 7.95 Billion Euros"</a>. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vivendi+to+Purchase+Vodafone+Stake+in+SFR+for+7.95+Billion+Euros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2011-04-03%2Fvivendi-to-purchase-vodafone-stake-in-sfr-for-7-95-billion-euros.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Sassard2013" class="citation news cs1">Sophie Sassard (22 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vivendi-maroctelecom-idUSBRE96L0PZ20130722">"Vivendi to announce Maroc Telecom sale to Etisalat - sources"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712125259/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vivendi-maroctelecom-idUSBRE96L0PZ20130722">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vivendi+to+announce+Maroc+Telecom+sale+to+Etisalat+-+sources&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.au=Sophie+Sassard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-vivendi-maroctelecom-idUSBRE96L0PZ20130722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2014/08/28/97002-20140828FILWWW00225-vivendi-resultats-en-tres-forte-hausse.php">"Vivendi: résultats en très forte hausse"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i>. 28 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205901/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2014/08/28/97002-20140828FILWWW00225-vivendi-resultats-en-tres-forte-hausse.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Vivendi%3A+r%C3%A9sultats+en+tr%C3%A8s+forte+hausse&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fflash-eco%2F2014%2F08%2F28%2F97002-20140828FILWWW00225-vivendi-resultats-en-tres-forte-hausse.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuth_BenderMarion_Halftermeyer2014" class="citation news cs1">Ruth Bender; Marion Halftermeyer (24 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi-boss-vows-to-complete-media-makeover-1403608085">"Vivendi Boss Vows to Complete Media Makeover"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130021636/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi-boss-vows-to-complete-media-makeover-1403608085">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Boss+Vows+to+Complete+Media+Makeover&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.au=Ruth+Bender&rft.au=Marion+Halftermeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fvivendi-boss-vows-to-complete-media-makeover-1403608085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418023213/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-numericable-vivendi-idUKBREA340CY20140405">"Numericable wins battle for Vivendi's SFR"</a>. <i>Reuters UK</i>. 5 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-numericable-vivendi-idUKBREA340CY20140405">the original</a> on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters+UK&rft.atitle=Numericable+wins+battle+for+Vivendi%27s+SFR&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-numericable-vivendi-idUKBREA340CY20140405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesechos.fr/2014/09/vivendi-cede-gvt-mais-ne-sort-pas-des-telecoms-310119">"Vivendi cède GVT mais ne sort pas des télécoms"</a>. <i>lesechos.fr</i>. 21 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031183909/http://www.lesechos.fr/tech-medias/medias/0203793547689-vivendi-cede-gvt-mais-ne-sort-pas-des-telecoms-1044957.php">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lesechos.fr&rft.atitle=Vivendi+c%C3%A8de+GVT+mais+ne+sort+pas+des+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9coms&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesechos.fr%2F2014%2F09%2Fvivendi-cede-gvt-mais-ne-sort-pas-des-telecoms-310119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trina-solar-jumps-23-on-better-than-expected-earnings-2014-05-21?siteid=yhoof2">"Vivendi to sell half of remaining Activision stake"</a>. <i>MarketWatch</i>. 21 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180526112958/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trina-solar-jumps-23-on-better-than-expected-earnings-2014-05-21?siteid=yhoof2">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Vivendi+to+sell+half+of+remaining+Activision+stake&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Ftrina-solar-jumps-23-on-better-than-expected-earnings-2014-05-21%3Fsiteid%3Dyhoof2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bollore-vivendi-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402">"Bollore raises Vivendi stake again as AGM battle looms"</a> (Press release). Reuters. 2 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006152258/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/02/us-bollore-vivendi-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bollore+raises+Vivendi+stake+again+as+AGM+battle+looms&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-bollore-vivendi-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailymotion-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dailymotion_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIngrid_Lunden2015" class="citation web cs1">Ingrid Lunden (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/30/vivendi-buys-80-of-frances-dailymotion-valuing-the-youtube-rival-at-295m/">"Vivendi Buys 80% Of France's Dailymotion, Valuing The YouTube Rival At $295M"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. AOL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024212525/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/30/vivendi-buys-80-of-frances-dailymotion-valuing-the-youtube-rival-at-295m/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Buys+80%25+Of+France%27s+Dailymotion%2C+Valuing+The+YouTube+Rival+At+%24295M&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.au=Ingrid+Lunden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2015%2F06%2F30%2Fvivendi-buys-80-of-frances-dailymotion-valuing-the-youtube-rival-at-295m%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInti_Landauro2015" class="citation news cs1">Inti Landauro (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi-confirms-interest-in-buying-dailymotion-1428388890">"Vivendi Confirms Interest in Buying DailyMotion"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025931/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi-confirms-interest-in-buying-dailymotion-1428388890">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Confirms+Interest+in+Buying+DailyMotion&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.au=Inti+Landauro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fvivendi-confirms-interest-in-buying-dailymotion-1428388890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudy_Ruitenberg2015" class="citation news cs1">Rudy Ruitenberg (8 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-08/vivendi-plans-extra-payout-in-compromise-with-activist-investor">"Vivendi Plans Extra Payout in Compromise With Shareholder"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191517/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv.html?url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxNS0wNC0wOC92aXZlbmRpLXBsYW5zLWV4dHJhLXBheW91dC1pbi1jb21wcm9taXNlLXdpdGgtYWN0aXZpc3QtaW52ZXN0b3I%2F&uuid=5c989320-82b3-11e8-93c6-0dfbc4219278&vid=">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Plans+Extra+Payout+in+Compromise+With+Shareholder&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.au=Rudy+Ruitenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015-04-08%2Fvivendi-plans-extra-payout-in-compromise-with-activist-investor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecomitalia-vivendi-exclusive-idUSKCN0RV5Q020151001">"Exclusive: Vivendi moves to raise Telecom Italia stake to around 19 percent - sources"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 1 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202095505/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecomitalia-vivendi-exclusive-idUSKCN0RV5Q020151001">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Vivendi+moves+to+raise+Telecom+Italia+stake+to+around+19+percent+-+sources&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-telecomitalia-vivendi-exclusive-idUSKCN0RV5Q020151001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-09/vivendi-ceo-tops-company-s-list-to-lead-telecom-italia-board">"Vivendi CEO Tops Company's List to Lead Telecom Italia Board"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 9 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064532/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-09/vivendi-ceo-tops-company-s-list-to-lead-telecom-italia-board">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Vivendi+CEO+Tops+Company%27s+List+to+Lead+Telecom+Italia+Board&rft.date=2017-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-04-09%2Fvivendi-ceo-tops-company-s-list-to-lead-telecom-italia-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecomitalia-vivendi-chairman/telecom-italia-names-vivendi-ceo-de-puyfontaine-as-chairman-source-idUSKBN18S5LC">"Telecom Italia appoints Vivendi's CEO as chairman"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 1 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808031512/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telecomitalia-vivendi-chairman/telecom-italia-names-vivendi-ceo-de-puyfontaine-as-chairman-source-idUSKBN18S5LC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Telecom+Italia+appoints+Vivendi%27s+CEO+as+chairman&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-telecomitalia-vivendi-chairman%2Ftelecom-italia-names-vivendi-ceo-de-puyfontaine-as-chairman-source-idUSKBN18S5LC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-activision-owner-vivendi-buys-stakes-in-ubi/1100-6431427/">"Former Activision Owner Vivendi Buys Stakes in Ubisoft and Gameloft"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. 15 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033140/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former-activision-owner-vivendi-buys-stakes-in-ubi/1100-6431427/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Former+Activision+Owner+Vivendi+Buys+Stakes+in+Ubisoft+and+Gameloft&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Farticles%2Fformer-activision-owner-vivendi-buys-stakes-in-ubi%2F1100-6431427%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/vivendi-buys-majority-stake-in-winamp-shoutcast-owner-radionomy-1201664170/">"Vivendi Buys Majority Stake In Winamp, Shoutcast Owner Radionomy"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. 17 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201224172708/https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/vivendi-buys-majority-stake-in-winamp-shoutcast-owner-radionomy-1201664170/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Buys+Majority+Stake+In+Winamp%2C+Shoutcast+Owner+Radionomy&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Fdigital%2Fnews%2Fvivendi-buys-majority-stake-in-winamp-shoutcast-owner-radionomy-1201664170%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi-to-buy-remaining-control-of-gameloft-as-gu/1100-6440596/">"Vivendi to Buy Remaining Control of Gameloft as Guillemots Agree to Sell"</a>. <i>GameSpot</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223101545/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi-to-buy-remaining-control-of-gameloft-as-gu/1100-6440596/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesIndustry.biz&rft.atitle=Vivendi+in+process+of+mandatory+takeover+bid+for+Gameloft&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Fvivendi-in-process-of-mandatory-takeover-bid-for-gameloft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/vivendi-wins-majority-backing-gameloft-898618/">"Vivendi Wins Majority Backing for Gameloft Takeover as Content Strategy Becomes Clearer"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214194952/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vivendi-wins-majority-backing-gameloft-898618">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Wins+Majority+Backing+for+Gameloft+Takeover+as+Content+Strategy+Becomes+Clearer&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral-news%2Fvivendi-wins-majority-backing-gameloft-898618%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerafino2016" class="citation news cs1">Serafino, Phil (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-15/vivendi-sells-activision-blizzard-shares-netting-1-1-billion">"Vivendi Sells Its Activision Stake, Netting $1.1 Billion"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Sells+Its+Activision+Stake%2C+Netting+%241.1+Billion&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Serafino&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-01-15%2Fvivendi-sells-activision-blizzard-shares-netting-1-1-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMawad2015" class="citation news cs1">Mawad, Marie (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/vivendi-buys-stakes-in-french-gamemakers-ubisoft-and-gameloft">"Ubisoft, Gameloft Shares Surge After Vivendi Acquires Stakes"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055632/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-14/vivendi-buys-stakes-in-french-gamemakers-ubisoft-and-gameloft">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Ubisoft%2C+Gameloft+Shares+Surge+After+Vivendi+Acquires+Stakes&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=Mawad&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015-10-14%2Fvivendi-buys-stakes-in-french-gamemakers-ubisoft-and-gameloft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameloft.com/corporate/?lang=en&ref=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F">"Gameloft"</a>. <i>www.gameloft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423231349/http://www.gameloft.com/corporate/?lang=en&ref=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gameloft.com&rft.atitle=Gameloft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameloft.com%2Fcorporate%2F%3Flang%3Den%26ref%3Dhttps%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.google.com%25252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170609200630/https://seekingalpha.com/article/4073294-vivendi-one-step-closer-acquire-ubisoft">"VIvendi acquires Ubisoft"</a>. <i>seekingalpha.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekingalpha.com/article/4073294-vivendi-one-step-closer-acquire-ubisoft">the original</a> on 9 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seekingalpha.com&rft.atitle=VIvendi+acquires+Ubisoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseekingalpha.com%2Farticle%2F4073294-vivendi-one-step-closer-acquire-ubisoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMawad2016" class="citation news cs1">Mawad, Marie (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-19/gameloft-shares-jump-after-vivendi-makes-hostile-takeover-offer">"Gameloft Shares Surge on Vivendi's Hostile Takeover Offer"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126114440/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-19/gameloft-shares-jump-after-vivendi-makes-hostile-takeover-offer">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Gameloft+Shares+Surge+on+Vivendi%27s+Hostile+Takeover+Offer&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.aulast=Mawad&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-02-19%2Fgameloft-shares-jump-after-vivendi-makes-hostile-takeover-offer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/r-guillemot-family-ups-stake-in-gameloft-to-fend-off-takeover-2016-2">"Guillemot family ups stake in Gameloft to fend off 'takeover'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051241/https://www.businessinsider.com/r-guillemot-family-ups-stake-in-gameloft-to-fend-off-takeover-2016-2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Guillemot+family+ups+stake+in+Gameloft+to+fend+off+%27takeover%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fr-guillemot-family-ups-stake-in-gameloft-to-fend-off-takeover-2016-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2016/02/26/ubisoft-hunts-for-canadian-investors-to-fight-off-vivendi/">"Ubisoft Hunts For Canadian Investors To Fight Off Vivendi"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108165934/https://fortune.com/2016/02/26/ubisoft-hunts-for-canadian-investors-to-fight-off-vivendi/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Ubisoft+Hunts+For+Canadian+Investors+To+Fight+Off+Vivendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2016%2F02%2F26%2Fubisoft-hunts-for-canadian-investors-to-fight-off-vivendi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://overclock3d.net/news/gpu_displays/ubisoft_s_founder_buys_another_3_5_of_the_company/2">"Ubisoft's founder buys another 3.5% of the company"</a>. <i>OC3D</i>. 7 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819082750/https://www.overclock3d.net/news/gpu_displays/ubisoft_s_founder_buys_another_3_5_of_the_company/2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Guillemont family is attempting to prevent a takeover attempt from Vivendi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OC3D&rft.atitle=Ubisoft%27s+founder+buys+another+3.5%25+of+the+company&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foverclock3d.net%2Fnews%2Fgpu_displays%2Fubisoft_s_founder_buys_another_3_5_of_the_company%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/vivendi-sells-off-ubisoft-holdings-tencent-buys-in/">"Vivendi sells off Ubisoft holdings, Tencent buys in"</a>. <i>pcgamer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203051629/https://www.pcgamer.com/vivendi-sells-off-ubisoft-holdings-tencent-buys-in/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=pcgamer&rft.atitle=Vivendi+sells+off+Ubisoft+holdings%2C+Tencent+buys+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fvivendi-sells-off-ubisoft-holdings-tencent-buys-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-See_Tickets-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-See_Tickets_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleason" class="citation news cs1">Gleason, Stephanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/vivendi-unit-wins-auction-for-sfxs-flavorus-2016-06-06">"Vivendi unit wins auction for SFX's Flavorus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MarketWatch" title="MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801012537/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/vivendi-unit-wins-auction-for-sfxs-flavorus-2016-06-06">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Vivendi+unit+wins+auction+for+SFX%27s+Flavorus&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fvivendi-unit-wins-auction-for-sfxs-flavorus-2016-06-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2016" class="citation news cs1">Agnew, Harriet (14 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/132e73ee-c13f-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354">"Bolloré and Berlusconi play cat and mouse over Mediaset"</a>. <i>ft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921134113/https://www.ft.com/content/132e73ee-c13f-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ft.com&rft.atitle=Bollor%C3%A9+and+Berlusconi+play+cat+and+mouse+over+Mediaset&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F132e73ee-c13f-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904011449/https://www.capital.fr/entreprises-marches/vivendi-vincent-bollore-gagne-son-bras-de-fer-avec-mediaset-1379490">"Vivendi : Vincent Bolloré gagne son bras de fer avec Mediaset"</a>. <i>Capital.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capital.fr/entreprises-marches/vivendi-vincent-bollore-gagne-son-bras-de-fer-avec-mediaset-1379490">the original</a> on 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capital.fr&rft.atitle=Vivendi+%3A+Vincent+Bollor%C3%A9+gagne+son+bras+de+fer+avec+Mediaset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capital.fr%2Fentreprises-marches%2Fvivendi-vincent-bollore-gagne-son-bras-de-fer-avec-mediaset-1379490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190131005562/en/Vivendi-Completes-Acquisition-Editis-French-Language-Publishing-Powerhouse">"Vivendi Completes the Acquisition of Editis, a French-Language Publishing Powerhouse"</a> (Press release). 31 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020211716/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190131005562/en/Vivendi-Completes-Acquisition-Editis-French-Language-Publishing-Powerhouse">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vivendi+Completes+the+Acquisition+of+Editis%2C+a+French-Language+Publishing+Powerhouse&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20190131005562%2Fen%2FVivendi-Completes-Acquisition-Editis-French-Language-Publishing-Powerhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.3pointplus.com.ng/gist/rok-studios">http://www.3pointplus.com.ng/gist/rok-studios</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-18/tencent-group-buys-further-10-of-vivendi-s-universal-music">"Tencent Group Buys Further 10% of Vivendi's Universal Music"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 18 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218202156/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-18/tencent-group-buys-further-10-of-vivendi-s-universal-music">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Tencent+Group+Buys+Further+10%25+of+Vivendi%27s+Universal+Music&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-12-18%2Ftencent-group-buys-further-10-of-vivendi-s-universal-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euronext-amsterdam-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euronext-amsterdam_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euronext-amsterdam_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-hits-massive-valuation-of-54bn-as-it-lists-on-amsterdam-stock-exchange/">"Universal hits massive valuation of $54bn as it lists on Amsterdam Stock Exchange"</a>. <i>Music Business Worldwide</i>. 21 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213193113/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-hits-massive-valuation-of-54bn-as-it-lists-on-amsterdam-stock-exchange/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music+Business+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Universal+hits+massive+valuation+of+%2454bn+as+it+lists+on+Amsterdam+Stock+Exchange&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicbusinessworldwide.com%2Funiversal-hits-massive-valuation-of-54bn-as-it-lists-on-amsterdam-stock-exchange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurak2021" class="citation web cs1">Turak, Natasha (21 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/21/universal-music-group-shares-soar-in-market-debut.html">"Universal Music Group shares soar in market debut"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Vivendi+buys+stake+in+Lagard%C3%A8re+ahead+of+activist+showdown&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Abboud&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fc6a9b19b-fbc6-472c-b4eb-58ceb5f54022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosemainKar-Gupta2020" class="citation news cs1">Rosemain, Mathieu; Kar-Gupta, Sudip (11 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lagardere-vivendi-idUKKCN2570M0">"Bollore opens rift with France's richest man over Lagardere"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228214626/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lagardere-vivendi-idUKKCN2570M0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Bollore+opens+rift+with+France%27s+richest+man+over+Lagardere&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Rosemain&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft.au=Kar-Gupta%2C+Sudip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-lagardere-vivendi-idUKKCN2570M0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayo.news/2020/11/24/multichoice-betking/">"MULTICHOICE PAYS $81M FOR 20% STAKE IN BETKING"</a>. <i>AYO.NEWS</i>. 24 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522210103/https://ayo.news/2020/11/24/multichoice-betking/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AYO.NEWS&rft.atitle=MULTICHOICE+PAYS+%2481M+FOR+20%25+STAKE+IN+BETKING&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fayo.news%2F2020%2F11%2F24%2Fmultichoice-betking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/12/23/vivendi-annonce-avoir-signe-une-promesse-d-achat-pour-acquerir-100-de-prisma-media_6064367_3234.html">"Vivendi annonce avoir signé " une promesse d'achat " pour acquérir 100 % de Prisma Media"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 23 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202092757/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/12/23/vivendi-annonce-avoir-signe-une-promesse-d-achat-pour-acquerir-100-de-prisma-media_6064367_3234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Vivendi+annonce+avoir+sign%C3%A9+%22+une+promesse+d%27achat+%22+pour+acqu%C3%A9rir+100+%25+de+Prisma+Media&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feconomie%2Farticle%2F2020%2F12%2F23%2Fvivendi-annonce-avoir-signe-une-promesse-d-achat-pour-acquerir-100-de-prisma-media_6064367_3234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.challenges.fr/media/medias-apres-prisma-vivendi-lorgne-l-espagnol-prisa_747272">"Médias: Après Prisma, Vivendi entre au capital de l'espagnol Prisa"</a>. 22 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122084448/https://www.challenges.fr/media/medias-apres-prisma-vivendi-lorgne-l-espagnol-prisa_747272">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9dias%3A+Apr%C3%A8s+Prisma%2C+Vivendi+entre+au+capital+de+l%27espagnol+Prisa&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.challenges.fr%2Fmedia%2Fmedias-apres-prisma-vivendi-lorgne-l-espagnol-prisa_747272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/vivendi-raises-its-stake-in-prisa-to-9-9/">"Vivendi raises its stake in PRISA to 9.9%"</a>. <i>Vivendi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106114440/https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/vivendi-raises-its-stake-in-prisa-to-9-9/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivendi&rft.atitle=Vivendi+raises+its+stake+in+PRISA+to+9.9%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Fvivendi-raises-its-stake-in-prisa-to-9-9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/amber-capital-proposes-that-vivendi-acquire-its-stake-in-lagardere-which-vivendi-has-accepted/">"Amber Capital proposes that Vivendi acquire its stake in Lagardère, which Vivendi has accepted"</a>. <i>Vivendi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035844/https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/amber-capital-proposes-that-vivendi-acquire-its-stake-in-lagardere-which-vivendi-has-accepted/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivendi&rft.atitle=Amber+Capital+proposes+that+Vivendi+acquire+its+stake+in+Lagard%C3%A8re%2C+which+Vivendi+has+accepted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Famber-capital-proposes-that-vivendi-acquire-its-stake-in-lagardere-which-vivendi-has-accepted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClercqAloisi2021" class="citation news cs1">Clercq, Geert de; Aloisi, Silvia (9 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/vivendi-launch-offer-lagardere-2410-euros-per-share-2021-12-09/">"Vivendi accelerates Lagardere purchase, extending media empire"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221214326/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/vivendi-launch-offer-lagardere-2410-euros-per-share-2021-12-09/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Vivendi+accelerates+Lagardere+purchase%2C+extending+media+empire&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft.aulast=Clercq&rft.aufirst=Geert+de&rft.au=Aloisi%2C+Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Fvivendi-launch-offer-lagardere-2410-euros-per-share-2021-12-09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/film/global/vivendi-lagardere-group-ipo-1235293595/">"Vivendi to Own 57.3% Stake in Lagardere Group Following IPO"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Vivendi+to+Own+57.3%25+Stake+in+Lagardere+Group+Following+IPO&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2022%2Ffilm%2Fglobal%2Fvivendi-lagardere-group-ipo-1235293595%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft.com-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft.com_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft.com_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/036a9f9f-8bf2-4b70-b6a8-2769fb4b40d5">"Vivendi offers to spin off book publisher Editis in regulatory battle"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Vivendi+offers+to+spin+off+book+publisher+Editis+in+regulatory+battle&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F036a9f9f-8bf2-4b70-b6a8-2769fb4b40d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/frances-vivendi-signs-deal-sell-publishing-unit-editis-2023-06-16">"France's Vivendi inks deal to sell Editis to Kretinsky's IMI"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=France%27s+Vivendi+inks+deal+to+sell+Editis+to+Kretinsky%27s+IMI&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Ffrances-vivendi-signs-deal-sell-publishing-unit-editis-2023-06-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/vivendi-announced-that-prisma-media-entered-into-exclusive-negotiations-with-groupe-figaro-for-the-sale-of-the-gala-magazine/">"Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of the Gala magazine"</a>. <i>Vivendi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivendi&rft.atitle=Vivendi+announced+that+Prisma+Media+entered+into+exclusive+negotiations+with+Groupe+Figaro+for+the+sale+of+the+Gala+magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Fvivendi-announced-that-prisma-media-entered-into-exclusive-negotiations-with-groupe-figaro-for-the-sale-of-the-gala-magazine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/edition-vivendi-finalise-la-cession-d-editis-a-daniel-kretinsky-20231114">"Édition : Vivendi finalise la cession d'Editis à Daniel Kretinsky"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French). Agence France-Presse. 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=%C3%89dition+%3A+Vivendi+finalise+la+cession+d%27Editis+%C3%A0+Daniel+Kretinsky&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fflash-eco%2Fedition-vivendi-finalise-la-cession-d-editis-a-daniel-kretinsky-20231114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240617114123/https://www.lesechos.fr/tech-medias/medias/comment-vivendi-reinvente-son-modele-avec-le-rachat-de-lagardere-2030479">"Comment Vivendi réinvente son modèle avec le rachat de Lagardère"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Echos_(France)" title="Les Echos (France)">Les Echos</a></i> (in French). 21 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesechos.fr/tech-medias/medias/comment-vivendi-reinvente-son-modele-avec-le-rachat-de-lagardere-2030479">the original</a> on 17 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Echos&rft.atitle=Comment+Vivendi+r%C3%A9invente+son+mod%C3%A8le+avec+le+rachat+de+Lagard%C3%A8re&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesechos.fr%2Ftech-medias%2Fmedias%2Fcomment-vivendi-reinvente-son-modele-avec-le-rachat-de-lagardere-2030479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodfellow2023" class="citation web cs1">Goodfellow, Melanie (13 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2023/12/vivendi-project-split-activities-several-entities-1235666707/">"Vivendi Says It Is "Studying" A Project To Split Activities Into Several Entities"</a>. <i>Deadline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Says+It+Is+%E2%80%9CStudying%E2%80%9D+A+Project+To+Split+Activities+Into+Several+Entities&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft.aulast=Goodfellow&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2023%2F12%2Fvivendi-project-split-activities-several-entities-1235666707%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/french-company-vivendi-proposes-split-into-four-entities-2024-01-30/">"French company Vivendi proposes to split into four entities"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 30 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Vivendi+says+Canal%2B+to+be+listed+in+London+under+break-up+plan&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Fvivendi-says-canal-be-listed-london-part-groups-split-project-2024-07-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatwoka2024" class="citation web cs1">Natwoka, Ed (25 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/95565-vivendi-updates-plans-to-spinoff-hachette-in-three-way-split.html">"Vivendi Updates Plans to Spin Off Hachette in Three-Way Split"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Updates+Plans+to+Spin+Off+Hachette+in+Three-Way+Split&rft.date=2024-07-25&rft.aulast=Natwoka&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Findustry-news%2Findustry-deals%2Farticle%2F95565-vivendi-updates-plans-to-spinoff-hachette-in-three-way-split.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzalai2024" class="citation web cs1">Szalai, Georg (29 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/vivendi-split-approved-four-companies-canal-plus-havas-1236047310/">"Vivendi Board Approves Split Into Four Companies, Sets December Shareholder Vote"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Board+Approves+Split+Into+Four+Companies%2C+Sets+December+Shareholder+Vote&rft.date=2024-10-29&rft.aulast=Szalai&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fvivendi-split-approved-four-companies-canal-plus-havas-1236047310%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitlock2024" class="citation web cs1">Whitlock, Jesse (9 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2024/12/canal-plus-standalone-vivendi-shareholders-approve-split-1236198279/">"Canal+ To Become Standalone Company As Vivendi Shareholders Approve Spinoff Plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+To+Become+Standalone+Company+As+Vivendi+Shareholders+Approve+Spinoff+Plan&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft.aulast=Whitlock&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2024%2F12%2Fcanal-plus-standalone-vivendi-shareholders-approve-split-1236198279%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNostroMarchandonLoève2024" class="citation web cs1">Nostro, Gianluca Lo; Marchandon, Leo; Loève, Florence (16 December 2024). Nissi, Milla (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/trading-opens-bollores-empire-after-vivendi-breakup-2024-12-16/">"Canal+ falls, Havas and Louis Hachette up on market debut post Vivendi split"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+falls%2C+Havas+and+Louis+Hachette+up+on+market+debut+post+Vivendi+split&rft.date=2024-12-16&rft.aulast=Nostro&rft.aufirst=Gianluca+Lo&rft.au=Marchandon%2C+Leo&rft.au=Lo%C3%A8ve%2C+Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia-telecom%2Ftrading-opens-bollores-empire-after-vivendi-breakup-2024-12-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/footer/terms-of-use">"Terms of Use"</a>. Vivendi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211415/https://www.vivendi.com/en/footer/terms-of-use/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terms+of+Use&rft.pub=Vivendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Ffooter%2Fterms-of-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/actionnaires-investisseurs/l-action-vivendi/">"Structure actionnariale - Vivendi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306175241/https://www.vivendi.com/actionnaires-investisseurs/l-action-vivendi/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+actionnariale+-+Vivendi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Factionnaires-investisseurs%2Fl-action-vivendi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/vivendi-en/governance/supervisory-board/">https://www.vivendi.com/en/vivendi-en/governance/supervisory-board/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508185946/https://www.vivendi.com/en/vivendi-en/governance/supervisory-board/">Archived</a> 8 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vivendi Board</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FR-2021-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FR-2021_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/vivendi-strong-growth-of-the-groups-operating-activities-and-ebita-in-2022/">"Financial Report and Audited Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022"</a>. <i>Vivendi</i>. 8 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414181758/https://www.vivendi.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/20210303_VIV_CP_Resultats-annuels-2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivendi&rft.atitle=Financial+Report+and+Audited+Consolidated+Financial+Statements+for+the+year+ended+December+31%2C+2022&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Fvivendi-strong-growth-of-the-groups-operating-activities-and-ebita-in-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latribune.fr/technos-medias/20140624trib000836742/la-strategie-de-bollore-creer-des-synergies-au-sein-du-nouveau-vivendi.html">"La stratégie de Bolloré : créer des synergies au sein du nouveau Vivendi"</a>. <i>La Tribune</i>. 24 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802171228/https://www.latribune.fr/technos-medias/20140624trib000836742/la-strategie-de-bollore-creer-des-synergies-au-sein-du-nouveau-vivendi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Tribune&rft.atitle=La+strat%C3%A9gie+de+Bollor%C3%A9+%3A+cr%C3%A9er+des+synergies+au+sein+du+nouveau+Vivendi&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latribune.fr%2Ftechnos-medias%2F20140624trib000836742%2Fla-strategie-de-bollore-creer-des-synergies-au-sein-du-nouveau-vivendi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKostov2016" class="citation news cs1">Kostov, Nick (7 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi-succeeds-in-gameloft-takeover-1465303696">"Vivendi Buys Founders Out of Mobile-Gaming Company"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128152111/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi-succeeds-in-gameloft-takeover-1465303696">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Buys+Founders+Out+of+Mobile-Gaming+Company&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.aulast=Kostov&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fvivendi-succeeds-in-gameloft-takeover-1465303696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameloft.com/corporate/press-room/press-details/?id=4213">"Gameloft - Corporate"</a>. <i>www.gameloft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121859/http://www.gameloft.com/corporate/press-room/press-details/?id=4213">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gameloft.com&rft.atitle=Gameloft+-+Corporate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameloft.com%2Fcorporate%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-details%2F%3Fid%3D4213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVivendi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSF_ProgressMedia_disinformation-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSF_ProgressMedia_disinformation_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSF_ProgressMedia_disinformation_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/fr/derri%C3%A8re-la-campagne-de-d%C3%A9sinformation-contre-rsf-progressif-media-une-bo%C3%AEte-d-influence-sulfureuse"><i>Derrière la campagne de désinformation contre RSF, Progressif Media, une boîte d’influence sulfureuse hébergée par Vivendi, le groupe contrôlé par Bolloré</i></a> [<i>Progressif Media, an agency with a toxic reputation, hosted by Vivendi, the corporate group controlled by Bolloré, is behind the disinformation campaign against RWB</i>] (in French), 4 July 2024, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127163686" class="extiw" title="d:Q127163686">Q127163686</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/2024.07.05-143654/https://rsf.org/fr/derri%C3%A8re-la-campagne-de-d%C3%A9sinformation-contre-rsf-progressif-media-une-bo%C3%AEte-d-influence-sulfureuse">archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2024</cite><span 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vivendi367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vivendi" title="Template:Vivendi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vivendi" title="Template talk:Vivendi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vivendi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vivendi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vivendi367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vivendi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Vivendi" title="List of assets owned by Vivendi">List of owned assets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Vincent Bolloré">Vincent Bolloré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_de_Puyfontaine" title="Arnaud de Puyfontaine">Arnaud de Puyfontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rodocanachi" title="Pierre Rodocanachi">Pierre Rodocanachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main asset</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equity investments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MediaForEurope" title="MediaForEurope">MFE</a> (4.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISA" title="PRISA">PRISA</a> (9.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a> (1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIM_Group" title="TIM Group">TIM Group</a> (23.94%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banijay_Entertainment" title="Banijay Entertainment">Banijay Entertainment</a> (19.21%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (9.94%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct/former<br />assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budcat_Creations" title="Budcat Creations">Budcat Creations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Ward" title="Infinity Ward">Infinity Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxoflux" title="Luxoflux">Luxoflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_Entertainment" title="Massive Entertainment">Massive Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neversoft" title="Neversoft">Neversoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Entertainment" title="Radical Entertainment">Radical Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedOctane" title="RedOctane">RedOctane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_Games" title="Shaba Games">Shaba Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment" title="Sierra Entertainment">Sierra Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treyarch" title="Treyarch">Treyarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Magic" title="Animation Magic">Animation Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banijay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banijay">Banijay Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Family" title="Canal+ Family">Canal+ Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Gol_(Poland)" title="Canal+ Gol (Poland)">Canal+ Gol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editis" title="Editis">Editis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiam_Vivendi_Entertainment" title="Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment">Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(magazine)" title="Gala (magazine)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom" title="Global Village Telecom">GVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JumpStart_Games" title="JumpStart Games">Knowledge Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hachette_Group" title="Louis Hachette Group">Louis Hachette Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Publishing" title="Lagardère Publishing">Lagardère Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_News" title="Lagardère News">Lagardère News</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prisma Media</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_Pictures" title="Rogue Pictures">Rogue Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Sport+ (French TV channel)">Sport+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Veolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Games" title="Vivendi Games">Vivendi Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Interactive" title="Fox Interactive">Fox Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Interactive" title="Universal Interactive">Universal Interactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCS_(TV_network)" title="OCS (TV network)">OCS</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Premier" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Premier">Ciné+ Premier</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Famiz" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Famiz">Ciné+ Famiz</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Club" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Club">Ciné+ Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_S.A." title="Canal+ S.A.">Groupe Canal+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> France</li> <li>Canal+ Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">M7 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a></li> <li>Vivendi Ticketing <ul><li>Digitick</li> <li>Vivendi Village <ul><li><a href="/wiki/See_Tickets" title="See Tickets">See Tickets</a> <ul><li>See Tickets USA <ul><li>Flavorus</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>MyBestPro</li> <li>Watchever</li></ul></li> <li>L’Olympia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vivendi" title="Category:Vivendi"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vivendi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vivendi"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_CAC_40_companies_of_France158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CAC_40_companies" title="Template:CAC 40 companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CAC_40_companies" title="Template talk:CAC 40 companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CAC_40_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CAC 40 companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France_CAC_40_companies_of_France158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CAC_40" title="CAC 40">CAC 40</a> companies of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Last updated: 30 September 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Liquide" title="Air Liquide">Air Liquide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axa" title="Axa">Axa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouygues" title="Bouygues">Bouygues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danone" title="Danone">Danone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Syst%C3%A8mes" title="Dassault Systèmes">Dassault Systèmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenred" title="Edenred">Edenred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie" title="Engie">Engie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EssilorLuxottica" title="EssilorLuxottica">EssilorLuxottica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurofins_Scientific" title="Eurofins Scientific">Eurofins Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s" title="Hermès">Hermès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kering" title="Kering">Kering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legrand_(company)" title="Legrand (company)">Legrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Orange S.A.">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernod_Ricard" title="Pernod Ricard">Pernod Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicis" title="Publicis">Publicis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safran" title="Safran">Safran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gobain" title="Saint-Gobain">Saint-Gobain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">STMicroelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleperformance" title="Teleperformance">Teleperformance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield" title="Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield">Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Veolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinci_SA" title="Vinci SA">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldline_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldline (company)">Worldline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127887#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata936" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127887#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata936" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127887#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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