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Jewish physician, author and translator in Provence. The number of works written by Moses ibn Tibbon suggest that he reached a great age. </p><p>He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a>, a Jewish scholar and doctor who translated Maimonides into Hebrew. </p><p>Moses married and was the father of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tibbon" title="Ibn Tibbon">Judah ibn Tibbon</a>, who was prominent in the Maimonidean controversy which took place at <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, southern France. With other Jewish physicians of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, Moses was restricted by the order of the Council of Béziers (May 1246), which prohibited Jewish physicians from treating Gentiles. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Works_(original)"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Works (original)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Translations"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Translations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Translations_from_Maimonides"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Translations from Maimonides</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Works_(original)"><span id="Works_.28original.29"></span>Works (original)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_ibn_Tibbon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Works (original)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>He wrote the following works: </p> <ul><li>Commentary on <a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shir HaShirim">Shir HaShirim</a> (Lyck, 1874). Written under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, it is of a philosophical and allegorical character, and is similar to that by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Abba_Mari_ben_Simson_ben_Anatoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Mari ben Simson ben Anatoli">Abba Mari ben Simson ben Anatoli</a>, whom he quotes repeatedly.</li> <li>Commentary to the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judah_Mosconi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah Mosconi">Judah Mosconi</a> (c. 1370), in his supercommentary on the writings of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>, expresses some doubt as to the authenticity of this commentary because of its often very unsatisfactory explanations. According to <a href="/wiki/Steinschneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinschneider">Steinschneider</a>, it was a supercommentary on Abraham ibn Ezra.</li> <li><i>Sefer Pe'ah</i>, an allegorical explanation of haggadic passages in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> (Neubauer, "Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS." No. 939, 9).</li> <li>Commentary on the weights and measures of the Bible and the Talmud (Vatican MSS., No. 298, 4; see <a href="/wiki/Assemani" title="Assemani">Assemani</a>, "Catal." p. 283; Steinschneider, "Joseph ibn Aḳnin", in Ersch and Gruber, "Encyc." section ii., part 31, p. 50; "Ginze Nistarot", iii. 185 et seq.).</li> <li><i>Sefer ha-Tanninim</i>, mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Lattes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac de Lattes">Isaac de Lattes</a> (l.c.), but without indication of its contents.</li> <li>Letter on questions raised by his father, Samuel ibn Tibbon, in regard to Maimonides' <i><a href="/wiki/Moreh_Nebukim" class="mw-redirect" title="Moreh Nebukim">Moreh Nebukim</a></i> (<i>Guide for the Perplexed</i>) (Neubauer, "Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS." No. 2218, 2).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_ibn_Tibbon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Moses ibn Tibbon's translations are considered more important than and outnumber his original works. They include versions of works written in Arabic by Arabs and Jews on philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. In the following list, the name of the author of the original work precedes the title by which the translation is known. </p><p>Moses' most important translations are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>: Commentaries, etc., on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physica Auscultatio</a></i> (about 1250; Steinschneider, "Hebr. Uebers." p. 109); <i>Kelale ha-Shamayim weha-'Olam</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">De Cœlo et Mundo</a></i>; l.c. p. 126); <i>Sefer ha-Hawayah weha-Hefsed</i> (1250: <i><a href="/wiki/De_Generatione_et_Corruptione" class="mw-redirect" title="De Generatione et Corruptione">De Generatione et Corruptione</a></i>; l.c. p. 130); <i>Sefer Otot 'Elyonot</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteora</a></i>; l.c. p. 135); <i>Kelale Sefer ha-Nefesh</i> (1244: <i><a href="/wiki/De_Anima" class="mw-redirect" title="De Anima">De Anima</a></i>; l.c. p. 147); <i>Bi'ur Sefer ha-Nefesh</i> (1261: <i>The Middle Commentary</i>; l.c. p. 148); <i>Ha-Hush we-ha-Muḥash</i> (1254: <i><a href="/wiki/Parva_Naturalia" title="Parva Naturalia">Parva Naturalia</a></i>; l.c. p. 154); <i>Mah she-Aḥar ha-Ṭeba' </i>, (1258: <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysica" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysica">Metaphysica</a></i>; l.c. p. 159); <i>Bi'ur Arguza</i> (commentary on Avicenna's "Arjuzah"; Renan, "Averroes," p. 189; Steinschneider, l.c. p. 699).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>: <i>Ha-Seder ha-Ḳaṭon</i> (1272: "The Small Canon"; l.c. p. 693, comp. p. 285).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batalyusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalyusi">Batalyusi</a>: <i>Ha-'Agullot ha-Ra'yoniyyot</i> (<i>Al-Ḥada'iḳ</i>, on the "similarity of the world to an imaginary sphere"; l.c. p. 287), edited by D. Kaufmann ('Die Spuren al-Bataljusi's in der Jüdischen Religionsphilosophie," Leipsic, 1880).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hassar">Al-Hassar</a>: <i>Sefer ha-Ḥeshbon</i> (1271: Treatise on Arithmetic; Steinschneider, l.c. p. 558; "Isr. Letterbode," iii. 8).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>: <i>Shorashim</i>, or <i>Yesodot</i> (1270: <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i>; Steinschneider, l.c. p. 506, comp. p. 510).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfarabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfarabi">Alfarabi</a>: <i>Hatḥalot ha-Nimẓa'ot ha-Tib'iyyim</i> (1248: <i>Book of the Principles</i>; l.c. p. 291. comp. p. 47), edited by H. Fillpowski, in a Hebrew almanac of 5610 (Leipsic, 1849).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a>: <i>Ḥokmat ha-Kokabim</i>, or <i>Ḥokmat Tekunah</i> (1246, Naples: Introduction to the <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>; l.c. p. 539).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Jazzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Jazzar">Ibn Al-Jazzar</a>: <i>Ẓedat ha-Derakim</i> (1259. <i>Viaticum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunain</a>: <i>Mabo el Meleket ha-Refu'ah</i> (<i>Introduction to Medical Science</i>; l.c. p. 711).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Razi</a>: <i>Ha-Ḥilluḳ weha-Ḥilluf</i> (<i>Book of the Classifications [of Diseases]</i>; l.c. p. 730); <i>Al Iḳrabadhin</i> (<i>Antidotarium</i>; l.c. p. 730).</li></ul> <p>For his other translations see Steinschneider, l.c. pp. 177, 231, 362, 363, 416, 542, 544, 553; idem, "Cat. Bodl." cols. 1998 et seq. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Translations_from_Maimonides">Translations from Maimonides</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_ibn_Tibbon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Translations from Maimonides" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>True to the traditions of his family, Moses ibn Tibbon translated Arabic writings by Maimonides which his father had not addressed: </p> <ul><li>"Miktab" or "Ma'amar be-Hanhagat ha-Beri'ut," a treatise on hygiene in the form of a letter to the sultan, printed in <i>Kerem Ḥemed</i> (iii. 9 et seq.), in Jacob ben Moses Zebi's "Dibre Mosheh" (Warsaw, 1886), and by Jacob Saphir ha-Levi (Jerusalem, 1885, from his own manuscript, under the title "Sefer Hanhagat ha-Beri'ut"). This translation (1244) was one of his first, if not the first (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Uebers." pp. 770 et seq.).</li> <li>Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. A fragment of his translation of Pe'ah, which was published by <a href="/wiki/A._Geiger" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Geiger">A. Geiger</a> 1847, suggests that he may have translated the whole Seder Mo'ed (l.c. p. 925).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer ha-Mitzvot">Sefer ha-Mitzvot</a></i> another of his earliest translations (Constantinople, c. 1516-18, also printed in various editions of Maimonides' "Yad," but without Moses ibn Tibbon's preface). In his preface he justifies continuing his own translation, though having known of that of Abraham Ḥasdai, on the grounds that the latter had obviously used the first edition of the Arabic original, while he used a later revision (l.c. p. 927).</li> <li><i>Millot ha-Higgayon</i>, a treatise on logic (Venice, 1552, with two anonymous commentaries). No complete manuscript of the Arabic original is known. The terminology used by Moses ibn Tibbon has been adopted throughout Hebrew philosophical literature (l.c. p. 434). This is among collected works of Maimonides held by the National Library of Israel, and images of the manuscript are online.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ha-Ma'amar ha-Nikbad</i>, a treatise on poisons, also called <i>Ha-Ma'amar be-Teri'aḳ</i> (extant in several manuscripts; see Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." col. 1919, iv.; idem, "Hebr. Uebers." p. 764).</li> <li>Commentary on <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>' "Aphorisms" (1257 or 1267: l.c. p. 769, comp. p. 659).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_ibn_Tibbon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tibbon" title="Ibn Tibbon">Ibn Tibbon</a>, a family list.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Hachmei Provence</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_ibn_Tibbon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3966/">"Collection of Various Works by Maimonides"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Collection+of+Various+Works+by+Maimonides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoses+ibn+Tibbon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Moritz Steinschneider</a>, Jewish Literature, pp. 96, 104, 125, 167, 184, 197;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Adolf_Neubauer" title="Adolf Neubauer">Adolf Neubauer</a>, Les Rabbins Français, xxvii. 593 et seq., 750 et seq.;</li> <li>idem, Les Ecrivains Juifs Français, pp. 356, 432, 686, 759;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gr%C3%A4tz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Grätz">Heinrich Grätz</a>, Gesch. vii. 103;</li> <li>Winter and Wünsche, Die Jüdische Litteratur, iii. 661;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gross">Henri Gross</a>, <i>Gallia Judaica</i>, pp. 59, 327, 356, 373, 534.</li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Schloessinger,_Isaac_Broydé_and_Richard_Gottheil1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Max Schloessinger, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Isaac Broydé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gottheil" title="Richard Gottheil">Richard Gottheil</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=52&letter=I">"Ibn Tibbon"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Tibbon&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Max+Schloessinger%2C+Isaac+Broyd%C3%A9+and+Richard+Gottheil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D52%26letter%3DI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoses+ibn+Tibbon" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_ibn_Tibbon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernet2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vernet, J. (2008) [1970-80]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904320.html">"Ibn Tibbon, Moses Ben Samuel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Tibbon%2C+Moses+Ben+Samuel&rft.btitle=Complete+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Vernet&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2830904320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoses+ibn+Tibbon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Bohemian Baltimore" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1681442920"> <span>Last edited on 14 April 2023, at 03:28</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_ibn_Tibbon" title="Moses ibn Tibbon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moses ibn Tibbon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_ibn_Tibbon" title="Moisés ibn Tibbon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moisés ibn Tibbon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_ibn_Tibbon" title="Moshe ibn Tibbon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moshe ibn Tibbon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_ben_Tibbon" title="Musa ben Tibbon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musa ben Tibbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_ibn_Tibbon" title="Moses ibn Tibbon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moses ibn Tibbon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="משה אבן תיבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משה אבן תיבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3zes_ibn_Tibbon" title="Mózes ibn Tibbon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mózes ibn Tibbon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="موسيس ايبن تيبون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موسيس ايبن تيبون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD-%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Моисей ибн-Тиббон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моисей ибн-Тиббон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 April 2023, at 03:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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