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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sword</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Migration Period Sword </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89p%C3%A9e_193.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%C3%89p%C3%A9e_193.JPG/200px-%C3%89p%C3%A9e_193.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%C3%89p%C3%A9e_193.JPG/300px-%C3%89p%C3%A9e_193.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%C3%89p%C3%A9e_193.JPG/400px-%C3%89p%C3%A9e_193.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="3680" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Germanic type ring sword – <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 6th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">Sword</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">4th century – 7th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data">Krefeld type, Alamannic type, Frankish type</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 70–80 cm (28–31 in) blade</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">Blade</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data">straight, smooth or with shallow fuller, double edged</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Hilt" title="Hilt">Hilt</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data">short guard, large pommel, ring hilted variants</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword,_7th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg/220px-The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg/330px-The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg/440px-The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Hilt of a <a href="/wiki/Vendel_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel period">Vendel period</a> sword found at <a href="/wiki/Valsg%C3%A4rde" title="Valsgärde">Valsgärde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Migration Period sword</b> was a type of <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> popular during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian period">Merovingian period</a> of <a href="/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">European history</a> (c. 4th to 7th centuries AD), particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. It later gave rise to the Carolingian or <a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Viking sword</a> type of the 8th to 11th centuries AD. </p><p>The blade was normally smooth or showed a very shallow <a href="/wiki/Fuller_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuller (weapon)">fuller</a>, and often had multiple bands of pattern-welding within the central portion. The handles were often of perishable material and there are few surviving examples. Blade length measured between 28–32 in (710–810 mm) in length and 1.7–2.4 in (43–61 mm) in width. The tang has a length of 4–5 in (100–130 mm) long. The blades show very little taper, usually ending in a rounded tip. </p><p>Surviving examples of these Merovingian-period swords have notably been found in the context of the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vendel_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel period">Vendel period</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_terminology">Names and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no single term that can be reconstructed as having referred specifically to the spatha in <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a>. There are a number of terms and epithets which refer to the sword, especially in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic poetry">Germanic poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>*swerdan</i> "cutting weapon" (whence <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sword" class="extiw" title="wikt:sword">sword</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> has the compound <i>wægsweord</i> (1489a) referring to a <a href="/wiki/Pattern-welded" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattern-welded">pattern-welded</a> blade (the <i>wæg-</i> "wave" describing the wave-like patterns). A <i>mære maðþumsweord</i> "renowned treasure-sword" (1023a) is given to Beowulf as a reward for his heroism. The same sword is called a <i>guðsweord</i> "battle-sword" later on (2154a)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryon194874_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryon194874-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>heoru</i> (<i>heoro</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eor" class="mw-redirect" title="Eor">eor</a></i>), tentatively associated with the name of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a> (identified with <a href="/wiki/Teiwaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Teiwaz">Teiwaz</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><i>maki</i> (<i>meki</i>, <i>mækir</i>, <i>mece</i>; also <i>hildemece</i> "battle-sword"), found in Gothic as well as in Old English and Old Norse, perhaps related to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Makhaira" title="Makhaira">μάχαιρα</a>; in any case, Gothic <i>meki</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> 6:17 translates this Greek word. The compound <i>hæftmece</i> in Beowulf, literally "hilt-sword", presumably describes a sword with an exceptionally long hilt. Slavic <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Slavic/m%D1%8C%C4%8D%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Proto-Slavic/mьčь">mьčь</a></i> is usually regarded as a loan from the Germanic word.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Terms for "blade", "point" or "edge" which <i>pars pro toto</i> (“part for total”) could also refer to the sword as a whole include </p> <ul><li><i>*biljo</i> "splitter, cleaver" (West Germanic only); a <i>bill</i> could be any bladed tool, especially farm implements such as scythes or sickles; the compound <i>guðbill</i>, <i>wigbill</i>, <i>hildebill</i> "battle-blade" refers to the sword, but also the simplex <i>bill</i> is used. <a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a> (v. 4882) has <i>billes biti</i> "sword-bite". The <a href="/wiki/Hildebrandslied" title="Hildebrandslied">Hildebrandslied</a> has a parallelism establishing <i>bill</i> and <i>suert</i> as synonyms (v. 53f. <i>suertu hauwan, bretun mit sinu billiu</i> "[he shall] hew [at me] with [his] sword, lay [me] low with [his] blade").</li> <li><i>*þramja</i> "edge, blade", perhaps Tacitus' <i>framea</i> "spear, lance", but Old Norse <i>þremjar</i> means "edges, sword blades"</li> <li><i>*agjo</i> "edge".</li> <li><i>ord</i> "point"</li> <li><i>*gaizo-</i> meaning "cutter", the normal term for "<a href="/wiki/Migration_period_spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period spear">spear</a>", but in the early period may also have referred to the sword (see <a href="/wiki/Bergakker_inscription" title="Bergakker inscription">Bergakker inscription</a>)</li></ul> <p>From the testimony of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a>, swords could also be given <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_swords" class="mw-redirect" title="List of legendary swords">individual names</a>. Examples include the magic sword of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gni" class="mw-redirect" title="Högni">Högni</a>, named <i>Dáinnleif</i> after the dwarf Dáinn (<i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>), <i>Skofnung</i> and <i>Hviting</i>, two sword-names from the <i><a href="/wiki/Korm%C3%A1ks_saga" title="Kormáks saga">Kormáks saga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A6gling" title="Nægling">Nægling</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hrunting" title="Hrunting">Hrunting</a></i> from <i>Beowulf</i>, and <i>Mimung</i> forged by <a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_development">Early development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_spatha">Roman spatha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman spatha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spatha#Roman_Empire" title="Spatha">Spatha § Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg/220px-Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg/330px-Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg/440px-Consular_diptych_Probus_406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a late Roman <a href="/wiki/Spatha" title="Spatha">spatha</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptych</a> (dated to 406 AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>spatha</i> was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">imperial period</a> by Germanic <a href="/wiki/Roman_auxiliaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman auxiliaries">auxiliaries</a>. The earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Gladius" title="Gladius">gladius</a></i> sword was gradually replaced by the <i>spatha</i> from the late 2nd to the 3rd century. From the early 3rd century, legionaries and cavalrymen began to wear their swords on the left side, perhaps because the <i><a href="/wiki/Scutum_(shield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutum (shield)">scutum</a></i> had been abandoned and the <i>spatha</i> had replaced the <i>gladius</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early find of Roman spathae in a native Germanic context (as opposed to Roman military camps in Germania) is the deposit of sixty-seven Roman swords in the <a href="/wiki/Vimose" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimose">Vimose</a> bog (3rd century). </p><p>The <i>spatha</i> remained in use in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">army</a>. In the Byzantine court, <i><a href="/wiki/Spatharios" title="Spatharios">spatharios</a></i> (σπαθάριος), or "bearer of the <i>spatha</i>", was a mid-level <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_aristocracy_and_bureaucracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy">court title</a>. Other variants deriving from it were <i><a href="/wiki/Protospatharios" title="Protospatharios">protospatharios</a></i>, <i>spatharokandidatos</i> and <i>spatharokoubikoularios</i>, the latter reserved for <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">eunuchs</a>. One of the more famous <i>spatharokandidatoi</i> was <a href="/wiki/Harald_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald III of Norway">Harald Hardrada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krefeld_type">Krefeld type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Krefeld type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early type of recognizably Germanic sword is the so-called "Krefeld-type" (also Krefeld-Gellep), named for a find in late Roman era military burials at Gelduba castle, <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a> (Gellep grave 43). </p><p>The military burials at Gelduba begin in the late 1st century with the establishment of a Roman camp in <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, and they continue without interruption throughout the period of withdrawal of Roman troops and the establishment of early <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> presence in the mid-5th century. </p><p>The Krefeld type spathae appear in graves from approximately the 430s through the 460s. In these graves, the exalted prestige of the sword is not yet fully developed, and some of them are surprisingly poor. They rather seem to still continue the tradition of military graves of the Roman period, of warriors buried with their personal weapon, the presence of a sword perhaps indicating service in the late Roman army. </p><p>Six Krefeld type swords are known from Francia, four from Alamannia, and another two from England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merovingian_period">Merovingian period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Merovingian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A native industry producing "Germanic swords" then emerges from the 5th century, contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Western Roman Empire">collapse of the Western Roman Empire</a>. The Germanic spatha did not replace the native <a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">seax</a>, sometimes referred to as <i>gladius</i> or <i>ensis</i> "sword", but technically a single-edged weapon or <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>. It rather establishes itself, by the 6th century, at the top of the scale of prestige associated with weapons. While every Germanic warrior grave of the pagan period was furnished with weapons as <a href="/wiki/Grave_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave good">grave goods</a>, the vast majority of the 6th- to 7th-century graves have a seax and/or a <a href="/wiki/Migration_period_spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period spear">spear</a>, and only the richest have swords. </p><p>Swords could often become important heirlooms. <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_%C3%86theling" title="Æthelstan Ætheling">Æthelstan Ætheling</a>, son of king <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred</a>, in a will of c. 1015 bequeathed to his brother <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Eadmund</a> the sword of king <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a> (died 796), which at that time must have been over 200 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_hilt_spatha">Gold hilt spatha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gold hilt spatha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldgriffspatha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Goldgriffspatha.jpg/220px-Goldgriffspatha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Goldgriffspatha.jpg/330px-Goldgriffspatha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Goldgriffspatha.jpg/440px-Goldgriffspatha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>5th-century <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamannic</a> gold hilt spatha found at <a href="/wiki/Villingendorf" title="Villingendorf">Villingendorf</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The gold hilt spatha was a very rare and prestigious type of sword in the later 5th century. Specimens are known mostly from <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pleidelsheim" title="Pleidelsheim">Pleidelsheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villingendorf" title="Villingendorf">Villingendorf</a>), but also as far afield as <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blu%C4%8Dina_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Blučina sword">Blučina</a>). </p><p>An "Alamannic type" is distinguished from a "Franconian type" based on scabbard mounts and hilt design by Quast (1993). A total of 20 examples are known, ten of each type.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the "Franconian" examples is the sword of <a href="/wiki/Childeric_I" title="Childeric I">Childeric I</a> (died 481), recovered from his tomb at <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>. Some authors have suggested that Childeric's sword was a "ceremonial sword" not intended for combat, perhaps produced for the occasion of his burial. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ring-sword">Ring-sword</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ring-sword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ring-sword" redirects here. For the Korean "ring-pommel sword", see <a href="/wiki/Hwandudaedo" title="Hwandudaedo">Hwandudaedo</a>.</div> <p>The ring-sword (also ring-spatha, ring-hilt spatha) is a particular variant of the Germanic migration period swords. Ring-swords are characterized by a small ring fixed to the hilt (not to be confused are Late Medieval to Renaissance Irish swords with ring-shaped pommels, also known as "ring-swords"). </p><p>Ring-swords came into fashion in the last phase of the Migration period (or the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, in the 6th and 7th centuries. They were found in <a href="/wiki/Vendel_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel era">Vendel era</a> Scandinavia, Finland and in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> as well as on the Continent (<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Langobardia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These swords were prestigious, prized possessions, probably reserved for kings and high nobility. The ring is interpreted as a symbolic "oath ring".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design appears to have originated in the late 5th century, possibly with the early <a href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingians</a>, and quickly spread to England (from the earliest phase of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon presence</a>) and Scandinavia. The <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> poem uses the term <i>hring-mæl</i>, literally "ring-sword" or "ring-ornament",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholars who interpret this as referring to this type of sword can point to it as one indication that the Beowulf poet was still drawing from an unbroken tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">pagan period</a>, as ring-swords disappeared from the archaeological record with Christianization, by the late 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Some 80 examples of ring-hilted swords have been found in Europe, 14 of those in Finland. First phase swords with a loose ring have only been found in Kent, England, whereas second phase is prevalent on the continent, especially in France but also in Sweden, Finland (six examples) and Italy.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples include: </p> <ul><li>Continent <ul><li>the Beckum ring-sword, dated c. AD 475–525, found at <a href="/wiki/Beckum,_Germany" title="Beckum, Germany">Beckum, Germany</a></li> <li>Wünnenberg-Fürstenberg, grave 61, 6th century</li> <li>the Schretzheim sword, found in tomb 78 in the Schretzheim <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic cemetery">Alemannic cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dillingen_(district)" title="Dillingen (district)">Dillingen</a>, Bavaria, dated to between 580 and 620 AD. The sword is a rare example of a blade inscribed with an <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder Futhark inscription">Elder Futhark inscription</a>, four runes arranged so that the staves form a cross shape.</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li>the Kent (or Dover) ring-sword<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> ring-sword</li> <li>the Chessel Down II (Isle of Wight) ring-sword), early 6th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Hoard" title="Staffordshire Hoard">Staffordshire Hoard</a> k543, a silver sword ring fitting of fixed type, among the treasure found near Hammerwich, Staffordshire. Thought to be associated with one of the older pommel-caps in the hoard, the piece has been dated to the early 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pommel-cap k711 also displays characteristic damage caused by the installation and later removal of a ring fitting in antiquity, like the pommel-cap from the Snösbäck ritual deposit in Västergötland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Scandinavia <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Snartemo_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Snartemo sword">Snartemo sword</a>, found 1933 in tomb 5 at Snartemo, <a href="/wiki/Vest-Agder" title="Vest-Agder">Vest-Agder</a>, Norway, dated to c. 500 AD.</li> <li>Vendel ring-sword, found at Vendel, <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, Sweden, 6th century.</li> <li>the Vallstenarum sword, found in <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, provides an important indication of the spread of the fashion. The sword was made in the early 6th century, and a ring was added only later, around 600 AD, damaging part of the existing hilt decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spada_longobarda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Replica of a Lombard ring-sword, Civico Museo Archeologico di Bergamo"><img alt="Replica of a Lombard ring-sword, Civico Museo Archeologico di Bergamo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Spada_longobarda.jpg/33px-Spada_longobarda.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Spada_longobarda.jpg/50px-Spada_longobarda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Spada_longobarda.jpg/66px-Spada_longobarda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Replica of a Lombard ring-sword, Civico Museo Archeologico di Bergamo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_longobarda,_pomello_di_spada,_VI-VII_sec,_forse_da_italia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lombard art, sword pommel, 6th–7th century"><img alt="Lombard art, sword pommel, 6th–7th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arte_longobarda%2C_pomello_di_spada%2C_VI-VII_sec%2C_forse_da_italia.JPG/200px-Arte_longobarda%2C_pomello_di_spada%2C_VI-VII_sec%2C_forse_da_italia.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arte_longobarda%2C_pomello_di_spada%2C_VI-VII_sec%2C_forse_da_italia.JPG/300px-Arte_longobarda%2C_pomello_di_spada%2C_VI-VII_sec%2C_forse_da_italia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arte_longobarda%2C_pomello_di_spada%2C_VI-VII_sec%2C_forse_da_italia.JPG/400px-Arte_longobarda%2C_pomello_di_spada%2C_VI-VII_sec%2C_forse_da_italia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lombard art, sword pommel, 6th–7th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenstein_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 7th-century Gutenstein scabbard, found near Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany shows a warrior in wolf costume holding a ring-sword"><img alt="The 7th-century Gutenstein scabbard, found near Sigmaringen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany shows a warrior in wolf costume holding a ring-sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gutenstein_warrior.jpg/157px-Gutenstein_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gutenstein_warrior.jpg/235px-Gutenstein_warrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gutenstein_warrior.jpg/314px-Gutenstein_warrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 7th-century Gutenstein scabbard, found near <a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen" title="Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, Germany shows a warrior in wolf costume holding a ring-sword</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringknaufschwert_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anglo Saxon ring sword (6th century)"><img alt="Anglo Saxon ring sword (6th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ringknaufschwert_1.JPG/200px-Ringknaufschwert_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ringknaufschwert_1.JPG/300px-Ringknaufschwert_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ringknaufschwert_1.JPG/400px-Ringknaufschwert_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anglo Saxon ring sword (6th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringsv%C3%A4rd_Eura_merovingertid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finnish ring sword (7th century) from Pappilanmäki, Eura"><img alt="Finnish ring sword (7th century) from Pappilanmäki, Eura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ringsv%C3%A4rd_Eura_merovingertid.jpg/81px-Ringsv%C3%A4rd_Eura_merovingertid.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ringsv%C3%A4rd_Eura_merovingertid.jpg/121px-Ringsv%C3%A4rd_Eura_merovingertid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ringsv%C3%A4rd_Eura_merovingertid.jpg/162px-Ringsv%C3%A4rd_Eura_merovingertid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Finnish ring sword (7th century) from Pappilanmäki, <a href="/wiki/Eura" title="Eura">Eura</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_to_the_Carolingian_sword">Transition to the Carolingian sword</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transition to the Carolingian sword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian sword">Carolingian sword</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankish_sword_8th_century.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Frankish_sword_8th_century.JPG/220px-Frankish_sword_8th_century.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Frankish_sword_8th_century.JPG/330px-Frankish_sword_8th_century.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Frankish_sword_8th_century.JPG/440px-Frankish_sword_8th_century.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Frankish sword (8th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 8th century, Frankish sword smiths increasingly gained access to high quality steel imported from Central Asia, where a <a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">crucible steel</a> industry began to establish itself.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest types of "Viking swords" according to the typology of Petersen (1919) are dated to the second half of the 8th century, while the "Viking sword" proper (and notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></i> type) emerges by the turn of the 9th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">Iron Age sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period_spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period spear">Migration period spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A monographic treatment of the question can be found in <a href="/wiki/May_Lansfield_Keller" title="May Lansfield Keller">May Lansfield Keller</a>, <i>The Anglo-Saxon weapon names treated archæologically and etymologically</i> (1906). See also C. Brady, '"Weapons" in "Beowulf"' in: Martin Biddle, Peter Clemoes, Julian Brown (eds.) <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2007, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03865-2">978-0-521-03865-2</a>; Viktor Lewizkij, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles//A/C/3/%7BAC3E7818-BA29-47DC-9A41-FBA528F46818%7Dviktor%20lewizkij.pdf">"Germanische Bezeichnungen für <i>Schwert</i> und semantische Typologie"</a>, <i>RASK – International journal of language and communication</i> 34 (2011), 3–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryon194874-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryon194874_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaryon1948">Maryon 1948</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">a survey of alternative views is given by Lewizkij (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins, <i>Handbook to life in ancient Rome</i>, Oxford University Press, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512332-6">978-0-19-512332-6</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kekaumenos, <i>Strategikon</i>, "Oration of Admonition to an Emperor", para. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Whitelock, <i>Anglo-Saxon Wills</i>, Cambridge (1930), 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Siegmund in Ian N. Wood (ed.), <i>Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: an ethnographic perspective</i>, Boydell & Brewer, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-723-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-723-8">978-0-85115-723-8</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady (2007:94); L. Nees, <i>Early medieval art</i>, Oxford (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15NCjWEcG_YC&dq=Childeric+ceremonial+sword&pg=PA83">83</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteuer1987" class="citation book cs1">Steuer, Heiko (1987). <i>Helm und Ringschwert. Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger. Eine Übersicht</i>. Studien zur Sachsenforschung. Vol. 6. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helm+und+Ringschwert.+Prunkbewaffnung+und+Rangabzeichen+germanischer+Krieger.+Eine+%C3%9Cbersicht&rft.series=Studien+zur+Sachsenforschung&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Steuer&rft.aufirst=Heiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period+sword" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.R. Ellis-Davidson. "The Ring on the Sword." <i>Journal of the Arms and Armour Society</i> 2 (1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>mǽl</i> has a range of meanings, "mark, sign, ornament; cross, crucifix; armor, harness, sword; measure; time, point of time, occasion, season"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Wilson Chambers, <i>Beowulf: an introduction to the study of the poem with a discussion of the stories of Offa and Finn</i>, 2nd edition (1932), pp. 349–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.I. Evison, "The Dover Ring-sword and other Sword-rings and Beads." in <i>Archaeologia CI</i>, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Fischer, "The Typochronology of Sword Pommels from the Staffordshire Hoard" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://finds.org.uk/staffshoardsymposium/papers/svantefischerandjeansoulat">http://finds.org.uk/staffshoardsymposium/papers/svantefischerandjeansoulat</a>, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Æ. Thompson, "STH711: Woden's Pommelcap" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thethegns.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/sth-711.html">http://thethegns.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/sth-711.html</a>, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frans Theuws, Janet L. Nelson (eds.), <i>Rituals of power: from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10902-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10902-5">978-90-04-10902-5</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Edge, Alan Williams: Some early medieval swords in the Wallace Collection and elsewhere, Gladius XXIII, 2003, 191-210 (p. 203).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Elis Behmer, <i>Das zweischneidige Schwert der germanischen Völkerwanderungszeit</i>, Stockholm (1939).0</li> <li>H. R. Ellis Davidson, <i>The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: its Archaeology and Literature</i>, Oxford (1962).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryon1948" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Maryon" title="Herbert Maryon">Maryon, Herbert</a> (1948). "A Sword of the Nydam Type from Ely Fields Farm, near Ely". <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society</i>. <b>XLI</b>: 73–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1034398">10.5284/1034398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=A+Sword+of+the+Nydam+Type+from+Ely+Fields+Farm%2C+near+Ely&rft.volume=XLI&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5284%2F1034398&rft.aulast=Maryon&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMigration+Period+sword" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vasilev, Vladimir (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49474011/The_role_of_ring_sword_in_Early_Middle_Europe_Part_of_the_PhD_thesis_in_the_process_of_editing_">The role of the ring-swords from Early Medieval Europe.</a> - STUDIA IURIDICO– HISTORICA, Vol. 7, year VII, Blagoevgrad. /in print/; (in Bulgarian)</li> <li>Vasilev, Vladimir (2024) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/116130767/Ring_sword_in_Early_Medieval_Europe_Nuova_Antologia_Militare_No_17_Storia_militare_nedievale_">Ring-sword in Early Medieval Europe.</a> - Nuova Antologia Militare (NAM), Anno 5, Fascicolo n. 17 (marzo 2024), Storia Militare Medievale, Roma, 2014, pp. 35-56.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period_sword&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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