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id="inner_nav" role="navigation" aria-label="Sections on this page and/or other pages related to this page" class=" inactive suppress_inpage_nav"> <ul class="hoversmooth"> <li class="index "><a href="/about/">About Basketball Reference</a> </li> </ul> </div><div id="content" role="main" class="index reading"> <h1>Glossary</h1> <div class="section_wrapper" id="all_5604682168"> <div class="section_content" id="div_5604682168"> <small> <ul> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg2">2P</a></strong></span> - 2-Point Field Goals </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg2_pct">2P%</a></strong></span> - 2-Point Field Goal Percentage; the formula is <a href="#fg2">2P</a> / <a href="#fg2a">2PA</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg2a">2PA</a></strong></span> - 2-Point Field Goal Attempts </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg3">3P</a></strong></span> - 3-Point Field Goals (available since the 1979-80 season in the NBA) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg3_pct">3P%</a></strong></span> - 3-Point Field Goal Percentage (available since the 1979-80 season in the NBA); the formula is <a href="#fg3">3P</a> / <a href="#fg3a">3PA</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg3a">3PA</a></strong></span> - 3-Point Field Goal Attempts (available since the 1979-80 season in the NBA) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="age">Age</a></strong></span> - Age; player age on February 1 of the given season. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ast">AST</a></strong></span> - Assists </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ast_pct">AST%</a></strong></span> - Assist Percentage (available since the 1964-65 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * <a href="#ast">AST</a> / (((<a href="#mp">MP</a> / (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5)) * <a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#fg">FG</a>) - <a href="#fg">FG</a>). Assist percentage is an estimate of the percentage of teammate field goals a player assisted while he was on the floor. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="award_share">Award Share</a></strong></span> - The formula is (award points) / (maximum number of award points). For example, in the <a href="/awards/awards_2003.html#mvp">2002-03 MVP voting</a> <a href="/players/d/duncati01.html">Tim Duncan</a> had 962 points out of a possible 1190. His MVP award share is 962 / 1190 = 0.81. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="blk">BLK</a></strong></span> - Blocks (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="blk_pct">BLK%</a></strong></span> - Block Percentage (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * (<a href="#blk">BLK</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5)) / (<a href="#mp">MP</a> * (<a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#fga">FGA</a> - <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#fg3a">3PA</a>)). Block percentage is an estimate of the percentage of opponent two-point field goal attempts blocked by the player while he was on the floor. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="bpm">BPM</a></strong></span> - Box Plus/Minus (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA); a box score estimate of the points per 100 possessions that a player contributed above a league-average player, translated to an average team. Please see the article <a href='/about/bpm.html'>About Box Plus/Minus (BPM)</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="dpoy">DPOY</a></strong></span> - Defensive Player of the Year </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="drb">DRB</a></strong></span> - Defensive Rebounds (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="drb_pct">DRB%</a></strong></span> - Defensive Rebound Percentage (available since the 1970-71 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * (<a href="#drb">DRB</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5)) / (<a href="#mp">MP</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#drb">DRB</a> + <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#orb">ORB</a>)). Defensive rebound percentage is an estimate of the percentage of available defensive rebounds a player grabbed while he was on the floor. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="def_rtg">DRtg</a></strong></span> - Defensive Rating (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA); for players and teams it is points allowed per 100 posessions. This rating was developed by Dean Oliver, author of <a href="http://www.basketballonpaper.com">Basketball on Paper</a>. Please see the article <a href="/about/ratings.html">Calculating Individual Offensive and Defensive Ratings</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="dws">DWS</a></strong></span> - Defensive Win Shares; please see the article <a href="/about/ws.html">Calculating Win Shares</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="efg_pct">eFG%</a></strong></span> - Effective Field Goal Percentage; the formula is (<a href="#fg">FG</a> + 0.5 * <a href="#fg3">3P</a>) / <a href="#fga">FGA</a>. This statistic adjusts for the fact that a 3-point field goal is worth one more point than a 2-point field goal. For example, suppose Player A goes 4 for 10 with 2 threes, while Player B goes 5 for 10 with 0 threes. Each player would have 10 points from field goals, and thus would have the same effective field goal percentage (50%). </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg">FG</a></strong></span> - Field Goals (includes both 2-point field goals and 3-point field goals) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fg_pct">FG%</a></strong></span> - Field Goal Percentage; the formula is <a href="#fg">FG</a> / <a href="#fga">FGA</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fga">FGA</a></strong></span> - Field Goal Attempts (includes both 2-point field goal attempts and 3-point field goal attempts) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ft">FT</a></strong></span> - Free Throws </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ft_pct">FT%</a></strong></span> - Free Throw Percentage; the formula is <a href="#ft">FT</a> / <a href="#fta">FTA</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="fta">FTA</a></strong></span> - Free Throw Attempts </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="four_factors">Four Factors</a></strong></span> - Dean Oliver's "Four Factors of Basketball Success"; please see the article <a href="/about/factors.html">Four Factors</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="g">G</a></strong></span> - Games </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="gb">GB</a></strong></span> - Games Behind; the formula is ((first W - <a href="#wins">W</a>) + (<a href="#losses">L</a> - first L)) / 2, where first W and first L stand for wins and losses by the first place team, respectively. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="game_score">GmSc</a></strong></span> - Game Score; the formula is <a href="#pts">PTS</a> + 0.4 * <a href="#fg">FG</a> - 0.7 * <a href="#fga">FGA</a> - 0.4*(<a href="#fta">FTA</a> - <a href="#ft">FT</a>) + 0.7 * <a href="#orb">ORB</a> + 0.3 * <a href="#drb">DRB</a> + <a href="#stl">STL</a> + 0.7 * <a href="#ast">AST</a> + 0.7 * <a href="#blk">BLK</a> - 0.4 * <a href="#pf">PF</a> - <a href="#tov">TOV</a>. Game Score was created by <a href="http://sports.espn.go.com/keyword/search?searchString=John_Hollinger "> John Hollinger</a> to give a rough measure of a player's productivity for a single game. The scale is similar to that of points scored, (40 is an outstanding performance, 10 is an average performance, etc.). </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="gs">GS</a></strong></span> - Games Started (available since the 1982 season) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="losses">L</a></strong></span> - Losses </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="losses_pyth">L Pyth</a></strong></span> - Pythagorean Losses; the formula is <a href="#g">G</a> - <a href="#wins_pyth">W Pyth</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="lg">Lg</a></strong></span> - League </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="mvp">MVP</a></strong></span> - Most Valuable Player </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="mp">MP</a></strong></span> - Minutes Played (available since the 1951-52 season) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="mov">MOV</a></strong></span> - Margin of Victory; the formula is <a href="#pts">PTS</a> - <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#pts">PTS</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="off_rtg">ORtg</a></strong></span> - Offensive Rating (available since the 1977-78 season in the NBA); for players it is points produced per 100 posessions, while for teams it is points scored per 100 possessions. This rating was developed by Dean Oliver, author of <a href="http://www.basketballonpaper.com">Basketball on Paper</a>. Please see the article <a href="/about/ratings.html">Calculating Individual Offensive and Defensive Ratings</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="opp_id">Opp</a></strong></span> - Opponent </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="orb">ORB</a></strong></span> - Offensive Rebounds (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="orb_pct">ORB%</a></strong></span> - Offensive Rebound Percentage (available since the 1970-71 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * (<a href="#orb">ORB</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5)) / (<a href="#mp">MP</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#orb">ORB</a> + <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#drb">DRB</a>)). Offensive rebound percentage is an estimate of the percentage of available offensive rebounds a player grabbed while he was on the floor. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ows">OWS</a></strong></span> - Offensive Win Shares; please see the article <a href="/about/ws.html">Calculating Win Shares</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="pace">Pace</a></strong></span> - Pace Factor (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA); the formula is 48 * ((<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#poss">Poss</a> + <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#poss">Poss</a>) / (2 * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5))). Pace factor is an estimate of the number of possessions per 48 minutes by a team. <span class="italic_text">(Note: 40 minutes is used in the calculation for the WNBA.)</strong></span> </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="per">PER</a></strong></span> - Player Efficiency Rating (available since the 1951-52 season); PER is a rating developed by ESPN.com columnist <a href="http://sports.espn.go.com/keyword/search?searchString=John_Hollinger ">John Hollinger</a>. In John's words, "The PER sums up all a player's positive accomplishments, subtracts the negative accomplishments, and returns a per-minute rating of a player's performance." Please see the article <a href="/about/per.html">Calculating PER</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="per_36_mp">Per 36 Minutes</a></strong></span> - A statistic (e.g., assists) divided by minutes played, multiplied by 36. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="per_g">Per Game</a></strong></span> - A statistic (e.g., assists) divided by games. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="pf">PF</a></strong></span> - Personal Fouls </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="poss">Poss</a></strong></span> - Possessions (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA); the formula for teams is 0.5 * ((<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#fga">FGA</a> + 0.4 * <a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#fta">FTA</a> - 1.07 * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#orb">ORB</a> / (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#orb">ORB</a> + <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#drb">DRB</a>)) * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#fga">FGA</a> - <a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#fg">FG</a>) + <a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#tov">TOV</a>) + (<a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#fga">FGA</a> + 0.4 * <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#fta">FTA</a> - 1.07 * (<a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#orb">ORB</a> / (<a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#orb">ORB</a> + <a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#drb">DRB</a>)) * (<a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#fga">FGA</a> - <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#fg">FG</a>) + <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#tov">TOV</a>)). This formula estimates possessions based on both the team's statistics and their opponent's statistics, then averages them to provide a more stable estimate. Please see the article <a href="/about/ratings.html">Calculating Individual Offensive and Defensive Ratings</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="pprod">PProd</a></strong></span> - Points Produced; Dean Oliver's measure of offensive points produced. Please see the article <a href="/about/ratings.html">Calculating Individual Offensive and Defensive Ratings</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="pts">PTS</a></strong></span> - Points </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="roy">ROY</a></strong></span> - Rookie of the Year </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="smoy">SMOY</a></strong></span> - Sixth Man of the Year </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="sos">SOS</a></strong></span> - Strength of Schedule; a rating of strength of schedule. The rating is denominated in points above/below average, where zero is average. A positive number indicates a harder than average schedule. Doug Drinen, creator of <a href="http://www.pro-football-reference.com">Pro-Football-Reference.com</a >, wrote a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531115621/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/blog/index4837.html?p=37">thorough explanation of this method</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="srs">SRS</a></strong></span> - Simple Rating System; a rating that takes into account average point differential and strength of schedule. The rating is denominated in points above/below average, where zero is average. Doug Drinen, creator of <a href="http://www.pro-football-reference.com">Pro-Football-Reference.com</a > wrote a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531115621/https://www.pro-football-reference.com/blog/index4837.html?p=37">thorough explanation of this method</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="stl">STL</a></strong></span> - Steals (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="stl_pct">STL%</a></strong></span> - Steal Percentage (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * (<a href="#stl">STL</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5)) / (<a href="#mp">MP</a> * <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#poss">Poss</a>). Steal Percentage is an estimate of the percentage of opponent possessions that end with a steal by the player while he was on the floor. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="stops">Stops</a></strong></span> - Stops; Dean Oliver's measure of individual defensive stops. Please see the article <a href="/about/ratings.html">Calculating Individual Offensive and Defensive Ratings</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="team">Tm</a></strong></span> - Team </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="tov">TOV</a></strong></span> - Turnovers (available since the 1977-78 season in the NBA) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="tov_pct">TOV%</a></strong></span> - Turnover Percentage (available since the 1977-78 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * <a href="#tov">TOV</a> / (<a href="#fga">FGA</a> + 0.44 * <a href="#fta">FTA</a> + <a href="#tov">TOV</a>). Turnover percentage is an estimate of turnovers per 100 plays. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="trb">TRB</a></strong></span> - Total Rebounds (available since the 1950-51 season) </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="trb_pct">TRB%</a></strong></span> - Total Rebound Percentage (available since the 1970-71 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * (<a href="#trb">TRB</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5)) / (<a href="#mp">MP</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#trb">TRB</a> + <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#trb">TRB</a>)). Total rebound percentage is an estimate of the percentage of available rebounds a player grabbed while he was on the floor. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ts_pct">TS%</a></strong></span> - True Shooting Percentage; the formula is <a href="#pts">PTS</a> / (2 * <a href="#tsa">TSA</a>). True shooting percentage is a measure of shooting efficiency that takes into account field goals, 3-point field goals, and free throws. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="tsa">TSA</a></strong></span> - True Shooting Attempts; the formula is <a href="#fga">FGA</a> + 0.44 * <a href="#fta">FTA</a>. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="usg_pct">Usg%</a></strong></span> - Usage Percentage (available since the 1977-78 season in the NBA); the formula is 100 * ((<a href="#fga">FGA</a> + 0.44 * <a href="#fta">FTA</a> + <a href="#tov">TOV</a>) * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#mp">MP</a> / 5)) / (<a href="#mp">MP</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#fga">FGA</a> + 0.44 * <a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#fta">FTA</a> + <a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#tov">TOV</a>)). Usage percentage is an estimate of the percentage of team plays used by a player while he was on the floor. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="vorp">VORP</a></strong></span> - Value Over Replacement Player (available since the 1973-74 season in the NBA); a box score estimate of the points per 100 TEAM possessions that a player contributed above a replacement-level (-2.0) player, translated to an average team and prorated to an 82-game season. Multiply by 2.70 to convert to wins over replacement. Please see the article <a href='/about/bpm.html#vorp'>About Box Plus/Minus (BPM)</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="wins">W</a></strong></span> - Wins </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="wins_pyth">W Pyth</a></strong></span> - Pythagorean Wins; the formula is <a href="#g">G</a> * (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#pts">PTS</a><sup>14</sup> / (<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#pts">PTS</a><sup>14</sup> + <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#pts">PTS</a><sup>14</sup>)). The formula was obtained by fitting a logistic regression model with log(<a href="#team">Tm</a> <a href="#pts">PTS</a> / <a href="#opp_id">Opp</a> <a href="#pts">PTS</a>) as the explanatory variable. Using this formula for all BAA, NBA, and ABA seasons, the root mean-square error (rmse) is 3.14 wins. Using an exponent of 16.5 (a common choice), the rmse is 3.48 wins. <span class="italic_text">(Note: An exponent of 10 is used for the WNBA.)</strong></span> </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="win_loss_pct">W-L%</a></strong></span> - Won-Lost Percentage; the formula is <a href="#wins">W</a> / (<a href="#wins">W</a> + <a href="#losses">L</a>). </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ws">WS</a></strong></span> - Win Shares; an estimate of the number of wins contributed by a player. Please see the article <a href="/about/ws.html">Calculating Win Shares</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="ws_per_48">WS/48</a></strong></span> - Win Shares Per 48 Minutes (available since the 1951-52 season in the NBA); an estimate of the number of wins contributed by the player per 48 minutes (league average is approximately 0.100). Please see the article <a href="/about/ws.html">Calculating Win Shares</a> for more information. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="win_prob">Win Probability</a></strong></span> - The estimated probability that Team A will defeat Team B in a given matchup. </li> <br> <li><span><strong><a name="year">Year</a></strong></span> - Year that the season occurred. Since the NBA season is split over two calendar years, the year given is the last year for that season. 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