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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Optical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Acoustic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Magnetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoleta_de_proximidad" title="Espoleta de proximidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espoleta de proximidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فیوز مجاورتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیوز مجاورتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fus%C3%A9e_de_proximit%C3%A9" title="Fusée de proximité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fusée de proximité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murang_proksimitas" title="Murang proksimitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Murang proksimitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%94" title="מרעום קרבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרעום קרבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%8E%A5%E4%BF%A1%E7%AE%A1" title="近接信管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="近接信管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6rhetsbrannr%C3%B8r" title="Nærhetsbrannrør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nærhetsbrannrør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6rleiksbrannr%C3%B8yr" title="Nærleiksbrannrøyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nærleiksbrannrøyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Радиовзрыватель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиовзрыватель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Proximity fuze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bli%C5%BEinski_detonator" title="Bližinski detonator – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bližinski detonator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizinski_upalja%C4%8D" title="Blizinski upaljač – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Blizinski upaljač" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4hisytytin" title="Lähisytytin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lähisytytin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonr%C3%B6r" title="Zonrör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zonrör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MK53_fuze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MK53_fuze.jpg/300px-MK53_fuze.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/MK53_fuze.jpg/450px-MK53_fuze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/MK53_fuze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Proximity fuse MK53 removed from shell, circa 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Proximity Fuse</b> (also <b>VT fuse</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "variable time fuze") is a <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(munitions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (munitions)">fuse</a> that detonates an <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosive</a> device automatically when it approaches within a certain distance of its target. Proximity fuses are designed for elusive military targets such as aircraft and missiles, as well as ships at sea and ground forces. This sophisticated trigger mechanism may increase lethality by 5 to 10 times compared to the common <a href="/wiki/Contact_fuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact fuse">contact fuse</a> or timed fuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Portrait_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portrait-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the invention of the proximity fuze, detonation was induced by direct contact, a timer set at launch, or an altimeter. All of these earlier methods have disadvantages. The probability of a direct hit on a small moving target is low; a shell that just misses the target will not explode. A time- or height-triggered fuze requires good prediction by the gunner and accurate timing by the fuze. If either is wrong, then even accurately aimed shells may explode harmlessly before reaching the target or after passing it. At the start of <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>, it was estimated that it took 20,000 rounds to shoot down a single aircraft;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other estimates put the figure as high as 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as low as 2,500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968221_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968221-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a proximity fuze, the <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a> or missile need only pass close by the target at some time during its flight. The proximity fuze makes the problem simpler than the previous methods. </p><p>Proximity fuzes are also useful for producing <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air bursts</a> against ground targets. A contact fuze would explode when it hit the ground; it would not be very effective at scattering shrapnel. A timer fuze can be set to explode a few meters above the ground but the timing is vital and usually requires <a href="/wiki/Artillery_observer" title="Artillery observer">observers</a> to provide information for adjusting the timing. Observers may not be practical in many situations, the ground may be uneven, and the practice is slow in any event. Proximity fuzes fitted to such weapons as <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shell">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar shell">mortar shells</a> solve this problem by having a range of set burst heights [e.g. 2, 4 or 10 m (7, 13 or 33 ft)] above ground that are selected by gun crews. The shell bursts at the appropriate height above ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a proximity fuse had long been considered militarily useful. Several ideas had been considered, including optical systems that shone a light, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, and triggered when the reflection reached a certain threshold, various ground-triggered means using radio signals, and <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitive</a> or inductive methods similar to a <a href="/wiki/Metal_detector" title="Metal detector">metal detector</a>. All of these suffered from the large size of pre-WWII electronics and their fragility, as well as the complexity of the required circuitry. </p><p>British military researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment" title="Telecommunications Research Establishment">Telecommunications Research Establishment</a> (TRE) <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Curran" title="Samuel Curran">Samuel Curran</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._A._S._Butement" title="W. A. S. Butement">William Butement</a>, Edward Shire, and Amherst Thomson conceived of the idea of a proximity fuze in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their system involved a small, short range, <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">Doppler radar</a>. British tests were then carried out with "unrotated projectiles" (the contemporary British term for unguided rockets). However, British scientists were uncertain whether a fuze could be developed for anti-aircraft shells, which had to withstand much higher accelerations than rockets. The British shared a wide range of possible ideas for designing a fuze, including a photoelectric fuze and a radio fuze, with the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a> in late 1940. To work in shells, a fuze needed to be miniaturized, survive the high acceleration of cannon launch, and be reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968222_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968222-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a> assigned the task to the physicist <a href="/wiki/Merle_Tuve" title="Merle Tuve">Merle Tuve</a> at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. Also eventually pulled in were researchers from the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> (this research unit of NBS later became part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a>). Work was split in 1942, with Tuve's group working on proximity fuzes for shells, while the National Bureau of Standards researchers focused on the technically easier task of bombs and rockets. Work on the radio shell fuze was completed by Tuve's group, known as Section T, at <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied Physics Lab">The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab</a> (APL).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 100 American companies were mobilized to build some 20 million shell fuzes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The proximity fuze was one of the most important technological innovations of World War II. It was so important that it was a secret guarded to a similar level as the <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">atom bomb</a> project or <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Strauss" title="Lewis Strauss">Lewis Strauss</a> wrote that, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One of the most original and effective military developments in World War II was the proximity, or 'VT', fuze. It found use in both the Army and the Navy, and was employed in the defense of London. While no one invention won the war, the proximity fuze must be listed among the very small group of developments, such as radar, upon which victory very largely depended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin19804_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin19804-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The fuze was later found to be able to detonate artillery shells in <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">air bursts</a>, greatly increasing their anti-personnel effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1980xxxi,_279_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1980xxxi,_279-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, more than 30 (perhaps as many as 50)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020272_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020272-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> different proximity fuze designs were developed, or researched, for anti-aircraft use, but none saw service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968222_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968222-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included acoustic fuzes triggered by engine sound, one developed by <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall-Borsig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinmetall-Borsig">Rheinmetall-Borsig</a> based on electrostatic fields, and radio fuzes. In mid-November 1939, a German neon lamp tube and a design of a prototype proximity fuze based on capacitive effects was received by British Intelligence as part of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Report" title="Oslo Report">Oslo Report</a>. </p><p>In the post-World War II era, a number of new proximity fuze systems were developed, using radio, optical, and other detection methods. A common form used in modern air-to-air weapons uses a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> as an optical source and time-of-flight for ranging.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_in_the_UK">Design in the UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first reference to the concept of radar in the United Kingdom was made by <a href="/wiki/W._A._S._Butement" title="W. A. S. Butement">W. A. S. Butement</a> and P. E. Pollard, who constructed a small <a href="/wiki/Breadboard" title="Breadboard">breadboard</a> model of a pulsed radar in 1931. They suggested the system would be useful for <a href="/wiki/Coast_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast artillery">coast artillery</a> units to accurately measure the range to shipping even at night. The <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> was not interested in the concept, and told the two to work on other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> took over <a href="/wiki/Bawdsey_Manor" title="Bawdsey Manor">Bawdsey Manor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> to further develop their prototype radar systems that emerged the next year as <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a>. The Army was suddenly extremely interested in the topic of radar, and sent Butement and Pollard to Bawdsey to form what became known as the "Army Cell". Their first project was a revival of their original work on coast defense, but they were soon told to start a second project to develop a range-only radar to aid <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft guns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As these projects moved from development into prototype form in the late 1930s, Butement turned his attention to other concepts, and among these was the idea of a proximity fuze: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...Into this stepped W. A. S. Butement, designer of radar sets <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home_Low" title="Chain Home Low">CD/CHL</a> and <a href="/wiki/GL_Mk._I_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="GL Mk. I radar">GL</a>, with a proposal on 30 October 1939 for two kinds of radio fuze: (1) a radar set would track the projectile, and the operator would transmit a signal to a radio receiver in the fuze when the range, the difficult quantity for the gunners to determine, was the same as that of the target and (2) a fuze would emit high-frequency radio waves that would interact with the target and produce, as a consequence of the high relative speed of target and projectile, a Doppler-frequency signal sensed in the oscillator.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In May 1940, a formal proposal from Butement, Edward Shire, and Amherst Thomson was sent to the British Air Defence Establishment based on the second of the two concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A breadboard circuit was constructed, and the concept was tested in the laboratory by moving a sheet of tin at various distances. Early field testing connected the circuit to a <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a> trigger operating a tower-mounted camera which photographed passing aircraft to determine distance of fuze function. </p><p>Prototype fuzes were then constructed in June 1940, and installed in "unrotated projectiles", the British cover name for solid-fueled <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a>, and fired at targets supported by balloons.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rockets have relatively low acceleration and no spin creating <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a>, so the stresses on the delicate electronic fuze are relatively benign. It was understood that the limited application was not ideal; a proximity fuze would be useful on all types of artillery and especially anti-aircraft artillery, but those had very high accelerations. </p><p>As early as September 1939, <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> began a development effort at <a href="/wiki/Pye_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Pye Ltd.">Pye Ltd.</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermionic valve">thermionic valves</a> (electron tubes) capable of withstanding these much greater forces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pye's research was transferred to the United States as part of the technology package delivered by the Tizard Mission when the United States entered the war. Pye's group was apparently unable to get their rugged <a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">pentodes</a> to function reliably under high pressures until 6 August 1941, which was after the successful tests by the American group.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking for a short-term solution to the valve problem, in 1940 the British ordered 20,000 miniature electron tubes intended for use in <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Electric Company">Western Electric Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a>. An American team under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Bowen,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harold G. Bowen, Sr.">Harold G. Bowen, Sr.</a> correctly deduced that they were meant for experiments with proximity fuzes for bombs and rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968222_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968222-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1940, the Tizard Mission travelled to the US to introduce their researchers to a number of UK developments, and the topic of proximity fuses was raised. The details of the British experiments were passed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">United States Naval Research Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a> (NDRC).<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information was also shared with <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 1940 and the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a> of Canada delegated work on the fuze to a team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_the_US">Development in the US</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development in the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to and following receipt of circuitry designs from the British, various experiments were carried out by Richard B. Roberts, Henry H. Porter, and Robert B. Brode under the direction of NDRC Section T Chairman Merle Tuve.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuve's group was known as Section T, which was located at APL throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Tuve later put it in an interview: "We heard some rumors of circuits they were using in the rockets over in England, then they gave us the circuits, but I had already articulated the thing into the rockets, the bombs and shell."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Tuve understood, the circuitry of the fuze was rudimentary. In his words, "The one outstanding characteristic in this situation is the fact that success of this type of fuze is not dependent on a basic technical idea – all of the ideas are simple and well known everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critical work of adapting the fuze for anti-aircraft shells was done in the United States, not in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304–305_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304–305-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuve said that despite being pleased by the outcome of the <i>Butement et al. vs. Varian</i> patent suit, which affirmed that the fuze was a UK invention and thereby saved the U.S. Navy millions of dollars by waiving royalty fees, the fuze design delivered by the Tizard Mission was "not the one we made to work!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020306_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020306-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key improvement was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Berkner" title="Lloyd Berkner">Lloyd Berkner</a>, who developed a system using separate transmitter and receiver circuits. In December 1940, Tuve invited <a href="/wiki/Harry_Diamond_(engineer)" title="Harry Diamond (engineer)">Harry Diamond</a> and Wilbur S. Hinman, Jr, of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> (NBS) to investigate Berkner's improved fuze and develop a proximity fuze for rockets and bombs to use against German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USArmy-1963_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1963-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane-1976_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In just two days, Diamond was able to come up with a new fuze design and managed to demonstrate its feasibility through extensive testing at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Dahlgren_Division" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division">Naval Proving Ground</a> at Dahlgren, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinman-1957_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinman-1957-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 May 1941, the NBS team built six fuzes which were placed in air-dropped bombs and successfully tested over water.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given their previous work on radio and radiosondes at NBS, Diamond and Hinman developed the proximity fuze which employed the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a> of reflected radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Cochrane-1976_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cochrane-1976-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIST-2018_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-1984_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-1984-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the Doppler effect developed by this group was later incorporated in all radio proximity fuzes for bomb, rocket, and mortar applications.<sup id="cite_ref-USArmy-1963_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USArmy-1963-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Ordnance Development Division of the National Bureau of Standards (which became the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Diamond_Laboratories" title="Harry Diamond Laboratories">Harry Diamond Laboratories</a> – and later merged into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> – in honor of its former chief in subsequent years) developed the first automated production techniques for manufacturing radio proximity fuzes at low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-1984_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-1984-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working for a defense contractor in the mid-1940s, Soviet spy <a href="/wiki/Julius_Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Rosenberg">Julius Rosenberg</a> stole a working model of an American proximity fuze and delivered it to Soviet intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not a fuze for anti-aircraft shells, the most valuable type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020274_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020274-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, NDRC focused on radio fuzes for use with anti-aircraft artillery, where acceleration was up to 20,000 <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">g</span>, compared to about 100 <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">g</span> for rockets and much less for dropped bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968224_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968224-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to extreme acceleration, artillery shells were spun by the rifling of the gun barrels to close to 30,000 rpm, creating immense centrifugal force. Working with <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Electric Company">Western Electric Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Raytheon Company">Raytheon Company</a>, miniature hearing-aid tubes were modified to withstand this extreme stress. The T-3 fuze had a 52% success against a water target when tested in January, 1942. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> accepted that failure rate. A simulated battle conditions test was started on 12 August 1942. Gun batteries aboard cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Cleveland_(CL-55)" title="USS Cleveland (CL-55)">USS <i>Cleveland</i> (CL-55)</a> tested proximity-fuzed ammunition against radio-controlled drone aircraft targets over <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. The tests were to be conducted over two days, but the testing stopped when drones were destroyed early on the first day. The three drones were destroyed with just four projectiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A particularly successful application was the 90 mm shell with VT fuze with the <a href="/wiki/SCR-584" class="mw-redirect" title="SCR-584">SCR-584</a> automatic tracking radar and the <a href="/wiki/M9_Gun_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="M9 Gun Director">M9 Gun Director</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_control_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire control computer">fire control computer</a>. The combination of these three inventions was successful in shooting down many <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="V-1 flying bombs">V-1 flying bombs</a> aimed at London and Antwerp, otherwise difficult targets for anti-aircraft guns due to their small size and high speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="VT_(Variable_Time)"><span id="VT_.28Variable_Time.29"></span>VT (Variable Time)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: VT (Variable Time)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Allied fuze used constructive and destructive <a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">interference</a> to detect its target.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBureau_of_Ordnance194632–37_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBureau_of_Ordnance194632–37-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design had four or five electron tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tube was an oscillator connected to an antenna; it functioned as both a transmitter and an <a href="/wiki/Autodyne" title="Autodyne">autodyne</a> detector (receiver). When the target was far away, little of the oscillator's transmitted energy would be reflected to the fuze. When a target was nearby, it would reflect a significant portion of the oscillator's signal. The amplitude of the reflected signal corresponded to the closeness of the target.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflected signal would affect the oscillator's plate current, thereby enabling detection. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase relationship</a> between the oscillator's transmitted signal and the signal reflected from the target varied depended on the round trip distance between the fuze and the target. When the reflected signal was in phase, the oscillator amplitude would increase and the oscillator's plate current would also increase. But when the reflected signal was out of phase then the combined radio signal amplitude would decrease, which would decrease the plate current. So the changing phase relationship between the oscillator signal and the reflected signal complicated the measurement of the amplitude of that small reflected signal. </p><p>This problem was resolved by taking advantage of the change in frequency of the reflected signal. The distance between the fuze and the target was not constant but rather constantly changing due to the high speed of the fuze and any motion of the target. When the distance between the fuze and the target changed rapidly, then the phase relationship also changed rapidly. The signals were in-phase one instant and out-of-phase a few hundred microseconds later. The result was a <a href="/wiki/Heterodyne" title="Heterodyne">heterodyne</a> beat frequency which corresponded to the velocity difference. Viewed another way, the received signal frequency was <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler-shifted</a> from the oscillator frequency by the relative motion of the fuze and target. Consequently, a low frequency signal, corresponding to the frequency difference between the oscillator and the received signal, developed at the oscillator's plate terminal. Two of the four tubes in the VT fuze were used to detect, filter, and amplify this low frequency signal. Note here that the amplitude of this low frequency 'beat' signal corresponds to the amplitude of the signal reflected from the target. If the amplified beat frequency signal's amplitude was large enough, indicating a nearby object, then it triggered the fourth tube – a gas-filled <a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a>. Upon being triggered, the thyratron conducted a large current that set off the electrical detonator. </p><p>In order to be used with gun projectiles, which experience extremely high acceleration and centrifugal forces, the fuze design also needed to utilize many shock-hardening techniques. These included planar electrodes, and packing the components in wax and oil to equalize the stresses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To prevent premature detonation, the inbuilt battery that armed the shell had a several millisecond delay before its electrolytes were activated, giving the projectile time to clear the area of the gun.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designation VT means 'variable time'.<sup id="cite_ref-DTIC-1946a_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTIC-1946a-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain S. R. Shumaker, Director of the Bureau of Ordnance's Research and Development Division, coined the term to be descriptive without hinting at the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The anti-aircraft artillery range at <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Air Force Base</a> in New Mexico was used as one of the test facilities for the proximity fuze, where almost 50,000 test firings were conducted from 1942 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing also occurred at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in Maryland, where about 15,000 bombs were dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-2018_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other locations include Ft. Fisher in North Carolina and Blossom Point, Maryland. </p><p><a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> development and early production was outsourced to the <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> company, at <a href="/wiki/North_Tonawanda_Barrel_Organ_Factory" title="North Tonawanda Barrel Organ Factory">their barrel organ factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Tonawanda,_New_York" title="North Tonawanda, New York">North Tonawanda, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First large scale production of tubes for the new fuzes<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was at a <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a> formerly used for manufacture of Christmas-tree lamps. Fuze assembly was completed at General Electric plants in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_Men_and_Volts_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_Men_and_Volts-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once inspections of the finished product were complete, a sample of the fuzes produced from each lot was shipped to the National Bureau of Standards, where they were subjected to a series of rigorous tests at the specially built Control Testing Laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-2018_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tests included low- and high-temperature tests, humidity tests, and sudden jolt tests. </p><p>By 1944, a large proportion of the American <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a> concentrated on making the fuzes. Procurement contracts increased from <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>60 million in 1942, to $200 million in 1943, to $300 million in 1944 and were topped by $450 million in 1945. As volume increased, efficiency came into play and the cost per fuze fell from $732 in 1942 to $18 in 1945. This permitted the purchase of over 22 million fuzes for approximately one billion dollars ($14.6 billion in 2021 USD<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The main suppliers were <a href="/wiki/Powel_Crosley,_Jr.#Crosley's_war_effort" class="mw-redirect" title="Powel Crosley, Jr.">Crosley</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/McQuay-Norris" title="McQuay-Norris">McQuay-Norris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Electric_Products" title="Sylvania Electric Products">Sylvania</a>. There were also over two thousand suppliers and subsuppliers, ranging from powder manufacturers to machine shops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharpe2003_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpe2003-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1980217–220_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1980217–220-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was among the first mass-production applications of <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Printed circuit">printed circuits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deployment">Deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a>, head of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Scientific_Research_and_Development" title="Office of Scientific Research and Development">Office of Scientific Research and Development</a> (OSRD) during the war, credited the proximity fuze with three significant effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970106–112_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1970106–112-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It was important in defense from Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> attacks in the Pacific. Bush estimated a sevenfold increase in the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/38 caliber gun">5-inch anti-aircraft artillery</a> with this innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970109_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1970109-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was an important part of the radar-controlled anti-aircraft batteries that finally neutralized the German <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a> attacks on England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970109_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1970109-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was used in Europe starting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> where it was very effective in artillery shells fired against German infantry formations, and changed the tactics of land warfare.</li></ul> <p>At first the fuzes were only used in situations where they could not be captured by the Germans. They were used in land-based artillery in the South Pacific in 1944. Also in 1944, fuzes were allocated to the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anti-Aircraft_Command" title="Anti-Aircraft Command">Anti-Aircraft Command</a>, that was engaged in defending Britain against the V-1 flying bomb. As most of the British heavy anti-aircraft guns were deployed in a long, thin coastal strip (leaving inland free for fighter interceptors), dud shells fell into the sea, safely out of reach of capture. Over the course of the German V-1 campaign, the proportion of flying bombs that were destroyed flying through the coastal gun belt rose from 17% to 74%, reaching 82% during one day. A minor problem encountered by the British was that the fuze was sensitive enough to detonate the shell if it passed too close to a seabird and a number of seabird "kills" were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobinson2001_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobinson2001-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pentagon refused to allow the Allied field artillery use of the fuzes in 1944, although the United States Navy fired proximity-fuzed anti-aircraft shells in the July 1943 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)" title="Battle of Gela (1943)">Battle of Gela</a> during the invasion of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> demanded he be allowed to use the fuzes, 200,000 shells with VT fuzes (code named "POZIT"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were used in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944. They made the Allied heavy artillery far more devastating, as all the shells now exploded just before hitting the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German divisions were caught out in open as they had felt safe from timed fire because it was thought that the bad weather would prevent accurate observation. U.S. General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> credited the introduction of proximity fuzes with saving Liège and stated that their use required a revision of the tactics of land warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970112_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1970112-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bombs and rockets fitted with radio proximity fuzes were in limited service with both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">USAAF</a> and USN at the end of WWII.  The main targets for these proximity fuze detonated bombs and rockets were <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> emplacements and <a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">airfields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DTIC-1946b_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTIC-1946b-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sensor_types">Sensor types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sensor types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio frequency sensing (<a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>) is the main sensing principle for artillery shells. </p><p>The device described in World War II patent<sup id="cite_ref-Kyle,_1950_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyle,_1950-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> works as follows: The shell contains a micro-<a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> which uses the shell body as an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> and emits a continuous wave of roughly 180–220 MHz. As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created. This pattern changes with shrinking distance: every half wavelength in distance (a half wavelength at this frequency is about 0.7 meters), the transmitter is in or out of resonance. This causes a small cycling of the radiated power and consequently the oscillator supply current of about 200–800 Hz, the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler</a> frequency. This signal is sent through a <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">band-pass filter</a>, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a given amplitude.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical">Optical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Optical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optical sensing was developed in 1935, and patented in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1936, by a Swedish inventor, probably Edward W. Brandt, using a <a href="/wiki/Petoscope" title="Petoscope">petoscope</a>. It was first tested as a part of a detonation device for bombs that were to be dropped over bomber aircraft, part of the UK's Air Ministry's "bombs on bombers" concept. It was considered (and later patented by Brandt) for use with anti-aircraft missiles fired from the ground. It used then a toroidal lens, that concentrated all light from a plane perpendicular to the missile's main axis onto a photocell. When the cell current changed a certain amount in a certain time interval, the detonation was triggered. </p><p>Some modern <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missiles</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/ASRAAM" title="ASRAAM">ASRAAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/AA-12_Adder" class="mw-redirect" title="AA-12 Adder">AA-12 Adder</a>) use <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> to trigger detonation. They project narrow beams of laser light perpendicular to the flight of the missile. As the missile cruises towards its target the laser energy simply beams out into space. As the missile passes its target some of the energy strikes the target and is reflected to the missile, where detectors sense it and detonate the warhead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic">Acoustic <span class="anchor" id="Acoustic_Fuze"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Acoustic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustic</a> proximity fuzes are actuated by the acoustic emissions from a target (example an aircraft's engine or ship's propeller). Actuation can be either through an electronic circuit coupled to a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophone</a>, or mechanically using a resonating vibratory reed connected to diaphragm tone filter. <sup id="cite_ref-Hogg-1999_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg-1999-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NDRC-1946_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDRC-1946-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During WW2, the Germans had at least five acoustic fuzes for <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> use under development, though none saw operational service. The most developmentally advanced of the German acoustic fuze designs was the <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall-Borsig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinmetall-Borsig">Rheinmetall-Borsig</a> Kranich (German for <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">Crane</a>) which was a mechanical device utilizing a diaphragm tone filter sensitive to frequencies between 140 and 500 Hz connected to a resonating vibratory reed switch used to fire an electrical igniter. The <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_117" title="Henschel Hs 117">Schmetterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzian" title="Enzian">Enzian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheintochter" title="Rheintochter">Rheintochter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruhrstahl_X-4" title="Ruhrstahl X-4">X4</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">guided missiles</a> were all designed for use with the Kranich acoustic proximity fuze. <sup id="cite_ref-Hogg-1999_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg-1999-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-2019_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-2019-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/WW2" class="mw-redirect" title="WW2">WW2</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a> (NDRC) investigated the use of acoustic proximity fuzes for <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> weapons but concluded that there were more promising technological approaches. The NDRC research highlighted the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> as a major limitation in the design and use of acoustic fuzes, particularly in relation to missiles and high-speed aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-NDRC-1946_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDRC-1946-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hydroacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroacoustic">Hydroacoustic</a> influence is widely used as a detonation mechanism for <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedoes">torpedoes</a>. A ship's propeller rotating in water produces a powerful hydroacoustic noise which can be picked up using a <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophone</a> and used for homing and detonation. Influence firing mechanisms often use a combination of acoustic and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_proximity_fuze" title="Magnetic proximity fuze">magnetic induction</a> receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Beloshitskiy-1960_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beloshitskiy-1960-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erickson-2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic">Magnetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Magnetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftmine_(LM).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Luftmine_%28LM%29.jpg/170px-Luftmine_%28LM%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Luftmine_%28LM%29.jpg/255px-Luftmine_%28LM%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Luftmine_%28LM%29.jpg/340px-Luftmine_%28LM%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>German World War II magnetic mine that landed on the ground instead of the water.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_proximity_fuze" title="Magnetic proximity fuze">Magnetic proximity fuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_pistol" title="Magnetic pistol">Magnetic pistol</a></div> <p>Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. It is used in mines and torpedoes. Fuzes of this type can be defeated by <a href="/wiki/Degaussing" title="Degaussing">degaussing</a>, using non-metal hulls for ships (especially <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a>) or by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">magnetic induction</a> loops fitted to aircraft or towed <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoys</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure">Pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some naval mines use pressure fuzes which are able to detect the <a href="/wiki/P-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="P-wave">pressure wave</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ship</a> passing overhead. Pressure sensors are usually used in combination with other fuze detonation technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">magnetic induction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson-2009_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During WW2, pressure activated fuzes were developed for sticks (or trains) of <a href="/wiki/Bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombs">bombs</a> to create above ground <a href="/wiki/Air_burst" title="Air burst">airbursts</a>.  The first bomb in the stick was fitted with an <a href="/wiki/Impact_fuze" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact fuze">impact fuze</a> while the other bombs were fitted with pressure sensitive diaphragm actuated detonators.  The blast from the first bomb was used to trigger the fuze of the second bomb which would explode above ground and in this turn would detonate the third bomb with the process repeated all the way till the last bomb in the string.  Due to the forward speed of the <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bomber</a>, bombs fitted with pressure detonators would all explode at about the same height above ground along a horizontal trajectory.  This design was used in both the British No.44 "Pistol" and the German <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall-Borsig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinmetall-Borsig">Rheinmetall-Borsig</a> BAZ 55A fuzes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogg-1999_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg-1999-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NDRC-1946_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDRC-1946-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSPO2007-35-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="120 mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze"><img alt="120 mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MSPO2007-35-01.jpg/60px-MSPO2007-35-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MSPO2007-35-01.jpg/120px-MSPO2007-35-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">120 mm <a href="/wiki/High_Explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High Explosive">HE</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortar_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar shell">mortar shell</a> fitted with proximity fuze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A01-021A.png" class="mw-file-description" title="120 mm HE mortar shell fitted with M734 proximity fuze"><img alt="120 mm HE mortar shell fitted with M734 proximity fuze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/A01-021A.png/120px-A01-021A.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/A01-021A.png/250px-A01-021A.png 1.5x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">120 mm HE mortar shell fitted with <a href="/wiki/M734" class="mw-redirect" title="M734">M734</a> proximity fuze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSPO2007-37-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="60 mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze"><img alt="60 mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MSPO2007-37-01.jpg/60px-MSPO2007-37-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MSPO2007-37-01.jpg/120px-MSPO2007-37-01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">60 mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PD_and_Proximity_fuze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 155 mm artillery fuze with selector for point/proximity detonation (currently set to proximity)."><img alt="A 155 mm artillery fuze with selector for point/proximity detonation (currently set to proximity)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PD_and_Proximity_fuze.jpg/120px-PD_and_Proximity_fuze.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PD_and_Proximity_fuze.jpg/250px-PD_and_Proximity_fuze.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 155 mm artillery fuze with selector for point/proximity detonation (currently set to proximity).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M734_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section of a M734 radar proximity fuze"><img alt="Cross-section of a M734 radar proximity fuze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/M734_Section.jpg/120px-M734_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/M734_Section.jpg/180px-M734_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/M734_Section.jpg/240px-M734_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4165" data-file-height="5212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section of a M734 radar proximity fuze</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied technological cooperation during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_fuze" title="Artillery fuze">Artillery fuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidance_system" title="Guidance system">Guidance system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bomb" title="Guided bomb">Guided bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_bombing" title="Precision bombing">Precision bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">Precision-guided munition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">Proximity sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_guidance" title="Terminal guidance">Terminal guidance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The return signal is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the distance.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1982/06/25/hopkins-engineer-dies/0b56de1f-3992-4773-b18d-6fdd41f21f7e/">"Hopkins Engineer Dies"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 25 June 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hopkins+Engineer+Dies&rft.date=1982-06-25&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1982%2F06%2F25%2Fhopkins-engineer-dies%2F0b56de1f-3992-4773-b18d-6fdd41f21f7e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1984" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Walter (8 February 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/08/obituaries/allen-v-astin-is-dead-at-79-headed-bureau-of-standards.html">"Allen V. Astin Is Dead at 79; Headed Bureau of Standards"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Allen+V.+Astin+Is+Dead+at+79%3B+Headed+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1984-02-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F02%2F08%2Fobituaries%2Fallen-v-astin-is-dead-at-79-headed-bureau-of-standards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirch1993" class="citation web cs1">Birch, Douglas (11 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1993-01-11-1993011049-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The secret weapon of World War II' Hopkins developed proximity fuse"</a>. <i>baltimoresun.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baltimoresun.com&rft.atitle=%27The+secret+weapon+of+World+War+II%27+Hopkins+developed+proximity+fuse&rft.date=1993-01-11&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1993-01-11-1993011049-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portrait-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Portrait_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinman1957" class="citation journal cs1">Hinman, Wilbur S (1957). "Portrait of Harry Diamond". <i>Proceedings of the IRE</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1957.278430">10.1109/JRPROC.1957.278430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IRE&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+Harry+Diamond&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJRPROC.1957.278430&rft.aulast=Hinman&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuseum_of_Our_Industrial_Heritage2012" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Museum of Our Industrial Heritage (15 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-D592VR4RU"><i>The Proximity Fuse - Secret Weapon of World War 2</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Proximity+Fuse+-+Secret+Weapon+of+World+War+2&rft.date=2012-10-15&rft.au=Museum+of+Our+Industrial+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6-D592VR4RU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2003" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, M. W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DWITTpkFPEAC&q=20%2C000"><i>Operational Research in War and Peace: The British Experience from the 1930s to 1970</i></a>. Imperial College Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-366-9"><bdi>978-1-86094-366-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operational+Research+in+War+and+Peace%3A+The+British+Experience+from+the+1930s+to+1970&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-366-9&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWITTpkFPEAC%26q%3D20%252C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/we-are-veterans-deadly-fuze/"><i>Engage Veterans | The Deadly Fuze</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engage+Veterans+%7C+The+Deadly+Fuze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2Fwe-are-veterans-deadly-fuze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968221-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1968221_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1968">Baxter 1968</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brennan,_1968-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brennan,_1968_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrennan1968" class="citation journal cs1">Brennan, James W. 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Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityoftoro0000frie/page/354">354</a>–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802044297" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802044297"><bdi>978-0802044297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Toronto%3A+A+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=354-355&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0802044297&rft.aulast=Friedland&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversityoftoro0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1946" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, James Phinney (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57lgAAAAIAAJ"><i>Scientists Against Time</i></a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0598553881" title="Special:BookSources/978-0598553881"><bdi>978-0598553881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Against+Time&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0598553881&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=James+Phinney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D57lgAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/3894">"Merle Tuve"</a>. <i>www.aip.org</i>. 17 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aip.org&rft.atitle=Merle+Tuve&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory-programs%2Fniels-bohr-library%2Foral-histories%2F3894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304–305-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020304–305_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2020">Holmes 2020</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020306-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2020306_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2020">Holmes 2020</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USArmy-1963-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy-1963_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USArmy-1963_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329072725/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/389295.pdf"><i>Research and Development of Material Engineering Design Handbook Ammunition Series: Fuzes, Proximity, Electrical Part One (U)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Arno Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">388–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0405076794" title="Special:BookSources/978-0405076794"><bdi>978-0405076794</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/nvl/Measures_for_Progress-MP275-FULL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112064674325;view=1up;seq=530"><i>History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy</i></a>. United States Government Printing Office. p. 498. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64-62870">64-62870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Communications-Electronics+in+the+United+States+Navy&rft.pages=498&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64-62870&rft.aulast=Howeth&rft.aufirst=Linwood+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112064674325%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBureau_of_Ordnance194632–37-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBureau_of_Ordnance194632–37_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBureau_of_Ordnance1946">Bureau of Ordnance 1946</a>, pp. 32–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBureau_of_Ordnance1946">Bureau of Ordnance 1946</a>, p. 36 shows a fifth tube, a <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a>, used for a low trajectory wave suppression feature (WSF).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Peter C. Kamikaze: To Die for the Emperor. Pen and Sword, 2014, p.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DTIC-1946a-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DTIC-1946a_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015503/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/221589.pdf">"Summary of the Work of Division 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Summary Technical Report of the National Defence Research Council (Report). 1946. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/221589.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Summary+Technical+Report+of+the+National+Defence+Research+Council&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F221589.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowlandBoyd1953" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Buford; Boyd, William B. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b671188;view=1up;seq=295"><i>U. S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance in World War II</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Navy+Bureau+of+Ordnance+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Ordnance%2C+Department+of+the+Navy&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Buford&rft.au=Boyd%2C+William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.%24b671188%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers2008" class="citation magazine cs1">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (8 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isletapueblo.com/uploads/3/0/9/5/3095182/08_august_2008.pdf">"Request for information about the Isleta Pueblo Ordnance Impact Area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Isleta Pueblo News</i>. Vol. 3, no. 9. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326184510/http://www.isletapueblo.com/uploads/3/0/9/5/3095182/08_august_2008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isleta+Pueblo+News&rft.atitle=Request+for+information+about+the+Isleta+Pueblo+Ordnance+Impact+Area&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.au=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isletapueblo.com%2Fuploads%2F3%2F0%2F9%2F5%2F3095182%2F08_august_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT122"><i>Navy presents high award to Wurlitzer men</i></a>. Billboard magazine. 15 June 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navy+presents+high+award+to+Wurlitzer+men&rft.pub=Billboard+magazine&rft.date=1946-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhoEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_Men_and_Volts-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_Men_and_Volts_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1947" class="citation cs2">Miller, John Anderson (1947), "Men and Volts at War", <i>Nature</i>, <b>161</b> (4082), New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company: 113, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Natur.161..113F">1948Natur.161..113F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F161113a0">10.1038/161113a0</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35653693">35653693</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Men+and+Volts+at+War&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=4082&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35653693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F161113a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Natur.161..113F&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=1&year=1945?back=https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&as_qdr=all&as_occt=any&safe=active&as_q=One+dollar+in+1945+inflation+adjusted&channel=aplab&source=a-app1&hl=en">"Calculate the Value of $1.00 in 1945. How much is it worth today?"</a>. <i>www.dollartimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dollartimes.com&rft.atitle=Calculate+the+Value+of+%241.00+in+1945.+How+much+is+it+worth+today%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dollartimes.com%2Finflation%2Finflation.php%3Famount%3D1%26year%3D1945%3Fback%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fclient%3Dsafari%26as_qdr%3Dall%26as_occt%3Dany%26safe%3Dactive%26as_q%3DOne%2Bdollar%2Bin%2B1945%2Binflation%2Badjusted%26channel%3Daplab%26source%3Da-app1%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpe2003-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharpe2003_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharpe2003">Sharpe 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1980217–220-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1980217–220_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaldwin1980">Baldwin 1980</a>, pp. 217–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEislerWilliams1989" class="citation book cs1">Eisler, Paul; Williams, Mari (1989). <i>My Life with the Printed Circuit</i>. Lehigh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934223-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934223-04-1"><bdi>978-0-934223-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+with+the+Printed+Circuit&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-934223-04-1&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Williams%2C+Mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1970106–112-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970106–112_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush1970">Bush 1970</a>, pp. 106–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1970109-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970109_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970109_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush1970">Bush 1970</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dobinson2001-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dobinson2001_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDobinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Dobinson, Colin (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aacommandbritain00dobi"><i>AA Command: Britain's Anti-aircraft Defences of World War II</i></a></span>. Methuen. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aacommandbritain00dobi/page/n226">437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-76540-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-76540-6"><bdi>978-0-413-76540-6</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AA+Command%3A+Britain%27s+Anti-aircraft+Defences+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-413-76540-6&rft.aulast=Dobinson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faacommandbritain00dobi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotterNimitz1960" class="citation book cs1">Potter, E.B.; <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Nimitz, Chester W.</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seapowernavalhis0000pott"><i>Sea Power</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seapowernavalhis0000pott/page/589">589</a>–591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0137968701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0137968701"><bdi>978-0137968701</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Power&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=589-591&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0137968701&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=E.B.&rft.au=Nimitz%2C+Chester+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseapowernavalhis0000pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_D._Helfrick2004" class="citation book cs1">Albert D. Helfrick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EumPJQBViz4C&pg=PA78"><i>Electronics in the Evolution of Flight</i></a>. Texas A&M UP. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1585444137" title="Special:BookSources/978-1585444137"><bdi>978-1585444137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronics+in+the+Evolution+of+Flight&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+UP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1585444137&rft.au=Albert+D.+Helfrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEumPJQBViz4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRick_Atkinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Rick Atkinson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUQ9lEHO0QoC&pg=PA460"><i>The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944-1945</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">460–</span>462, <span class="nowrap">763–</span>764. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429943673" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429943673"><bdi>978-1429943673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guns+at+Last+Light%3A+The+War+in+Western+Europe%2C+1944-1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E462%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E763-%3C%2Fspan%3E764&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1429943673&rft.au=Rick+Atkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUQ9lEHO0QoC%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1970112-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1970112_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush1970">Bush 1970</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DTIC-1946b-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DTIC-1946b_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015503/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/221589.pdf">"Summary of the Work of Division 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Summary Technical Report of the National Defence Research Council (Report). 1946. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/221589.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Summary+Technical+Report+of+the+National+Defence+Research+Council&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F221589.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyle,_1950-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kyle,_1950_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFKyle1950"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3152547A/en?oq=us3152547">US 3152547</a>, Kyle, John W, "Radio Proximity Fuze", issued 1950-12-04</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3152547&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Radio+Proximity+Fuze&rft.inventor=Kyle&rft.date=1950-12-04"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogg-1999-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hogg-1999_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogg-1999_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogg-1999_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHogg1999" class="citation book cs1">Hogg, Ian (1999). <i>German Secret Weapons of the Second World War</i>. Frontline Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8483-2781-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8483-2781-8"><bdi>978-1-8483-2781-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Secret+Weapons+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-8483-2781-8&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDRC-1946-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NDRC-1946_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDRC-1946_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NDRC-1946_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015503/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/221589.pdf">"Chapter 2 Proximity and Time Fuzes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Summary Technical Report of the National Defence Research Council (Report). 1946. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/221589.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Summary+Technical+Report+of+the+National+Defence+Research+Council&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F221589.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga-2019-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-2019_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2019" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven (2019). <i>German Guided Missiles of World War II</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3179-8"><bdi>978-1-4728-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Guided+Missiles+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3179-8&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beloshitskiy-1960-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beloshitskiy-1960_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeloshitskiyBaginskiy1960" class="citation report cs1">Beloshitskiy, V.P; Baginskiy, Yu.M (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA046104">Oruzhiye Podvodnogo Udara (Underwater Weapons)</a> (Report). Military Publishing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203204734/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA046104">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Oruzhiye+Podvodnogo+Udara+%28Underwater+Weapons%29&rft.pub=Military+Publishing+House&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Beloshitskiy&rft.aufirst=V.P&rft.au=Baginskiy%2C+Yu.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fcitations%2FADA046104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson-2009-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson-2009_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson-2009_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEricksonGoldsteinMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Andrew; Goldstein, Lyle; Murray, William (2009). <i>Chinese Mine Warfare</i>. Naval War College. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884733-63-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884733-63-5"><bdi>978-1-884733-63-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Mine+Warfare&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Naval+War+College&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-884733-63-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Lyle&rft.au=Murray%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Belknap_Baldwin" title="Ralph Belknap Baldwin">Baldwin, Ralph B.</a> (1980), <i>The Deadly Fuze: The Secret Weapon of World War II</i>, San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-087-4"><bdi>978-0-89141-087-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deadly+Fuze%3A+The+Secret+Weapon+of+World+War+II&rft.place=San+Rafael%2C+CA&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-087-4&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Ralph+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span>. Baldwin was a member of the (APL) team headed by Tuve that did most of the design work.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">Baxter, James Phinney III</a> (1968) [1946], <i>Scientists Against Time</i>, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52012-6"><bdi>978-0-262-52012-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Against+Time&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52012-6&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=James+Phinney+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Ordnance1946" class="citation book cs1">Bureau of Ordnance (15 May 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritime.org/doc/vtfuze/index.htm"><i>VT Fuzes For Projectiles and Spin-Stabilized Rockets</i></a>. Ordnance Pamphlet. Vol. 1480. U. S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VT+Fuzes+For+Projectiles+and+Spin-Stabilized+Rockets&rft.series=Ordnance+Pamphlet&rft.pub=U.+S.+Navy+Bureau+of+Ordnance&rft.date=1946-05-15&rft.au=Bureau+of+Ordnance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime.org%2Fdoc%2Fvtfuze%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBush1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Bush, Vannevar</a> (1970), <i>Pieces of the Action</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pieces+of+the+Action&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Vannevar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2020" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Jamie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fyKixgEACAAJ"><i>12 Seconds of Silence: How a Team of Inventors, Tinkerers, and Spies Took Down a Nazi Superweapon</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-328-46012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-328-46012-7"><bdi>978-1-328-46012-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=12+Seconds+of+Silence%3A+How+a+Team+of+Inventors%2C+Tinkerers%2C+and+Spies+Took+Down+a+Nazi+Superweapon&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-328-46012-7&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfyKixgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2003" class="citation cs2">Sharpe, Edward A. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/radio_proximity_fuzes.htm">"The Radio Proximity Fuze: A survey"</a>, <i>Vintage Electrics</i>, <b>2</b> (1)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Electrics&rft.atitle=The+Radio+Proximity+Fuze%3A+A+survey&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smecc.org%2Fradio_proximity_fuzes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllard1982" class="citation cs2">Allard, Dean C. (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/techdigest/pdf/V03-N04/03-04-Allard.pdf">"The Development of the Radio Proximity Fuze"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest</i>, <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">358–</span>359</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Johns+Hopkins+APL+Technical+Digest&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Radio+Proximity+Fuze&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Allard&rft.aufirst=Dean+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhuapl.edu%2FContent%2Ftechdigest%2Fpdf%2FV03-N04%2F03-04-Allard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212300/http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/artillery-proximity-fuses/">"Artillery Proximity Fuses"</a>. <i>Warfare History Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/artillery-proximity-fuses/">the original</a> on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warfare+History+Network&rft.atitle=Artillery+Proximity+Fuses&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fdaily%2Fwwii%2Fartillery-proximity-fuses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bennett_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Bennett (historian)">Bennett, Geoffrey</a> (1976), "The Development of the Proximity Fuze", <i>Journal of the Royal United Service Institution</i>, <b>121</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>62, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0953-3559">0953-3559</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+United+Service+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Proximity+Fuze&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1976&rft.issn=0953-3559&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">Collier, Cameron D. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/2536485c3293689b12a935eb89bd2999/1?pq-origsite=gscholar">"Tiny Miracle: the Proximity Fuze"</a>, <i>Naval History</i>, <b>13</b> (4), U. S. Naval Institute: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>45, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1042-1920">1042-1920</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=Tiny+Miracle%3A+the+Proximity+Fuze&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1042-1920&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Cameron+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F2536485c3293689b12a935eb89bd2999%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Jay (2004). "Question 37/00: Effectiveness of Shipboard Anti-Aircraft Fire". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XLI</b> (1): 29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Question+37%2F00%3A+Effectiveness+of+Shipboard+Anti-Aircraft+Fire&rft.volume=XLI&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHogg2002" class="citation cs2">Hogg, Ian V. (2002), <i>British & American Artillery of World War Two</i> (revised ed.), Greenhill Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-478-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-478-5"><bdi>978-1-85367-478-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+%26+American+Artillery+of+World+War+Two&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-478-5&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Ian+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329072725/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/389295.pdf"><i>Fuzes, Proximity, Electrical: Part One</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Engineering Design Handbook: Ammunition Series, United States Army Materiel Command, July 1963, AMCP 706-211, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/389295.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzes%2C+Proximity%2C+Electrical%3A+Part+One&rft.series=Engineering+Design+Handbook%3A+Ammunition+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Materiel+Command&rft.date=1963-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2F389295.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Fuzes, Proximity, Electrical: Part Two</i>, Engineering Design Handbook: Ammunition Series, United States Army Materiel Command, AMCP 706-212</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzes%2C+Proximity%2C+Electrical%3A+Part+Two&rft.series=Engineering+Design+Handbook%3A+Ammunition+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Materiel+Command&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Fuzes, Proximity, Electrical: Part Three</i>, Engineering Design Handbook: Ammunition Series, United States Army Materiel Command, AMCP 706-213</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzes%2C+Proximity%2C+Electrical%3A+Part+Three&rft.series=Engineering+Design+Handbook%3A+Ammunition+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Materiel+Command&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Fuzes, Proximity, Electrical: Part Four</i>, Engineering Design Handbook: Ammunition Series, United States Army Materiel Command, AMCP 706-214</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzes%2C+Proximity%2C+Electrical%3A+Part+Four&rft.series=Engineering+Design+Handbook%3A+Ammunition+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Materiel+Command&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408130936/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0389296"><i>Fuzes, Proximity, Electrical: Part Five</i></a>, Engineering Design Handbook: Ammunition Series, United States Army Materiel Command, August 1963, AMCP 706-215, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0389296">the original</a> on 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuzes%2C+Proximity%2C+Electrical%3A+Part+Five&rft.series=Engineering+Design+Handbook%3A+Ammunition+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Materiel+Command&rft.date=1963-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3DAD0389296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProximity+fuze" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3166015">US 3166015</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merle_Tuve" title="Merle Tuve">Tuve, Merle A.</a> & Roberts, Richard B., "Radio Proximity Fuze", published 1965-01-19,  assigned to United States of America</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3166015&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Radio+Proximity+Fuze&rft.inventor=Tuve&rft.assignee=United+States+of+America&rft.appldate=1943-01-06&rft.pubdate=1965-01-19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/proximity_fuze" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtocpvv88gQ">The Secret Invention That Changed World War 2</a> Real Engineering. Detailed design and operation of the Mark 53 fuze</li> <li>Battleship New Jersey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTPm_VsK7FI"><i>Developing the Proximity Fuse</i></a> via YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39087">1945 newsreel explaining how it works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140704031301/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/faqs/faq96%2D1%2Ehtm">Naval Historical Centre – Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 2014-07-04)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/radio_proximity_fuzes.htm">The Radio Proximity Fuze – A survey</a> Southwest Museum of Engineering,Communications and Computation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smecc.org/pfuze.htm">Proximity Fuze History</a> Southwest Museum of Engineering,Communications and Computation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microworks.net/pacific/equipment/vt_fuze.htm">The Proximity (Variable-Time) Fuze</a> – The Pacific War: The U.S. Navy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015083216/http://www.jhuapl.edu/aboutapl/heritage/default.asp">The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>17 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-79579d76cc-tng2z","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.636","walltime":"0.740","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6202,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":125187,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6509,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":225645,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 638.207 1 -total"," 42.86% 273.542 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.21% 77.944 21 Template:Sfn"," 11.49% 73.335 21 Template:Cite_book"," 11.20% 71.490 20 Template:Citation"," 9.28% 59.219 2 Template:Cite_news"," 9.04% 57.725 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.89% 37.595 2 Template:Fix"," 5.62% 35.853 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.85% 30.922 2 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news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Proximity Fuze\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Mvar\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 21,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-4rsc2","timestamp":"20250331025737","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Proximity fuze","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proximity_fuze","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q333133","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q333133","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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