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href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_History,_Stratigraphy_&_Tectonics"><span id="Geologic_History.2C_Stratigraphy_.26_Tectonics"></span>Geologic History, Stratigraphy & Tectonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geologic History, Stratigraphy & Tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basement rock is only exposed at the surface in three places on the Turkmenistan plain. Shale with lenses of <a href="/wiki/Spilite" title="Spilite">spilite</a>, jasper-like rocks and silicified limestone outcrops in the center of the Tuarkyr elevation. Together with <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>, serpentinized <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">pyroxenite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Radiolarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolarian">radiolarian</a> fossils, they form an <a href="/wiki/Ophiolite" title="Ophiolite">ophiolite</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">mélange</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, overlain by four kilometers of sandstone, clay, tuff and conglomerate. </p><p>Late Paleozoic igneous rocks are exposed on the Krasnovodsk Peninsula, including granite, gabbro and acid volcanic rocks dating to 450 to 350 million years ago. The third exposure is on the left bank of the Amudarriya River, where 285 to 280 million year old <a href="/wiki/Cataclastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataclastic">cataclastic</a> granite intrudes <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> clay and carbonate sediments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, Middle Paleozoic granite, gabbroid, metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary rocks and Late Paleozoic intrusives are known through drillholes in the South Turan Platform. Geologists divide the platform basement into Precambrian massif and fold zones related to the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997741–744_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997741–744-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesozoic_(251-66_million_years_ago)"><span id="Mesozoic_.28251-66_million_years_ago.29"></span>Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedimentary rocks formed during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> overlie the South Turan Platform. In the Murgab depression and Cis-Kopetdag, they reach up to eight to 10 kilometers thick, although average thickness is one to two kilometers. Turkmenistan has tectonically complex uplands, often separated by shallow deeps. </p><p>Rhaetic and Liassic age Alpine cover rocks on the South Turan Platform lies unconformably atop folded basement rocks. These are mainly sand and clay layers deposited in a nearshore environment, often with coal layers. Late Jurassic deposits include a 60-meter clay and marl unit, an 800-meter carbonaceous unit and an upper 1.2-kilometer salt-bearing sequence. Jurassic sediments are up to three kilometers thick in the South Turkmenistan subsidence system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cenozoic_(66_million_years_ago-present)"><span id="Cenozoic_.2866_million_years_ago-present.29"></span>Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, the North Mesotethys Ocean closed, forming the Shachrud-Nishapoor thrusted-folded arc and the Eastern Iran transverse folded system. This led to the incorporation of Turkmenistan, Iran and Afghanistan into the larger Eurasian Plate. As Gondwana moved northward and interacted with Eurasia in the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, subduction began south of the current Zagros Mountains in northern Iraq and Iran. As the North Mesotethys Ocean basin was subducted, it kicked off calc-alkaline volcanism in Iran in the Eocene. The Badkhys volcanic rocks and Great Balkhan bentonites on the Turan Plate in Turkmenistan are remnants of the inland extent of this subduction and volcanism. </p><p>The collisions uplifted a large area across Eurasia as the Alpine-Asiatic mobile belt. Regionally, this uplift resulted in the Turkmen-Khorasan and Afghan-Tien Shan folded regions. The Southern Turkmen sutural zone, a linear area with wrench-dislocations is forming in the southwest along the Turkmen-Khorasan fold system. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> deep troughs filled with <a href="/wiki/Molasse" title="Molasse">molasse</a> deposits two kilometers to as much as eight kilometers thick (in the case of the West Turkmenian Basin). During the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, the level of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> has varied widely. In fact the level of the Caspian basins dropped up to 500 meters. This has tended to deep paleo-valleys as downcutting took place. </p><p>Turkmenistan is highly seismically active, especially around the Kopetdag-Balkhan deep fault zone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997753–754_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997753–754-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_resource_geology">Natural resource geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural resource geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil and gas are the dominant natural resources in Turkmenistan, with over 50 deposits discovered before the end of the 20th century. The West Turkmen Depression, also known as the Transcaspian Depression, is the main oil-producing area primarily from <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> rocks. Intensive oil extraction began in the 1940s, reaching 16 million tons by 1973. After Russia, the US and Canada, Turkmenistan is the fourth largest natural gas producer in the world. Most gas reserves are held in structural traps in Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks in the East Turkmenistan Turan Platform, at depths of 1.5 to five kilometers, within uplifts of the Turkmen Anteclise and Amudarija Syneclise. The Murgab Depression is the single most productive area for gas, with the massive 1.8 trillion-cubic-meter Dauletabad-Donmez gas field and 300 billion-cubic-meter Naip field. </p><p>In addition to gas deposits, Turkmenistan has the largest bromine and iodine reserves in the world as well as Karabogasgol Bay with large reserves of <a href="/wiki/Mirabilite" title="Mirabilite">mirabilite</a> and sodium sulfate. The eastern region of Guardak-Kugitang has abundant potassium salt, halite and sulfur, while the Oglanly deposit in Great Balkhan in Eocene sediments is a major supply of <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keramsite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keramsite (page does not exist)">Keramsite</a> and other material is mined for construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997735–738_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997735–738-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hydrogeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oases supply the cities of Cis-Kopetdag and Tedzhen-Murgab with drinking water and groundwater is widely extracted for use in the arid oil fields, particularly the Yaschan freshwater aquifer at Uzboy. Turkmenistan has mineral water springs at Archman, Ashkhabad and Bayram-Ali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Turkmenistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Turkmenistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geology of Turkmenistan">Geology of Turkmenistan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMooresFairbridge1997" class="citation book cs1">Moores, E.M.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of European & Asian Regional Geology</i>. Springer. pp. 740–747.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+%26+Asian+Regional+Geology&rft.pages=740-747&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Moores&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft.au=Fairbridge%2C+Rhodes+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeology+of+Turkmenistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997741–744-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997741–744_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooresFairbridge1997">Moores & Fairbridge 1997</a>, pp. 741–744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997753–754-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997753–754_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooresFairbridge1997">Moores & Fairbridge 1997</a>, pp. 753–754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997735–738-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooresFairbridge1997735–738_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooresFairbridge1997">Moores & Fairbridge 1997</a>, pp. 735–738.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Geology_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brunei" title="Geology of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Cambodia" title="Geology of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Cyprus" title="Geology of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_East_Timor" title="Geology of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geology of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iran" title="Geology of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iraq" title="Geology of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Israel" title="Geology of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Japan" title="Geology of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Jordan" title="Geology of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geology of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Korea" title="Geology of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Korea" title="Geology of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Kuwait" title="Geology of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Geology of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Laos" title="Geology of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Lebanon" title="Geology of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Maldives" title="Geology of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mongolia" title="Geology of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Myanmar" title="Geology of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Nepal" title="Geology of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Oman" title="Geology of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pakistan" title="Geology of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geology of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Singapore" title="Geology of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Syria" title="Geology of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Tajikistan" title="Geology of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Thailand" title="Geology of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Geology of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Uzbekistan" title="Geology of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Vietnam" title="Geology of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Yemen" title="Geology of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited 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