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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Drug withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spasticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spasticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Spasticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spasticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clonidine_suppression_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clonidine_suppression_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Clonidine suppression test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clonidine_suppression_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> 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</button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_blood_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_blood_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>High blood pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_blood_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_hormone_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_hormone_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Growth hormone test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_hormone_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pharmacokinetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Brand names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كلونيدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلونيدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کلونیدین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلونیدین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidin" title="Clonidin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clonidin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidin" title="Clonidin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clonidin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Κλονιδίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλονιδίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidina" title="Clonidina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clonidina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کلونیدین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلونیدین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clonidine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EB%94%98" title="클로니딘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클로니딘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կլոնիդին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլոնիդին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonidin" title="Klonidin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klonidin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonidin" title="Klonidin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klonidin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidina" title="Clonidina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clonidina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קלונידין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלונידין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کلونایڈاین – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کلونایڈاین" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidin" title="Clonidin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Clonidin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clonidine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="クロニジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロニジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8" title="କ୍ଲୋନିଡିନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଲୋନିଡିନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonidyna" title="Klonidyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klonidyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidina" title="Clonidina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clonidina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidin%C4%83" title="Clonidină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clonidină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клонидин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клонидин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonidin" title="Klonidin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Klonidin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonidin" title="Klonidin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klonidin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonidiini" title="Klonidiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klonidiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonidin" title="Klonidin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klonidin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Клонідин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клонідин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Clonidine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E4%B9%90%E5%AE%9A" title="可乐定 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可乐定" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q412221#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical drug</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Clonidine">Clonidine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonidine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Clonidine.svg/175px-Clonidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Clonidine.svg/263px-Clonidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Clonidine.svg/350px-Clonidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonidine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-bs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Clonidine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-bs.png/200px-Clonidine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-bs.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Clonidine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-bs.png/300px-Clonidine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-bs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Clonidine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-bs.png/400px-Clonidine-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-bs.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2024" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Catapres, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonidine.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682243.html">a682243</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Clonidine">Clonidine</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> B3</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/By_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="By mouth">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">epidural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2A</sub>-adrenergic receptor agonist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C02" title="ATC code C02">C02AC01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=C02AC01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning"><span style="border:thin solid black;">WARNING</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70–80% (oral),<sup id="cite_ref-davies_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DailyMed_II_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed_II-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60–70% (transdermal)<sup id="cite_ref-clinp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20–40%<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> to inactive <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2/3 <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a><sup id="cite_ref-cypmetabolism_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cypmetabolism-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IR: 30–60 minutes after an oral dose<sup id="cite_ref-DailyMed_2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">IR: 12–16 hours; 41 hours in <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DailyMed_III_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed_III-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 48 hours for repeated dosing<sup id="cite_ref-clinp_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blood pressure: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>≤ 8 hours</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a> (72%)<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;"><i>N</i>-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-4,5--1<i>H</i>-imidazol-2-amine</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=4205-90-7">4205-90-7</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2803">2803</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.guidetopharmacology.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=516">516</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00575">DB00575</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2701.html">2701</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/MN3L5RMN02">MN3L5RMN02</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00281">D00281</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3757">CHEBI:3757</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL134">ChEMBL134</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6022846">DTXSID6022846</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412221#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.021.928">100.021.928</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412221#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>9</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>9</sub><span title="Chlorine">Cl</span><sub>2</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>3</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002230090000000000♠"></span>230.09</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Clc1cccc%28Cl%29c1N%2FC2%3DN%2FCCN2">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Clc1cccc(Cl)c1N/C2=N/CCN2</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C9H9Cl2N3/c10-6-2-1-3-7(11)8(6)14-9-12-4-5-13-9/h1-3H,4-5H2,(H2,12,13,14)<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=456485213&page2=Clonidine">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Clonidine</b>, sold under the brand name <b>Catapres</b> among others, is an <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2A</sub>-adrenergic receptor agonist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Goodman13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medication used to treat <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">drug withdrawal</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioids</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">nicotine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopausal flushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">spasticity</a>, and certain pain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug is often prescribed off-label for <a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tics</a>. It is used <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a> (by mouth), by <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injection</a>, or as a <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> skin patch.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onset of action is typically within an hour with the effects on blood pressure lasting for up to eight hours.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common side effects include <a href="/wiki/Dry_mouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry mouth">dry mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe side effects may include <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmias" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmias">heart arrhythmias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BNF76_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF76-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If rapidly stopped, withdrawal effects may occur, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency" title="Hypertensive emergency">a dangerous rise in blood pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> is not recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-BNF76_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF76-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine lowers blood pressure by stimulating <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptors</a> in the brain, which results in relaxation of many arteries.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clonidine was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fis2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fis2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was the 71st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>million prescriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg/200px-Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg/300px-Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Clonidine_pills_and_patch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>Clonidine tablets and transdermal patch</figcaption></figure> <p>Clonidine is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), <a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">drug withdrawal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioids</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">nicotine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopausal flushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, and certain pain conditions. It also sees some use off-label for episodic <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, among other uses.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2019_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistant_hypertension">Resistant hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Resistant hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine may be effective for lowering blood pressure in people with <a href="/wiki/Hypertension#Resistant_hypertension" title="Hypertension">resistant hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clonidine works by slowing the <a href="/wiki/Pulse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse rate">pulse rate</a> and exerts a reduction of serum concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catecholamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Catecholamines">catecholamines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyMed_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine may improve symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in some people but causes many adverse effects and the beneficial effect is modest.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration" title="Therapeutic Goods Administration">TGA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine, along with <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>, has been studied for treatment of ADHD.<sup id="cite_ref-Clonidine_for_attention-deficit_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clonidine_for_attention-deficit-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Effects_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not as effective as methylphenidate in treating ADHD, clonidine does offer some benefit;<sup id="cite_ref-Clonidine_for_attention-deficit_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clonidine_for_attention-deficit-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it can also be useful in combination with <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> medications.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies show clonidine to be more <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedating</a> than <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>, which may be better at bedtime along with an arousing <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine has been used to reduce sleep disturbances in ADHD, including to help offset stimulant-associated <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24027233_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24027233-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15853572_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15853572-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchacharIckowicz1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchacharIckowicz1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8169189_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8169189-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike stimulant medications, clonidine is regarded as having no abuse potential, and may even be used to reduce abuse of drugs including nicotine and cocaine.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, only the extended-release form of clonidine is approved for ADHD treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_PI_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_PI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_withdrawal">Drug withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drug withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine may be used to ease drug withdrawal symptoms associated with abruptly stopping the long-term use of <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can alleviate <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a> symptoms by reducing the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> response such as <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperhidrosis" title="Hyperhidrosis">hyperhidrosis</a> (excessive sweating), hot and cold flashes, and <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be helpful in aiding smokers to quit.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sedation effect can also be useful. Clonidine may also reduce severity of <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">neonatal abstinence syndrome</a> in infants born to mothers that are using certain drugs, particularly opioids.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In infants with neonatal withdrawal syndrome, clonidine may improve the <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">neonatal intensive care unit</a> Network Neurobehavioral Score.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clonidine has also been suggested as a treatment for rare instances of <a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">dexmedetomidine</a> withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spasticity">Spasticity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spasticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine has some role in the treatment of spasticity, acting principally by inhibiting excessive sensory transmission <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">below the level of injury</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (March 2024)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup>. Its use, however, is mainly as a second or third line agent, due to side effects such as <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drowsiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drowsiness">drowsiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine can be administered <a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">intrathecally</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID18443642_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID18443642-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which confers various benefits, including a reduction or prevention of the blood pressure lowering effects and increased effectiveness against spasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID11723871_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID11723871-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of intrathecal clonidine is comparable to that of intrathecal baclofen for spasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID11723871_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID11723871-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clonidine_suppression_test">Clonidine suppression test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clonidine suppression test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reduction in circulating norepinephrine by clonidine was used in the past as an investigatory test for <a href="/wiki/Phaeochromocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeochromocytoma">phaeochromocytoma</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor" title="Neuroendocrine tumor">catecholamine-synthesizing tumor</a>, usually found in the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal medulla">adrenal medulla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12788870_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12788870-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a clonidine suppression test, plasma catecholamine levels are measured before and 3 hours after a 0.3 mg oral test dose has been given to the patient. A positive test occurs if there is no decrease in plasma levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12788870_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12788870-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine also has several <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label uses</a>, and has been prescribed to treat <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorders</a> including <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">hyperarousal</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine is also a mild <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>, and can be used as <a href="/wiki/Premedication" title="Premedication">premedication</a> before surgery or procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-premed_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-premed-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been studied as a way to calm acute <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its epidural use for pain during heart attack, and postoperative and intractable pain has also been studied extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine can be used in <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RLS_medscape_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLS_medscape-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be used to treat facial flushing and redness associated with <a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">rosacea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been successfully used topically in a clinical trial as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">diabetic neuropathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> headaches and <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Web_MD_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Web_MD-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine has also been used to treat refractory <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a>, diabetes, diarrhea associated with opioid withdrawal, <a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">intestinal failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor" title="Neuroendocrine tumor">neuroendocrine tumors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine can be used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a> (specifically for <a href="/wiki/Tics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tics">tics</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine has also had some success in clinical trials for helping to remove or ameliorate the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder" title="Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder">hallucinogen persisting perception disorder</a> (HPPD).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Injection of <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor agonists</a> into the knee joint space, including clonidine, may reduce the severity of knee pain after <a href="/wiki/Arthroscopy" title="Arthroscopy">arthroscopic</a> knee surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Light-activated derivatives of clonidine (adrenoswitches) have been developed for research purposes and shown to control pupillary reflex with light in blind mice by topical application.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding">Pregnancy and breastfeeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and breastfeeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is classified by the TGA of Australia as pregnancy category B3, which means that it has shown some detrimental effects on fetal development in animal studies, although the relevance of this to human beings is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-TGA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine appears in high concentration in breast milk; a nursing infant's serum clonidine concentration is approximately 2/3 of the mother's.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caution is warranted in women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal adverse effects of clonidine are sedation, dry mouth, and hypotension (low blood pressure).<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><big>By frequency</big></b><sup id="cite_ref-TGA_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EMC_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMC-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Very common (>10% frequency):</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>Dizziness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">Orthostatic hypotension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Somnolence</a> (dose-dependent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">Dry mouth</a></li> <li>Headache (dose-dependent)</li> <li>Fatigue</li> <li>Skin reactions (if given transdermally)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Common (1–10% frequency):</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>Anxiety</li> <li>Constipation</li> <li>Sedation (dose-dependent)</li> <li>Nausea/vomiting</li> <li>Malaise</li> <li>Abnormal LFTs</li> <li>Rash</li> <li>Weight gain/loss</li> <li>Pain below the ear (from salivary gland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Uncommon (0.1–1% frequency):</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li>Delusional perception</li> <li>Hallucination</li> <li>Nightmare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_bradycardia" title="Sinus bradycardia">Sinus bradycardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynaud%27s_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Raynaud's phenomenon">Raynaud's phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Rare (<0.1% frequency):</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecomastia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecomastia">Gynaecomastia</a></li> <li>Impaired ability to cry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_block" title="Atrioventricular block">Atrioventricular block</a></li> <li>Nasal dryness</li> <li>Colonic pseudo-obstruction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopecia">Alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal">Withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because clonidine suppresses sympathetic outflow, resulting in lower blood pressure, sudden discontinuation can result in acute hypertension due to a rebound in sympathetic outflow. In extreme cases, this can result in a <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_crisis" title="Hypertensive crisis">hypertensive crisis</a>, which is a medical emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-MD_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clonidine therapy should generally be gradually tapered when discontinuing therapy to avoid <a href="/wiki/Rebound_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound effects">rebound effects</a> from occurring. Treatment of clonidine withdrawal hypertension depends on the severity of the condition. Reintroduction of clonidine for mild cases, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta</a> blockers for more urgent situations. Beta blockers should never be used alone to treat clonidine withdrawal as alpha vasoconstriction would still continue.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-07-142280-3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-07-142280-3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:small;"> <caption>Clonidine<sup id="cite_ref-PDSP_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDSP-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Site</th> <th><i>K</i><sub>i</sub> (nM)</th> <th>Species</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter"><abbr title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter</span></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">5-HT<sub>1B</sub></a></td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-PDSP_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDSP-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1A</sub></a></td> <td>316.23</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1B</sub></a></td> <td>316.23</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1D</sub></a></td> <td>125.89</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2A</sub></a></td> <td>35.48 – 61.65</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jasper1998_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jasper1998-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2B</sub></a></td> <td>69.18 – 309.0</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Jasper1998_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jasper1998-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2C</sub></a></td> <td>134.89 – 501.2</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Jasper1998_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jasper1998-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_D1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine D1 receptor">D<sub>1</sub></a></td> <td>> 10,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Neve1990_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neve1990-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">I<sub>1</sub></a></td> <td>31.62</td> <td>Bovine</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">I<sub>2</sub></a> (cortex)</td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A" title="Monoamine oxidase A">MAO-A</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B" title="Monoamine oxidase B">MAO-B</a></td> <td>>1,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-milan2000_75-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milan2000-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">σ</a></td> <td>>10,000</td> <td>Guinea Pig</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="4" style="width: 1px;"><small>The <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">K<sub>i</sub></a> refers to a drug's affinity for a receptor. The smaller the K<sub>i</sub>, the higher the affinity for that receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-Pharmacology_2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pharmacology_2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reported imidazoline-2 binding is measured in the cortex — I<sub>2</sub> receptor bindings measured in stomach membranes are much lower.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine crosses the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyMed_III_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed_III-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_blood_pressure">High blood pressure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: High blood pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine treats high blood pressure by stimulating <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub> receptors</a> in the brainstem, which decreases <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral vascular resistance">peripheral vascular resistance</a>, lowering blood pressure. It has specificity towards the <a href="/wiki/Presynaptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presynaptic">presynaptic</a> α<sub>2</sub> receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor_center" title="Vasomotor center">vasomotor center</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. This binding has a <a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">sympatholytic</a> effect, suppresses release of <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, renin, and <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">neuropeptide Y</a> which if released would increase <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">vascular resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman13_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201–203">: 201–203 </span></sup> </p><p>Clonidine also acts as an agonist at <a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">imidazoline-1 (I<sub>1</sub>) receptors</a> in the brain, and it is hypothesized that this effect may contribute to reducing blood pressure by reducing signaling in the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>; this effect acts upstream of the central <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a> agonist effect of clonidine.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman13_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201–203">: 201–203 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imidazoline_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imidazoline-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clonidine may also cause <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, theoretically by increasing <a href="/wiki/Vagal_tone" title="Vagal tone">signaling through the vagus nerve</a>. When given intravenously, clonidine can temporarily increase blood pressure by stimulating α<sub>1</sub> receptors in <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscles</a> in blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypertensive effect is not usual when clonidine is given orally or by the <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> route.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman13_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201–203">: 201–203 </span></sup> </p><p>Plasma concentration of clonidine exceeding 2.0 ng/mL does not provide further blood pressure reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyMed_IV_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyMed_IV-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_2">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structural_comparison_of_norepinephrine_and_clonidine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Structural_comparison_of_norepinephrine_and_clonidine.svg/325px-Structural_comparison_of_norepinephrine_and_clonidine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Structural_comparison_of_norepinephrine_and_clonidine.svg/488px-Structural_comparison_of_norepinephrine_and_clonidine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Structural_comparison_of_norepinephrine_and_clonidine.svg/650px-Structural_comparison_of_norepinephrine_and_clonidine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Structural comparison between the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and the drug clonidine. Both drugs bind to α<sub>2</sub> adrenergic receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinnamon_Review_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinnamon_Review-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities between the two structures are shown highlighted in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the setting of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), clonidine's molecular mechanism of action occurs due to its <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2A</sub> adrenergic receptor</a>, the subtype of the <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">adrenergic receptor</a> that is most principally found in the brain. Within the brain, the α<sub>2A</sub> adrenergic receptors are found within the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> (PFC), among other areas. The α<sub>2A</sub> adrenergic receptors are found on the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse#Structure" title="Chemical synapse">presynaptic cleft</a> of a given neuron, and, when activated by an agonist, the effect on downstream neurons is inhibitory. The inhibition is accomplished by preventing the secretion of the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>. Thus, clonidine's agonism on α<sub>2A</sub> adrenergic receptors in the PFC inhibits the action of downstream neurons by preventing the secretion of norepinephrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinnamon_Review_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinnamon_Review-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This mechanism is similar to the brain's physiological inhibition of PFC neurons by the <a href="/wiki/Locus_ceruleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Locus ceruleus">locus ceruleus</a> (LC), which secretes norepinephrine into the PFC. Although norepinephrine can also bind to target adrenergic receptors on the downstream neuron (otherwise inducing a stimulatory effect), norepinephrine also binds to α<sub>2A</sub> adrenergic receptors (akin to clonidine's mechanism of action), inhibiting the release of norepinephrine by that neuron and inducing an inhibitory effect. Because the PFC is required for working memory and attention, it is thought that clonidine's inhibition of PFC neurons helps to eliminate irrelevant attention (and subsequent behaviors), improving the person's focus and correcting deficits in attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinnamon_Review_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinnamon_Review-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_hormone_test">Growth hormone test</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Growth hormone test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine stimulates release of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH hormone</a> from the hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates pituitary release of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1901390_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1901390-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect has been used as part of a "growth hormone test," which can assist with diagnosing <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_deficiency" title="Growth hormone deficiency">growth hormone deficiency</a> in children.<sup id="cite_ref-GH_Test_Cinci_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH_Test_Cinci-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After being ingested, clonidine is absorbed into the blood stream rapidly with an overall <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> around 70–80%.<sup id="cite_ref-davies_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">Peak concentrations</a> in human plasma occur within 60–90 minutes for the "immediate release" (IR) version of the drug, which is shorter than the "extended release" (ER/XR) version.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Review_1999_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Review_1999-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonidine is fairly lipid soluble with the <a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient#Partition_coefficient_and_log_P" title="Partition coefficient">logarithm of its partition coefficient</a> (log P) equal to 1.6;<sup id="cite_ref-Foye_2008_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foye_2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Review_1999_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Review_1999-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to compare, the optimal log P to allow a drug that is active in the human <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Blood_brain_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood brain barrier">blood brain barrier</a> is 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-Pajouhesh_2005_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pajouhesh_2005-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than half of the absorbed portion of an orally administered dose will be metabolized by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> into inactive <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a>, with roughly the other half being excreted unchanged by the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Review_1999_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Review_1999-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one-fifth of an oral dose will not be absorbed, and is thus excreted in the feces.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Review_1999_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Review_1999-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work with liver microsomes shows in the liver clonidine is primarily metabolized by <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> (66%), <a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a> (10–20%), and <a href="/wiki/CYP3A" title="CYP3A">CYP3A</a> (0–20%) with negligible contributions from the less abundant enzymes <a href="/wiki/CYP3A5" title="CYP3A5">CYP3A5</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP1A1" title="CYP1A1">CYP1A1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cypmetabolism_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cypmetabolism-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4-hydroxyclonidine, the main metabolite of clonidine, is also an α<sub>2A</sub> agonist but is non lipophilic and is not believed to contribute to the effects of clonidine since it does not cross the blood–brain barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of clonidine vary widely, between 6 and 23 hours, with the half-life being greatly affected by and prolonged in the setting of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">poor kidney function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_Review_1999_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan_Review_1999-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in half-life may be partially attributable to <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> genetics.<sup id="cite_ref-cypmetabolism_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cypmetabolism-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some research has suggested the half-life of clonidine is dose dependent and approximately doubles upon chronic dosing,<sup id="cite_ref-halflife_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halflife-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other work contradicts this.<sup id="cite_ref-clinp_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a 0.3 mg oral dose, a small study of five patients by Dollery et al. (1976) found half-lives ranging between 6.3 and 23.4 hours (<a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> 12.7).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar N=5 study by Davies et al. (1977) found a narrower range of half-lives, between 6.7 and 13 hours (mean 8.6),<sup id="cite_ref-davies_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davies-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while an N=8 study by Keraäen et al. that included younger patients found a somewhat shorter mean half-life of 7.5 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clonidine was introduced in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-history1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first used as a hypertension treatment under the trade name of Catapres.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Brand names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of June 2017, clonidine is marketed under many brand names worldwide: Arkamin, Aruclonin, Atensina, Catapin, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan, Chianda, Chlofazoline, Chlophazolin, Clonid-Ophtal, Clonidin, Clonidina, Clonidinã, Clonidine, Clonidine hydrochloride, Clonidinhydrochlorid, Clonidini, Clonidinum, Clonigen, Clonistada, Clonnirit, Clophelinum, Dixarit, Duraclon, Edolglau, Haemiton, Hypodine, Hypolax, Iporel, Isoglaucon, Jenloga, Kapvay, Klofelino, Kochaniin, Lonid, Melzin, Menograine, Normopresan, Paracefan, Pinsanidine, Run Rui, and Winpress.<sup id="cite_ref-brands_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Combination_drug" title="Combination drug">combination drug</a> with <a href="/wiki/Chlortalidone" title="Chlortalidone">chlortalidone</a> as Arkamin-H, Bemplas, Catapres-DIU, and Clorpres, and in combination with <a href="/wiki/Bendroflumethiazide" title="Bendroflumethiazide">bendroflumethiazide</a> as Pertenso.<sup id="cite_ref-brands_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nctr-crs.fda.gov/fdalabel/ui/spl-summaries/criteria/343802">"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"</a>. <i>nctr-crs.fda.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nctr-crs.fda.gov&rft.atitle=FDA-sourced+list+of+all+drugs+with+black+box+warnings+%28Use+Download+Full+Results+and+View+Query+links.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnctr-crs.fda.gov%2Ffdalabel%2Fui%2Fspl-summaries%2Fcriteria%2F343802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d4a55825-7041-42f4-b3b2-dd7a25dbe793">"Catapres-TTS-1- clonidine transdermal system patch; Catapres-TTS-2- clonidine transdermal system patch; Catapres-TTS-3- clonidine transdermal system patch"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Catapres-TTS-1-+clonidine+transdermal+system+patch%3B+Catapres-TTS-2-+clonidine+transdermal+system+patch%3B+Catapres-TTS-3-+clonidine+transdermal+system+patch&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Dd4a55825-7041-42f4-b3b2-dd7a25dbe793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4a15c850-9da5-4bdc-a34d-7f740a6149b7">"Onyda XR- clonidine hydrochloride suspension, extended release"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 7 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Onyda+XR-+clonidine+hydrochloride+suspension%2C+extended+release&rft.date=2024-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D4a15c850-9da5-4bdc-a34d-7f740a6149b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davies-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davies_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davies_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davies_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesWingReidNeill1977" class="citation journal cs1">Davies DS, Wing AM, Reid JL, Neill DM, Tippett P, Dollery CT (May 1977). "Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of intervenous and oral clonidine". <i>Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 593–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpt1977215593">10.1002/cpt1977215593</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/870272">870272</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5566079">5566079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacology+and+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+and+concentration-effect+relationships+of+intervenous+and+oral+clonidine&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=593-601&rft.date=1977-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5566079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F870272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcpt1977215593&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Wing%2C+AM&rft.au=Reid%2C+JL&rft.au=Neill%2C+DM&rft.au=Tippett%2C+P&rft.au=Dollery%2C+CT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyMed_II-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyMed_II_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d">"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 6 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804180055/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>The pharmacokinetics of clonidine is dose-proportional in the range of 100 to 600 µg.The absolute bioavailability of clonidine on oral administration is 70% to 80%. Peak plasma clonidine levels are attained in approximately 1 to 3 hours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Catapres-+clonidine+hydrochloride+tablet&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Dd7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clinp-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clinp_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clinp_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clinp_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenthalMatzekMacGregor1988" class="citation journal cs1">Lowenthal DT, Matzek KM, MacGregor TR (May 1988). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine". <i>Clinical Pharmacokinetics</i>. <b>14</b> (5): 287–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-198814050-00002">10.2165/00003088-198814050-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3293868">3293868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24783447">24783447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics&rft.atitle=Clinical+pharmacokinetics+of+clonidine&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=287-310&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24783447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3293868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003088-198814050-00002&rft.aulast=Lowenthal&rft.aufirst=DT&rft.au=Matzek%2C+KM&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+TR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSR-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSR_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.medscape.com/drug/catapres-tts-clonidine-342382">"clonidine (Rx) - Catapres, Catapres-TTS, more."</a> <i>Medscape Reference</i>. WebMD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204171104/https://reference.medscape.com/drug/catapres-tts-clonidine-342382">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=clonidine+%28Rx%29+-+Catapres%2C+Catapres-TTS%2C+more..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.medscape.com%2Fdrug%2Fcatapres-tts-clonidine-342382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyMed_2016-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyMed_2016_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d">"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 6 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804180055/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Catapres tablets act relatively rapidly. The patient's blood pressure declines within 30 to 60 minutes after an oral dose, the maximum decrease occurring within 2 to 4 hours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Catapres-+clonidine+hydrochloride+tablet&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Dd7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyMed_III-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DailyMed_III_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DailyMed_III_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d">"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"</a>. <i>DailyMed</i>. 6 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804180055/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Following intravenous administration, clonidine displays biphasic disposition with a distribution half-life of about 20 minutes and an elimination half-life ranging from 12 to 16 hours. The half-life increases up to 41 hours in patients with severe impairment of renal function. Clonidine crosses the placental barrier. It has been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier in rats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Catapres-+clonidine+hydrochloride+tablet&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3Dd7f569dc-6bed-42dc-9bec-940a9e6b090d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rxlist.com/kapvay-drug/clinical-pharmacology.htm">"Kapvay"</a>. <i>RxList</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012000817/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570945">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RxList&rft.atitle=Kapvay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rxlist.com%2Fkapvay-drug%2Fclinical-pharmacology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cypmetabolism-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cypmetabolism_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cypmetabolism_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cypmetabolism_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaessensRislerEyalShen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Claessens AJ, Risler LJ, Eyal S, Shen DD, Easterling TR, Hebert MF (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939473">"CYP2D6 mediates 4-hydroxylation of clonidine in vitro: implication for pregnancy-induced changes in clonidine clearance"</a>. <i>Drug Metabolism and Disposition</i>. <b>38</b> (9): 1393–1396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fdmd.110.033878">10.1124/dmd.110.033878</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939473">2939473</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20570945">20570945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Metabolism+and+Disposition&rft.atitle=CYP2D6+mediates+4-hydroxylation+of+clonidine+in+vitro%3A+implication+for+pregnancy-induced+changes+in+clonidine+clearance&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1393-1396&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2939473%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20570945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fdmd.110.033878&rft.aulast=Claessens&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Risler%2C+LJ&rft.au=Eyal%2C+S&rft.au=Shen%2C+DD&rft.au=Easterling%2C+TR&rft.au=Hebert%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2939473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman13_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman13_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman13_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman13_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfallMacarthurWestfall2017" class="citation book cs1">Westfall TC, Macarthur H, Westfall DP (2017). 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American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030724/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonidine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Clonidine+Monograph+for+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Fclonidine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNF76-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BNF76_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BNF76_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>British national formulary : BNF 76</i> (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857113382" title="Special:BookSources/9780857113382"><bdi>9780857113382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+national+formulary+%3A+BNF+76&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=76&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780857113382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil2011" class="citation journal cs1">Neil MJ (November 2011). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clonidine+brand+names&rft.pub=Drugs.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Finternational%2Fclonidine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonidine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonidine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template talk:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_used_for_glaucoma_preparations_and_miosis_(S01E)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs used for <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> preparations and <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">miosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S01#S01E" title="ATC code S01">S01E</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brimonidine/timolol" title="Brimonidine/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">Epinephrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Parasympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic">muscarinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceclidine" title="Aceclidine">Aceclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">Pilocarpine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">muscarinic/<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic">nicotinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demecarium_bromide" title="Demecarium bromide">Demecarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echothiophate" title="Echothiophate">Ecothiopate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmine" title="Stigmine">Stigmine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Fluostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostigmine" title="Neostigmine">Neostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamides</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide" title="Brinzolamide">Brinzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/timolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/brimonidine" title="Brinzolamide/brimonidine">+brimonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenamide" title="Diclofenamide">Diclofenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide" title="Dorzolamide">Dorzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide/timolol" title="Dorzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methazolamide" title="Methazolamide">Methazolamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blocking agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">Prostaglandin analogues</a> (F<sub>2α</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost/timolol" title="Bimatoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+netarsudil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latanoprost/timolol" title="Latanoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprostene_bunod" title="Latanoprostene bunod">Latanoprostene bunod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafluprost" title="Tafluprost">Tafluprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Travoprost/timolol" title="Travoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unoprostone" title="Unoprostone">Unoprostone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netarsudil" title="Netarsudil">Netarsudil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+latanoprost</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omidenepag" title="Omidenepag">Omidenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripasudil" title="Ripasudil">Ripasudil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ADHD_pharmacotherapies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Template talk:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ADHD_pharmacotherapies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ADHD pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ADHD_pharmacotherapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management#Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management"><abbr title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</abbr> pharmacotherapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system"><abbr title="central nervous system">CNS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip central nervous system</span> <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mixed_amphetamine_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed amphetamine salts">Mixed amphetamine salts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">Levoamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate/dexmethylphenidate">+dexmethylphenidate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Non-classical<br /><abbr title="central nervous system">CNS</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">Moclobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Miscellaneous/others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemic_sensory_overstimulation" title="Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation">Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_releasing_agent" title="Monoamine releasing agent">Monoamine releasing agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> (DA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">Dopamine transporter</a> (DAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a> (NE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">Norepinephrine transporter</a> (NET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> (5-HT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">Serotonin transporter</a> (SERT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SSRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NDRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNDRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Template:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Template talk:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sympatholytic_antihypertensives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sympatholytic antihypertensives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytic</a> (and closely related) <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C02" title="ATC code C02">C02</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a><br />(antagonize <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor#.CE.B1_receptors" title="Adrenergic receptor">α-adrenergic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist#.CE.B12_agonists" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α<sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic receptor agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_release_inhibitor" title="Adrenergic release inhibitor">Adrenergic release inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethanidine" title="Bethanidine">Bethanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debrisoquine" title="Debrisoquine">Debrisoquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanadrel" title="Guanadrel">Guanadrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanazodine" title="Guanazodine">Guanazodine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guancydine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guancydine (page does not exist)">Guancydine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoclor" title="Guanoclor">Guanoclor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxan" title="Guanoxan">Guanoxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">Imidazoline receptor</a> agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglion-blocking</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">nicotinic antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimethaphan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indirect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pargyline" title="Pargyline">Pargyline</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VMAT_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT inhibitor">VMAT inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoserpidine" title="Methoserpidine">Methoserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrosingopine" title="Syrosingopine">Syrosingopine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor">Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metirosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metirosine">Metirosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">α<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_antagonist" title="Serotonin receptor antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidanserin" title="Lidanserin">Lidanserin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonists</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension"><abbr title="Pulmonary hypertension">PH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>dual</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aprocitentan" title="Aprocitentan">Aprocitentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">Bosentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macitentan" title="Macitentan">Macitentan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macitentan/tadalafil" title="Macitentan/tadalafil">+tadalafil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Riociguat" title="Riociguat">Riociguat</a>)</li> <li><i>selective</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ambrisentan" title="Ambrisentan">Ambrisentan</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrisentan/tadalafil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrisentan/tadalafil (page does not exist)">+tadalafil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sitaxentan" title="Sitaxentan">Sitaxentan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antimigraine_preparations_(N02C)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antimigraine_preparations" title="Template:Antimigraine preparations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antimigraine_preparations" title="Template talk:Antimigraine preparations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antimigraine_preparations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antimigraine preparations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antimigraine_preparations_(N02C)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine preparations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02C" title="ATC code N02">N02C</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_chronic_headaches#Analgesic_and_abortive_medications" title="Management of chronic headaches">Analgesic/abortive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">Dihydroergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ergotamine/caffeine" title="Ergotamine/caffeine">+caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine/chlorcyclizine/caffeine" title="Ergotamine/chlorcyclizine/caffeine">+chlorcyclizine/caffeine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">Methylergometrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">Methysergide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">5-HT<sub>1</sub> agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almotriptan" title="Almotriptan">Almotriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitriptan" title="Avitriptan">Avitriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donitriptan" title="Donitriptan">Donitriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">Eletriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frovatriptan" title="Frovatriptan">Frovatriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naratriptan" title="Naratriptan">Naratriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizatriptan" title="Rizatriptan">Rizatriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">Sumatriptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolmitriptan" title="Zolmitriptan">Zolmitriptan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ditan" title="Ditan">Ditans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alniditan" title="Alniditan">Alniditan</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasmiditan" title="Lasmiditan">Lasmiditan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimetotiazine" title="Dimetotiazine">Dimetotiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iprazochrome" title="Iprazochrome">Iprazochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxetorone" title="Oxetorone">Oxetorone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide_receptor_antagonist" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist">CGRP-R antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimegepant" title="Rimegepant">Rimegepant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubrogepant" title="Ubrogepant">Ubrogepant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavegepant" title="Zavegepant">Zavegepant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidrine" title="Amidrine">Amidrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_migraines" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevention of migraines">Prophylactic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flumedroxone_acetate" title="Flumedroxone acetate">Flumedroxone acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-<a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">CGRP</a>/<a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CGRP-R</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">mAbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eptinezumab" title="Eptinezumab">Eptinezumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erenumab" title="Erenumab">Erenumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremanezumab" title="Fremanezumab">Fremanezumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galcanezumab" title="Galcanezumab">Galcanezumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide_receptor_antagonist" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist">CGRP-R antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atogepant" title="Atogepant">Atogepant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimegepant" title="Rimegepant">Rimegepant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treatment_of_drug_dependence_(N07B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dependence_treatment" title="Template:Dependence treatment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dependence_treatment" title="Template talk:Dependence treatment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dependence_treatment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dependence treatment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treatment_of_drug_dependence_(N07B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">drug dependence</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N07#N07B" title="ATC code N07">N07B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist</span></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">Alcohol dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde_dehydrogenase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor"><abbr title="Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase">AD</abbr> inhibitor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acamprosate" title="Acamprosate">Acamprosate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbimide" title="Calcium carbimide">Calcium carbimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen cyanamide">Hydrogen cyanamide</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_anesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="General anesthetic">General anesthetics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide_(medication)" title="Nitrous oxide (medication)">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist</span></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid dependence">Opioid dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist</span></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone (extended-release)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine (extended-release)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid antagonists</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist"><abbr title="Adrenergic agonist">AA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Adrenergic agonist</span></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Appetite_stimulants_(A15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Appetite_stimulants" title="Template:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Appetite_stimulants" title="Template talk:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Appetite_stimulants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Appetite stimulants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Appetite_stimulants_(A15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Appetite_stimulant" title="Appetite stimulant">Appetite stimulants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A15" title="ATC code A15">A15</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">Exogenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">Omega-3 fatty acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentoxifylline" title="Pentoxifylline">Pentoxifylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)" title="Endogeny (biology)">Endogenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH/Corticotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide" title="Agouti-related peptide">Agouti-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol/Hydrocortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone">Melanin-concentrating hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">Orexin/Hypocretin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_used_for_glaucoma_preparations_and_miosis_(S01E)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Template talk:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma_preparations_and_miotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_used_for_glaucoma_preparations_and_miosis_(S01E)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs used for <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> preparations and <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">miosis</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S01#S01E" title="ATC code S01">S01E</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brimonidine/timolol" title="Brimonidine/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">Epinephrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Parasympathomimetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic">muscarinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceclidine" title="Aceclidine">Aceclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">Pilocarpine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">muscarinic/<a href="/wiki/Nicotinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic">nicotinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demecarium_bromide" title="Demecarium bromide">Demecarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echothiophate" title="Echothiophate">Ecothiopate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmine" title="Stigmine">Stigmine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Fluostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostigmine" title="Neostigmine">Neostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamides</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide" title="Brinzolamide">Brinzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/timolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brinzolamide/brimonidine" title="Brinzolamide/brimonidine">+brimonidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenamide" title="Diclofenamide">Diclofenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide" title="Dorzolamide">Dorzolamide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorzolamide/timolol" title="Dorzolamide/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methazolamide" title="Methazolamide">Methazolamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blocking agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">Prostaglandin analogues</a> (F<sub>2α</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bimatoprost/timolol" title="Bimatoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+netarsudil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latanoprost/timolol" title="Latanoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latanoprostene_bunod" title="Latanoprostene bunod">Latanoprostene bunod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafluprost" title="Tafluprost">Tafluprost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Travoprost/timolol" title="Travoprost/timolol">+timolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unoprostone" title="Unoprostone">Unoprostone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netarsudil" title="Netarsudil">Netarsudil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netarsudil/latanoprost" title="Netarsudil/latanoprost">+latanoprost</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omidenepag" title="Omidenepag">Omidenepag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripasudil" title="Ripasudil">Ripasudil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidephrine" title="Amidephrine">Amidephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desglymidodrine" title="Desglymidodrine">Desglymidodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexisometheptene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexisometheptene (page does not exist)">Dexisometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indanidine" title="Indanidine">Indanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometheptene" title="Isometheptene">Isometheptene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaraminol" title="Metaraminol">Metaraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxamine" title="Methoxamine">Methoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midodrine" title="Midodrine">Midodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine">Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylephrine" title="Phenylephrine">Phenylephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanoquil" title="Abanoquil">Abanoquil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmalicine" title="Ajmalicine">Ajmalicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfuzosin" title="Alfuzosin">Alfuzosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodamine" title="Anisodamine">Anisodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodine" title="Anisodine">Anisodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiprosin" title="Atiprosin">Atiprosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoxathian" title="Benoxathian">Benoxathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">adimolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">amosulalol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">arotinolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">eugenodilol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">labetalol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunazosin" title="Bunazosin">Bunazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynanthine" title="Corynanthine">Corynanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapiprazole" title="Dapiprazole">Dapiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticine" title="Domesticine">Domesticine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acetergamine" title="Acetergamine">acetergamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">nicergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">terguride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenspiride" title="Fenspiride">Fenspiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-765,314" title="L-765,314">L-765,314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazosin" title="Metazosin">Metazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxisylyte" title="Moxisylyte">Moxisylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantenine" title="Nantenine">Nantenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neldazosin" title="Neldazosin">Neldazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaprazine" title="Niaprazine">Niaprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelanserin" title="Pelanserin">Pelanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendioxan" title="Phendioxan">Phendioxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperazine" title="Phenylpiperazine">Phenylpiperazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazosin" title="Quinazosin">Quinazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silodosin" title="Silodosin">Silodosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsulosin" title="Tamsulosin">Tamsulosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">Terazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiodazosin" title="Tiodazosin">Tiodazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WB-4101" title="WB-4101">WB-4101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolertine" title="Zolertine">Zolertine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline" title="(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline">(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-NEMD" title="4-NEMD">4-NEMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Fluoronorepinephrine" title="6-Fluoronorepinephrine">6-FNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitraz" title="Amitraz">Amitraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimonidine" title="Brimonidine">Brimonidine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">Dihydroergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mivazerol" title="Mivazerol">Mivazerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphazoline" title="Naphazoline">Naphazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetazoline" title="Oxymetazoline">Oxymetazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS75" title="PS75">PS75</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezatomidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezatomidine (page does not exist)">Rezatomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasipimidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasipimidine (page does not exist)">Tasipimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetryzoline" title="Tetryzoline">Tetryzoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatinoxan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatinoxan">Vatinoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylometazoline" title="Xylometazoline">Xylometazoline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidinylpiperazine" title="Pyrimidinylpiperazine">1-PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">Amesergide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">Aptazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atipamezole" title="Atipamezole">Atipamezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">Azapirones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">buspirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">gepirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipsapirone" title="Ipsapirone">ipsapirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">tandospirone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-44408" title="BRL-44408">BRL-44408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buflomedil" title="Buflomedil">Buflomedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirazoline" title="Cirazoline">Cirazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">Esmirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenmetozole" title="Fenmetozole">Fenmetozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluparoxan" title="Fluparoxan">Fluparoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAN-190" title="NAN-190">NAN-190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperoxan" title="Piperoxan">Piperoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spegatrine" title="Spegatrine">Spegatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunepitron" title="Sunepitron">Sunepitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazoline" title="Tolazoline">Tolazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-adrenergic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-adrenergic receptor">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifedrine" title="Alifedrine">Alifedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amibegron" title="Amibegron">Amibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbutamine" title="Arbutamine">Arbutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arformoterol" title="Arformoterol">Arformoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane" title="Bromoacetylalprenololmenthane">BAAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuterol" title="Bambuterol">Bambuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitolterol" title="Bitolterol">Bitolterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxaterol" title="Broxaterol">Broxaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbuterol" title="Carbuterol">Carbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmoterol" title="Carmoterol">Carmoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaterol" title="Cimaterol">Cimaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clenbuterol" title="Clenbuterol">Clenbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colterol" title="Colterol">Colterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbadrine" title="Corbadrine">Corbadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denopamine" title="Denopamine">Denopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, <i>N</i>-methyldopamine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipivefrine" title="Dipivefrine">Dipivefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">Dobutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa (L-DOPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etafedrine" title="Etafedrine">Etafedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilefrine" title="Etilefrine">Etilefrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylnorepinephrine" title="Ethylnorepinephrine">Ethylnorepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoterol" title="Fenoterol">Fenoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formoterol" title="Formoterol">Formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexoprenaline" title="Hexoprenaline">Hexoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higenamine" title="Higenamine">Higenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indacaterol" title="Indacaterol">Indacaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoetarine" title="Isoetarine">Isoetarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprenaline" title="Isoprenaline">Isoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">L-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">L-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosalbutamol" title="Levosalbutamol">Levosalbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubabegron" title="Lubabegron">Lubabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuterol" title="Mabuterol">Mabuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyphenamine" title="Methoxyphenamine">Methoxyphenamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabegron" title="Mirabegron">Mirabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orciprenaline" title="Orciprenaline">Orciprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyfedrine" title="Oxyfedrine">Oxyfedrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-610355" title="PF-610355">PF-610355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">Phenylpropanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirbuterol" title="Pirbuterol">Pirbuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenalterol" title="Prenalterol">Prenalterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ractopamine" title="Ractopamine">Ractopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaterol" title="Procaterol">Procaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproterol" title="Reproterol">Reproterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimiterol" title="Rimiterol">Rimiterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritodrine" title="Ritodrine">Ritodrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol" title="Salbutamol">Salbutamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmeterol" title="Salmeterol">Salmeterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solabegron" title="Solabegron">Solabegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbutaline" title="Terbutaline">Terbutaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretoquinol" title="Tretoquinol">Tretoquinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulobuterol" title="Tulobuterol">Tulobuterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibegron" title="Vibegron">Vibegron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilanterol" title="Vilanterol">Vilanterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamoterol" title="Xamoterol">Xamoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilpaterol" title="Zilpaterol">Zilpaterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinterol" title="Zinterol">Zinterol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaprolol" title="Adaprolol">Adaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimolol" title="Adimolol">Adimolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afurolol" title="Afurolol">Afurolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">Alprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprenoxime" title="Alprenoxime">Alprenoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amosulalol" title="Amosulalol">Amosulalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancarolol" title="Ancarolol">Ancarolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolol" title="Arnolol">Arnolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arotinolol" title="Arotinolol">Arotinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befunolol" title="Befunolol">Befunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopindolol" title="Bopindolol">Bopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornaprolol" title="Bornaprolol">Bornaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brefonalol" title="Brefonalol">Brefonalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucindolol" title="Bucindolol">Bucindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucumolol" title="Bucumolol">Bucumolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufetolol" title="Bufetolol">Bufetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufuralol" title="Bufuralol">Bufuralol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunitrolol" title="Bunitrolol">Bunitrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunolol">Bunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupranolol" title="Bupranolol">Bupranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaxamine" title="Butaxamine">Butaxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butidrine" title="Butidrine">Butidrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butofilolol" title="Butofilolol">Butofilolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsinolol" title="Capsinolol">Capsinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carazolol" title="Carazolol">Carazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpindolol" title="Carpindolol">Carpindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiprolol" title="Celiprolol">Celiprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetamolol" title="Cetamolol">Cetamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicloprolol" title="Cicloprolol">Cicloprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinamolol" title="Cinamolol">Cinamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloranolol" title="Cloranolol">Cloranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopindolol" title="Cyanopindolol">Cyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbraminol" title="Dalbraminol">Dalbraminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexpropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexpropranolol">Dexpropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetolol" title="Diacetolol">Diacetolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloroisoprenaline" title="Dichloroisoprenaline">Dichloroisoprenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroalprenolol" title="Dihydroalprenolol">Dihydroalprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilevalol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilevalol">Dilevalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprafenone" title="Diprafenone">Diprafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draquinolol" title="Draquinolol">Draquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecastolol" title="Ecastolol">Ecastolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epanolol" title="Epanolol">Epanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericolol" title="Ericolol">Ericolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersentilide" title="Ersentilide">Ersentilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esatenolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esatenolol">Esatenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esprolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprolol">Esprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenodilol" title="Eugenodilol">Eugenodilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaprolol" title="Exaprolol">Exaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falintolol" title="Falintolol">Falintolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flestolol" title="Flestolol">Flestolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flusoxolol" title="Flusoxolol">Flusoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarteolol" title="Hydroxycarteolol">Hydroxycarteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytertatolol" title="Hydroxytertatolol">Hydroxytertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-118,551" title="ICI-118,551">ICI-118,551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Idropranolol">Idropranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indenolol" title="Indenolol">Indenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indopanolol" title="Indopanolol">Indopanolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol" title="Iodocyanopindolol">Iodocyanopindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iprocrolol" title="Iprocrolol">Iprocrolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxaprolol" title="Isoxaprolol">Isoxaprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labetalol" title="Labetalol">Labetalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">Landiolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobetaxolol" title="Levobetaxolol">Levobetaxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levobunolol" title="Levobunolol">Levobunolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomoprolol" title="Levomoprolol">Levomoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxalol" title="Medroxalol">Medroxalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepindolol" title="Mepindolol">Mepindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metipranolol" title="Metipranolol">Metipranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moprolol" title="Moprolol">Moprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadoxolol" title="Nadoxolol">Nadoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenalol" title="Nifenalol">Nifenalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipradilol" title="Nipradilol">Nipradilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">Oxprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacrinolol" title="Pacrinolol">Pacrinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pafenolol" title="Pafenolol">Pafenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamatolol" title="Pamatolol">Pamatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargolol" title="Pargolol">Pargolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">Penbutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practolol" title="Practolol">Practolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidolol" title="Primidolol">Primidolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procinolol" title="Procinolol">Procinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronethalol" title="Pronethalol">Pronethalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridazolol" title="Ridazolol">Ridazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronactolol" title="Ronactolol">Ronactolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soquinolol" title="Soquinolol">Soquinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirendolol" title="Spirendolol">Spirendolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR_59230A" title="SR 59230A">SR 59230A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfinalol" title="Sulfinalol">Sulfinalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinolol" title="Talinolol">Talinolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazolol" title="Tazolol">Tazolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">Tertatolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tienoxolol" title="Tienoxolol">Tienoxolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilisolol" title="Tilisolol">Tilisolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiprenolol" title="Tiprenolol">Tiprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolamolol" title="Tolamolol">Tolamolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toliprolol" title="Toliprolol">Toliprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibenolol" title="Xibenolol">Xibenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipranolol" title="Xipranolol">Xipranolol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators">Dopaminergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators">Serotonergics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imidazoline_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imidazoline_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Imidazoline receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imidazoline_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Imidazoline receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imidazoline_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imidazoline receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imidazoline_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">Imidazoline receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor"><abbr title="Imidazoline receptor">IR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Imidazoline receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-BFI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-BFI (page does not exist)">2-BFI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Me-Marsanidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Me-Marsanidine (page does not exist)">7-Me-Marsanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agmatine" title="Agmatine">Agmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apraclonidine" title="Apraclonidine">Apraclonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU224&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU224 (page does not exist)">BU224</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorgyline" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorgyline">Clorgyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmalas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harmalas (page does not exist)">Harmalas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNP-509&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LNP-509 (page does not exist)">LNP-509</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LNP-911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LNP-911 (page does not exist)">LNP-911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-23515&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-23515 (page does not exist)">S-23515</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-23757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-23757 (page does not exist)">S-23757</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=BU99006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU99006 (page does not exist)">BU99006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efaroxan" title="Efaroxan">Efaroxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazoxan" title="Idazoxan">Idazoxan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unsorted/unknown:</b> <a href="/wiki/CR-4056" title="CR-4056">CR-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargyline" title="Pargyline">Pargyline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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