CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: one transistor and one resistor (1T1R)</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: one transistor and one resistor (1T1R)"> <meta name="keywords" content="one transistor and one resistor (1T1R)"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="one transistor and one resistor (1T1R)" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="one transistor and one resistor (1T1R)"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 129</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: one transistor and one resistor (1T1R)</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Design of a 28-nm CMOS 2.9-64.9-GHz Broadband Distributed Amplifier with Floating Ground CPW</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tian-Wei%20Huang">Tian-Wei Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Ting%20Bai"> Wei-Ting Bai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Tung%20Cheng"> Yu-Tung Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeng-Han%20Tsai"> Jeng-Han Tsai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a 1-stage 6-section conventional distributed amplifier (CDA) structure distributed power amplifier (DPA) fabricated in a 28-nm HPC+ 1P9M CMOS process is proposed. The transistor size selection is introduced to achieve broadband power matching and thus remains a high flatness output power and power added efficiency (PAE) within the bandwidth. With the inductive peaking technique, the high-frequency pole appears and the high-frequency gain is increased; the gain flatness becomes better as well. The inductive elements used to form an artificial transmission line are built up with a floating ground coplanar waveguide plane (CPWFG) rather than a microstrip line, coplanar waveguide (CPW), or spiral inductor to get better performance. The DPA achieves 12.6 dB peak gain at 52.5 GHz with 2.9 to 64.9 GHz 3-dB bandwidth. The Psat is 11.4 dBm with PAEMAX of 10.6 % at 25 GHz. The output 1-dB compression point power is 9.8 dBm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20power%20amplifier%20%28DPA%29" title="distributed power amplifier (DPA)">distributed power amplifier (DPA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gain%20bandwidth%20%28GBW%29" title=" gain bandwidth (GBW)"> gain bandwidth (GBW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floating%20ground%20CPW" title=" floating ground CPW"> floating ground CPW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inductive%20peaking" title=" inductive peaking"> inductive peaking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=28-nm" title=" 28-nm"> 28-nm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CMOS" title=" CMOS"> CMOS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5G." title=" 5G."> 5G.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161176/design-of-a-28-nm-cmos-29-649-ghz-broadband-distributed-amplifier-with-floating-ground-cpw" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161176.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Etude 3D Quantum Numerical Simulation of Performance in the HEMT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Boursali">A. Boursali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Guen-Bouazza"> A. Guen-Bouazza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a simulation of a HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) structure with and without a field plate. We extract the device characteristics through the analysis of DC, AC and high frequency regimes, as shown in this paper. This work demonstrates the optimal device with a gate length of 15 nm, InAlN/GaN heterostructure and field plate structure, making it superior to modern HEMTs when compared with otherwise equivalent devices. This improves the ability to bear the burden of the current density passes in the channel. We have demonstrated an excellent current density, as high as 2.05 A/m, a peak extrinsic transconductance of 0.59S/m at VDS=2 V, and cutting frequency cutoffs of 638 GHz in the first HEMT and 463 GHz for Field plate HEMT., maximum frequency of 1.7 THz, maximum efficiency of 73%, maximum breakdown voltage of 400 V, leakage current density IFuite=1 x 10-26 A, DIBL=33.52 mV/V and an ON/OFF current density ratio higher than 1 x 1010. These values were determined through the simulation by deriving genetic and Monte Carlo algorithms that optimize the design and the future of this technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HEMT" title="HEMT">HEMT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silvaco" title=" silvaco"> silvaco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20plate" title=" field plate"> field plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum" title=" quantum"> quantum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39443/etude-3d-quantum-numerical-simulation-of-performance-in-the-hemt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39443.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Optical Heterodyning of Injection-Locked Laser Sources: A Novel Technique for Millimeter-Wave Signal Generation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subal%20Kar">Subal Kar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhuja%20Ghosh"> Madhuja Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumik%20Das"> Soumik Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antara%20Saha"> Antara Saha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A novel technique has been developed to generate ultra-stable millimeter-wave signal by optical heterodyning of the output from two slave laser (SL) sources injection-locked to the sidebands of a frequency modulated (FM) master laser (ML). Precise thermal tuning of the SL sources is required to lock the particular slave laser frequency to the desired FM sidebands of the ML. The output signals from the injection-locked SL when coherently heterodyned in a fast response photo detector like high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), extremely stable millimeter-wave signal having very narrow line width can be generated. The scheme may also be used to generate ultra-stable sub-millimeter-wave/terahertz signal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FM%20sideband%20injection%20locking" title="FM sideband injection locking">FM sideband injection locking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=master-slave%20injection%20locking" title=" master-slave injection locking"> master-slave injection locking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=millimetre-wave%20signal%20generation" title=" millimetre-wave signal generation"> millimetre-wave signal generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20heterodyning" title=" optical heterodyning"> optical heterodyning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9221/optical-heterodyning-of-injection-locked-laser-sources-a-novel-technique-for-millimeter-wave-signal-generation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9221.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> 3D Quantum Simulation of a HEMT Device Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Kourdi">Z. Kourdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Bouazza"> B. Bouazza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Khaouani"> M. Khaouani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Guen-Bouazza"> A. Guen-Bouazza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Djennati"> Z. Djennati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Boursali"> A. Boursali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a simulation of a HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) structure with and without a field plate. We extract the device characteristics through the analysis of DC, AC and high frequency regimes, as shown in this paper. This work demonstrates the optimal device with a gate length of 15 nm, InAlN/GaN heterostructure and field plate structure, making it superior to modern HEMTs when compared with otherwise equivalent devices. This improves the ability to bear the burden of the current density passes in the channel. We have demonstrated an excellent current density, as high as 2.05 A/mm, a peak extrinsic transconductance of 590 mS/mm at VDS=2 V, and cutting frequency cutoffs of 638 GHz in the first HEMT and 463 GHz for Field plate HEMT., maximum frequency of 1.7 THz, maximum efficiency of 73%, maximum breakdown voltage of 400 V, DIBL=33.52 mV/V and an ON/OFF current density ratio higher than 1 x 1010. These values were determined through the simulation by deriving genetic and Monte Carlo algorithms that optimize the design and the future of this technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HEMT" title="HEMT">HEMT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvaco" title=" Silvaco"> Silvaco</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20plate" title=" field plate"> field plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum" title=" quantum"> quantum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30552/3d-quantum-simulation-of-a-hemt-device-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Study and Design of Solar Inverter System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20A.%20Madi">Khaled A. Madi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulalhakim%20O.%20Naji"> Abdulalhakim O. Naji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassouna%20A.%20Aalaoh"> Hassouna A. Aalaoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elmahdi%20Eldeeb"> Elmahdi Eldeeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solar energy is one of the cleanest energy sources with no environmental impact. Due to rapid increase in industrial as well as domestic needs, solar energy becomes a good candidate for safe and easy to handle energy source, especially after it becomes available due to reduction of manufacturing price. The main part of the solar inverter system is the inverter where the DC is inverted to AC, where we try to minimize the loss of power to the minimum possible level by the use of microcontroller. In this work, a deep investigation is made experimentally as well as theoretically for a microcontroller based variable frequency power inverter. The microcontroller will provide the variable frequency Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signal that will control the switching of the gate of the Insulating Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) with less harmonics at the output of power inverter which can be fed to the public grid at high quality. The proposed work for single phase as well as three phases is also simulated using Matlab/Simulink where we found a good agreement between the simulated and the practical results, even though the experimental work were done in the laboratory of the academy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar" title="solar">solar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverter" title=" inverter"> inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PV" title=" PV"> PV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20inverter%20system" title=" solar inverter system"> solar inverter system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9073/study-and-design-of-solar-inverter-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">463</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Analytical Response Characterization of High Mobility Transistor Channels</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Z.%20Mahi">F. Z. Mahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Marinchio"> H. Marinchio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Palermo"> C. Palermo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Varani"> L. Varani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We propose an analytical approach for the admittance response calculation of the high mobility InGaAs channel transistors. The development of the small-signal admittance takes into account the longitudinal and transverse electric fields through a pseudo two-dimensional approximation of the Poisson equation. The total currents and the potentials matrix relation between the gate and the drain terminals determine the frequency-dependent small-signal admittance response. The analytical results show that the admittance spectrum exhibits a series of resonant peaks corresponding to the excitation of plasma waves. The appearance of the resonance is discussed and analyzed as functions of the channel length and the temperature. The model can be used, on one hand, to control the appearance of plasma resonances, and on the other hand, can give significant information about the admittance phase frequency dependence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small-signal%20admittance" title="small-signal admittance">small-signal admittance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poisson%20equation" title=" Poisson equation"> Poisson equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=currents%20and%20potentials%20matrix" title=" currents and potentials matrix"> currents and potentials matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20drain%20and%20the%20gate%20terminals" title=" the drain and the gate terminals"> the drain and the gate terminals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20model" title=" analytical model"> analytical model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35861/analytical-response-characterization-of-high-mobility-transistor-channels" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35861.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">540</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> An Equivalent Circuit Model Approach for Battery Pack Simulation in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Powertrain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suchitra%20Sivakumar">Suchitra Sivakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hajime%20Shingyouchi"> Hajime Shingyouchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshinori%20Okajima"> Toshinori Okajima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyohei%20Yamaguchi"> Kyohei Yamaguchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Kusaka"> Jin Kusaka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The progressing need for powertrain electrification calls for more accurate and reliable simulation models. A battery pack serves as the most vital component for energy storage in an electrified powertrain. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) do not behave the same way as they age, and there are several environmental factors that account for the degradation of the battery on a system level. Therefore, in this work, a battery model was proposed to study the state of charge (SOC) variation and the internal dynamic changes that contribute to aging and performance degradation in HEV batteries. An equivalent circuit battery model (ECM) is built using MATLAB Simulink to investigate the output characteristics of the lithium-ion battery. The ECM comprises of circuit elements like a voltage source, a series resistor and a parallel RC network connected in series. A parameter estimation study is conducted on the ECM to study the dependencies of the circuit elements with the state of charge (SOC) and the terminal voltage of the battery. The battery model is extended to simulate the temperature dependence of the individual battery cell and the battery pack with the environment. The temperature dependence model accounts for the heat loss due to internal resistance build up in the battery pack during charging, discharging, and due to atmospheric temperature. The model was validated for a lithium-ion battery pack with an independent drive cycle showing a voltage accuracy of 4% and SOC accuracy of about 2%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery%20model" title="battery model">battery model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20electric%20vehicle" title=" hybrid electric vehicle"> hybrid electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium-ion%20battery" title=" lithium-ion battery"> lithium-ion battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20model" title=" thermal model"> thermal model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113330/an-equivalent-circuit-model-approach-for-battery-pack-simulation-in-a-hybrid-electric-vehicle-system-powertrain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113330.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Dynamic Variation in Nano-Scale CMOS SRAM Cells Due to LF/RTS Noise and Threshold Voltage </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fadlallah">M. Fadlallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Ghibaudo"> G. Ghibaudo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20G.%20Theodorou"> C. G. Theodorou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The dynamic variation in memory devices such as the Static Random Access Memory can give errors in read or write operations. In this paper, the effect of low-frequency and random telegraph noise on the dynamic variation of one SRAM cell is detailed. The effect on circuit noise, speed, and length of time of processing is examined, using the Supply Read Retention Voltage and the Read Static Noise Margin. New test run methods are also developed. The obtained results simulation shows the importance of noise caused by dynamic variation, and the impact of Random Telegraph noise on SRAM variability is examined by evaluating the statistical distributions of Random Telegraph noise amplitude in the pull-up, pull-down. The threshold voltage mismatch between neighboring cell transistors due to intrinsic fluctuations typically contributes to larger reductions in static noise margin. Also the contribution of each of the SRAM transistor to total dynamic variation has been identified. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-frequency%20noise" title="low-frequency noise">low-frequency noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20telegraph%20noise" title=" random telegraph noise"> random telegraph noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20variation" title=" dynamic variation"> dynamic variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRRV" title=" SRRV"> SRRV</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95313/dynamic-variation-in-nano-scale-cmos-sram-cells-due-to-lfrts-noise-and-threshold-voltage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95313.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Noise and Thermal Analyses of Memristor-Based Phase Locked Loop Integrated Circuit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naheem%20Olakunle%20Adesina">Naheem Olakunle Adesina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The memristor is considered as one of the promising candidates for mamoelectronic engineering and applications. Owing to its high compatibility with CMOS, nanoscale size, and low power consumption, memristor has been employed in the design of commonly used circuits such as phase-locked loop (PLL). In this paper, we designed a memristor-based loop filter (LF) together with other components of PLL. Following this, we evaluated the noise-rejection feature of loop filter by comparing the noise levels of input and output signals of the filter. Our SPICE simulation results showed that memristor behaves like a linear resistor at high frequencies. The result also showed that loop filter blocks the high-frequency components from phase frequency detector so as to provide a stable control voltage to the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). In addition, we examined the effects of temperature on the performance of the designed phase locked loop circuit. A critical temperature, where there is frequency drift of VCO as a result of variations in control voltage, is identified. In conclusion, the memristor is a suitable choice for nanoelectronic systems owing to a small area, low power consumption, dense nature, high switching speed, and endurance. The proposed memristor-based loop filter, together with other components of the phase locked loop, can be designed using memristive emulator and EDA tools in current CMOS technology and simulated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fast%20Fourier%20Transform" title="Fast Fourier Transform">Fast Fourier Transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hysteresis%20curve" title=" hysteresis curve"> hysteresis curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loop%20filter" title=" loop filter"> loop filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=memristor" title=" memristor"> memristor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise" title=" noise"> noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20locked%20loop" title=" phase locked loop"> phase locked loop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltage%20controlled%20oscillator" title=" voltage controlled oscillator"> voltage controlled oscillator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109251/noise-and-thermal-analyses-of-memristor-based-phase-locked-loop-integrated-circuit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109251.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Influence of Measurement System on Negative Bias Temperature Instability Characterization: Fast BTI vs Conventional BTI vs Fast Wafer Level Reliability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vincent%20King%20Soon%20Wong">Vincent King Soon Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Seng%20Ng"> Hong Seng Ng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Florinna%20Sim"> Florinna Sim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) is one of the critical degradation mechanisms in semiconductor device reliability that causes shift in the threshold voltage (Vth). However, thorough understanding of this reliability failure mechanism is still unachievable due to a recovery characteristic known as NBTI recovery. This paper will demonstrate the severity of NBTI recovery as well as one of the effective methods used to mitigate, which is the minimization of measurement system delays. Comparison was done in between two measurement systems that have significant differences in measurement delays to show how NBTI recovery causes result deviations and how fast measurement systems can mitigate NBTI recovery. Another method to minimize NBTI recovery without the influence of measurement system known as Fast Wafer Level Reliability (FWLR) NBTI was also done to be used as reference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20vs%20slow%20BTI" title="fast vs slow BTI">fast vs slow BTI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fast%20wafer%20level%20reliability%20%28FWLR%29" title=" fast wafer level reliability (FWLR)"> fast wafer level reliability (FWLR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20bias%20temperature%20instability%20%28NBTI%29" title=" negative bias temperature instability (NBTI)"> negative bias temperature instability (NBTI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NBTI%20measurement%20system" title=" NBTI measurement system"> NBTI measurement system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal-oxide-semiconductor%20field-effect%20transistor%20%28MOSFET%29" title=" metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)"> metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NBTI%20recovery" title=" NBTI recovery"> NBTI recovery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title=" reliability"> reliability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61786/influence-of-measurement-system-on-negative-bias-temperature-instability-characterization-fast-bti-vs-conventional-bti-vs-fast-wafer-level-reliability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61786.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Optimization by Means of Genetic Algorithm of the Equivalent Electrical Circuit Model of Different Order for Li-ion Battery Pack </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Pizarro-Carmona">V. Pizarro-Carmona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Castano-Solis"> S. Castano-Solis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Cort%C3%A9s-Carmona"> M. Cortés-Carmona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Fraile-Ardanuy"> J. Fraile-Ardanuy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Jimenez-Bermejo"> D. Jimenez-Bermejo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this article is to optimize the Equivalent Electric Circuit Model (EECM) of different orders to obtain greater precision in the modeling of Li-ion battery packs. Optimization includes considering circuits based on 1RC, 2RC and 3RC networks, with a dependent voltage source and a series resistor. The parameters are obtained experimentally using tests in the time domain and in the frequency domain. Due to the high non-linearity of the behavior of the battery pack, Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to solve and optimize the parameters of each EECM considered (1RC, 2RC and 3RC). The objective of the estimation is to minimize the mean square error between the measured impedance in the real battery pack and those generated by the simulation of different proposed circuit models. The results have been verified by comparing the Nyquist graphs of the estimation of the complex impedance of the pack. As a result of the optimization, the 2RC and 3RC circuit alternatives are considered as viable to represent the battery behavior. These battery pack models are experimentally validated using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation platform that reproduces the well-known New York City cycle (NYCC) and Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycles for electric vehicles. The results show that using GA optimization allows obtaining EECs with 2RC or 3RC networks, with high precision to represent the dynamic behavior of a battery pack in vehicular applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-ion%20battery%20packs%20modeling%20optimized" title="Li-ion battery packs modeling optimized">Li-ion battery packs modeling optimized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EECM" title=" EECM"> EECM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GA" title=" GA"> GA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20vehicle%20applications" title=" electric vehicle applications"> electric vehicle applications</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124223/optimization-by-means-of-genetic-algorithm-of-the-equivalent-electrical-circuit-model-of-different-order-for-li-ion-battery-pack" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124223.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> A 1.8 GHz to 43 GHz Low Noise Amplifier with 4 dB Noise Figure in 0.1 µm Galium Arsenide Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mantas%20Sakalas">Mantas Sakalas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paulius%20Sakalas"> Paulius Sakalas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an analysis and design of a ultrawideband 1.8GHz to 43GHz Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) in 0.1 μm Galium Arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor (pHEMT) technology. The feedback based bandwidth extension techniques is analyzed and based on the outcome, a two stage LNA is designed. The impedance fine tuning is implemented by using Transmission Line (TL) structures. The measured performance shows a good agreement with simulation results and an outstanding wideband noise matching. The measured small signal gain was 12 dB, whereas a 3 dB gain flatness in range from 1.8 - 43 GHz was reached. The noise figure was below 4 dB almost all over the entire frequency band of 1.8GHz to 43GHz, the output power at 1 dB compression point was 6 dBm and the DC power consumption was 95 mW. To the best knowledge of the authors the designed LNA outperforms the State of the Art (SotA) reported LNA designs in terms of combined parameters of noise figure within the addressed ultra-wide 3 dB bandwidth, linearity and DC power consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feedback%20amplifiers" title="feedback amplifiers">feedback amplifiers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaAs%20pHEMT" title=" GaAs pHEMT"> GaAs pHEMT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monolithic%20microwave%20integrated%20circuit" title=" monolithic microwave integrated circuit"> monolithic microwave integrated circuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LNA" title=" LNA"> LNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20matching" title=" noise matching"> noise matching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138339/a-18-ghz-to-43-ghz-low-noise-amplifier-with-4-db-noise-figure-in-01-m-galium-arsenide-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138339.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">217</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Graphene Transistor Employing Multilayer Hexagonal Boron Nitride as Substrate and Gate Insulator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikhil%20Jain">Nikhil Jain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bin%20Yu"> Bin Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We explore the potential of using ultra-thin hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as both supporting substrate and gate dielectric for graphene-channel field effect transistors (GFETs). Different from commonly used oxide-based dielectric materials which are typically amorphous, very rough in surface, and rich with surface traps, h-BN is layered insulator free of dangling bonds and surface states, featuring atomically smooth surface. In a graphene-channel-last device structure with local buried metal gate electrode (TiN), thin h-BN multilayer is employed as both supporting “substrate” and gate dielectric for graphene active channel. We observed superior carrier mobility and electrical conduction, significantly improved from that in GFETs with SiO2 as substrate/gate insulator. In addition, we report excellent dielectric behavior of layered h-BN, including ultra-low leakage current and high critical electric field for breakdown. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title="graphene">graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field-effect%20transistors" title=" field-effect transistors"> field-effect transistors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hexagonal%20boron%20nitride" title=" hexagonal boron nitride"> hexagonal boron nitride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20strength" title=" dielectric strength"> dielectric strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunneling" title=" tunneling"> tunneling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21724/graphene-transistor-employing-multilayer-hexagonal-boron-nitride-as-substrate-and-gate-insulator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21724.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">428</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Model-Based Fault Diagnosis in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites Using Particle Filtering </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Yu">Hong Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ion%20Matei"> Ion Matei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) used as aircraft structure are subject to lightning strike, putting structural integrity under risk. Indirect damage may occur after a lightning strike where the internal structure can be damaged due to excessive heat induced by lightning current, while the surface of the structures remains intact. Three damage modes may be observed after a lightning strike: fiber breakage, inter-ply delamination and intra-ply cracks. The assessment of internal damage states in composite is challenging due to complicated microstructure, inherent uncertainties, and existence of multiple damage modes. In this work, a model based approach is adopted to diagnose faults in carbon composites after lighting strikes. A resistor network model is implemented to relate the overall electrical and thermal conduction behavior under simulated lightning current waveform to the intrinsic temperature dependent material properties, microstructure and degradation of materials. A fault detection and identification (FDI) module utilizes the physics based model and a particle filtering algorithm to identify damage mode as well as calculate the probability of structural failure. Extensive simulation results are provided to substantiate the proposed fault diagnosis methodology with both single fault and multiple faults cases. The approach is also demonstrated on transient resistance data collected from a IM7/Epoxy laminate under simulated lightning strike. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20composite" title="carbon composite">carbon composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20detection" title=" fault detection"> fault detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20identification" title=" fault identification"> fault identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20filter" title=" particle filter"> particle filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75997/model-based-fault-diagnosis-in-carbon-fiber-reinforced-composites-using-particle-filtering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">196</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Generalized Mathematical Description and Simulation of Grid-Tied Thyristor Converters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20S.%20Klimash">V. S. Klimash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ye%20Min%20Thu"> Ye Min Thu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thyristor rectifiers, inverters grid-tied, and AC voltage regulators are widely used in industry, and on electrified transport, they have a lot in common both in the power circuit and in the control system. They have a common mathematical structure and switching processes. At the same time, the rectifier, but the inverter units and thyristor regulators of alternating voltage are considered separately both theoretically and practically. They are written about in different books as completely different devices. The aim of this work is to combine them into one class based on the unity of the equations describing electromagnetic processes, and then, to show this unity on the mathematical model and experimental setup. Based on research from mathematics to the product, a conclusion is made about the methodology for the rapid conduct of research and experimental design work, preparation for production and serial production of converters with a unified bundle. In recent years, there has been a transition from thyristor circuits and transistor in modular design. Showing the example of thyristor rectifiers and AC voltage regulators, we can conclude that there is a unity of mathematical structures and grid-tied thyristor converters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20current" title="direct current">direct current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternating%20current" title=" alternating current"> alternating current</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rectifier" title=" rectifier"> rectifier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AC%20voltage%20regulator" title=" AC voltage regulator"> AC voltage regulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20mathematical%20model" title=" generalized mathematical model"> generalized mathematical model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73279/generalized-mathematical-description-and-simulation-of-grid-tied-thyristor-converters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Growth of SWNTs from Alloy Catalyst Nanoparticles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Forel">S. Forel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Bouanis"> F. Bouanis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Catala"> L. Catala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Florea"> I. Florea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Huc"> V. Huc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Fossard"> F. Fossard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Loiseau"> A. Loiseau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Cojocaru"> C. Cojocaru</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Single wall carbon nanotubes are seen as excellent candidate for application on nanoelectronic devices because of their remarkable electronic and mechanical properties. These unique properties are highly dependent on their chiral structures and the diameter. Therefore, structure controlled growth of SWNTs, especially directly on final device’s substrate surface, are highly desired for the fabrication of SWNT-based electronics. In this work, we present a new approach to control the diameter of SWNTs and eventually their chirality. Because of their potential to control the SWNT’s chirality, bi-metalics nanoparticles are used to prepare alloy nanoclusters with specific structure. The catalyst nanoparticles are pre-formed following a previously described process. Briefly, the oxide surface is first covered with a SAM (self-assembled monolayer) of a pyridine-functionalized silane. Then, bi-metallic (Fe-Ru, Co-Ru and Ni-Ru) complexes are assembled by coordination bonds on the pre-formed organic SAM. The resultant alloy nanoclusters were then used to catalyze SWNTs growth on SiO2/Si substrates via CH4/H2 double hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (d-HFCVD). The microscopy and spectroscopy analysis demonstrate the high quality of SWNTs that were furthermore integrated into high-quality SWNT-FET. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanotube" title="nanotube">nanotube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CVD" title=" CVD"> CVD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=device" title=" device"> device</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transistor" title=" transistor"> transistor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23788/growth-of-swnts-from-alloy-catalyst-nanoparticles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23788.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Recovery of Iodide Ion from TFT-LCD Wastewater by Forward Osmosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Ting%20Chen">Yu-Ting Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiao-Shing%20Chen"> Shiao-Shing Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Te%20Hsu"> Hung-Te Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saikat%20Sinha%20Ray"> Saikat Sinha Ray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Forward osmosis (FO) is a crucial technology with low operating pressure and cost for water reuse and reclamation. In Taiwan, with the advance of science and technology, thin film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD) based industries are growing exponentially. In the optoelectronic industry wastewater, the iodide is one of the valuable element; it is also used in the medical industry. In this study, it was intended to concentrate iodide by utilizing FO system and can be reused for TFT-LCD production. Cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes were used for all these FO experiments, and potassium iodide solution was used as the feed solution. It has been found that EDTA-2Na as draw solution at pH 8 produced high water flux and minimized salt leakage. The result also demonstrated that EDTA-2Na of concentration 0.6M could achieve the highest water flux (6.69L/m2 h). Additionally, from the recovered iodide ion from pH 3-8, the I- species was found to be more than 99%, whereas I2 was measured to be less than 1%. When potassium iodide solution was used from low to high concentration (1000 ppm to 10000 ppm), the iodide rejection was found to be than more 90%. Since, CTA membrane is negatively charged and I- is anionic in nature, so it will from electrostatic repulsion and hence there will be higher rejection. The overall performance demonstrates that recovery of concentrated iodide using FO system is a promising technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=draw%20solution" title="draw solution">draw solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EDTA-2Na" title=" EDTA-2Na"> EDTA-2Na</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forward%20osmosis" title=" forward osmosis"> forward osmosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potassium%20iodide" title=" potassium iodide"> potassium iodide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62947/recovery-of-iodide-ion-from-tft-lcd-wastewater-by-forward-osmosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Influence of UV/Ozone Treatment on the Electrical Performance of Polystyrene Buffered Pentacene-Based OFETs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Gong">Lin Gong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holger%20G%C3%B6bel"> Holger Göbel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present study, we have investigated the influence of UV/ozone treatment on pentacene-based organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with a bilayer gate dielectric. The OFETs for this study were fabricated on heavily n-doped Si substrates with a thermally deposited SiO2 dielectric layer (300nm). On the SiO2 dielectric a very thin (≈ 15nm) buffer layer of polystyrene (PS) was first spin-coated and then treated by UV/ozone to modify the surface prior to the deposition of pentacene. We found out that by extending the UV/ozone treatment time the threshold voltage of the OFETs was monotonically shifted towards positive values, whereas the field effect mobility first decreased but eventually reached a stable value after a treatment time of approximately thirty seconds. Since the field effect mobility of the UV/ozone treated bilayer OFETs was found to be higher than the value of a comparable transistor with a single layer dielectric, we propose that the bilayer (SiO2/PS) structure can be used to shift the threshold voltage to a desired value without sacrificing field effect mobility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buffer%20layer" title="buffer layer">buffer layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20field%20effect%20transistors" title=" organic field effect transistors"> organic field effect transistors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20voltage" title=" threshold voltage"> threshold voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UV%2Fozone%20treatment" title=" UV/ozone treatment"> UV/ozone treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41415/influence-of-uvozone-treatment-on-the-electrical-performance-of-polystyrene-buffered-pentacene-based-ofets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Analog Input Output Buffer Information Specification Modelling Techniques for Single Ended Inter-Integrated Circuit and Differential Low Voltage Differential Signaling I/O Interfaces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monika%20Rawat">Monika Rawat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahul%20Kumar"> Rahul Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Input output Buffer Information Specification (IBIS) models are used for describing the analog behavior of the Input Output (I/O) buffers of a digital device. They are widely used to perform signal integrity analysis. Advantages of using IBIS models include simple structure, IP protection and fast simulation time with reasonable accuracy. As design complexity of driver and receiver increases, capturing exact behavior from transistor level model into IBIS model becomes an essential task to achieve better accuracy. In this paper, an improvement in existing methodology of generating IBIS model for complex I/O interfaces such as Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) and Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) is proposed. Furthermore, the accuracy and computational performance of standard method and proposed approach with respect to SPICE are presented. The investigations will be useful to further improve the accuracy of IBIS models and to enhance their wider acceptance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IBIS" title="IBIS">IBIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20integrity" title=" signal integrity"> signal integrity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open-drain%20buffer" title=" open-drain buffer"> open-drain buffer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20voltage%20differential%20signaling" title=" low voltage differential signaling"> low voltage differential signaling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavior%20modelling" title=" behavior modelling"> behavior modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20simulation" title=" transient simulation"> transient simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82740/analog-input-output-buffer-information-specification-modelling-techniques-for-single-ended-inter-integrated-circuit-and-differential-low-voltage-differential-signaling-io-interfaces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82740.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Design of Solar Charge Controller and Power Converter with the Multisim</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sohal%20Latif">Sohal Latif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solar power is in the form of photovoltaic, also known as PV, which is a form of renewable energy that applies solar panels in producing electricity from the sun. It has a vital role in fulfilling the present need for clean and renewable energy to get rid of conventional and non-renewable energy sources that emit high levels of greenhouse gases. Solar energy is embraced because of its availability, easy accessibility, and effectiveness in the provision of power, chiefly in country areas. In solar charging, device charge entails a change of light power into electricity using photovoltaic or PV panels, which supply direct current electric power or DC. Here, the solar charge controller has a very crucial role to play regarding the voltages and the currents coming from the solar panels to take up the changing needs of a battery without overcharging the same. Certain devices, such as inverters, are required to transform the DC power produced by the solar panels into an AC to serve the normal electrical appliances and the current power network. This project was initiated for a project of a solar charge controller and power converter with the MULTISIM. The formation of this project begins with a literature survey to obtain basic knowledge about power converters, charge controllers, and photovoltaic systems. Fundamentals of the operation of solar panels include the process by which light is converted into electricity and a comparison of PWM and MPPT chargers with controllers. Knowledge of rectifiers is built to help achieve AC-to-DC and DC-AC change. Choosing a resistor, capacitance, MOSFET, and OP-AMP is done by the need of the system. The circuit diagrams of converters and charge controllers are designed using the Multisim program. Pulse width modulation, Bubba oscillator circuit, and inverter circuits are modeled and simulated. In the subsequent steps, the analysis of the simulation outcomes indicates the efficiency of the intended converter systems. The various outputs from the different configurations, with the transformer incorporated as well as without it, are then monitored for effective power conversion as well as power regulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20charge%20controller" title="solar charge controller">solar charge controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MULTISIM" title=" MULTISIM"> MULTISIM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=converter" title=" converter"> converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverter" title=" inverter"> inverter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192064/design-of-solar-charge-controller-and-power-converter-with-the-multisim" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192064.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Performance Improvement of SOI-Tri Gate FinFET Transistor Using High-K Dielectric with Metal Gate </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Zohra%20Rahou">Fatima Zohra Rahou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.Guen%20Bouazza"> A.Guen Bouazza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Bouazza"> B. Bouazza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> SOI TRI GATE FinFET transistors have emerged as novel devices due to its simple architecture and better performance: better control over short channel effects (SCEs) and reduced power dissipation due to reduced gate leakage currents. As the oxide thickness scales below 2 nm, leakage currents due to tunneling increase drastically, leading to high power consumption and reduced device reliability. Replacing the SiO2 gate oxide with a high-κ material allows increased gate capacitance without the associated leakage effects. In this paper, SOI TRI-GATE FinFET structure with use of high K dielectric materials (HfO2) and SiO2 dielectric are simulated using the 3-D device simulator Devedit and Atlas of TCAD Silvaco. The simulated results exhibits significant improvements in the performances of SOI TRI GATE FinFET with gate oxide HfO2 compared with conventional gate oxide SiO2 for the same structure. SOI TRI-GATE FinFET structure with the use of high K materials (HfO2) in gate oxide results into the increase in saturation current, threshold voltage, on-state current and Ion/Ioff ratio while off-state current, subthreshold slope and DIBL effect are decreased. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology%20SOI" title="technology SOI">technology SOI</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=short-channel%20effects%20%28SCEs%29" title=" short-channel effects (SCEs)"> short-channel effects (SCEs)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-gate%20SOI%20MOSFET" title=" multi-gate SOI MOSFET"> multi-gate SOI MOSFET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SOI-TRI%20Gate%20FinFET" title=" SOI-TRI Gate FinFET"> SOI-TRI Gate FinFET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-K%20dielectric" title=" high-K dielectric"> high-K dielectric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silvaco%20software" title=" Silvaco software"> Silvaco software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31441/performance-improvement-of-soi-tri-gate-finfet-transistor-using-high-k-dielectric-with-metal-gate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Numerical Studies on Bypass Thrust Augmentation Using Convective Heat Transfer in Turbofan Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Adwaith">R. Adwaith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Gopinath"> J. Gopinath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vasantha%20Kohila%20B."> Vasantha Kohila B.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Chandru"> R. Chandru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arul%20Prakash%20R."> Arul Prakash R.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The turbofan engine is a type of air breathing engine that is widely used in aircraft propulsion produces thrust mainly from the mass-flow of air bypassing the engine core. The present research has developed an effective method numerically by increasing the thrust generated from the bypass air. This thrust increase is brought about by heating the walls of the bypass valve from the combustion chamber using convective heat transfer method. It is achieved computationally by the use external heat to enhance the velocity of bypass air of turbofan engines. The bypass valves are either heated externally using multicell tube resistor which convert electricity generated by dynamos into heat or heat is transferred from the combustion chamber. This increases the temperature of the flow in the valves and thereby increase the velocity of the flow that enters the nozzle of the engine. As a result, mass-flow of air passing the core engine for producing more thrust can be significantly reduced thereby saving considerable amount of Jet fuel. Numerical analysis has been carried out on a scaled down version of a typical turbofan bypass valve, where the valve wall temperature has been increased to 700 Kelvin. It is observed from the analysis that, the exit velocity contributing to thrust has significantly increased by 10 % due to the heating of by-pass valve. The degree of optimum increase in the temperature, and the corresponding effect in the increase of jet velocity is calculated to determine the operating temperature range for efficient increase in velocity. The technique used in the research increases the thrust by using heated by-pass air without extracting much work from the fuel and thus improve the efficiency of existing turbofan engines. Dimensional analysis has been carried to prove the accuracy of the results obtained numerically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbofan%20engine" title="turbofan engine">turbofan engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bypass%20valve" title=" bypass valve"> bypass valve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-cell%20tube" title=" multi-cell tube"> multi-cell tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective%20heat%20transfer" title=" convective heat transfer"> convective heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thrust" title=" thrust"> thrust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30054/numerical-studies-on-bypass-thrust-augmentation-using-convective-heat-transfer-in-turbofan-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Hand Gesture Interpretation Using Sensing Glove Integrated with Machine Learning Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aqsa%20Ali">Aqsa Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleem%20Mushtaq"> Aleem Mushtaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Attaullah%20Memon"> Attaullah Memon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monna"> Monna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a low cost design for a smart glove that can perform sign language recognition to assist the speech impaired people. Specifically, we have designed and developed an Assistive Hand Gesture Interpreter that recognizes hand movements relevant to the American Sign Language (ASL) and translates them into text for display on a Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (<em>TFT</em> LCD) screen as well as synthetic speech. Linear Bayes Classifiers and Multilayer Neural Networks have been used to classify 11 feature vectors obtained from the sensors on the glove into one of the 27 ASL alphabets and a predefined gesture for space. Three types of features are used; bending using six bend sensors, orientation in three dimensions using accelerometers and contacts at vital points using contact sensors. To gauge the performance of the presented design, the training database was prepared using five volunteers. The accuracy of the current version on the prepared dataset was found to be up to 99.3% for target user. The solution combines electronics, e-textile technology, sensor technology, embedded system and machine learning techniques to build a low cost wearable glove that is scrupulous, elegant and portable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=American%20sign%20language" title="American sign language">American sign language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=assistive%20hand%20gesture%20interpreter" title=" assistive hand gesture interpreter"> assistive hand gesture interpreter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human-machine%20interface" title=" human-machine interface"> human-machine interface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensing%20glove" title=" sensing glove"> sensing glove</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52683/hand-gesture-interpretation-using-sensing-glove-integrated-with-machine-learning-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52683.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Process Monitoring Based on Parameterless Self-Organizing Map</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young%20Jae%20Choung">Young Jae Choung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seoung%20Bum%20Kim"> Seoung Bum Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Statistical Process Control (SPC) is a popular technique for process monitoring. A widely used tool in SPC is a control chart, which is used to detect the abnormal status of a process and maintain the controlled status of the process. Traditional control charts, such as Hotelling’s T2 control chart, are effective techniques to detect abnormal observations and monitor processes. However, many complicated manufacturing systems exhibit nonlinearity because of the different demands of the market. In this case, the unregulated use of a traditional linear modeling approach may not be effective. In reality, many industrial processes contain the nonlinear and time-varying properties because of the fluctuation of process raw materials, slowing shift of the set points, aging of the main process components, seasoning effects, and catalyst deactivation. The use of traditional SPC techniques with time-varying data will degrade the performance of the monitoring scheme. To address these issues, in the present study, we propose a parameterless self-organizing map (PLSOM)-based control chart. The PLSOM-based control chart not only can manage a situation where the distribution or parameter of the target observations changes, but also address the nonlinearity of modern manufacturing systems. The control limits of the proposed PLSOM chart are established by estimating the empirical level of significance on the percentile using a bootstrap method. Experimental results with simulated data and actual process data from a thin-film transistor-liquid crystal display process demonstrated the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed chart. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20chart" title="control chart">control chart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameter-less%20self-organizing%20map" title=" parameter-less self-organizing map"> parameter-less self-organizing map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-organizing%20map" title=" self-organizing map"> self-organizing map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-varying%20property" title=" time-varying property"> time-varying property</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52108/process-monitoring-based-on-parameterless-self-organizing-map" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52108.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Modification of Electrical and Switching Characteristics of a Non Punch-Through Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor by Gamma Irradiation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hani%20Baek">Hani Baek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gwang%20Min%20Sun"> Gwang Min Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chansun%20Shin"> Chansun Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Ho%20Ahn"> Sung Ho Ahn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fast neutron irradiation using nuclear reactors is an effective method to improve switching loss and short circuit durability of power semiconductor (insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and insulated gate transistors (IGT), etc.). However, not only fast neutrons but also thermal neutrons, epithermal neutrons and gamma exist in the nuclear reactor. And the electrical properties of the IGBT may be deteriorated by the irradiation of gamma. Gamma irradiation damages are known to be caused by Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effect and Single Event Effect (SEE), Displacement Damage. Especially, the TID effect deteriorated the electrical properties such as leakage current and threshold voltage of a power semiconductor. This work can confirm the effect of the gamma irradiation on the electrical properties of 600 V NPT-IGBT. Irradiation of gamma forms lattice defects in the gate oxide and Si-SiO<sub>2</sub> interface of the IGBT. It was confirmed that this lattice defect acts on the center of the trap and affects the threshold voltage, thereby negatively shifted the threshold voltage according to TID. In addition to the change in the carrier mobility, the conductivity modulation decreases in the n-drift region, indicating a negative influence that the forward voltage drop decreases. The turn-off delay time of the device before irradiation was 212 ns. Those of 2.5, 10, 30, 70 and 100 kRad(Si) were 225, 258, 311, 328, and 350 ns, respectively. The gamma irradiation increased the turn-off delay time of the IGBT by approximately 65%, and the switching characteristics deteriorated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NPT-IGBT" title="NPT-IGBT">NPT-IGBT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20irradiation" title=" gamma irradiation"> gamma irradiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=switching" title=" switching"> switching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turn-off%20delay%20time" title=" turn-off delay time"> turn-off delay time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recombination" title=" recombination"> recombination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trap%20center" title=" trap center"> trap center</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93282/modification-of-electrical-and-switching-characteristics-of-a-non-punch-through-insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor-by-gamma-irradiation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93282.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Proton Irradiation Testing on Commercial Enhancement Mode GaN Power Transistor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Boyaci">L. Boyaci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Two basic equipment of electrical power subsystem of space satellites are Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) and Power Distribution Unit (PDU). Today, the main switching element used in power equipment in satellites is silicon (Si) based radiation-hardened MOSFET. GaNFETs have superior performances over MOSFETs in terms of their conduction and switching characteristics. GaNFET has started to take MOSFET’s place in many applications in industry especially by virtue of its switching performances. If GaNFET can also be used in equipment for space applications, this would be great revolution for future space power subsystem designs. In this study, the effect of proton irradiation on Gallium Nitride based power transistors was investigated. Four commercial enhancement mode GaN power transistors from Efficient Power Conversion Corporation (EPC) are irradiated with 30MeV protons while devices are switching. Flux of 8.2x10⁹ protons/cm²/s is applied for 12.5 seconds to reach ultimate fluence of 10¹¹ protons/cm². Vgs-Ids characteristics are measured and recorded for each device before, during and after irradiation. It was observed that if there would be destructive events. Proton induced permanent damage on devices is not observed. All the devices remained healthy and continued to operate. For two of these devices, further irradiation is applied with same flux for 30 minutes up to a total fluence level of 1.476x10¹³ protons/cm². We observed that GaNFETs are fully functional under this high level of radiation and no destructive events and irreversible failures took place for transistors. Results reveal that irradiated GaNFET in this experiment has radiation tolerance under proton testing and very important candidate for being one of the future power switching element in space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhancement%20mode%20GaN%20power%20transistors" title="enhancement mode GaN power transistors">enhancement mode GaN power transistors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton%20irradiation%20effects" title=" proton irradiation effects"> proton irradiation effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20tolerance" title=" radiation tolerance"> radiation tolerance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98492/proton-irradiation-testing-on-commercial-enhancement-mode-gan-power-transistor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98492.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Sensing of Cancer DNA Using Resonance Frequency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sungsoo%20Na">Sungsoo Na</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chanho%20Park"> Chanho Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Lung cancer is one of the most common severe diseases driving to the death of a human. Lung cancer can be divided into two cases of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-SCLC (NSCLC), and about 80% of lung cancers belong to the case of NSCLC. From several studies, the correlation between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and NSCLCs has been investigated. Therefore, EGFR inhibitor drugs such as gefitinib and erlotinib have been used as lung cancer treatments. However, the treatments result showed low response (10~20%) in clinical trials due to EGFR mutations that cause the drug resistance. Patients with resistance to EGFR inhibitor drugs usually are positive to KRAS mutation. Therefore, assessment of EGFR and KRAS mutation is essential for target therapies of NSCLC patient. In order to overcome the limitation of conventional therapies, overall EGFR and KRAS mutations have to be monitored. In this work, the only detection of EGFR will be presented. A variety of techniques has been presented for the detection of EGFR mutations. The standard detection method of EGFR mutation in ctDNA relies on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Real-time PCR method provides high sensitive detection performance. However, as the amplification step increases cost effect and complexity increase as well. Other types of technology such as BEAMing, next generation sequencing (NGS), an electrochemical sensor and silicon nanowire field-effect transistor have been presented. However, those technologies have limitations of low sensitivity, high cost and complexity of data analyzation. In this report, we propose a label-free and high-sensitive detection method of lung cancer using quartz crystal microbalance based platform. The proposed platform is able to sense lung cancer mutant DNA with a limit of detection of 1nM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20DNA" title="cancer DNA">cancer DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resonance%20frequency" title=" resonance frequency"> resonance frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quartz%20crystal%20microbalance" title=" quartz crystal microbalance"> quartz crystal microbalance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lung%20cancer" title=" lung cancer"> lung cancer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71976/sensing-of-cancer-dna-using-resonance-frequency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Numerical Investigation of 3D Printed Pin Fin Heat Sinks for Automotive Inverter Cooling Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Kospach">Alexander Kospach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fabian%20Benezeder"> Fabian Benezeder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%BCrgen%20Abraham"> Jürgen Abraham</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> E-mobility poses new challenges for inverters (e.g., higher switching frequencies) in terms of thermal behavior and thermal management. Due to even higher switching frequencies, thermal losses become greater, and the cooling of critical components (like insulated gate bipolar transistor and diodes) comes into focus. New manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, enable completely new pin-fin structures that can handle higher waste heat to meet the new thermal requirements. Based on the geometrical specifications of the industrial partner regarding the manufacturing possibilities for 3D printing, different and completely new pin-fin structures were numerically investigated for their hydraulic and thermal behavior in fundamental studies assuming an indirect liquid cooling. For the 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) thermal simulations OpenFOAM was used, which has as numerical method the finite volume method for solving the conjugate heat transfer problem. A steady-state solver for turbulent fluid flow and solid heat conduction with conjugate heat transfer between solid and fluid regions was used for the simulations. In total, up to fifty pinfin structures and arrangements, some of them completely new, were numerically investigated. On the basis of the results of the principal investigations, the best two pin-fin structures and arrangements for the complete module cooling of an automotive inverter were numerically investigated and compared. There are clear differences in the maximum temperatures for the critical components, such as IGTBs and diodes. In summary, it was shown that 3D pin fin structures can significantly contribute to the improvement of heat transfer and cooling of an automotive inverter. This enables in the future smaller cooling designs and a better lifetime of automotive inverter modules. The new pin fin structures and arrangements can also be applied to other cooling applications where 3D printing can be used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pin%20fin%20heat%20sink%20optimization" title="pin fin heat sink optimization">pin fin heat sink optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20printed%20pin%20fins" title=" 3D printed pin fins"> 3D printed pin fins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD%20simulation" title=" CFD simulation"> CFD simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20electronic%20cooling" title=" power electronic cooling"> power electronic cooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20management" title=" thermal management"> thermal management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150154/numerical-investigation-of-3d-printed-pin-fin-heat-sinks-for-automotive-inverter-cooling-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Addition in the Intake Air of Compressed Engines Running on Biodiesel Blend</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hendrick%20Maxil%20Z%C3%A1rate%20Rocha">Hendrick Maxil Zárate Rocha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ricardo%20da%20Silva%20Pereira"> Ricardo da Silva Pereira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manoel%20Fernandes%20Martins%20Nogueira"> Manoel Fernandes Martins Nogueira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20R.%20Pereira%20Belchior"> Carlos R. Pereira Belchior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Emilia%20de%20Lima%20Tostes"> Maria Emilia de Lima Tostes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates experimentally the effects of hydrogen addition in the intake manifold of a diesel generator operating with a 7% biodiesel-diesel oil blend (B7). An experimental apparatus setup was used to conduct performance and emissions tests in a single cylinder, air cooled diesel engine. This setup consisted of a generator set connected to a wirewound resistor load bank that was used to vary engine load. In addition, a flowmeter was used to determine hydrogen volumetric flowrate and a digital anemometer coupled with an air box to measure air flowrate. Furthermore, a digital precision electronic scale was used to measure engine fuel consumption and a gas analyzer was used to determine exhaust gas composition and exhaust gas temperature. A thermopar was installed near the exhaust collection to measure cylinder temperature. In-cylinder pressure was measured using an AVL Indumicro data acquisition system with a piezoelectric pressure sensor. An AVL optical encoder was installed in the crankshaft and synchronized with in-cylinder pressure in real time. The experimental procedure consisted of injecting hydrogen into the engine intake manifold at different mass concentrations of 2,6,8 and 10% of total fuel mass (B7 + hydrogen), which represented energy fractions of 5,15, 20 and 24% of total fuel energy respectively. Due to hydrogen addition, the total amount of fuel energy introduced increased and the generators fuel injection governor prevented any increases of engine speed. Several conclusions can be stated from the test results. A reduction in specific fuel consumption as a function of hydrogen concentration increase was noted. Likewise, carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) decreased as hydrogen concentration increased. On the other hand, nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) increased due to average temperatures inside the cylinder being higher. There was also an increase in peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate inside the cylinder, since the fuel ignition delay was smaller due to hydrogen content increase. All this indicates that hydrogen promotes faster combustion and higher heat release rates and can be an important additive to all kind of fuels used in diesel generators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engine" title="diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20fuel" title=" dual fuel"> dual fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion%20analysis" title=" combustion analysis"> combustion analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64653/experimental-investigation-of-hydrogen-addition-in-the-intake-air-of-compressed-engines-running-on-biodiesel-blend" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Optimization of SOL-Gel Copper Oxide Layers for Field-Effect Transistors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Vincze">Tomas Vincze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michal%20Micjan"> Michal Micjan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milan%20Pavuk"> Milan Pavuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Weis"> Martin Weis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, alternative materials are gaining attention to replace polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, which are a standard for low requirement devices, where silicon is unnecessarily and high cost. For that reason, metal oxides are envisioned as the new materials for these low-requirement applications such as sensors, solar cells, energy storage devices, or field-effect transistors. Their most common way of layer growth is sputtering; however, this is a high-cost fabrication method, and a more industry-suitable alternative is the sol-gel method. In this group of materials, many oxides exhibit a semiconductor-like behavior with sufficiently high mobility to be applied as transistors. The sol-gel method is a cost-effective deposition technique for semiconductor-based devices. Copper oxides, as p-type semiconductors with free charge mobility up to 1 cm2/Vs., are suitable replacements for poly-Si or a-Si:H devices. However, to reach the potential of silicon devices, a fine-tuning of material properties is needed. Here we focus on the optimization of the electrical parameters of copper oxide-based field-effect transistors by modification of precursor solvent (usually 2-methoxy ethanol). However, to achieve solubility and high-quality films, a better solvent is required. Since almost no solvents have both high dielectric constant and high boiling point, an alternative approach was proposed with blend solvents. By mixing isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and 2-methoxy ethanol (2ME) the precursor reached better solubility. The quality of the layers fabricated using mixed solutions was evaluated in accordance with the surface morphology and electrical properties. The IPA:2ME solution mixture reached optimum results for the weight ratio of 1:3. The cupric oxide layers for optimal mixture had the highest crystallinity and highest effective charge mobility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20oxide" title="copper oxide">copper oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field-effect%20transistor" title=" field-effect transistor"> field-effect transistor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor" title=" semiconductor"> semiconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sol-gel%20method" title=" sol-gel method"> sol-gel method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146143/optimization-of-sol-gel-copper-oxide-layers-for-field-effect-transistors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146143.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20transistor%20and%20one%20resistor%20%281T1R%29&page=3" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20transistor%20and%20one%20resistor%20%281T1R%29&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20transistor%20and%20one%20resistor%20%281T1R%29&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20transistor%20and%20one%20resistor%20%281T1R%29&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">4</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20transistor%20and%20one%20resistor%20%281T1R%29&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one%20transistor%20and%20one%20resistor%20%281T1R%29&page=5" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>