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ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since its inception, the universe has evolved towards increasing complexity due to entropy and natural forces. Once the universe was cooled sufficiently by its expansion, “free-living” particles united to form hydrogen atoms. Gravity united matter into compact, high-energy formations (stars). Conditions within the first generation of stars drove the formation of more complex elements. The existence of these elements allowed the creation of planetary systems. Favourable conditions on Earth and the diversity of elements enabled the creation of further complexity in the form of life. This complexity has not evolved in a linear manner but in leaps towards higher levels. Emergence of each new level, or “universal state”, depends on a universal qualitative change: a “universal transition”. On Earth, life inherited this tendency of evolution towards complexity by uniting matter in increasing levels of individuality, from organic molecules to molecular complexes, cells, multicellularity, and complex populations. The emergence of a new level is allowed by “scale constraints”, which prevent eternal accumulation of complexity at lower levels, forcing the systems towards a new higher-level, i.e., the occurrence of an evolutionary transition in individuality (ETI). 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The origin of life requires decomposition of energy into power and information because such decomposition is necessary for feedback. The articulation of the decomposition of energy into power and information permits a significant correction of Francis Bacon’s dictum, Knowledge is power, which is one of the conceptual foundations of modern linear, reductionist science. Knowledge is not power; rather, knowledge orients power. The difference that life makes is seen as a different way of using energy, such as solar radiation, that is available to everything on earth. The difference in use is a consequence of living matter forming within the constraints of earth’s surface, which is the envelope of life or the biosphere. Complexity theory is used to conceptualize life as a consequence of morphogenetic constraints. Specific conditions of the earth, such as distance from the sun, speed of rotation and revolution, speed and extent of axis inclination, solar radiation, terrestrial and lunar gravitation, presence of free oxygen and protective ozone, Coriolis force, and ubiquity of water and land, are constraints on the existence of anything on or near the earth’s surface. Taken together, these constraints situate life on earth as neither a miracle, a mystery nor an accident. Life is rather a consequence. When we consider life as a consequence of morphogenetic constraints in the biosphere, then selection appears as an emergent feedback property of life. Viewed in this way, there are no random beginnings in life (Holland (2) 147-8), there are never infinite degrees of freedom in morphogenesis, there are no tinkered together contraptions in life (Kauffman 637 (1993)), and there is no order for free (Waldrop 120-5). This view also allows for a significant correction of the hypothesis that life occurs at the edge of chaos (Kauffman 29-279 (1993); Lewin 44-62; Waldrop 198-240): life occurs not at the edge of chaos but at the edges of different orders, none of which is chaotic. The viewpoint of this paper may be briefly characterized as structuralism with theories of transformation and structure. (Crutchfield 527-9)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Power, Information and Complexity In the Origin of Life","attachmentId":782540,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/221574/Power_Information_and_Complexity_In_the_Origin_of_Life","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/221574/Power_Information_and_Complexity_In_the_Origin_of_Life"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="90961543" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90961543/The_Evolutionary_Origin_of_Biological_Function_and_Complexity">The Evolutionary Origin of Biological Function and Complexity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="139347727" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ProssAddy">Addy Pross</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Molecular Evolution, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolutionary Origin of Biological Function and Complexity","attachmentId":94381043,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90961543/The_Evolutionary_Origin_of_Biological_Function_and_Complexity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/90961543/The_Evolutionary_Origin_of_Biological_Function_and_Complexity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="102360445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102360445/The_Rise_of_Complexity_in_Nature">The Rise of Complexity in Nature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="253729999" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricChaisson">Eric Chaisson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Symposium - International Astronomical Union, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cosmic evolution-change, broadly construed-has become a powerful unifying factor in all of science, underlying the rise of complexity throughout Nature writ large. 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="410553" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesRose">James N Rose</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Society for Systems Science - 2018 Conference Papers, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NESTED LEVELS OF ORGANIZED SYSTEMS: A NEW MODEL OF MULTIPLE NESTED INTERACTING ENTROPIES THAT RESULT IN THE PRODUCTION OF COMPLEXITY","attachmentId":64509759,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44154048/NESTED_LEVELS_OF_ORGANIZED_SYSTEMS_A_NEW_MODEL_OF_MULTIPLE_NESTED_INTERACTING_ENTROPIES_THAT_RESULT_IN_THE_PRODUCTION_OF_COMPLEXITY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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L., 2007, Complexity, self-organization, and emergence at the edge of chaos in life-origin models, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 2007, 93: (4) 1-20</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1042229" href="https://lifeorigin.academia.edu/DavidAbel">David L Abel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Abel, D. 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Weber, D. Depew and J.D. Smith (eds) Entropy, Information and Evolution., 1988</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Dynamics of Biological Order","attachmentId":53054381,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32919404/The_Dynamics_of_Biological_Order","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32919404/The_Dynamics_of_Biological_Order"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="36168425" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36168425/EVOLUTIONARY_TRANSITIONS_AND_ARTIFICIAL_LIFE">EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITIONS AND ARTIFICIAL LIFE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1719943" href="https://evolutionarymanifesto.academia.edu/JohnStewart">John E Stewart</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITIONS AND ARTIFICIAL LIFE","attachmentId":56066228,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36168425/EVOLUTIONARY_TRANSITIONS_AND_ARTIFICIAL_LIFE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36168425/EVOLUTIONARY_TRANSITIONS_AND_ARTIFICIAL_LIFE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="76876753" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76876753/II_BIOLOGICAL_AND_SOCIAL_FORMS_OF_EVOLUTION_CONNECTIONS_AND_COMPARISONS_3_Constructing_a_General_Theory_of_Life_The_Dynamics_of_Human_and_Non_human_Systems">II. 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