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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Early experiments with television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_experiments_with_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Mobile stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11.1</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_and_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_and_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1950s and 1960s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1950s and 1960s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1950s_and_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s,_1980s,_and_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s,_1980s,_and_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1970s, 1980s, and 1990s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1970s,_1980s,_and_1990s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Primary Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_transmisi%C3%B3n_radiof%C3%B3nica" title="Primera transmisión radiofónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera transmisión radiofónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87" title="د نشراتو تاریخچه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نشراتو تاریخچه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6086441#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/History of broadcasting">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+broadcasting%22">"History of broadcasting"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+broadcasting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+broadcasting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+broadcasting%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+broadcasting%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+broadcasting%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Guglielmo Marconi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/220px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/330px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg/440px-Donald_Manson_working_as_an_employee_of_the_Marconi_Company.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> was formed in England in 1910. The photo shows a typical early scene, from 1906, with Marconi employee Donald Manson at right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_Lee_DeForest_Columbia_broadcast_at_2XG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1916_Lee_DeForest_Columbia_broadcast_at_2XG.JPG/220px-1916_Lee_DeForest_Columbia_broadcast_at_2XG.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1916_Lee_DeForest_Columbia_broadcast_at_2XG.JPG/330px-1916_Lee_DeForest_Columbia_broadcast_at_2XG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/1916_Lee_DeForest_Columbia_broadcast_at_2XG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Lee DeForest broadcasting Columbia phonograph records on pioneering New York station 2XG, in 1916<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadcasting_House_by_Stephen_Craven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Broadcasting_House_by_Stephen_Craven.jpg/220px-Broadcasting_House_by_Stephen_Craven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Broadcasting_House_by_Stephen_Craven.jpg/330px-Broadcasting_House_by_Stephen_Craven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Broadcasting_House_by_Stephen_Craven.jpg/440px-Broadcasting_House_by_Stephen_Craven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The British Broadcasting Corporation's landmark and iconic London headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a>, opened in 1932. At right is the 2005 eastern extension, the John Peel wing.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally recognized that the first <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmission">radio transmission</a> was made from a temporary station set up by <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> in 1895 on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. This followed on from pioneering work in the field by a number of people including <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> of music and talk intended to reach a dispersed audience started experimentally around 1905–1906, and commercially around 1920 to 1923. <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> (very high frequency) stations started 30 to 35 years later. In the early days, radio stations broadcast on the <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> bands, and later on VHF (<a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a>) and UHF (<a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">ultra high frequency</a>). However, in the United Kingdom, Hungary, France and some other places, from as early as 1890 there was already a system whereby news, music, live theatre, <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>, fiction readings, religious broadcasts, etc., were available in private homes [and other places] via the conventional <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">telephone</a> line, with subscribers being supplied with a number of special, personalised <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">headsets</a>. In Britain this system was known as <a href="/wiki/Electrophone_(information_system)" title="Electrophone (information system)">Electrophone</a>, and was available as early as 1895 or 1899 [sources vary] and up until 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hungary, it was called <a href="/wiki/Telefon_H%C3%ADrmond%C3%B3" title="Telefon Hírmondó">Telefon Hírmondó</a> [1893-1920s], and in France, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone" title="Théâtrophone">Théâtrophone</a> [1890-1932]). </p><p>By the 1950s, virtually every country had a broadcasting system, typically one owned and operated by the government. Alternative modes included commercial radio, as in the United States; or a dual system with both state sponsored and commercial stations, introduced in Australia as early as 1924, with Canada following in 1932. Today, most countries have evolved into a dual system, including the UK. By 1955, practically every family in North America and Western Europe, as well as Japan, had a radio. A dramatic change came in the 1960s with the introduction of small inexpensive portable transistor radios which greatly expanded ownership and usage. Access became practically universal around the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_broadcasting">Early broadcasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting_in_Australia" title="History of broadcasting in Australia">History of broadcasting in Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formative_years">Formative years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formative years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">radio hams</a> can be traced to the early 1900s. The 1905 <i>Wireless Telegraphy Act</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst acknowledging the existence of wireless telegraphy, brought all broadcasting matters in Australia under the control of the Federal Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, the first official <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> transmission in Australia was by the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a> between <a href="/wiki/Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff, Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Tasmania" title="Devonport, Tasmania">Devonport, Tasmania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Experiments_with_broadcasting_music">Experiments with broadcasting music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Experiments with broadcasting music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first broadcast of music was made during a demonstration on 13 August 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fisk" title="Ernest Fisk">Ernest Fisk</a> (later Sir Ernest) of AWA – <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Wireless_(Australasia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia)">Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia)</a>. A number of amateurs commenced broadcasting music in 1920 and 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other amateurs soon followed. 2CM was run by Charles MacLuran who started the station in 1921 with regular Sunday evening broadcasts from the Wentworth Hotel, Sydney. 2CM is often regarded as Australia's first, regular, non-official station.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sealed_set_system">Sealed set system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sealed set system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was not until November 1923 when the government finally gave its approval for a number of officially recognised <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> stations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All stations operated under a unique <a href="/wiki/Sealed_Set" title="Sealed Set">Sealed Set</a> system under which each set was sealed to the frequency of one station. Part of the price of the set went to the government via the <a href="/wiki/Postmaster-General%27s_Department" title="Postmaster-General's Department">Postmaster-General's Department</a> (PMG), with money also going to the broadcaster. Apart from extremely limited advertising, this was the broadcasters' only source of income. From the outset problems with the system came to the fore. Many young people built their own sets, which could receive all the stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Categories_in_Australia_from_1924">Categories in Australia from 1924</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Categories in Australia from 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As quickly as July 1924, the Sealed Set system was declared to be unsuccessful and it was replaced by a system of A Class and B Class stations. There were one or two A Class stations in each major market and these were paid for by a listener's licence fee imposed on all listeners-in. The five former sealed set stations became A Class stations, and they were soon joined by stations in other State capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_Voigt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Emil_Voigt.jpg/220px-Emil_Voigt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Emil_Voigt.jpg/330px-Emil_Voigt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Emil_Voigt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Emil Voigt, founder of 2KY on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Council_of_New_South_Wales" title="Labor Council of New South Wales">Labor Council of New South Wales</a>. This photo was taken in earlier days when Voight was a prominent British athlete, and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_medal" title="Olympic medal">Gold Medal</a> for the five mile race at the <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 Summer Olympics</a> in London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Amateur broadcasters continued to operate in the <a href="/wiki/Long_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Long wave">long wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Short wave">short wave</a> bands.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A national service, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Commission</a>, was formed in July 1932, when the Australian Broadcasting Company's contract expired.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_experiments_with_television">Early experiments with television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early experiments with television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1929, two Melbourne commercial radio stations, <a href="/wiki/3UZ" class="mw-redirect" title="3UZ">3UZ</a> and <a href="/wiki/KIIS_101.1" title="KIIS 101.1">3DB</a> were conducting experimental mechanical television broadcasts – these were conducted in the early hours of the morning, after the stations had officially closed down. In 1934 Valentine McDowall conducted experiments in electronic television.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at amateur station <a href="/w/index.php?title=4CM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4CM (page does not exist)">4CM</a> Brisbane<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_stations">Mobile stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mobile stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of Australia's most unusual medium wave stations were mobile stations 2XT and 3YB. They both operated in eras prior to the universal establishment of rural radio stations. 2XT was designed and operated by AWA within the State of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Railways" title="New South Wales Government Railways">NSW Railways</a> train, between November 1925 and December 1927. 2XT, which stood for <i>experimental train</i>, visited over 100 rural centres. Engineers would set up a transmitting aerial and the station would then begin broadcasting. This led to the further sales of AWA products. 3YB provided a similar service in rural <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> between October 1931 and November 1935. Initially, the station operated from a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> car and a Ford truck, but from 17 October 1932 they operated from a converted 1899 former Royal Train carriage. Whilst the engineers were setting up the station's 50-watt transmitter in the town being visited, salesmen would sign up advertisers for the fortnight that 3YB would broadcast from that region. The station was on the air from 6.00 and 10.00 pm daily, and its 1,000-record library was divided into set four-hour programs, one for each of 14 days. In other words, the music broadcast from each town was identical. The station was operated by Vic Dinenny, but named after announcer Jack <b>Y</b>oung from <b>B</b>allarat. On 18 January 1936, Dinenny set up <a href="/wiki/3YB" class="mw-redirect" title="3YB">3YB</a> <a href="/wiki/Warrnambool" title="Warrnambool">Warrnambool</a>, followed on 18 May 1937 by <a href="/wiki/3GG" title="3GG">3UL</a> <a href="/wiki/Warragul" title="Warragul">Warragul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Merchant_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant vessel">merchant vessel</a> <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kanimbla_(C78)" title="HMAS Kanimbla (C78)">MV <i>Kanimbla</i></a> is believed to be the world's only ship built with an inbuilt broadcasting station. The Kanimbla was constructed in Northern Ireland in 1936 and was primarily designed for <a href="/wiki/McIlwraith,_McEacharn_%26_Co" title="McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co">McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co</a> to ply passengers between <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>. The broadcasting station was constructed and operated by <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Wireless_(Australasia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia)">AWA</a> and was initially given the <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">ham radio</a> callsign VK9MI but was later 9MI. (At this time, the "9" in the callsign was aberrationary [see "Call Signs, above].) The station made an experimental broadcast before leaving Northern Ireland, and a number of such broadcasts at sea, on the way to Australia. 9MI's first official broadcast in April 1939 was made from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Short_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Short wave">short wave</a>, usually a couple of times per week, but many of its programs were relayed to commercial medium wave stations that were also owned by AWA. The 9MI manager and announcer (and probably the only member of staff) was Eileen Foley.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 9MI ceased broadcasting at the commencement of World War II in September 1939. The Kanimbla was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>) vessel with the name HMS/HMAS Kanimbla. It had an extremely prominent and successful war-time career.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting_in_Canada" title="History of broadcasting in Canada">History of broadcasting in Canada</a></div> <p>The history of broadcasting in Canada begins as early as 1919 with the first experimental broadcast programs in Montreal. The Canadians were swept up in the radio craze and built crystal sets to listen to American stations while The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada offered its first commercially produced radio-broadcast receiver (Model "C") in 1921, followed by its "Marconiphone" Model I in 1923. Main themes in the history include the development of the engineering technology; the construction of stations across the country and the building of networks; the widespread purchase and use of radio and television sets by the general public; debates regarding state versus private ownership of stations; financing of the broadcasts media through the government, license fees, and advertising; the changing content of the programming; the impact of the programming on Canadian identity; the media's influence on shaping audience responses to music, sports and politics; the role of the Québec government; Francophone versus Anglophone cultural tastes; the role of other ethnic groups and First Nations; fears of American cultural imperialism via the airwaves; and the impact of the Internet and smartphones on traditional broadcasting media.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio signals carried long distances, and a number of American stations could easily be received in parts of Canada. The first Canadian station was CFCF, originally an experimental station from the Marconi Company in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilian use of Wireless Telegraphy had been forbidden in Canada for the duration of World War I. The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada was the only one to retain the right to continue radio experiments for military use. This proved instrumental in giving the company a lead in developing an experimental radio broadcasting station immediately after the war. The first radio broadcast in Canada was accomplished by The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada in Montreal on December 1, 1919 under the call sign XWA (for "Experimental Wireless Apparatus") from its Williams Street factory. The station began regular programming on May 20, 1920 and its call letters were changed to CFCF on November 4, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Toronto, the first radio station was operated by the <i>Toronto Star</i> newspaper. Station CKCE began in April 1922 and was so well received that the Star pushed forward with its own studios and transmitting facilities, returning to the air as CFCA in late June 1922. In Montreal, another newspaper, <i>La Presse</i>, put its own station, CKAC on the air in late September 1922. Because there were governmental limitations on radio frequencies back then, CKAC and CFCF alternated—one would broadcast one night, and the other would broadcast the night after that.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As radio grew in popularity during the mid-1920s, a problem arose: the U.S. stations dominated the airwaves and with a limited number of frequencies available for broadcasters to use, it was the American stations that seemed to get most of them. This was despite an agreement with the US Department of Commerce (which supervised broadcasting in the years prior to the Federal Radio Commission) that a certain number of frequencies were reserved exclusively for Canadian signals. But if a US station wanted one of those frequencies, the Department of Commerce seemed unwilling to stop it, much to the frustration of Canadian owners who wanted to put stations on the air. The Canadian government and the US government began negotiations in late 1926, in hopes of finding a satisfactory solution.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in 1928, Canada got its first network, operated by the Canadian National Railways. CNR had already made itself known in radio since 1923, thanks in large part to the leadership of CNR's president, Sir Henry Thornton. The company began equipping its trains with radio receivers, and allowed passengers to hear radio stations from Canada and the US. In 1924, CN began building its own stations, and by 1928, it was able to create a network.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was interest in radio almost from broadcasting's earliest days. Due to the proximity of Cuba to the U.S. state of Florida, some Cubans would try to listen to the American stations whose signals reached the island. But there was no radio station in Cuba until 1922. The arrival of the first radio station, PWX, was greeted with enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PWX, owned by the Cuban Telephone Company, was located in Havana. It was a joint venture with the International Telephone and Telegraph Company of New York. PWX debuted on the air on October 10, 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PWX broadcast programs in both English and Spanish, and its signal was easily received at night in a number of American cities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early station in Cuba was owned by Frank Jones, an American amateur radio operator and Chief Engineer of the Tuinucu Sugar Company. The station used amateur call letters, and went on the air as 6KW.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1928, PWX began using the call letters CMC. Its slogan was "If you hear 'La Paloma,' you are in tune with CMC."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with many other countries, interest in radio expanded, and by 1932, Cuba had more than thirty stations, spread out in cities all over the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuban_and_Mexican_Broadcasters_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuban_and_Mexican_Broadcasters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">Radio France</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Paris" title="Radio Paris">Radio Paris</a> began operations in 1922, followed by Radio Toulouse and Radio Lyon. Before 1940, 14 commercial and 12 public sector radio stations were in operation. The government exerted tight control over radio broadcasting. Political debate was discouraged; for example, in the 1932 election campaign, the opposition was allowed one broadcast while the incumbent made numerous campaign broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France lagged behind other European countries in consumer ownership of radio sets, with 5 million radio receivers in 1937, compared to over 8 million in both Britain and Germany and 26 million in the United States. The government imposed very strict controls on the dissemination of news. After 1938, stations were allowed only three brief bulletins of seven minutes each per day to cover the day's news. The Prime Minister's office closely supervised the news items that were to be broadcast. Due to these policies, French citizens learned little or nothing of the events surrounding the lead-up to World War II from the radio. As a result, the French population was often puzzled about the specifics of current events, and their morale and support for government policies was much weaker than in Britain, where news broadcasts were used to communicate regularly with citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/100px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/150px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/200px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Braun">Ferdinand Braun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ferdinand Braun's major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, and its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals.<sup id="cite_ref-Wireless_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wireless-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899, he would apply for the patents, <i>Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils</i> and <i>Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braun invented the <a href="/wiki/Phased_array" title="Phased array">phased array</a> antenna, which led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_antennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart antennas">smart antennas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a>, in 1905<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marconi "for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first civilian radio broadcast in Germany was a Christmas concert on December 22, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While its reception was confirmed from all over Europe, reception in Germany was still a punishable offense, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first radio station in Germany went on the air in Berlin in late 1923, using the call letters "LP."<sup id="cite_ref-Now_Numbers_Many_Millions_1923,_p._13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Now_Numbers_Many_Millions_1923,_p._13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1933, German radio broadcasting was conducted by 10 regional broadcasting monopolies, each of which had a government representative on its board. The Post Office provided overall supervision. A listening fee of 2 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> per receiver paid most costs, and radio station frequencies were limited, which restricted the number of amateur radio operators. Immediately following Hitler's assumption of power in 1933, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> became head of the Ministry for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> and Public Enlightenment and took full control of regulating and overseeing broadcasting. Non-Nazis were removed from broadcasting and editorial positions, and Jews were fired from all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany was easily served by a number of European mediumwave stations, including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, but the Nazis made it illegal for Germans to listen to foreign broadcasts. During the war, German stations broadcast war propaganda and entertainment for German forces dispersed through Europe, as well as air raid alerts. There was heavy use of short wave for "Germany Calling" programmes directed at Britain and Allied forces around the world. Goebbels also set up numerous Nazi stations that pretended to be from the Allied world.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first radio station in Japan was JOAK, which opened in Tokyo in March 1925. It was founded by Masajiro Kotamura, an inventor and engineer. It was unique in that at least one of its announcers was a woman, Akiko Midorikawa.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JOAK was followed soon after by JOBK in Osaka and JOCK in Nagoya. The National Broadcasting Service, today known as NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai), began in August 1926. All stations were supported by licensing fees: in 1926, for example, people wishing to receive a permit to own a radio set paid a fee of one yen a month to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programming on Japanese stations of the 1920s included music, news, language instruction (lessons were offered in English, French and German) and education talks. These early stations broadcast on average about eight hours of programs a day.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amateur radio was very popular in Mexico; while most of the hams were male, notably Constantino de Tarnava, acknowledged in some sources as Mexico's first amateur radio operator,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the early ham radio operators was female—Maria Dolores Estrada.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But commercial radio broadcasting was difficult to achieve, due to a federal regulation forbidding any broadcasts that were not for the benefit of the Mexican government. Still, in November 1923, CYL in Mexico City went on the air, featuring music (both folk songs and popular dance concerts), religious services, and news. CYL used as its slogans "El Universal" and "La Casa del Radio", and it won over the government by giving political candidates the opportunity to use the station to campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its signal was so powerful that it could sometimes be received in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure from listeners and potential station owners also contributed to the government relenting and allowing more stations to go on the air.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, the "C" call letters were all changed to "X" call letters (XE being reserved for broadcasting), and by 1932, Mexico had nearly forty radio stations, ten of which were in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuban_and_Mexican_Broadcasters_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuban_and_Mexican_Broadcasters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interest in amateur radio was noted in the Philippines in the early 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were radio stations operating in the Philippines, including one owned by American businessman named Henry Hermann, as early as 1922, according to some sources; not much documentation about that period of time exists. In the autumn of 1927, KZRM in Manila, owned by the Radio Corporation of the Philippines, went on the air.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Radio Corporation of the Philippines was a subsidiary of American company RCA (Radio Corporation of America).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1932, the island had three radio stations: KRZC in Cebu, as well as KZIB (owned by a department store) and KZFM, the government-owned station in Manila. Of the stations listed by Pierre Key, KZFM was the strongest, with 50,000 watts.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two radio networks were ultimately created: one, the Manila Broadcasting Company, began as a single station, KZRH in Manila, in July 1939, and after World War II, in 1946, the station's owners began to develop their network by buying other radio properties. As for the Philippine Broadcasting Company, it too began with one station (KZFM), and received its new name in mid-1946, after the Philippines became an independent country. At the end of 1946, the new network had six stations.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both KZRH and KZFM also affiliated with American networks; the stations wanted to have access to certain popular American programs, and the American networks wanted to sell products in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> has the oldest radio station in Asia and the second oldest in the world, known as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Ceylon" title="Radio Ceylon">Radio Ceylon</a>. It is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation">Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Sri Lanka created <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> history in Asia when broadcasting was started in Ceylon by the Telegraph Department in 1923 on an experimental footing, just three years after the inauguration of broadcasting in Europe. Gramophone music was broadcast from a tiny room in the Central Telegraph Office with the aid of a small transmitter built by Telegraph Department engineers using the radio equipment of a captured German submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-Transmitter_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transmitter-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INF3-49_Sir_John_Reith_Artist_Wooding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/INF3-49_Sir_John_Reith_Artist_Wooding.jpg/220px-INF3-49_Sir_John_Reith_Artist_Wooding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/INF3-49_Sir_John_Reith_Artist_Wooding.jpg/330px-INF3-49_Sir_John_Reith_Artist_Wooding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/INF3-49_Sir_John_Reith_Artist_Wooding.jpg/440px-INF3-49_Sir_John_Reith_Artist_Wooding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2191" data-file-height="3580" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Sir John Reith, by Wooding</figcaption></figure> <p>The first experimental music broadcasts, from <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi's</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmsford, England">Chelmsford</a>, began in 1920. Two years later, in October 1922, a consortium of radio manufacturers formed the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Company" title="British Broadcasting Company">British Broadcasting Company</a> (BBC); they allowed some sponsored programs, although they were not what we would today consider a fully commercial station. Meanwhile, the first radio stations in England were experimental station <a href="/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a>, located near Chelmsford, and station <a href="/wiki/2LO" title="2LO">2LO</a> in London: both were operated by the Marconi Company. By late 1923, there were six stations broadcasting regularly in the United Kingdom: London's 2LO, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester's</a> <a href="/wiki/2ZY" title="2ZY">2ZY</a>, and stations in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (<a href="/wiki/5IT" title="5IT">5IT</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Now_Numbers_Many_Millions_1923,_p._13_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Now_Numbers_Many_Millions_1923,_p._13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the consortium of radio manufacturers, it dissolved in 1926, when its license expired; it then became the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>, a non-commercial organization. Its governors are appointed by the British government, but they do not answer to it. Lord <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Walsham_Reith" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Walsham Reith">Reith</a> took a formative role in developing the BBC, especially in radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Lord_Reith_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord_Reith-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Radio in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fessenden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fessenden.JPG/220px-Fessenden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fessenden.JPG/330px-Fessenden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fessenden.JPG/440px-Fessenden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Reginald Fessenden, the "<i>father"</i> of radio broadcasting in the US</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a> did ground-breaking experiments with voice and music by 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herrold" title="Charles Herrold">Charles "Doc" Herrold</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> sent out broadcasts as early as April 1909 from his Herrold School electronics institute in downtown San Jose, using the identification <i>San Jose Calling</i>, and then a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Radio_call_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio call sign">call signs</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a> began to regulate radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Herrold_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Herrold-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was on the air daily for nearly a decade when the World War interrupted operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doc_Herrold_is_shown_at_the_microphone_of_KQW,_early_1920s-_2013-10-17_07-44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Doc_Herrold_is_shown_at_the_microphone_of_KQW%2C_early_1920s-_2013-10-17_07-44.jpg/220px-Doc_Herrold_is_shown_at_the_microphone_of_KQW%2C_early_1920s-_2013-10-17_07-44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Doc_Herrold_is_shown_at_the_microphone_of_KQW%2C_early_1920s-_2013-10-17_07-44.jpg/330px-Doc_Herrold_is_shown_at_the_microphone_of_KQW%2C_early_1920s-_2013-10-17_07-44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Doc_Herrold_is_shown_at_the_microphone_of_KQW%2C_early_1920s-_2013-10-17_07-44.jpg/440px-Doc_Herrold_is_shown_at_the_microphone_of_KQW%2C_early_1920s-_2013-10-17_07-44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>"Doc" Herrold is shown at the microphone of KQW, early 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_Charles_Logwood_at_radio_station_2XG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1916_Charles_Logwood_at_radio_station_2XG.jpg/220px-1916_Charles_Logwood_at_radio_station_2XG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/1916_Charles_Logwood_at_radio_station_2XG.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Charles Logwood broadcasting at station 2XG, New York City, <i>circa</i> November, 1916<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_2XG" title="Radio 2XG">Pioneer radio station 2XG</a>, also known as the "Highbridge station", was an experimental station located in New York City and licensed to the DeForest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company. It was the first station to use a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> transmitter to make radio broadcasts on a regular schedule. From 1912 to 1917 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herrold" title="Charles Herrold">Charles Herrold</a> made regular broadcasts, but used an <a href="/wiki/Arc_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc transmitter">arc transmitter</a>. He switched to a vacuum tube transmitter when he restarted broadcasting activities in 1921. Herrold coined the terms <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">narrowcasting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-broadcasting_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadcasting-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herrold claimed the invention of broadcasting to a wide audience, through the use of antennas designed to radiate signals in all directions. <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> has been considered by many as "the prescient prophet of broadcasting who predicted the medium's rise in 1915", referring to his radio music box concept.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankconrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Frankconrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Broadcasting pioneer Frank Conrad in a 1921 portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>A few organizations were allowed to keep working on radio during the war. <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse</a> was the most well-known of these. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Conrad" title="Frank Conrad">Frank Conrad</a>, a Westinghouse engineer, had been making transmissions from 8XK since 1916 that included music programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Conrad_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Conrad-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> headed by Professor <a href="/wiki/Earle_M._Terry" title="Earle M. Terry">Earle M. Terry</a> was also on the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Earle_M.Terry_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earle_M.Terry-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1920s">1920s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1919, after the war, radio pioneers across the country resumed transmissions. The early stations gained new call signs. A few early stations, notably 8MK (later known as WWJ in Detroit) were started by newspapers, but in those early years, radio and newspapers regarded each other as competitors. One early station, 8XK in Pittsburgh, became <a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a> in 1920; its ownership has asserted that it was the first radio station in the US, but that claim is controversial <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madison Avenue early on recognized the importance of radio as a new advertising medium. Advertising provided the major funding for most stations. The United States never had a licensing fee for set users.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio in education began as early as April 1922, when Medford Hillside's WGI Radio broadcast the first of an ongoing series of educational lectures from Tufts College professors. These lectures were described by the press as a sort of "wireless college."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, other colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula; some, like the University of Iowa, even provided what today would be known as distance-learning credits.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Curry_College" title="Curry College">Curry College</a>, first in Boston and then in Milton, Massachusetts, introduced one of the nation's first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs. This success led to numerous radio courses in the curriculum which has taught thousands of radio broadcasters from the 1930s to today.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1931, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, several independent stations formed the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a> to exchange syndicated programming, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lone_Ranger" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lone Ranger">The Lone Ranger</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Amos_%27n%27_Andy" title="Amos 'n' Andy">Amos 'n' Andy</a></i>. Prior to 1927, U.S. radio was supervised by the Department of Commerce. Then, the Radio Act of 1927 created the Federal Radio Commission (FRC);<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1934, this agency became known as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> decision in 1939 required <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> to divest itself of its <a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">Blue Network</a>. That decision was sustained by the Supreme Court in a 1943 decision, National Broadcasting Co. v. United States, which established the framework that the "scarcity" of radio-frequency meant that broadcasting was subject to greater regulation than other media. This <a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">Blue Network</a> network became the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC). Around 1946, ABC, NBC, and CBS began regular television broadcasts. Another TV network, the <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont Television Network</a>, was founded earlier, but was disbanded in 1956; later in 1986 the surviving DuMont independent stations formed the nucleus of the new <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox Broadcasting Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DTNHWS_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTNHWS-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s_and_1960s">1950s and 1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1950s and 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting_in_Australia" title="History of broadcasting in Australia">History of broadcasting in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calstanradiodial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Calstanradiodial.jpg/403px-Calstanradiodial.jpg" decoding="async" width="403" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Calstanradiodial.jpg/605px-Calstanradiodial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Calstanradiodial.jpg/806px-Calstanradiodial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Australian radio sets usually had the positions of radio stations marked on their dials. The illustration is a dial from a transistorised, mains-operated Calstan radio, circa 1960s. (<i>Click image for a high resolution view, with readable callsigns.</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Banks_(broadcaster)" title="Norman Banks (broadcaster)">Norman Banks</a> was one of Melbourne's (and Australia's) most prominent broadcasters at <a href="/wiki/Gold_104.3" title="Gold 104.3">3KZ</a> (1930-1952) and <a href="/wiki/3AW" title="3AW">3AW</a> (1952-1978). He is remembered for founding <a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a>, as a pioneer football commentator, and for hosting both musical and interview programs. In later years he was one of Melbourne's first and most prominent <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk back</a> hosts. At the commencement of his career, Banks was known for his double entendres and risque remarks; as a talk back host he was outspoken in his conservative views, especially regarding the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>. In 1978 his 47-year career in radio was hailed as the longest in world history.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Banks_Naomi_Melwit_3KZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Norman_Banks_Naomi_Melwit_3KZ.jpg/220px-Norman_Banks_Naomi_Melwit_3KZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Norman_Banks_Naomi_Melwit_3KZ.jpg/330px-Norman_Banks_Naomi_Melwit_3KZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Norman_Banks_Naomi_Melwit_3KZ.jpg/440px-Norman_Banks_Naomi_Melwit_3KZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Naomi ("Joan") Melwit and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Banks_(broadcaster)" title="Norman Banks (broadcaster)">Norman Banks</a> at the 3KZ microphone, in the late 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Transistor_radio" title="Transistor radio">transistor radio</a> first appeared on the market in 1954. In particular, it made portable radios even more transportable. All sets quickly became smaller, cheaper and more convenient. The aim of radio manufacturers became a radio in every room, in the car, and in the pocket. The upshot of these two changes was that stations started to specialise and concentrate on specific markets. The first areas to see specialised stations were the news and current affairs market, and stations specialising in <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> and geared toward the younger listener who was now able to afford his/her own radio. <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk back</a> ("talk radio") became a major radio genre by the end of the 1960s, but it was not legalised in Australia until October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_2">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> was organized in 1949, its Enabling Act established strong state government powers. Broadcasting was organized on a state, rather than a national, basis. Nine regional radio networks were established. A technical coordinating organization, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ARD), came into being in 1950 to lessen technical conflicts. The Allied forces in Europe developed their own radio networks, including the U.S. <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">American Forces Network</a> (AFN). Inside Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_American_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in the American Sector">Radio in the American Sector</a> (RIAS) became a key source of news in the German Democratic Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka_2">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Ceylon" title="Radio Ceylon">Radio Ceylon</a> was popular in the 1950s and 1960s in the Indian sub-continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Ceylon_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Ceylon-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station developed into the most popular radio network in South Asia. Millions of listeners in India for example tuned into Radio Ceylon. Announcers such as <a href="/wiki/Livy_Wijemanne" title="Livy Wijemanne">Livy Wijemanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Corea" title="Vernon Corea">Vernon Corea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vernon_Corea_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vernon_Corea-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Ondaatje" title="Pearl Ondaatje">Pearl Ondaatje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Horshington" title="Tim Horshington">Tim Horshington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Roskowski" title="Greg Roskowski">Greg Roskowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Bharucha" title="Jimmy Bharucha">Jimmy Bharucha</a>, Mil Sansoni, <a href="/wiki/Eardley_Peiris" title="Eardley Peiris">Eardley Peiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Perera" title="Shirley Perera">Shirley Perera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Harvie" title="Bob Harvie">Bob Harvie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Greet" title="Christopher Greet">Christopher Greet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosper_Fernando" title="Prosper Fernando">Prosper Fernando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameen_Sayani" title="Ameen Sayani">Ameen Sayani</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Binaca_Geetmala" title="Binaca Geetmala">Binaca Geetmala</a> fame),<sup id="cite_ref-Ameen_Sayani_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ameen_Sayani-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Karunaratne_Abeysekera" title="Karunaratne Abeysekera">Karunaratne Abeysekera</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.P.Mylvaganam" class="mw-redirect" title="S.P.Mylvaganam">S.P.Mylvaganam</a> (the first Tamil announcer on the Commercial Service) were hugely popular across South Asia. The Hindi service helped build Radio Ceylon's fanbase among Hindi speakers in the Indian sub-continent. Gopal Sharma, <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Dutt" title="Sunil Dutt">Sunil Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameen_Sayani" title="Ameen Sayani">Ameen Sayani</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamid_Sayani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamid Sayani (page does not exist)">Hamid Sayani</a> were some of the Indian announcers of the station. The Commercial Service of Radio Ceylon was hugely successful under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Dodd" title="Clifford Dodd">Clifford Dodd</a>, the Australian administrator and broadcasting expert who was sent to Ceylon under the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Plan" title="Colombo Plan">Colombo Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifford_Dodd_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifford_Dodd-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1955, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> set.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s,_1980s,_and_1990s"><span id="1970s.2C_1980s.2C_and_1990s"></span>1970s, 1980s, and 1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_3">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting_in_Australia" title="History of broadcasting in Australia">History of broadcasting in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation_logo_(1974-).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation_logo_%281974-%29.svg/220px-Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation_logo_%281974-%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation_logo_%281974-%29.svg/330px-Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation_logo_%281974-%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation_logo_%281974-%29.svg/440px-Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation_logo_%281974-%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> logo, first introduced in 1975 and based on the <a href="/wiki/Lissajous_curve" title="Lissajous curve">Lissajous curve</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial radio (re-)legalisation in most European countries occurred in this era, starting with United Kingdom in 1973 (see <a href="/wiki/Independent_Local_Radio" title="Independent Local Radio">Independent Local Radio</a>) and ending with Austria in 1995.<br /> In 1987, stations in the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> began offering <a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">Radio Data System (RDS)</a>, which provides written text information about programs that were being broadcast, as well as traffic alerts, accurate time, and other teletext services.<sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Data_System_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Data_System-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_2000s">The 2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Kerbango.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Kerbango.jpg/250px-A_Kerbango.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Kerbango.jpg/375px-A_Kerbango.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Kerbango.jpg/500px-A_Kerbango.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Kerbango" title="Kerbango">Kerbango</a> Internet Radio" was the first stand-alone product that let users listen to Internet radio without a computer.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_4">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, from August 2009, digital radio was phased in by geographical region. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>, commercial and <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> stations operate on the <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> and FM bands. Most <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">stations</a> are available on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> and most also have <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital</a> outlets. By 2007, there were 261 commercial stations in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka_3">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in 2005, in a celebration of 80 years of history of broadcasting, the former Director-General of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation">Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation</a>, Eric Fernando, called for the station to take full advantage of the digital age – this included looking at the archives of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Ceylon" title="Radio Ceylon">Radio Ceylon</a>. Ivan Corea asked the President of Sri Lanka, <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapakse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda Rajapakse">Mahinda Rajapakse</a>, to invest in the future of the SLBC.<sup id="cite_ref-Eighty_Years_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eighty_Years-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting#History" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting#History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting#History" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting#History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest radio station">Oldest radio station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_television_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest television station">Oldest television station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_early_radio" title="Women in early radio">Women in early radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_advertising" title="History of advertising">History of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism" title="History of journalism">History of journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_radio" title="Timeline of radio">Timeline of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_introduction_of_radio_in_countries" title="Timeline of the introduction of radio in countries">Timeline of the introduction of radio in countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_podcasting" title="History of podcasting">History of podcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History of telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">History of television</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.arcade-museum.com/Music-Trade-Review/1916-63-19">"The Music Trade Review"</a>. <b>63</b> (19). November 4, 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Music+Trade+Review&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=19&rft.date=1916-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.arcade-museum.com%2FMusic-Trade-Review%2F1916-63-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColligan1991" class="citation book cs1">Colligan, Mimi (1991). <i>Golden Days of Radio</i>. Australia Post. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0642160252" title="Special:BookSources/0642160252"><bdi>0642160252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Days+of+Radio&rft.pub=Australia+Post&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0642160252&rft.aulast=Colligan&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0snKQEACAAJ"><i>Australian Radio History</i></a>. Bruce Carty. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646555812" title="Special:BookSources/9780646555812"><bdi>9780646555812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Radio+History&rft.pub=Bruce+Carty&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780646555812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0snKQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Harte2002" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Harte (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616113938/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6LGAgAAQBAJ&q=radio+2XT+mobile&pg=PA138"><i>When Radio was the Cat's Whiskers</i></a>. Rosenberg Publishing, 2002. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921719707" title="Special:BookSources/9781921719707"><bdi>9781921719707</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6LGAgAAQBAJ&q=radio+2XT+mobile&pg=PA138">the original</a> on 2022-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Radio+was+the+Cat%27s+Whiskers&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Rosenberg+Publishing%2C+2002&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781921719707&rft.au=Bernard+Harte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6LGAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dradio%2B2XT%2Bmobile%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004C07914">"Wireless Telegraphy Act 190"</a>. <i>Australian Federal Register of Legislation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Wireless+Telegraphy+Act+190&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comlaw.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2004C07914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australia,_R.R._Walker_1973_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1973" class="citation book cs1">Walker, R.R. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/History/The-Magic-Spark-1973-Walker.pdf"><i>The Magic Spark – 50 Years of Radio in Australia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0725601167" title="Special:BookSources/0725601167"><bdi>0725601167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+Spark+%E2%80%93+50+Years+of+Radio+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0725601167&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldradiohistory.com%2FBOOKSHELF-ARH%2FHistory%2FThe-Magic-Spark-1973-Walker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insidestory.org.au/when-marconis-magic-came-to-queenscliff/">"When Marconi's magic came to Queenscliff… • Inside Story"</a>. 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Marconi%27s+magic+came+to+Queenscliff%E2%80%A6+%E2%80%A2+Inside+Story&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsidestory.org.au%2Fwhen-marconis-magic-came-to-queenscliff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bpadula.tripod.com/australiashortwave/id34.html">"1923 - Evolution of Australian Domestic Radio"</a>. <i>bpadula.tripod.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcasting-fleet.com/kanimbla.htm">the original</a> on 2015-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.S.+Kanimbla&rft.pub=broadcasting-fleet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-fleet.com%2Fkanimbla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Robert (January 2010). <i>Broadcasting Policy in Canada</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=broadcasting-history.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Communications+Foundation+History+of+CKAC+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Ftimeline%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3D%2Flistings_and_histories%2Fradio%2Fhistories.php%3Fid%3D495%26historyID%3D246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Canada Radio Fans Fight Interference". <i>Tampa (FL) Tribune</i>. January 16, 1927. p. 12D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+%28FL%29+Tribune&rft.atitle=Canada+Radio+Fans+Fight+Interference&rft.pages=12D&rft.date=1927-01-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030330/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Fnetworks%2Fnetworks_CNR.html">"Canada's First Network"</a>. <i>broadcasting-history.ca</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=broadcasting-history.ca&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+First+Network.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Ftimeline%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Fnetworks%2Fnetworks_CNR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Cuban Mill Hands Like Radio Jazz". <i>Boston Herald</i>. April 1, 1923. p. 12D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Herald&rft.atitle=Cuban+Mill+Hands+Like+Radio+Jazz&rft.pages=12D&rft.date=1923-04-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Broadcasting at Havana, Cuba". <i>Radio Magazine</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 33. 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March 27, 1927. p. 11C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Sunday+Union+and+Republican&rft.atitle=Cuban+City+Enjoys+Free+Radio+Concert&rft.pages=11C&rft.date=1927-03-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A Bit o' This and That". <i>Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>. 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Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 177–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713165760" title="Special:BookSources/9780713165760"><bdi>9780713165760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grandeur+and+Misery%3A+France%27s+Bid+for+Power+in+Europe+1914-1940&rft.pages=177-78&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780713165760&rft.aulast=Adamthwaite&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wireless-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wireless_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DEfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA709">"Dr. Braun, Famous German Scientist, Dead"</a>, <i>The Wireless Age</i> (volume 5), June 1918, pp. 709–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9LPmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA159">"Provisional Patents, 1899"</a>, <i>The Electrical Engineer</i> (volume 23) February 3, 1899, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Braun">"Ferdinand Braun | Nobel Prize, Telegraphy, Radio | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Braun+%26%23124%3B+Nobel+Prize%2C+Telegraphy%2C+Radio+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFerdinand-Braun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NobelPrize.org" class="mw-redirect" title="NobelPrize.org">NobelPrize.org</a>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230731180825/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1909/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1909&rft.pub=NobelPrize.org&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1909%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdr.de/zeitreise/hundert-jahre-radio-jubilaeum-geburtstag-100.html">"Vor 100 Jahren: Erste Radiosendung in Deutschland"</a>. <i>www.mdr.de</i> (in German). mdr.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mdr.de&rft.atitle=Vor+100+Jahren%3A+Erste+Radiosendung+in+Deutschland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fzeitreise%2Fhundert-jahre-radio-jubilaeum-geburtstag-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/weihnachtskonzert-fuer-schwarzhoerer.761.de.html?dram:article_id=114006">"Weihnachtskonzert für Schwarzhörer"</a>. <i>Deutschlandfunk</i> (in German). 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Weihnachtskonzert+f%C3%BCr+Schwarzh%C3%B6rer&rft.date=2007-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fweihnachtskonzert-fuer-schwarzhoerer.761.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D114006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Now_Numbers_Many_Millions_1923,_p._13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Now_Numbers_Many_Millions_1923,_p._13_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Now_Numbers_Many_Millions_1923,_p._13_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Radio Audience Now Numbers Many Millions". <i>Springfield Republican</i>. September 30, 1923. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Springfield+Republican&rft.atitle=Radio+Audience+Now+Numbers+Many+Millions&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1923-09-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelheid_von_Saldern2004" class="citation journal cs1">Adelheid von Saldern (2004). "Volk and Heimat Culture in Radio Broadcasting during the Period of Transition from Weimar to Nazi Germany". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>76</b> (2): 312–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F422932">10.1086/422932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143001813">143001813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Volk+and+Heimat+Culture+in+Radio+Broadcasting+during+the+Period+of+Transition+from+Weimar+to+Nazi+Germany&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=312-346&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F422932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143001813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Adelheid+von+Saldern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmeierLotz1997" class="citation book cs1">Bergmeier, Horst J.P.; Lotz, Rainer E. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300067095" title="Special:BookSources/9780300067095"><bdi>9780300067095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+airwaves%3A+the+inside+story+of+Nazi+radio+broadcasting+and+propaganda+swing&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780300067095&rft.aulast=Bergmeier&rft.aufirst=Horst+J.P.&rft.au=Lotz%2C+Rainer+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z0_EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Station JOAK of Japan". <i>Boston Herald</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugetsound.media/pictures/Radio%20Expo%20page%2018.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+Hides+Radio+Artists&rft.pages=K4&rft.date=1927-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugetsound.media%2Fpictures%2FRadio%2520Expo%2520page%252018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButman1927" class="citation news cs1">Butman, Carl H. (September 11, 1927). 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Greenwood Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313243486" title="Special:BookSources/9780313243486"><bdi>9780313243486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Broadcasting+Systems&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780313243486&rft.aulast=Alinsky&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mexican Girl Gets First Grade Commercial License." QST, January 1917, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaymes1925" class="citation journal cs1">Haymes, Susan (November 14, 1925). 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December 9, 1925. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Globe&rft.atitle=Novel+Programs+from+CYL+Mexico&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1925-12-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlinsky1988" class="citation book cs1">Alinsky, Marvin (1988). <i>International Handbook of Broadcasting Systems</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313243486" title="Special:BookSources/9780313243486"><bdi>9780313243486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Broadcasting+Systems&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780313243486&rft.aulast=Alinsky&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Signals Heard by Island". <i>Portland Oregonian</i>. March 15, 1925. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Oregonian&rft.atitle=Signals+Heard+by+Island&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1925-03-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/10/02/archives/manila-goes-on-the-air-to-entertain-the-orient-waves-of-kzrm-spread.html">"Manila Goes on the Air to Entertain the Orient"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. October 2, 1927. p. XX18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Manila+Goes+on+the+Air+to+Entertain+the+Orient&rft.pages=XX18&rft.date=1927-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F10%2F02%2Farchives%2Fmanila-goes-on-the-air-to-entertain-the-orient-waves-of-kzrm-spread.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/02/13/archives/to-open-manila-studio-radio-corporation-subsidiary-will-operate.html">"To Open Manila Studio"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 13, 1927. p. E18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Open+Manila+Studio&rft.pages=E18&rft.date=1927-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F02%2F13%2Farchives%2Fto-open-manila-studio-radio-corporation-subsidiary-will-operate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Key's Radio Annual, 1933 edition, pp. 269-270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"KZPI Power Will Go to 10 KW on January 1". <i>Broadcasting Magazine</i>: 30. December 16, 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+Magazine&rft.atitle=KZPI+Power+Will+Go+to+10+KW+on+January+1&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1946-12-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Advertisement for KZRH: The Voice of the Philippines". <i>Broadcasting Magazine</i>: 55. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2301/stories/20060127001908700.htm">the original</a> on 2008-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+that+Old+Magic+%28Frontline+Magazine%2C+India%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flonnet.com%2Ffl2301%2Fstories%2F20060127001908700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lord_Reith-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lord_Reith_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jul/07/mediatop100200361">"News article on Lord Reith in The Guardian Newspaper, London"</a>. 2003-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=News+article+on+Lord+Reith+in+The+Guardian+Newspaper%2C+London&rft.date=2003-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2003%2Fjul%2F07%2Fmediatop100200361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2012" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Mike (2012). <i>Lee de Forest, King of Radio, Television and Film</i>. 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Radio Music Box memo: Nally's reply"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Radio Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 97–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15506843jrs0901_9">10.1207/s15506843jrs0901_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61529121">61529121</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Data+System+in+the+UK&rft.pub=radioandtelly.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioandtelly.co.uk%2Frds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eighty_Years-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eighty_Years_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925204950/http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/12/27/fea02.htm">"Eighty Years in Broadcasting in Sri Lanka (Daily News, Colombo)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.lk/2005/12/27/fea02.htm">the original</a> on 2008-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eighty+Years+in+Broadcasting+in+Sri+Lanka+%28Daily+News%2C+Colombo%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.lk%2F2005%2F12%2F27%2Ffea02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ceylon, Radio. – <i>Standards of Broadcasting Practice</i> – Commercial Broadcasting Division. – <a href="/wiki/Radio_Ceylon" title="Radio Ceylon">Radio Ceylon</a>, 1950.</li> <li>Donders, Karen, Caroline Pauwels, and Jan Loisen, eds. <i>The Palgrave handbook of European media policy</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)</li> <li>Crook; Tim. <i>International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice</i> Routledge, 1998 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/106345386/international-radio-journalism-history-theory-and">online</a></li> <li>Griffen-Foley Bridget. <i>Changing Stations: The Story of Australian Commercial Radio</i> (UNSW Press, 2009).</li> <li>Hendy, David. <i>Radio in the global age</i> (Wiley, 2013)</li> <li>Hendricks, John Allen, ed. <i>The Palgrave handbook of global radio</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)</li> <li>Lommers, Suzanne. <i>Europe-on air: interwar projects for radio broadcasting</i> (Amsterdam University Press, 2012)</li> <li>Keith, Michael C. and Christopher H. Sterling, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Radio</i> (3 vol 2004), Worldwide coverage with 670 articles by experts</li> <li>Lovell, Stephen. <i>Russia in the Microphone Age: A History of Soviet Radio, 1919-1970</i> (2015)</li> <li>Moran, Albert, and Chris Keating. <i>The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television</i> (Scarecrow Press, 2009)</li> <li>Newcomb, Horace, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Television</i> (3 vol. 2nd ed. 2004); Comprehensive global coverage by experts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Television-Horace-Newcomb/dp/1579583946/">Excerpt</a>; 2700pp</li> <li>Peers Frank W. <i>The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920- 1951</i> (University of Toronto Press, 1969).</li> <li>Rugh, William A. <i>Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics</i> (Praeger, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/106715431/arab-mass-media-newspapers-radio-and-television">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227142033/https://www.questia.com/read/106715431/arab-mass-media-newspapers-radio-and-television">Archived</a> 2019-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Schramm Wilbur, ed. <i>Mass Communications</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1960), wide-ranging articles by experts</li> <li>Schwoch James. <i>The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900-1939</i> (University of Illinois Press, 1990).</li> <li>Smith, Anthony, and Richard Paterson, eds. <i>Television: an international history</i> (Oxford UP, 1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/7974794/television-an-international-history">online</a></li> <li>Sterling Christopher H. <i>Encyclopedia of Radio</i> (3v 2004); Comprehensive global coverage <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1579582494/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Sterling Christopher H. <i>Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920-1983</i> (Praeger, 1984).</li> <li>Walker R. R. <i>The Magic Spark: 50 Years of Radio in Australia</i>. (Hawthorn Press, 1973).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Wavell">Wavell, Stewart</a>. – <i>The Art of Radio</i> – Training Manual written by the Director Training of the CBC. – <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation">Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation</a>, 1969.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Briggs Asa. <i>The BBC—the First Fifty Years</i> (Oxford University Press, 1984).</li> <li>Briggs Asa. <i>The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom</i> (Oxford University Press, 1961).</li> <li>Crisell, Andrew <i>An Introductory History of British Broadcasting.</i> (2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2002)</li> <li>Scannell, Paddy, and Cardiff, David. <i>A Social History of British Broadcasting, Volume One, 1922-1939</i> (Basil Blackwell, 1991).</li> <li>Street, Sean. <i>A Concise History of British Radio, 1922-2002</i> (Kelly Publications, 2002)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_3">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aitkin Hugh G. J. <i>The Continuous Wave: Technology and the American Radio, 1900-1932</i> (Princeton University Press, 1985).</li> <li>Barnouw Erik. <i>The Golden Web</i> (Oxford University Press, 1968); <i>The Sponsor</i> (1978); <i>A Tower in Babel</i> (1966). Comprehensive history of American broadcasting</li> <li>Catsis, John. <i>Sports Broadcasting</i> (1996)</li> <li>Covert Cathy, and Stevens John L. <i>Mass Media Between the Wars</i> (Syracuse University Press, 1984).</li> <li>Cox, Jim. <i>Radio Journalism in America: Telling the News in the Golden Age and Beyond</i> (McFarland, 2013)</li> <li>Craig, Douglas B. <i>Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920-1940</i> (2005)</li> <li>Dunning, John. <i>On The Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio</i>, Oxford University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507678-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507678-8">0-19-507678-8</a></li> <li>Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. <i>Broadcasting: Radio and Television</i> (Harper & Brothers, 1952).</li> <li>Gibson George H. <i>Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919-1976</i> (Praeger Publishers, 1977).</li> <li>Jackaway; Gwenyth L. <i>Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924-1939</i> (Praeger, 1995)</li> <li>Lackmann, Ron. <i>Encyclopedia of American Radio</i> (2nd ed. 2000), Over 1000 short articles; not much changed from first edition which was entitled <i>Same Time...Same Station</i> (1995).</li> <li>Lazarsfeld Paul F. <i>The People Look at Radio</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 1946).</li> <li>McChesney; Robert W. <i>Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928-1935</i> Oxford University Press, 1994</li> <li>Maclaurin W. Rupert. <i>Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry</i> (The Macmillan Company, 1949).</li> <li>McCourt; Tom. <i>Conflicting Communication Interests in America: The Case of National Public Radio</i> (Praeger Publishers, 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/101043308/conflicting-communication-interests-in-america-the">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203034715/https://www.questia.com/read/101043308/conflicting-communication-interests-in-america-the">Archived</a> 2019-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Meyers, Cynthia B. <i>A Word from Our Sponsor: Admen, Advertising, and the Golden Age of Radio</i> (2014)</li> <li>Ray William B. <i>FCC: The Ups and Downs of Radio-TV Regulation</i> (Iowa State University Press, 1990); on USA</li> <li>Rosen Philip T. <i>The Modern Stentors; Radio Broadcasting and the Federal Government 1920-1934</i> (Greenwood Press, 1980).; on USA</li> <li>Slater Robert. <i>This . . . is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years</i> (Prentice Hall, 1988).</li> <li>Smith, F. Leslie, John W. Wright II, David H. Ostroff; <i>Perspectives on Radio and Television: Telecommunication in the United States</i> Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998</li> <li>Sies, Luther F. <i>Encyclopedia of American Radio: 1920-1960</i> (2d ed. 2 vol 2014)</li> <li>Sterling, Christopher, and Kittross John M. <i>Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting</i> (Wadsworth, 1978).</li> <li>White Llewellyn. <i>The American Radio</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1947).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_Sources">Primary Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_broadcasting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kahn Frank J., ed. <i>Documents of American Broadcasting</i>, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).</li> <li>Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds. <i>American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television</i> (Hastings House, 1975).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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