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S. Government</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_4-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_8-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">U.S. Legal System</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_4-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">Dickerson v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">Can Congress override the Supreme Court?</p> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="Dickerson v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=4582290, bestTitle='Dickerson v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact'}}" data-description="In Dickerson v. 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xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a></div> </div><div class="loc article-pre-content"><div id="article-meta_1-0" class="comp article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Elianna Spitzer is a legal studies writer and a former Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism research assistant. She has also worked at the Superior Court of San Francisco's ACCESS Center." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/elianna-spitzer-4173645" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Elianna Spitzer</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__image-wrapper"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Y2bkzGVZTNN6HSqVOyabUTJo4O4=/40x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 40w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tI46Dm1nz8m7sTS5Gd_WDn8Kyr8=/58x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 58w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/E_G0mIPeuy7UpQh-wcdWVQPUZzM=/76x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 76w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LWbuhFLJkMxBNoPuJijlPVYWKFQ=/94x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 94w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/t9hZUIlu6dH3z3udqwcSixsEX-E=/112x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 112w" data-sizes="80px" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cCQmwaHpdp7aKCAUynj5Bb2D2w0=/200x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG" class="lazyload mntl-author-tooltip__image" width="200" height="200" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cCQmwaHpdp7aKCAUynj5Bb2D2w0=/200x200/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Y2bkzGVZTNN6HSqVOyabUTJo4O4=/40x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 40w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tI46Dm1nz8m7sTS5Gd_WDn8Kyr8=/58x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 58w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/E_G0mIPeuy7UpQh-wcdWVQPUZzM=/76x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 76w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LWbuhFLJkMxBNoPuJijlPVYWKFQ=/94x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 94w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/t9hZUIlu6dH3z3udqwcSixsEX-E=/112x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/IMG_8345-5b6c79f546e0fb0025dc3e0e.JPG 112w" alt="" width="200" height="200" class="img--noscript mntl-author-tooltip__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/elianna-spitzer-4173645" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Elianna Spitzer</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Law Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Politics, Brandeis University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Elianna Spitzer is a legal studies writer and a former Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism research assistant. She has also worked at the Superior Court of San Francisco's ACCESS Center. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on May 03, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In Dickerson v. United States (2000), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not use legislation to supersede Supreme Court decisions on constitutional rules. The Court reaffirmed the ruling of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/miranda-v-arizona-104966" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Miranda v. Arizona</a> (1966) as the primary guideline for the admissibility of statements made during custodial interrogation. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-fastfacts" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Fast Facts: Dickerson v. United States</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><p><strong>Case Argued</strong>: April 19, 2000</p><p><strong>Decision Issued: </strong>June 26, 2000</p><p><strong>Petitioner: </strong>Charles Dickerson</p><p><strong>Respondent: </strong> United States</p><p><strong>Key Questions:</strong> Can Congress overrule Miranda v. Arizona?</p><p><strong>Majority Decision:</strong> Justices Rehnquist, Stevens, O’Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsberg, and Breyer</p><p><strong>Dissenting</strong>: Justices Scalia and Thomas</p><p><strong>Ruling: </strong>Congress does not have the legislative power to supersede Miranda v. Arizona and its warnings with regard to admissibility of statements made during custodial interrogation.</p><p> </p></div></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-facts-of-the-case"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Facts of the Case </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Charles Dickerson was indicted for a list of charges associated with bank robbery. At trial, his attorney argued that the statement he made to officers in an FBI field office was inadmissible in court under <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/miranda-v-arizona-104966" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Miranda v. Arizona</a>. Dickerson claimed that he had not received <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/miranda-v-arizona-104966" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Miranda warnings</a> before FBI interrogation. The FBI agents and local officers who had been present at the interrogation said that he <em>had</em> received the warnings. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The dispute rose to the District Court, then to the U.S. Court of Appeals. The U.S. Court of Appeals found Dickerson had not received Miranda warnings, but that they were not necessary in his particular case. They referenced Section 3501 of Title 18 of the U.S. Code, which Congress had passed two years after Miranda v. Arizona in 1968. This legislation required that statements be made voluntarily in order for them to be used in a court of law, but did <em>not</em> require that Miranda warnings be read. According to the Court of Appeals, Dickerson’s statement was voluntary, and thus should not be suppressed. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The Court of Appeals also found that, because Miranda was not a question of constitutionality, Congress had the power to decide what types of warnings were required to make a statement admissible. The Supreme Court took on the case through a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-writ-of-certiorari-4164844" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">writ of certiorari</a>. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-constitutional-issues"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Constitutional Issues </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Can Congress create a new statute that (1) overrules Miranda v. Arizona and (2) establishes different guidelines for the admissibility of statements made during interrogation? Was the Miranda v. Arizona ruling based on a constitutional question? </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The case asked the Court to reevaluate its role in overseeing questions of admissibility. Such questions typically fall to Congress, but Congress may not “legislatively supersede” Supreme Court decisions when those decisions analyze a constitutional rule. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-arguments"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> The Arguments </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The U.S. government argued that Dickerson was made aware of his Miranda rights before the interrogation at the FBI field office, despite the fact that these warnings were not necessary. Like the Court of Appeals, they referenced section 3501 of U.S.C. Title 18 to argue that a confession only has to be voluntary to be admissible in court, and that the confessor does not need to be notified of his Fifth Amendment rights prior to interrogation. They pointed out that the reading of the Miranda rights is only one of the factors, under section 3501, that points to the voluntariness of the confessor's statement. Additionally, attorneys on behalf of the U.S. government argued that Congress, not the Supreme Court, has the ultimate say on the rules that govern admissibility. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Dickerson’s attorney argued that the FBI agents and local law enforcement violated Dickerson’s right against self-incrimination when they failed to notify him of his Miranda rights (per Miranda v. Arizona). The intent of the court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona was to protect citizens from situations that increased the likelihood of false confessions. According to Dickerson's attorney, Dickerson should have been notified of his rights to alleviate the pressure of interrogation, regardless of whether his ultimate statement to officers was voluntary or not. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-majority-opinion"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Majority Opinion </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Chief Justice <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/william-rehnquist-supreme-court-chief-justice-104782" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">William H. Rehnquist</a> delivered the 7-2 decision. In the decision, the Court found that Miranda v. Arizona was based on a constitutional question, meaning that the Supreme Court had the final say over its interpretation, and Congress did not have the right to establish different guidelines for the admissibility of evidence. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The majority looked to the text of the Miranda decision. In Miranda, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, aimed to give “concrete constitutional guidelines for law enforcement” and found that unwarned confessions were taken from individuals under “unconstitutional standards.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Dickerson v. United States also asked the Court to rule on the constitutionality of their original ruling in Miranda v. Arizona. In the majority opinion, the Justices chose not to overrule Miranda for a few reasons. First, the court applied <em>stare decisis </em>(a Latin term meaning "to stand by things decided”), which asks the court to refer to past rulings in order to rule on a current case. Under <em>stare decisis</em>, overturning past decisions requires special justification. In this instance, the Court could not find special justification to overturn the Miranda v. Arizona, which by 2000 had become an important part of police practice and the wider national culture. Unlike some constitutional rules, the Court argued, the core of Miranda rights had been able to withstand challenges and exceptions. The majority explained: </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <blockquote id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “If anything, our subsequent cases have reduced the impact of the <em>Miranda</em> rule on legitimate law enforcement while reaffirming the decision’s core ruling that unwarned statements may not be used as evidence in the prosecution’s case in chief.” </blockquote> <div id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-dissenting-opinion"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Dissenting Opinion </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Justice <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/a-biography-of-supreme-court-justice-antonin-scalia-3303417" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Antonin Scalia</a> dissented, joined by Justice <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/a-profile-of-clarence-thomas-3303419" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Clarence Thomas</a>. According to Scalia, the majority opinion was an act of “judicial arrogance.” Miranda v. Arizona only served to protect individuals from “foolish (rather than compelled) confessions.” In the dissent, Justice Scalia noted that he was “not persuaded” by the majority’s claim that Miranda was better than Congress’ alternative, and suggested that the majority’s attempt to ground its decision in <em>stare decisis</em> was useless. Justice Scalia wrote: </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <blockquote id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> “[…] what today’s decision will stand for, whether the Justices can bring themselves to say it or not, is the power of the Supreme Court to write a prophylactic, extraconstitutional Constitution, binding on Congress and the States.” </blockquote> <div id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-the-impact"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> The Impact </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In Dickerson v. United States, the Supreme Court asserted its authority over constitutional questions, reaffirming the role of Miranda v. Arizona in police practice. Through Dickerson, the Supreme Court emphasized the role of Miranda warnings in proactively protecting rights. The Court maintained that the "totality of the circumstances" approach, which Congress sought to implement, risked individual protections. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-sources"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Sources </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li><cite>Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000)</cite></li><li><cite>Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)</cite></li> </ul></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Spitzer, Elianna. "Dickerson v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact." ThoughtCo, Feb. 17, 2021, thoughtco.com/dickerson-v-united-states-case-arguments-4582290.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Spitzer, Elianna. (2021, February 17). Dickerson v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/dickerson-v-united-states-case-arguments-4582290</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Spitzer, Elianna. "Dickerson v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/dickerson-v-united-states-case-arguments-4582290 (accessed November 29, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" 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