CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"/><meta name="generator" content="Gatsby 5.13.7"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe: Towards Effective Responses to Militant Legilsation of the Past"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="og:title" content="Memocracy — The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="og:description" content="The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe: Towards Effective Responses to Militant Legilsation of the Past"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="og:image" content="https://memocracy.eu/images/opengraph.png"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#6BB6DD"/><style data-href="/styles.4f6279325e33238d2872.css" data-identity="gatsby-global-css">a,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,main,mark,menu,nav,object,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{border:0;font-size:100%;font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,menu,nav,section{display:block}[hidden]{display:none}body{line-height:1}menu,ol,ul{list-style:none}blockquote,q{quotes:none}blockquote:after,blockquote:before,q:after,q:before{content:"";content:none}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}body,html{font-size:16px;height:100%}body{color:#262626;font-family:Arimo,sans-serif;line-height:1.618em}html a,html h1,html h2,html h3,html h4,html h5,html h6,html label,html p,html span{opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s linear}html em{font-style:italic}html.wf-active a,html.wf-active h1,html.wf-active h2,html.wf-active h3,html.wf-active h4,html.wf-active h5,html.wf-active h6,html.wf-active label,html.wf-active p,html.wf-active span{opacity:1}.Button-module--base--e8c71{align-content:stretch;align-items:center;background:none;border:none;border-radius:none;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;font-family:Arimo,sans-serif;font-size:1em;justify-content:center;line-height:0;padding:0}.Button-module--base--e8c71>span{display:inline-block}.Button-module--primary--2a969{color:#fff}.Button-module--twitter--775d8{background-color:#1da1f2;border-radius:8px;color:#fff;font-weight:700;padding:.5em 2em;text-transform:uppercase}.Button-module--twitter--775d8>span{line-height:100%}.Button-module--transparent--13be5{background-color:transparent}.Button-module--dark--09623{background-color:#262626;transition:background-color .25s ease-out}.Button-module--dark--09623:hover{background-color:#404040}.Container-module--base--f02fd{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden}.Container-module--main--d44ba .Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d{box-sizing:border-box;padding:40px 20px 60px;width:100%;z-index:1}@media(min-width:1192px){.Container-module--main--d44ba .Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d{font-size:1rem;padding:4em 0 8em;width:90%}}@media(min-width:1600px){.Container-module--main--d44ba .Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d{font-size:1rem;max-width:1400px;padding:4em 0 8em;width:80%}}.Container-module--main--d44ba .Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d>:last-child{margin-bottom:0!important}.Container-module--standard--d7492 .Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 20px;width:100%;z-index:1}@media(min-width:1192px){.Container-module--standard--d7492 .Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d{font-size:1rem;padding:0;width:90%}}@media(min-width:1600px){.Container-module--standard--d7492 .Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d{font-size:1rem;max-width:1400px;padding:0;width:80%}}.FontSizes-module--size-h1--fe2ea{font-size:4.05em}.FontSizes-module--size-h2--d907b{font-size:3.24em}.FontSizes-module--size-h3--ee448{font-size:2.59em}.FontSizes-module--size-h4--5a62a{font-size:2.08em}.FontSizes-module--size-h5--a32cc,.FontSizes-module--size-h6--79194{font-size:1.66em}.FontSizes-module--size-p--b6a0a{font-size:1.06em}.FontSizes-module--size-sm--c35df{font-size:.85em}@media(min-width:1024px){.FontSizes-module--size-h1--fe2ea{font-size:3.55em}.FontSizes-module--size-h2--d907b{font-size:2.95em}.FontSizes-module--size-h3--ee448{font-size:2.46em}.FontSizes-module--size-h4--5a62a{font-size:2.05em}.FontSizes-module--size-h5--a32cc,.FontSizes-module--size-h6--79194{font-size:1.71em}.FontSizes-module--size-p--b6a0a{font-size:1.19em}.FontSizes-module--size-sm--c35df{font-size:.99em}}.LineHeights-module--line-height-xs--ac5e4{line-height:1.2em}.LineHeights-module--line-height-sm--44d24{line-height:1.3em}.LineHeights-module--line-height-md--3568d{line-height:1.45em}.LineHeights-module--line-height-xl--9cbf3{line-height:1.618em}.LineHeights-module--line-height-xxl--de494{line-height:1.842em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-top-xs--b095a{padding-top:.236em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-top-sm--e50dc{padding-top:.382em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-top-md--1c6c0{padding-top:.5em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-top-lg--8dfd3{padding-top:.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-top-xl--1a16f{padding-top:1.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-top-xxl--df1c1{padding-top:4.23em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-xs--417e0{padding-bottom:.236em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-sm--ad9f5{padding-bottom:.382em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-md--86196{padding-bottom:.5em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-lg--d432a{padding-bottom:.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-xl--516f5{padding-bottom:1.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-xxl--51ef1{padding-bottom:4.23em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-top-xs--06b27{margin-top:.236em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-top-sm--58747{margin-top:.382em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-top-md--02058{margin-top:.5em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-top-lg--be9e7{margin-top:.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-top-xl--47b07{margin-top:1.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-top-xxl--75be5{margin-top:4.23em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-bottom-xs--e3e1a{margin-bottom:.236em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-bottom-sm--825aa{margin-bottom:.382em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-bottom-md--a2605{margin-bottom:.5em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-bottom-lg--fdf62{margin-bottom:.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-bottom-xl--d1b2e{margin-bottom:1.618em}.HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-bottom-xxl--c7e92{margin-bottom:4.23em}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-left-xs--546c9{padding-left:10px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-left-sm--7d54b{padding-left:20px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-left-md--aec50{padding-left:30px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-left-lg--0131d{padding-left:40px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-left-xl--3a80f{padding-left:50px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-left-xxl--78d48{padding-left:60px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-right-xs--0ce7b{padding-right:10px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-right-sm--3e4ce{padding-right:20px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-right-md--17416{padding-right:30px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-right-lg--31678{padding-right:40px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-right-xl--d24ea{padding-right:50px}.VerticalSpacing-module--padding-right-xxl--5b389{padding-right:60px}.Standard-module--text-align-left--f48b8{text-align:left}.Standard-module--text-align-right--559c0{text-align:right}.Standard-module--text-align-center--edccc{text-align:center}.Standard-module--border-left--ae674{border-left:1px solid #b2b2b2}.Standard-module--border-right--1100b{border-right:1px solid #b2b2b2}.Standard-module--border-bottom--cc1e5,.Standard-module--border-top--65919{border-top:1px solid #b2b2b2}.InnerContainer-module--base--a4c85{display:block}.Icon-module--base--c52f4{display:inline-block;font-size:34px;line-height:0;vertical-align:middle}.Icon-module--base--c52f4 svg{display:inline-block;height:1em;line-height:1;width:auto}.GridContainer-module--base--4bdea{display:block}@media(min-width:1024px){.GridContainer-module--base--4bdea{grid-gap:60px;display:grid;justify-content:start}.GridContainer-module--columns-3--9441a{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.GridContainer-module--columns-4--5906f{grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr)}.GridContainer-module--columns-12--70011{grid-template-columns:repeat(12,1fr)}}.Content-module--base--73f4e{color:#262626}.Content-module--base--73f4e li,.Content-module--base--73f4e p{font-size:1.06em;line-height:1.842em;padding-bottom:1.618em}.Content-module--base--73f4e h1,.Content-module--base--73f4e h2,.Content-module--base--73f4e h3,.Content-module--base--73f4e h4,.Content-module--base--73f4e h5,.Content-module--base--73f4e h6{font-family:Acumin Pro ExtraCondensed,sans-serif;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3em;padding:.618em 0}.Content-module--base--73f4e h2{font-size:2.08em}.Content-module--base--73f4e h3{font-size:1.66em}.Content-module--base--73f4e ol{list-style-position:outside;list-style-type:decimal;padding-left:1.75em}.Content-module--base--73f4e iframe{max-width:100%}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-file{border-bottom:1px solid #b2b2b2;border-top:1px solid #b2b2b2;padding:1.618em 0;text-align:center}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-file a:first-of-type{display:inline-block;padding:1em 1.5em}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button{background-color:#1f6b86;border-radius:8px;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1em;line-height:1em;padding:1em 1.5em;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background .5s ease-out;vertical-align:middle}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button:hover{background-color:#0c2933}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);grid-template-rows:masonry}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul>li{font-size:0;overflow:hidden}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul>li .gatsby-image-wrapper{height:40vw;object-position:50% 50%}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul>li a{display:block}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul>li a:hover{opacity:.5}@media(min-width:1024px){.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul>li{font-size:0;overflow:hidden}.Content-module--base--73f4e .wp-block-gallery ul>li .gatsby-image-wrapper{height:12vw;object-position:50% 50%}}.Content-module--base--73f4e>:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}@media(min-width:1600px){.Content-module--base--73f4e li,.Content-module--base--73f4e p{font-size:1.19em}.Content-module--base--73f4e h2{font-size:2.46em}.Content-module--base--73f4e h3{font-size:2.05em}}.Content-module--base--73f4e a{color:#1f6b86;text-decoration:underline}.Content-module--base--73f4e a a:hover{text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:768px){.ContainerLimited-module--base--153e9{width:66%}}@media(min-width:1600px){.ContainerLimited-module--base--153e9{grid-gap:60px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(12,1fr);justify-content:start;width:100%}.ContainerLimited-module--base--153e9>div{grid-column:2/span 6}}.ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 h1,.ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 h2,.ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 h3,.ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 h4,.ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 h5,.ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 h6{color:#262626;font-family:Acumin Pro ExtraCondensed,sans-serif;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3em}.ContentHeader-module--border-top--65e29>*{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.ContentHeader-module--border-bottom--2b0f1>*{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.FrontPage-module--base--98475{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.FrontPage-module--inner-container--19981{font-size:1rem;padding:40px 20px 80px;z-index:1}.FrontPage-module--inner-container--19981>section{width:100%}@media(min-width:1192px){.FrontPage-module--inner-container--19981{padding:4em 0 6em;width:90%}.FrontPage-module--inner-container--19981>section{width:66%}}@media(min-width:1600px){.FrontPage-module--inner-container--19981{max-width:1400px;width:80%}.FrontPage-module--inner-container--19981>section{width:50%}}.FrontPage-module--background-container--62def{display:none}@media(min-width:1192px){.FrontPage-module--background-container--62def{display:block;height:100%;position:absolute!important;right:0!important;top:0;width:100%;z-index:0}.FrontPage-module--background-container--62def>div{left:60%!important}}.FrontPage-module--background-image--98c2d>img{width:100vw}@media(min-width:1600px){.FrontPage-module--background-image--98c2d>img{width:100vw}}.FrontPageMobile-module--base--57def{padding:2em 20px 4em}.TableOfContents-module--base--dfb01 ul li button{color:#1f6b86;cursor:pointer;display:block;text-align:left;transition:color .25s ease-out}.TableOfContents-module--base--dfb01 ul li button>span{font-size:1.06em;line-height:1.842em;line-height:1.3em}.TableOfContents-module--base--dfb01 ul li button:hover{color:#4eb3d6}@media(min-width:1024px){.TableOfContents-module--base--dfb01 ul li button{text-align:left}.TableOfContents-module--base--dfb01 ul li button>span{line-height:1.3em}}.TableOfContents-module--base--dfb01 ul li~li{padding-top:.618em}@media(min-width:1024px){.TableOfContents-module--base--dfb01 ul li~li{padding-top:1.618em}}.Portrait-module--base--ca9ae{text-align:center}.Portrait-module--base--ca9ae>div{border-radius:50%}.TwitterHandle-module--base--76cbb{border:1px solid transparent;border-radius:8px;color:#262626;display:inline-block;font-size:1.06em;font-weight:600;padding:.5em;text-decoration:none;transition:border .25s ease-out}.TwitterHandle-module--base--76cbb:hover{border:1px solid #b2b2b2}.TwitterHandle-module--base--76cbb span{position:relative;top:.05em}.TwitterHandle-module--base--76cbb>svg{height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle}.TwitterHandle-module--base--76cbb>svg>path{fill:#1da1f2}.Bio-module--base--c48a0{display:block}.Bio-module--portrait--f2a38{margin-bottom:1.618em;text-align:center}.Bio-module--portrait--f2a38>figure{border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;width:66%}.Bio-module--portrait--f2a38>figure img{border-radius:50%}.Bio-module--separator--42c63{display:block;height:1px;position:relative}.Bio-module--separator--42c63:after{background-color:#b2b2b2;bottom:0;content:"";height:1px;left:33.5%;position:absolute;width:33%}@media(min-width:1024px){.Bio-module--content--3ef70{font-size:.85rem}}.HeaderMobile-module--base--5a256{padding-top:60px}.Logo-module--base--18d93{height:34px;width:34px}.Logo-module--full-width--02a83>img{height:auto;width:100%}.Logo-module--full-height--9fd81>img{height:100%;width:auto}.NavbarMobile-module--container--564f5{align-content:space-between;align-items:center;background-color:#1f6b86;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.25));flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;height:60px;justify-content:space-between;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%;z-index:6}.NavbarMobile-module--logo-container--0dd93{align-self:auto;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex:0 1 auto;height:100%;padding:20px 0}.NavbarMobile-module--logo-container--0dd93 img{transform:scale(1.5)}.NavbarMobile-module--logo-button--be3d4,.NavbarMobile-module--menu-button--0148e{height:60px;width:60px}.NavbarMobile-module--logo-button--be3d4>div{height:34px;width:34px}.ProjectBaner-module--base--d6c19{color:#262626;font-family:Acumin Pro ExtraCondensed,sans-serif}.ProjectBaner-module--base--d6c19 h1{font-size:4.768em;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.035em;line-height:100%;text-transform:uppercase}.ProjectBaner-module--base--d6c19 p{font-size:1.25em;font-weight:300;line-height:130%}.NewsletterButton-module--container--2ae3e>*{margin-bottom:8px}.NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b{background-color:#262626;border-radius:4px;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:1.06em;padding:4px 8px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}.NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b.NewsletterButton-module--animated--35c4d{animation:NewsletterButton-module--shake--63356 2s linear infinite;transform:translateZ(0)}.NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b:hover{animation:none;background-color:#4b4b4b}.NewsletterButton-module--icon--608df{height:20px;margin-left:.25em;vertical-align:middle;width:20px}@keyframes NewsletterButton-module--shake--63356{0%,69%{transform:translateZ(0)}70%,80%{transform:translate3d(-3px,0,0)}75%,85%{transform:translate3d(3px,0,0)}90%{transform:translate3d(-2px,0,0)}95%{transform:translate3d(2px,0,0)}to{transform:translateZ(0)}}.ImagePlaceholder-module--base--fc087{box-sizing:border-box;position:relative;width:100%}.ImagePlaceholder-module--base--fc087:after{background-color:#e7e7e7;background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCA4NDEuMjQgODQxLjI0Ij48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjMDA1NDc3IiBkPSJNMTMzLjggMTU1LjcydjE0Ni4xTDMwLjMgNDA1LjMyYzMuNzItOTYuMTEgNDIuMzMtMTgzLjQzIDEwMy41LTI0OS42em0wIDM4My43djE0Ni4xYy02MS4xNy02Ni4xNy05OS43OC0xNTMuNDktMTAzLjUtMjQ5LjZsMTAzLjUgMTAzLjV6bTE2OC4yNy00MDUuNDUtLjIxLS4wNXYtLjEySDE1NS43MmM2Ni4xNy02MS4xNyAxNTMuNDktOTkuNzggMjQ5LjYtMTAzLjVMMzAxLjg2IDEzMy43NmwuMjEuMjF6bTM4My40NS0uMTdoLTE0Ni4xTDQzNS45MiAzMC4zYzk2LjExIDMuNzIgMTgzLjQzIDQyLjMzIDI0OS42IDEwMy41em0tMjgwLjIgNjc3LjE0Yy05Ni4xMi0zLjcyLTE4My40NC00Mi4zNC0yNDkuNjItMTAzLjUxaDE0Ni4xMWwxMDMuNTEgMTAzLjUxem00MDUuNjItNDA1LjYyLTEwMy41LTEwMS4wNlYxNTUuNzJjNjEuMTcgNjYuMTcgOTkuNzggMTUzLjQ5IDEwMy41IDI0OS42em0tMTI1LjQgMzAyLjExYy02Ni4xOCA2MS4xNy0xNTMuNSA5OS43OS0yNDkuNjIgMTAzLjUxbDEwMy41MS0xMDMuNTFoMTQ2LjExem0xMjUuNC0yNzEuNTFjLTMuNzIgOTYuMTEtNDIuMzMgMTgzLjQzLTEwMy41IDI0OS42di0xNDYuMWwxMDMuNS0xMDMuNXoiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjZmZmIiBkPSJtMzg1LjYyIDQzNS4xMi05OS4zIDk5LjNIMTQ1Ljg0bDk4Ljg4LTk5LjN6bTIwLjUtMTkwLjAzdjE0MC41MmwtOTkuMjYtOTkuMjZWMTQ1Ljgzem0xMjguNzMgMzEwLjI1djEzOS41OWwtOTkuNzMtOTkuNzNWNDU1LjYxem0xNjEuNzQtMjQ3LjMtOTguMDcgOTguMDhINDU1LjY0bDk4LjA4LTk4LjA4eiIvPjxwYXRoIGZpbGw9IiMwZTU3NzMiIGQ9Ik0zODUuNjMgNDA2LjEySDI0NC40MmwtOTguNDYtOTkuMjUgMTQxLjE0Ljcyem0yMC40OSA0OS41MnYxNDAuNDNsLTk5LjMxIDk5LjI5VjU1NC45NXptMTI4LjMtMzA5Ljc3djE0MC40NWwtOTkuMyA5OS4zVjI0NS4xOHptMTYwLjk1IDM4OC41NUg1NTQuOTNsLTk5LjMtOTkuM2gxNDAuNDR6Ii8+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI2ExY2NlNCIgZD0iTTE2MS44IDU2Ny40MmgxMTIuMDF2MTEyLjAxSDE2MS44em0xNzkuNyAxNDAuMDM5IDc5LjY1Mi03OS42NDEgNzkuMjE2IDc5LjIyOC03OS42NTIgNzkuNjQxek01NjcuODUgNTY3LjQyaDExMS41OXYxMTIuMDFINTY3Ljg1em0tLjQzLTQwNS42MmgxMTIuMDJ2MTEzLjI0SDU2Ny40MnptLTIyNS45NTgtMjguMDM2IDc5LjE2LTc5LjE2IDc5LjIwMiA3OS4yMDItNzkuMTYgNzkuMTZ6TTIxMi40NSA0MjAuNzZsLTc4LjY5IDc5LjAyLTc5LjE2LTc5LjE2IDc5LjE3LTc5LjE3em02MS40MS0yNTguOTZ2MTEyLjcybC0xMTIuMDYtLjU3VjE2MS44em0zNTUuNTg4IDI2MC4wNDQgNzkuMjAyLTc5LjIwMiA3Ny45NzkgNzcuOTc5LTc5LjIwMiA3OS4yMDJ6Ii8+PHBhdGggZD0iTTgwOC4xOCAyNTYuODljLTIxLjE5LTUwLjA5LTUxLjUxLTk1LjA3LTkwLjE0LTEzMy42OS0zOC42Mi0zOC42My04My42LTY4Ljk1LTEzMy42OS05MC4xNEM1MzIuNDggMTEuMTIgNDc3LjQgMCA0MjAuNjIgMFMzMDguNzYgMTEuMTIgMjU2Ljg5IDMzLjA2QzIwNi44IDU0LjI1IDE2MS44MiA4NC41NyAxMjMuMiAxMjMuMmMtMzguNjMgMzguNjItNjguOTUgODMuNi05MC4xNCAxMzMuNjlDMTEuMTIgMzA4Ljc2IDAgMzYzLjg0IDAgNDIwLjYyczExLjEyIDExMS44NiAzMy4wNiAxNjMuNzNjMjEuMTkgNTAuMDkgNTEuNTEgOTUuMDcgOTAuMTQgMTMzLjY5IDM4LjYyIDM4LjYzIDgzLjYgNjguOTUgMTMzLjY5IDkwLjE0IDUxLjg3IDIxLjk0IDEwNi45NSAzMy4wNiAxNjMuNzMgMzMuMDZzMTExLjg2LTExLjEyIDE2My43My0zMy4wNmM1MC4wOS0yMS4xOSA5NS4wNy01MS41MSAxMzMuNjktOTAuMTQgMzguNjMtMzguNjIgNjguOTUtODMuNiA5MC4xNC0xMzMuNjkgMjEuOTQtNTEuODcgMzMuMDYtMTA2Ljk1IDMzLjA2LTE2My43M3MtMTEuMTItMTExLjg2LTMzLjA2LTE2My43M3pNNzA3LjQ0IDE1NS43MmM2MS4xNyA2Ni4xNyA5OS43OCAxNTMuNDkgMTAzLjUgMjQ5LjZsLTEwMy41LTEwMS4wNlYxNTUuNzJ6bTc5LjIgMjY0LjktNzkuMiA3OS4yLTc3Ljk4LTc3Ljk4IDc5LjItNzkuMiA3Ny45OCA3Ny45OHptLTE4OC4xMi0xNC41SDQ1NS42NGw5OC4wOC05OC4wOGgxNDIuODdsLTk4LjA3IDk4LjA4em0tMTYzLjQtMjAuNVYyNDUuMThsOTkuMy05OS4zMXYxNDAuNDVsLTk5LjMgOTkuM3ptMTMyLjMtMTEwLjU4VjE2MS44aDExMi4wMnYxMTMuMjRINTY3LjQyem0xMTguMS0xNDEuMjRoLTE0Ni4xTDQzNS45MiAzMC4zYzk2LjExIDMuNzIgMTgzLjQzIDQyLjMzIDI0OS42IDEwMy41em0tMTg1LjcgMC03OS4xNiA3OS4xNi03OS4yLTc5LjIgNzkuMTYtNzkuMTYgNzkuMiA3OS4yem0zNS4wMyA0MjEuNTR2MTM5LjU5bC05OS43My05OS43M1Y0NTUuNjFsOTkuNzMgOTkuNzN6TTQwNi4xMiAyNDUuMDl2MTQwLjUybC05OS4yNi05OS4yNlYxNDUuODNsOTkuMjYgOTkuMjZ6bS0uOC0yMTQuNzlMMzAxLjg2IDEzMy43NmwuMjEuMjFhMS42IDEuNiAwIDAgMC0uMjEtLjA1di0uMTJIMTU1LjcyYzY2LjE3LTYxLjE3IDE1My40OS05OS43OCAyNDkuNi0xMDMuNXpNMjczLjg2IDE2MS44djExMi43MmwtMTEyLjA2LS41N1YxNjEuOGgxMTIuMDZ6bTEzLjI0IDE0NS43OSA5OC41MyA5OC41M0gyNDQuNDJsLTk4LjQ2LTk5LjI1IDE0MS4xNC43MnptMTE5LjAyIDE0OC4wNXYxNDAuNDNsLTk5LjMxIDk5LjI5VjU1NC45NWw5OS4zMS05OS4zMXptLTE5My42Ny0zNC44OC03OC42OSA3OS4wMi03OS4xNi03OS4xNiA3OS4xNy03OS4xNyA3OC42OCA3OS4zMXpNMTMzLjggMTU1LjcydjE0Ni4xTDMwLjMgNDA1LjMyYzMuNzItOTYuMTEgNDIuMzMtMTgzLjQzIDEwMy41LTI0OS42em0wIDUyOS44Yy02MS4xNy02Ni4xNy05OS43OC0xNTMuNDktMTAzLjUtMjQ5LjZsMTAzLjUgMTAzLjV2MTQ2LjF6bTExMC45Mi0yNTAuNGgxNDAuOWwtOTkuMyA5OS4zSDE0NS44NGw5OC44OC05OS4zem0yOS4wOSAxMzIuM3YxMTIuMDFIMTYxLjhWNTY3LjQyaDExMi4wMXpNMTU1LjcgNzA3LjQzaDE0Ni4xMWwxMDMuNTEgMTAzLjUxYy05Ni4xMi0zLjcyLTE4My40NC00Mi4zNC0yNDkuNjItMTAzLjUxem0xODUuNzEgMCA3OS42NC03OS42MyA3OS4yMSA3OS4yMS03OS42NCA3OS42My03OS4yMS03OS4yMXptOTQuNTEgMTAzLjUxIDEwMy41MS0xMDMuNTFoMTQ2LjExYy02Ni4xOCA2MS4xNy0xNTMuNSA5OS43OS0yNDkuNjIgMTAzLjUxem0xMzEuOTMtMTMxLjUxVjU2Ny40MmgxMTEuNTl2MTEyLjAxSDU2Ny44NXptLTEyLjkyLTE0NS4wMS05OS4zLTk5LjNoMTQwLjQ0bDk5LjMgOTkuM0g1NTQuOTN6bTE1Mi41MSAxNTEuMXYtMTQ2LjFsMTAzLjUtMTAzLjVjLTMuNzIgOTYuMTEtNDIuMzMgMTgzLjQzLTEwMy41IDI0OS42eiIvPjwvc3ZnPg==);background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:20%;content:"";display:block;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.ImagePlaceholder-module--ar-16_9--27e49{padding-bottom:56.25%}.LogoGrid-module--base--aa9ad{align-content:stretch;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex:0 1 auto;justify-content:center;padding:0 20px}.LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024 img{height:auto}.LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024 a{transition:opacity .25s ease-out}.LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024 a:hover{opacity:.5}.HeroMobile-module--base--6f6b2{background-color:#fff;background-image:url(/static/europa-illustration-optmized-e92622585469b9e7378d48d0c957ae60.png);background-position:100%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;border-bottom:1px solid #e7e7e7;border-top:1px solid #e7e7e7;height:66vh;max-width:100%;min-height:300px;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.HeroMobile-module--container--9f7ad{bottom:0;padding:20px;position:absolute}.HeroMobile-module--logo--bfd8b{height:100px;margin-bottom:20px;transform:scale(1.03);width:auto}.HeroMobile-module--background--35c65{min-height:66vh}.HeroMobile-module--newsletter-advert--4ff8e{padding:15px 20px}.Form-module--base--64402{font-family:Arimo,sans-serif;font-size:.85em}@media(min-width:1600px){.Form-module--base--64402{font-size:1rem}}.Form-module--base--64402 input{background:none;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #e7e7e7;border-radius:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;display:block;font-size:.938em;outline:none;padding:1em .5em;width:100%}.Form-module--base--64402 input:focus{border:1px solid #e5ec76;box-shadow:inset 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}.Form-module--base--64402 button{background:none;background-color:#1f6b86;border:1px solid #1a5a71;border-radius:none;box-sizing:border-box;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:.938em;font-weight:700;line-height:100%;outline:none;padding:1em 2em;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background-color .25s ease-out}.Form-module--base--64402 button:hover{background-color:#154a5d}.Form-module--base--64402 button:focus{border:1px solid #e5ec76;box-shadow:inset 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.55)}.Form-module--base--64402 label{color:#1f6b86;display:block;font-size:.99em;line-height:1.842em}.Form-module--base--64402 h2{color:#1f6b86;font-size:1.71em;font-weight:700;line-height:1.842em;margin-bottom:.382em}@media(min-width:1600px){.Form-module--base--64402 h2{margin-bottom:0}}.Form-module--base--64402 .Form-module--form-container--209fd{position:relative}.Form-module--base--64402 form{transition:opacity .25s ease-out}.Form-module--base--64402 form[aria-hidden=true],.Form-module--base--64402[aria-busy=true] form{opacity:0}.Form-module--base--64402[aria-busy=true]:after{content:"";display:block;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.Form-module--loader--ba5c9{align-items:center;display:block;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.Form-module--inputError--00052{color:#c90000;font-size:.82em;min-height:2em;transform:translateZ(0)}.Form-module--thanks--c793c{animation:Form-module--puff-in-center--60a71 .7s cubic-bezier(.47,0,.745,.715) both;font-size:1.063em;font-weight:700;position:absolute}.Form-module--newsletter-advert--b42e8{margin-top:16px}@keyframes Form-module--shake--06c7a{0%,69%{transform:translateZ(0)}70%,80%{transform:translate3d(-3px,0,0)}75%,85%{transform:translate3d(3px,0,0)}90%{transform:translate3d(-2px,0,0)}95%{transform:translate3d(2px,0,0)}to{transform:translateZ(0)}}@keyframes Form-module--puff-in-center--60a71{0%{filter:blur(4px);opacity:0;transform:scale(2)}to{filter:blur(0);opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.Date-module--base--62018{display:inline-block;font-size:1.06em;font-weight:600;line-height:1.842em}.Partners-module--main--f5bd4>h3{border-bottom:1px solid #b2b2b2;color:#4b4b4b;font-family:Acumin Pro ExtraCondensed,sans-serif;font-size:1.33em;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:1.618em;text-transform:uppercase}.Partners-module--sponsor--cb0c2{margin-bottom:40px}.Partners-module--sponsor--cb0c2>div:first-child{flex-basis:80%}@media(min-width:1192px){.Partners-module--sponsor--cb0c2{margin-bottom:50px}.Partners-module--sponsor--cb0c2>div:first-child{flex-basis:66%}}.Partners-module--consortium--c33de>div{flex-basis:50%}.Partners-module--consortium--c33de>div .pan{max-width:66%}@media(min-width:1192px){.Partners-module--consortium--c33de>div .gatsby-image-wrapper{max-width:70%}.Partners-module--consortium--c33de>div .gatsby-image-wrapper.pan{max-width:50%}}.Hero-module--base--caf7b{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(107,182,221,.35) 40%,#fff 90%);display:flex;height:21vw;justify-content:center;min-height:260px;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.Hero-module--base--caf7b:after{background-image:url(/static/memocracy-bg-b07966f669400ca94aa6227587c3be61.svg);background-repeat:repeat-y;background-size:100% auto;content:"";display:block;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;z-index:0}@media(min-width:1024px){.Hero-module--base--caf7b:after{background-attachment:fixed;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}}.Hero-module--inner-container--7464e{align-content:stretch;align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;padding:0 20px;width:100%;z-index:1}.Hero-module--inner-container--7464e>div~div{padding-left:3vw}.Hero-module--inner-container--7464e>:nth-child(2){align-self:auto;flex:1 1 auto;order:0}.Hero-module--inner-container--7464e>:nth-child(3){min-width:225px;width:24%}@media(min-width:1024px){.Hero-module--inner-container--7464e{padding:0;width:90%}}@media(min-width:1192px){.Hero-module--inner-container--7464e>:nth-child(3){width:22%}}@media(min-width:1600px){.Hero-module--inner-container--7464e{max-width:1600px;width:80%}}.Hero-module--logo--30e86{height:100%;transform:scale(1.25);width:13vw}.Hero-module--project-baner--5cbe2{font-size:1.2vw}.Hero-module--project-baner--5cbe2 h1{color:#000;font-size:5.85em}.Hero-module--project-baner--5cbe2 p{color:#fff}.News-module--base--8a3a1{margin-bottom:70px;position:relative}.News-module--base--8a3a1:before{background-color:#b2b2b2;content:"";display:block;height:1px;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;z-index:2}@media(min-width:1024px){.News-module--base--8a3a1{grid-gap:60px;border-top:1px solid #b2b2b2;box-shadow:none;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(12,1fr);justify-content:start;padding-bottom:2em}.News-module--base--8a3a1:before{display:none}}a.News-module--base--8a3a1{color:#262626;text-decoration:none;transition:opacity .5s ease-out}a.News-module--base--8a3a1:hover{opacity:.5}.News-module--illustration--c6146{border:none}@media(min-width:1024px){.News-module--illustration--c6146{grid-column-start:span 4}.News-module--container--2394c{grid-column-start:span 6}}.News-module--date--f8517{padding:0 20px}.News-module--date--f8517>time{padding:1.618em 0 0}@media(min-width:1024px){.News-module--date--f8517{padding:0}}.News-module--header--22eb3{padding:0 20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.News-module--header--22eb3{padding:0}}.News-module--content--1f002{padding:0 20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.News-module--content--1f002{padding:0}}.FooterMobile-module--base--26ce4{background-color:#e7e7e7;padding:50px 20px}.FooterMobile-module--twitterButton--9a943{font-size:.85em;line-height:1.25em;width:100%}.FooterMobile-module--twitterButton--9a943>span[role=img]{margin-right:.5em}.FooterMobile-module--twitterButton--9a943>span[role=img] svg{height:20px}.FooterMobile-module--logo-grid--55a84{margin-bottom:60px}.FooterMobile-module--logo-grid--55a84 div:nth-of-type(5)>div{max-width:50%}.FooterMobile-module--call-to-action--4088c{margin-bottom:60px}.FooterMobile-module--menu--04c53{text-align:center}.FooterMobile-module--menu--04c53 ul li a{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;color:#787878;display:block;font-size:1.063em;padding:1em 0;text-decoration:none}.FooterMobile-module--menu--04c53 ul li:last-of-type a{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.FooterMobile-module--newsletter--70f4b{background-color:#eefaff}.FooterMobile-module--newsletter--70f4b button[type=submit]{width:100%}.OverlayMenu-module--base--3897d{align-content:stretch;align-items:center;background-color:#1f6b86;box-shadow:-2px 0 15px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.57);display:block;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;height:100vh;justify-content:center;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;transition:all .5s ease-out;width:100vw;z-index:10}.OverlayMenu-module--base--3897d[aria-hidden=true]{visibility:hidden}.OverlayMenu-module--show--2daa1{transform:translateX(0)}.OverlayMenu-module--hide--8ac3f{transform:translateX(calc(100% + 20px))}.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5{text-align:center;width:80%}.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5 li[data-is-parent=true]>a{display:none}.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5 li[data-is-parent=true]>span{color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-style:italic;text-align:left;width:100%}.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5 li[data-is-parent=true] ul{border-bottom:1px solid #b2b2b2;border-top:1px solid #b2b2b2}.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5 li[data-is-parent=true] ul>li:first-child{margin-top:1em}.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5 a{color:#fff;display:block;font-family:Arimo,sans-serif;font-size:1em;line-height:1.842em;margin-bottom:1em;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5 a[aria-current]{opacity:.5}@media(min-height:800px){.OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5 a{font-size:1.25em}}.OverlayMenu-module--close-button--12449{display:inline-block;margin-top:10px;padding:20px}.OverlayMenu-module--close-button--12449>span{font-size:1.5em}.NewsExcerpt-module--base--5e280{color:#262626;display:block;margin-bottom:50px;text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:1024px){.NewsExcerpt-module--base--5e280{grid-column-start:span 4;margin-bottom:0}}a.NewsExcerpt-module--base--5e280 *{transition:all .25s ease-out}a.NewsExcerpt-module--base--5e280:hover,a.NewsExcerpt-module--base--5e280:hover h2{color:#787878}a.NewsExcerpt-module--base--5e280:hover figure{filter:contrast(70%)}.NewsExcerpt-module--content--174be{padding:0 20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.NewsExcerpt-module--content--174be{padding:0}}.NewsExcerpt-module--date--1c65c{margin-top:.5em}.Footer-module--base--82cf5{align-items:center;background-color:#e7e7e7;display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.Footer-module--inner-container--4ba0b{font-size:1rem;padding:40px 20px}@media(min-width:1192px){.Footer-module--inner-container--4ba0b{padding:4em 0;width:90%}}@media(min-width:1600px){.Footer-module--inner-container--4ba0b{max-width:1600px;padding:4em 0;width:80%}}.Footer-module--column-left--2ff5c{margin-bottom:5em}@media(min-width:1192px){.Footer-module--column-left--2ff5c{margin-bottom:0}}.Footer-module--column-center--5f446{margin-bottom:5em}@media(min-width:1192px){.Footer-module--column-center--5f446{margin-bottom:0}}.Footer-module--column-right--37a33 ul{text-align:center}.Footer-module--column-right--37a33 ul li a{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;color:#787878;display:block;font-size:1.063em;padding:1em 0;text-decoration:none}.Footer-module--column-right--37a33 ul li a:hover{color:#404040}@media(min-width:1192px){.Footer-module--column-right--37a33 ul{text-align:left}.Footer-module--inner-container--4ba0b{align-content:stretch;align-items:flex-start;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start}.Footer-module--inner-container--4ba0b>div~div{padding-left:40px}.Footer-module--column-left--2ff5c{align-self:auto;flex:0 1 auto;order:0;width:35%}.Footer-module--column-center--5f446{align-self:auto;flex:1 1 auto;order:0}.Footer-module--column-center--5f446 a{display:none}.Footer-module--column-right--37a33{align-self:auto;flex:0 1 auto;order:0;width:20%}}.Header-module--base--5bc47{background-color:#fff}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74{align-items:center;background-color:#1f6b86;display:flex;justify-content:center;width:100%;z-index:10}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav{text-align:center}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li{display:inline-block;font-size:.85em;position:relative}@media(min-width:1600px){.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li{font-size:clamp(1.063rem,1.4vw - 1rem,2.25rem)}}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li:after{background-color:#1a5a71;content:"";height:100%;height:0;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;transition:height .25s linear;width:100%;z-index:0}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li:hover:after{height:100%}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li~li{margin-left:1em}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav a,.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav span{color:#fff;display:block;font-family:Arimo,sans-serif;padding:1em 3em;position:relative;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;z-index:1}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav a[aria-current],.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav span[aria-current]{background-color:#1a5a71}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav span{cursor:default}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav .active{background-color:#1a5a71}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li[data-is-parent=true] ul{background-color:#1f6b86;position:absolute;text-align:left;transform:scaleY(0);transform-origin:top center;transition:all .25s ease-out;z-index:100}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li[data-is-parent=true] ul li{margin:0;width:100%}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li[data-is-parent=true] ul li a{width:auto}.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li[data-is-parent=true]:focus ul,.Header-module--menu-container--1fe74>nav li[data-is-parent=true]:hover ul{transform:scale(1)}.Header-module--sticky--c547d{display:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.25))}.Header-module--fixed--931d8{display:flex;left:0;position:fixed;top:0}.Pagination-module--base--47f12 nav{align-content:stretch;align-items:flex-start;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:center}.Pagination-module--base--47f12 nav>a{align-self:auto;flex:1 1 auto;flex-basis:45%;order:0}.Pagination-module--base--47f12 nav>a~a{margin-left:.5em}.Pagination-module--base--47f12 a{background-color:#1f6b86;border-radius:8px;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1em;line-height:1em;padding:1em 0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background .5s ease-out;vertical-align:middle}.Pagination-module--base--47f12 a:hover{background-color:#0c2933}.Pagination-module--info--d192e{color:#4b4b4b;display:block;font-weight:600;line-height:1.842em;padding:.5em 0}.ImagePreview-module--base--6d2ea{align-items:center;background-color:rgba(75,75,75,.9);display:none;height:100vh;justify-content:center;left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100vw;z-index:100}.ImagePreview-module--base--6d2ea>div img{box-shadow:0 0 6px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.25);max-height:80vh;max-width:100vw;position:relative;z-index:2}.ImagePreview-module--base--6d2ea div[role=alert]{left:50%;margin-left:-20px;margin-top:-20px;position:absolute;top:50%;z-index:0}.ImagePreview-module--visible--eac9a{display:flex}@media(min-width:1024px){.News-module--row--66ccc{border-top:1px solid #b2b2b2;margin-bottom:40px;padding-top:1.618em}}.PolicyBrief-module--base--db1d1{display:block;margin-bottom:40px}@media(min-width:1024px){.PolicyBrief-module--base--db1d1{grid-gap:60px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(12,1fr);justify-content:start}}.PolicyBrief-module--illustration--4ba64{font-size:1.06em;margin-bottom:1.618em}.PolicyBrief-module--illustration--4ba64>div{box-shadow:0 0 6px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}@media(min-width:1024px){.PolicyBrief-module--illustration--4ba64{grid-column:2/span 3;margin-bottom:0}}.PolicyBrief-module--container--709ff{display:block}@media(min-width:1024px){.PolicyBrief-module--container--709ff{align-self:center;grid-column:5/span 6;margin-bottom:0}}@media(min-width:1600px){.PolicyBrief-module--container--709ff{grid-column:5/span 5}}.PolicyBrief-module--content--deb57{margin-bottom:1.618em}.PolicyBrief-module--navigation--cf916>a{background-color:#1f6b86;border-radius:8px;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1em;line-height:1em;padding:1em 0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background .5s ease-out;vertical-align:middle;width:100%}.PolicyBrief-module--navigation--cf916>a:hover{background-color:#0c2933}.PolicyBrief-module--navigation--cf916>a~a{margin-top:30px}.Publication-module--base--d29fa{display:block;margin-bottom:40px}@media(min-width:1024px){.Publication-module--base--d29fa{grid-gap:60px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(12,1fr);justify-content:start}}.Publication-module--illustration--2a653{font-size:1.06em;margin-bottom:1.618em}.Publication-module--illustration--2a653>div{box-shadow:0 0 6px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}@media(min-width:1024px){.Publication-module--illustration--2a653{grid-column:2/span 3;margin-bottom:0}}.Publication-module--container--18c01{display:block}@media(min-width:1024px){.Publication-module--container--18c01{align-self:center;grid-column:5/span 6;margin-bottom:0}}@media(min-width:1600px){.Publication-module--container--18c01{grid-column:5/span 5}}.Publication-module--content--8a4cc{margin-bottom:1.618em}.Publication-module--navigation--97522>a{background-color:#1f6b86;border-radius:8px;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1em;line-height:1em;padding:1em 0;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;transition:background .5s ease-out;vertical-align:middle;width:100%}.Publication-module--navigation--97522>a:hover{background-color:#0c2933}.OffScreenContainer-module--base--743db{align-content:stretch;align-items:flex-start;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;left:0;max-height:67vh;position:fixed;top:33vh;transition:all .5s ease-out;width:350px;z-index:2}.OffScreenContainer-module--content--d1d2f{align-self:auto;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:-8px 0 15px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.25);flex:1 1 auto;max-height:calc(67vh - 200px);order:0;overflow-y:auto;padding:40px}.OffScreenContainer-module--control--fd947{align-self:auto;flex:0 1 auto;order:0}.OffScreenContainer-module--button--d2156{height:60px;width:60px}.OffScreenContainer-module--button--d2156>span[role=img]{font-size:1.5em}.OffScreenContainer-module--show--d85a8{transform:translateX(0)}.OffScreenContainer-module--hide--1b6e9{transform:translateX(calc(-100% + 60px))}</style><style>.gatsby-image-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.gatsby-image-wrapper picture.object-fit-polyfill{position:static!important}.gatsby-image-wrapper img{bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;margin:0;max-width:none;padding:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;object-fit:cover}.gatsby-image-wrapper [data-main-image]{opacity:0;transform:translateZ(0);transition:opacity .25s linear;will-change:opacity}.gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}</style><noscript><style>.gatsby-image-wrapper noscript [data-main-image]{opacity:1!important}.gatsby-image-wrapper [data-placeholder-image]{opacity:0!important}</style></noscript><script type="module">const e="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;e&&document.body.addEventListener("load",(function(e){const t=e.target;if(void 0===t.dataset.mainImage)return;if(void 0===t.dataset.gatsbyImageSsr)return;let a=null,n=t;for(;null===a&&n;)void 0!==n.parentNode.dataset.gatsbyImageWrapper&&(a=n.parentNode),n=n.parentNode;const o=a.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]"),r=new Image;r.src=t.currentSrc,r.decode().catch((()=>{})).then((()=>{t.style.opacity=1,o&&(o.style.opacity=0,o.style.transition="opacity 500ms linear")}))}),!0);</script><title data-react-helmet="true">Memocracy — The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe</title><link rel="icon" href="/favicon-32x32.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72" type="image/png"/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.svg?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72" type="image/svg+xml"/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.webmanifest" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="48x48" href="/icons/icon-48x48.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/icons/icon-72x72.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="96x96" href="/icons/icon-96x96.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/icons/icon-144x144.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192" href="/icons/icon-192x192.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="256x256" href="/icons/icon-256x256.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="384x384" href="/icons/icon-384x384.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="512x512" href="/icons/icon-512x512.png?v=da9767803d5765a391dfa97127744c72"/><script src="/js/index.js" defer=""></script><style>.fresnel-container{margin:0;padding:0;} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:767.98px){.fresnel-at-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023.98px){.fresnel-at-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1191.98px){.fresnel-at-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1192px){.fresnel-at-xl{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (max-width:767.98px){.fresnel-lessThan-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (max-width:1023.98px){.fresnel-lessThan-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (max-width:1191.98px){.fresnel-lessThan-xl{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px){.fresnel-greaterThan-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1024px){.fresnel-greaterThan-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1192px){.fresnel-greaterThan-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-sm{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1024px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1192px){.fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-xl{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:767.98px){.fresnel-between-sm-md{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:1023.98px){.fresnel-between-sm-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:0px) and (max-width:1191.98px){.fresnel-between-sm-xl{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023.98px){.fresnel-between-md-lg{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1191.98px){.fresnel-between-md-xl{display:none!important;}} @media not all and (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1191.98px){.fresnel-between-lg-xl{display:none!important;}}</style></head><body><div id="___gatsby"><div style="outline:none" tabindex="-1" id="gatsby-focus-wrapper"><div class="fresnel-container fresnel-lessThan-md fresnel-:R9:"><div class="HeaderMobile-module--base--5a256"><div class="NavbarMobile-module--container--564f5"><div><button type="button" class=" Button-module--base--e8c71 Button-module--transparent--13be5 NavbarMobile-module--logo-button--be3d4 "><div class=" Logo-module--base--18d93 Logo-module--full-height--9fd81 "><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width="34" height="34" alt="Memocracy"/></div></button></div><div><button type="button" class=" Button-module--base--e8c71 Button-module--transparent--13be5 NavbarMobile-module--menu-button--0148e "><span class="Icon-module--base--c52f4" role="img" aria-label="menu"><svg width="34" height="34" viewBox="0 0 34 34" fill="none"><path d="M17 2.83333C24.8115 2.83333 31.1667 9.1885 31.1667 17C31.1667 24.8115 24.8115 31.1667 17 31.1667C9.1885 31.1667 2.83333 24.8115 2.83333 17C2.83333 9.1885 9.1885 2.83333 17 2.83333ZM17 0C7.61175 0 0 7.61175 0 17C0 26.3882 7.61175 34 17 34C26.3882 34 34 26.3882 34 17C34 7.61175 26.3882 0 17 0ZM25.5 24.0833H8.5V21.25H25.5V24.0833ZM25.5 18.4167H8.5V15.5833H25.5V18.4167ZM25.5 12.75H8.5V9.91667H25.5V12.75Z" fill="white"></path></svg></span></button></div></div><div class="HeroMobile-module--base--6f6b2"><div class="HeroMobile-module--newsletter-advert--4ff8e"><div class="NewsletterButton-module--container--2ae3e"><a href="https://us20.campaign-archive.com/?u=6f24d70d89d3ce7950479031a&id=e17af76159" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b NewsletterButton-module--animated--35c4d">Read our latest newsletter here<svg class="NewsletterButton-module--icon--608df" fill="#FFF" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5 24.225V7.776h22v16.447H5v.002zm3.011-1.815h15.978l-5.111-5.115L16 20.179l-2.877-2.883-5.112 5.114zm-1.216-1.275l5.077-5.09-5.077-5.065v10.155zm13.332-5.09l5.079 5.09V10.979l-5.079 5.066zm-4.126 1.588l8.022-8.027-16.045-.001 8.023 8.028z"></path></svg></a><a href="http://admin.memocracy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Newsletter-III-2023-2024-1-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b">Download PDF version<svg class="NewsletterButton-module--icon--608df" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" version="1.1" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#ffffff"><g id="SVGRepo_bgCarrier" stroke-width="0"></g><g id="SVGRepo_tracerCarrier" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></g><g id="SVGRepo_iconCarrier"><title>pdf-document</title><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="add" fill="#ffffff" transform="translate(85.333333, 42.666667)"><path d="M75.9466667,285.653333 C63.8764997,278.292415 49.6246897,275.351565 35.6266667,277.333333 L1.42108547e-14,277.333333 L1.42108547e-14,405.333333 L28.3733333,405.333333 L28.3733333,356.48 L40.5333333,356.48 C53.1304778,357.774244 65.7885986,354.68506 76.3733333,347.733333 C85.3576891,340.027178 90.3112817,328.626053 89.8133333,316.8 C90.4784904,304.790173 85.3164923,293.195531 75.9466667,285.653333 L75.9466667,285.653333 Z M53.12,332.373333 C47.7608867,334.732281 41.8687051,335.616108 36.0533333,334.933333 L27.7333333,334.933333 L27.7333333,298.666667 L36.0533333,298.666667 C42.094796,298.02451 48.1897668,299.213772 53.5466667,302.08 C58.5355805,305.554646 61.3626692,311.370371 61.0133333,317.44 C61.6596233,323.558965 58.5400493,329.460862 53.12,332.373333 L53.12,332.373333 Z M150.826667,277.333333 L115.413333,277.333333 L115.413333,405.333333 L149.333333,405.333333 C166.620091,407.02483 184.027709,403.691457 199.466667,395.733333 C216.454713,383.072462 225.530463,362.408923 223.36,341.333333 C224.631644,323.277677 218.198313,305.527884 205.653333,292.48 C190.157107,280.265923 170.395302,274.806436 150.826667,277.333333 L150.826667,277.333333 Z M178.986667,376.32 C170.098963,381.315719 159.922142,383.54422 149.76,382.72 L144.213333,382.72 L144.213333,299.946667 L149.333333,299.946667 C167.253333,299.946667 174.293333,301.653333 181.333333,308.053333 C189.877212,316.948755 194.28973,329.025119 193.493333,341.333333 C194.590843,354.653818 189.18793,367.684372 178.986667,376.32 L178.986667,376.32 Z M254.506667,405.333333 L283.306667,405.333333 L283.306667,351.786667 L341.333333,351.786667 L341.333333,329.173333 L283.306667,329.173333 L283.306667,299.946667 L341.333333,299.946667 L341.333333,277.333333 L254.506667,277.333333 L254.506667,405.333333 L254.506667,405.333333 Z M234.666667,7.10542736e-15 L9.52127266e-13,7.10542736e-15 L9.52127266e-13,234.666667 L42.6666667,234.666667 L42.6666667,192 L42.6666667,169.6 L42.6666667,42.6666667 L216.96,42.6666667 L298.666667,124.373333 L298.666667,169.6 L298.666667,192 L298.666667,234.666667 L341.333333,234.666667 L341.333333,106.666667 L234.666667,7.10542736e-15 L234.666667,7.10542736e-15 Z" id="document-pdf"></path></g></g></g></svg></a></div></div><div class="HeroMobile-module--container--9f7ad"><div class=" Logo-module--base--18d93 Logo-module--full-height--9fd81 HeroMobile-module--logo--bfd8b "><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width="100" height="100" alt="Memocracy"/></div><div class=" ProjectBaner-module--base--d6c19 "><h1>Memocracy</h1><p>The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe: Towards Effective Responses to Militant Legislation on the Past</p></div></div></div><div class=" OverlayMenu-module--base--3897d OverlayMenu-module--hide--8ac3f " aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="menu-toggle" role="navigation"><div class="OverlayMenu-module--menu--beba5"><nav><ul><li><a aria-current="page" class="active" href="/">About</a></li><li><a href="/news/">News</a></li><li><a href="/project-workshops/">Project workshops</a></li><li><a href="/team/">Team</a></li><li><a href="/publications/">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/policy-briefs/">Policy Briefs</a></li><li tabindex="6" data-is-parent="true"><span>Media</span><ul><li><a href="/videos/">Videos</a></li><li><a href="/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li><li><a href="/printed-media/">Printed</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav><button type="button" class=" Button-module--base--e8c71 Button-module--transparent--13be5 OverlayMenu-module--close-button--12449 "><span class="Icon-module--base--c52f4" role="img" aria-label="close"><svg width="32" height="21" viewBox="0 0 32 21" fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#clip0_240_5967)"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.77237e-06 -0.333335L22.6667 -0.333333L32 10.296L22.6667 21L1.90735e-06 21L3.77237e-06 -0.333335ZM21.4533 18.3333L28.456 10.3027L21.46 2.33333L2.66667 2.33333L2.66667 18.3333L21.4533 18.3333ZM13.3333 12.2187L9.88533 15.6667L8 13.7813L11.448 10.3333L8 6.88533L9.88534 5L13.3333 8.448L16.7813 5L18.6667 6.88533L15.2187 10.3333L18.6667 13.7813L16.7813 15.6667L13.3333 12.2187Z" fill="white"></path></g><defs><clipPath id="clip0_240_5967"><rect width="32" height="21" fill="white"></rect></clipPath></defs></svg></span></button></div></div></div><div class="FrontPageMobile-module--base--57def"><header class=" ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 "><h1 class="FontSizes-module--size-h3--ee448 LineHeights-module--line-height-sm--44d24 Standard-module--text-align-left--f48b8 HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-md--86196">About the project</h1></header><section class=" Content-module--base--73f4e "> <p>The proliferation of memory laws and policies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has instigated a contemporary culture war in Europe, a clash concerning the meaning of the past for present European identities. The MEMOCRACY project seeks to address this democratic dilemma and the related legal and political challenges in the context of contemporary Europe. The term ‘memocracy’, coined for the purposes of this study, means ‘ruling on the basis of memory’. </p> <p>We pursue a trans-disciplinary research approach in order to achieve knowledge integration across comparative constitutionalism, socio-legal studies, critical legal studies, international relations scholarship, and CEE area studies. This project contributes to understanding the nexus between the erosion of fundamental democratic rights and the emerging nation-centric governance of memory in CEE. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-project-has-three-key-objectives">The Project has three key objectives: </h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"><li>To develop an analytical framework for studying the migration and distortion of constitutional concepts in Europe; </li><li>To conduct qualitative case studies of the memory laws and policies in Germany and seven CEE states over the past decade, on the one hand, and democratic standards in the EU and CoE, on the other; </li><li>To contribute to current public debates about the future of liberal democracy by providing new scholarly insights on the parameters of democratic memory governance in the transnational European space.</li></ol> <p>The team consists of researchers from the fields of comparative law, constitutional law, political science, and international relations. The main outputs of this collaboration will be thematic workshops with stakeholder engagement, academic publications, and a website, showcasing comprehensive policy briefs about memory laws, judgments, and policies in the reviewed countries.</p> </section></div><div class=" Container-module--base--f02fd Container-module--standard--d7492 FooterMobile-module--newsletter--70f4b "><div class="Container-module--inner-container--d6e6d"><div class=" InnerContainer-module--base--a4c85 Standard-module--text-align-left--f48b8 HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-top-xxl--df1c1 HorizontalSpacing-module--margin-bottom-xxl--c7e92 "><div class=" Form-module--base--64402 " aria-busy="false"><h2>Newsletter</h2><div class="Form-module--form-container--209fd"><form role="form" novalidate="" aria-hidden="false"><label id="id-7mqjji-email-label" for="id-7mqjji-email">Email Address</label><input id="id-7mqjji-email" name="email" aria-describedby="id-7mqjji-email-message" aria-labelledby="id-7mqjji-email-label" aria-invalid="false" value=""/><div role="alert" id="id-7mqjji-email-message" class="Form-module--inputError--00052"></div><button type="submit">Subscribe</button></form></div><div class="Form-module--newsletter-advert--b42e8"><div class="NewsletterButton-module--container--2ae3e"><a href="https://us20.campaign-archive.com/?u=6f24d70d89d3ce7950479031a&id=e17af76159" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b NewsletterButton-module--animated--35c4d">Read our latest newsletter here<svg class="NewsletterButton-module--icon--608df" fill="#FFF" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5 24.225V7.776h22v16.447H5v.002zm3.011-1.815h15.978l-5.111-5.115L16 20.179l-2.877-2.883-5.112 5.114zm-1.216-1.275l5.077-5.09-5.077-5.065v10.155zm13.332-5.09l5.079 5.09V10.979l-5.079 5.066zm-4.126 1.588l8.022-8.027-16.045-.001 8.023 8.028z"></path></svg></a><a href="http://admin.memocracy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Newsletter-III-2023-2024-1-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b">Download PDF version<svg class="NewsletterButton-module--icon--608df" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" version="1.1" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#ffffff"><g id="SVGRepo_bgCarrier" stroke-width="0"></g><g id="SVGRepo_tracerCarrier" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></g><g id="SVGRepo_iconCarrier"><title>pdf-document</title><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="add" fill="#ffffff" transform="translate(85.333333, 42.666667)"><path d="M75.9466667,285.653333 C63.8764997,278.292415 49.6246897,275.351565 35.6266667,277.333333 L1.42108547e-14,277.333333 L1.42108547e-14,405.333333 L28.3733333,405.333333 L28.3733333,356.48 L40.5333333,356.48 C53.1304778,357.774244 65.7885986,354.68506 76.3733333,347.733333 C85.3576891,340.027178 90.3112817,328.626053 89.8133333,316.8 C90.4784904,304.790173 85.3164923,293.195531 75.9466667,285.653333 L75.9466667,285.653333 Z M53.12,332.373333 C47.7608867,334.732281 41.8687051,335.616108 36.0533333,334.933333 L27.7333333,334.933333 L27.7333333,298.666667 L36.0533333,298.666667 C42.094796,298.02451 48.1897668,299.213772 53.5466667,302.08 C58.5355805,305.554646 61.3626692,311.370371 61.0133333,317.44 C61.6596233,323.558965 58.5400493,329.460862 53.12,332.373333 L53.12,332.373333 Z M150.826667,277.333333 L115.413333,277.333333 L115.413333,405.333333 L149.333333,405.333333 C166.620091,407.02483 184.027709,403.691457 199.466667,395.733333 C216.454713,383.072462 225.530463,362.408923 223.36,341.333333 C224.631644,323.277677 218.198313,305.527884 205.653333,292.48 C190.157107,280.265923 170.395302,274.806436 150.826667,277.333333 L150.826667,277.333333 Z M178.986667,376.32 C170.098963,381.315719 159.922142,383.54422 149.76,382.72 L144.213333,382.72 L144.213333,299.946667 L149.333333,299.946667 C167.253333,299.946667 174.293333,301.653333 181.333333,308.053333 C189.877212,316.948755 194.28973,329.025119 193.493333,341.333333 C194.590843,354.653818 189.18793,367.684372 178.986667,376.32 L178.986667,376.32 Z M254.506667,405.333333 L283.306667,405.333333 L283.306667,351.786667 L341.333333,351.786667 L341.333333,329.173333 L283.306667,329.173333 L283.306667,299.946667 L341.333333,299.946667 L341.333333,277.333333 L254.506667,277.333333 L254.506667,405.333333 L254.506667,405.333333 Z M234.666667,7.10542736e-15 L9.52127266e-13,7.10542736e-15 L9.52127266e-13,234.666667 L42.6666667,234.666667 L42.6666667,192 L42.6666667,169.6 L42.6666667,42.6666667 L216.96,42.6666667 L298.666667,124.373333 L298.666667,169.6 L298.666667,192 L298.666667,234.666667 L341.333333,234.666667 L341.333333,106.666667 L234.666667,7.10542736e-15 L234.666667,7.10542736e-15 Z" id="document-pdf"></path></g></g></g></svg></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><footer class="FooterMobile-module--base--26ce4"><div class="FooterMobile-module--call-to-action--4088c"><button type="button" class=" Button-module--base--e8c71 Button-module--twitter--775d8 FooterMobile-module--twitterButton--9a943 "><span class="Icon-module--base--c52f4" role="img" aria-label="Twitter"><svg width="33" height="27" viewBox="0 0 33 27" fill="none"><path d="M29.5337 6.78838C29.5536 7.07559 29.5536 7.36279 29.5536 7.65265C29.5536 16.4846 22.7939 26.6704 10.4336 26.6704V26.6651C6.78229 26.6704 3.20685 25.6301 0.133057 23.6687C0.663984 23.7322 1.19757 23.764 1.73249 23.7653C4.75838 23.7679 7.69777 22.7581 10.0783 20.8985C7.20277 20.8443 4.6812 18.9794 3.80031 16.2569C4.80761 16.4501 5.84552 16.4104 6.83419 16.1418C3.69919 15.5118 1.44374 12.7721 1.44374 9.59029C1.44374 9.56118 1.44374 9.53338 1.44374 9.50559C2.37786 10.0231 3.42374 10.3103 4.49358 10.3421C1.54088 8.37926 0.630718 4.47221 2.41378 1.4175C5.82556 5.59323 10.8594 8.13176 16.2631 8.40044C15.7216 6.07897 16.4614 3.64632 18.2072 2.01441C20.9137 -0.516177 25.1705 -0.386472 27.7147 2.30426C29.2196 2.00912 30.6621 1.45985 31.9821 0.681617C31.4804 2.22882 30.4305 3.54309 29.028 4.37823C30.36 4.22206 31.6614 3.86735 32.8869 3.32603C31.9847 4.67073 30.8483 5.84206 29.5337 6.78838Z" fill="white"></path></svg></span><span>Follow us on Twitter</span></button></div><div class="FooterMobile-module--logo-grid--55a84"><div class="Partners-module--main--f5bd4"><h3>Sponsor</h3><div class=" LogoGrid-module--base--aa9ad Partners-module--sponsor--cb0c2 "><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://www.volkswagenstiftung.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained volkswagen"><div style="max-width:314px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='78'%20width='314'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAYAAABFA8wzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA5UlEQVR42oWQzUvDQBDFf40fVEVU8FJbqNjsbpKqLQS02EPw3GY/1IAHQfR/8OShf7qOS0CEqgNveTM78+btwsXiiN5yl7PmgBu7z+XTHl9RVZtyduCjw9poNmCVUJZbP+tFs41xNXp5jLEvGP8WhXJ7TRZm6HoudYNyUzJfRozux+T+FRMe5O4d7TyZDcJvkaFzVNMnl6IKjzKg46Is9CLSMEAt+tJ8EpcUtmDiDmOfcaekkqswQfmraIzUj6JLfTcnr8cilbTef3nqfzGY7VDKHw6rLsPnbuTfgn9glbQ8aXnMPwGWHCT6AxJldQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/7e76d/logo-volkswagen%402x.webp 314w" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png 314w" alt="Volkswagen Stiftung"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/7e76d/logo-volkswagen%402x.webp 314w" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png" srcSet="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png 314w" alt="Volkswagen Stiftung"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div></div><h3>Forming the research consortium</h3><div class=" LogoGrid-module--base--aa9ad Partners-module--consortium--c33de "><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://www.asser.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained asser"><div style="max-width:284px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='198'%20width='284'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/a9af3/logo-asser%402x.webp 284w" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png 284w" alt="Asser Institute"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/a9af3/logo-asser%402x.webp 284w" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png" srcSet="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png 284w" alt="Asser Institute"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained kopenhagen"><div style="max-width:280px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='106'%20width='280'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/e52fa/logo-kopehagen%402x.webp 280w" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png 280w" alt="University of Kopenhagen"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/e52fa/logo-kopehagen%402x.webp 280w" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png" srcSet="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png 280w" alt="University of Kopenhagen"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/sub/uoc-home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained cologne"><div style="max-width:270px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='202'%20width='270'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/fdd0f/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.webp 270w" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png 270w" alt="University of Cologne"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/fdd0f/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.webp 270w" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png" srcSet="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png 270w" alt="University of Cologne"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://pan.pl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained pan"><div style="max-width:138px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='118'%20width='138'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/9296b/logo-pan%402x.webp 138w" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png 138w" alt="PAN"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/9296b/logo-pan%402x.webp 138w" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png" srcSet="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png 138w" alt="PAN"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="FooterMobile-module--menu--04c53"><nav><ul><li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#3e5d51504a5f5d4a7e535b53515d4c5f5d47105b4b" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Email us</a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/MEMOCRACY_team" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Twitter</a></li></ul></nav></div></footer></div><div class="fresnel-container fresnel-greaterThanOrEqual-md fresnel-:Rd:"><header class="Header-module--base--5bc47"><div class="Hero-module--base--caf7b"><div class="Hero-module--inner-container--7464e"><div class=" Logo-module--base--18d93 Logo-module--full-height--9fd81 Hero-module--logo--30e86 "><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" width="150" height="150" alt="Memocracy"/></div><div class=" ProjectBaner-module--base--d6c19 Hero-module--project-baner--5cbe2 "><h1>Memocracy</h1><p>The Challenge of Populist Memory Politics for Europe: <br/>Towards Effective Responses to Militant Legislation on the Past</p></div><div class=" Form-module--base--64402 " aria-busy="false"><h2>Newsletter</h2><div class="Form-module--form-container--209fd"><form role="form" novalidate="" aria-hidden="false"><label id="id-41paah-email-label" for="id-41paah-email">Email Address</label><input id="id-41paah-email" name="email" aria-describedby="id-41paah-email-message" aria-labelledby="id-41paah-email-label" aria-invalid="false" value=""/><div role="alert" id="id-41paah-email-message" class="Form-module--inputError--00052"></div><button type="submit">Subscribe</button></form></div><div class="Form-module--newsletter-advert--b42e8"><div class="NewsletterButton-module--container--2ae3e"><a href="https://us20.campaign-archive.com/?u=6f24d70d89d3ce7950479031a&id=e17af76159" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b NewsletterButton-module--animated--35c4d">Read our latest newsletter here<svg class="NewsletterButton-module--icon--608df" fill="#FFF" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5 24.225V7.776h22v16.447H5v.002zm3.011-1.815h15.978l-5.111-5.115L16 20.179l-2.877-2.883-5.112 5.114zm-1.216-1.275l5.077-5.09-5.077-5.065v10.155zm13.332-5.09l5.079 5.09V10.979l-5.079 5.066zm-4.126 1.588l8.022-8.027-16.045-.001 8.023 8.028z"></path></svg></a><a href="http://admin.memocracy.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Newsletter-III-2023-2024-1-3.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="NewsletterButton-module--btn--ece3b">Download PDF version<svg class="NewsletterButton-module--icon--608df" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 512 512" version="1.1" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#ffffff"><g id="SVGRepo_bgCarrier" stroke-width="0"></g><g id="SVGRepo_tracerCarrier" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></g><g id="SVGRepo_iconCarrier"><title>pdf-document</title><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="add" fill="#ffffff" transform="translate(85.333333, 42.666667)"><path d="M75.9466667,285.653333 C63.8764997,278.292415 49.6246897,275.351565 35.6266667,277.333333 L1.42108547e-14,277.333333 L1.42108547e-14,405.333333 L28.3733333,405.333333 L28.3733333,356.48 L40.5333333,356.48 C53.1304778,357.774244 65.7885986,354.68506 76.3733333,347.733333 C85.3576891,340.027178 90.3112817,328.626053 89.8133333,316.8 C90.4784904,304.790173 85.3164923,293.195531 75.9466667,285.653333 L75.9466667,285.653333 Z M53.12,332.373333 C47.7608867,334.732281 41.8687051,335.616108 36.0533333,334.933333 L27.7333333,334.933333 L27.7333333,298.666667 L36.0533333,298.666667 C42.094796,298.02451 48.1897668,299.213772 53.5466667,302.08 C58.5355805,305.554646 61.3626692,311.370371 61.0133333,317.44 C61.6596233,323.558965 58.5400493,329.460862 53.12,332.373333 L53.12,332.373333 Z M150.826667,277.333333 L115.413333,277.333333 L115.413333,405.333333 L149.333333,405.333333 C166.620091,407.02483 184.027709,403.691457 199.466667,395.733333 C216.454713,383.072462 225.530463,362.408923 223.36,341.333333 C224.631644,323.277677 218.198313,305.527884 205.653333,292.48 C190.157107,280.265923 170.395302,274.806436 150.826667,277.333333 L150.826667,277.333333 Z M178.986667,376.32 C170.098963,381.315719 159.922142,383.54422 149.76,382.72 L144.213333,382.72 L144.213333,299.946667 L149.333333,299.946667 C167.253333,299.946667 174.293333,301.653333 181.333333,308.053333 C189.877212,316.948755 194.28973,329.025119 193.493333,341.333333 C194.590843,354.653818 189.18793,367.684372 178.986667,376.32 L178.986667,376.32 Z M254.506667,405.333333 L283.306667,405.333333 L283.306667,351.786667 L341.333333,351.786667 L341.333333,329.173333 L283.306667,329.173333 L283.306667,299.946667 L341.333333,299.946667 L341.333333,277.333333 L254.506667,277.333333 L254.506667,405.333333 L254.506667,405.333333 Z M234.666667,7.10542736e-15 L9.52127266e-13,7.10542736e-15 L9.52127266e-13,234.666667 L42.6666667,234.666667 L42.6666667,192 L42.6666667,169.6 L42.6666667,42.6666667 L216.96,42.6666667 L298.666667,124.373333 L298.666667,169.6 L298.666667,192 L298.666667,234.666667 L341.333333,234.666667 L341.333333,106.666667 L234.666667,7.10542736e-15 L234.666667,7.10542736e-15 Z" id="document-pdf"></path></g></g></g></svg></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="Header-module--menu-container--1fe74"><nav><ul><li><a aria-current="page" class="active" href="/">About</a></li><li><a href="/news/">News</a></li><li><a href="/project-workshops/">Project workshops</a></li><li><a href="/team/">Team</a></li><li><a href="/publications/">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/policy-briefs/">Policy Briefs</a></li><li tabindex="6" data-is-parent="true"><span>Media</span><ul><li><a href="/videos/">Videos</a></li><li><a href="/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li><li><a href="/printed-media/">Printed</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="Header-module--menu-container--1fe74 Header-module--sticky--c547d Header-module--menu-container--1fe74 relative"><nav><ul><li><a aria-current="page" class="active" href="/">About</a></li><li><a href="/news/">News</a></li><li><a href="/project-workshops/">Project workshops</a></li><li><a href="/team/">Team</a></li><li><a href="/publications/">Publications</a></li><li><a href="/policy-briefs/">Policy Briefs</a></li><li tabindex="6" data-is-parent="true"><span>Media</span><ul><li><a href="/videos/">Videos</a></li><li><a href="/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li><li><a href="/printed-media/">Printed</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></header><div class="FrontPage-module--base--98475"><article class="FrontPage-module--inner-container--19981"><header class=" ContentHeader-module--base--b9e02 "><h1 class="FontSizes-module--size-h1--fe2ea LineHeights-module--line-height-sm--44d24 Standard-module--text-align-left--f48b8 HorizontalSpacing-module--padding-bottom-md--86196">About the project</h1></header><section class=" Content-module--base--73f4e "> <p>The proliferation of memory laws and policies in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has instigated a contemporary culture war in Europe, a clash concerning the meaning of the past for present European identities. The MEMOCRACY project seeks to address this democratic dilemma and the related legal and political challenges in the context of contemporary Europe. The term ‘memocracy’, coined for the purposes of this study, means ‘ruling on the basis of memory’. </p> <p>We pursue a trans-disciplinary research approach in order to achieve knowledge integration across comparative constitutionalism, socio-legal studies, critical legal studies, international relations scholarship, and CEE area studies. This project contributes to understanding the nexus between the erosion of fundamental democratic rights and the emerging nation-centric governance of memory in CEE. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="the-project-has-three-key-objectives">The Project has three key objectives: </h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"><li>To develop an analytical framework for studying the migration and distortion of constitutional concepts in Europe; </li><li>To conduct qualitative case studies of the memory laws and policies in Germany and seven CEE states over the past decade, on the one hand, and democratic standards in the EU and CoE, on the other; </li><li>To contribute to current public debates about the future of liberal democracy by providing new scholarly insights on the parameters of democratic memory governance in the transnational European space.</li></ol> <p>The team consists of researchers from the fields of comparative law, constitutional law, political science, and international relations. The main outputs of this collaboration will be thematic workshops with stakeholder engagement, academic publications, and a website, showcasing comprehensive policy briefs about memory laws, judgments, and policies in the reviewed countries.</p> </section></article><div class="react-parallax FrontPage-module--background-container--62def" style="position:relative;overflow:hidden"><div class="react-parallax-background-children" style="position:absolute;left:50%;-webkit-transform:translate3d(-50%, 0, 0);transform:translate3d(-50%, 0, 0);-webkit-transform-style:preserve-3d;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;-moz-backface-visibility:hidden;-ms-backface-visibility:hidden"><div class="react-parallax-background FrontPage-module--background-image--98c2d"><img src="/static/europe-illustration-optimized-desktop-ae459c0a90e1584e3a5129af2089defd.png" alt="fill murray"/></div></div><div class="react-parallax-content" style="position:relative"></div></div></div><footer class="Footer-module--base--82cf5"><div class="Footer-module--inner-container--4ba0b"><div class="Footer-module--column-left--2ff5c"><div class="Partners-module--main--f5bd4"><h3>Sponsor</h3><div class=" LogoGrid-module--base--aa9ad Partners-module--sponsor--cb0c2 "><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://www.volkswagenstiftung.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained volkswagen"><div style="max-width:314px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='78'%20width='314'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAFCAYAAABFA8wzAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAA5UlEQVR42oWQzUvDQBDFf40fVEVU8FJbqNjsbpKqLQS02EPw3GY/1IAHQfR/8OShf7qOS0CEqgNveTM78+btwsXiiN5yl7PmgBu7z+XTHl9RVZtyduCjw9poNmCVUJZbP+tFs41xNXp5jLEvGP8WhXJ7TRZm6HoudYNyUzJfRozux+T+FRMe5O4d7TyZDcJvkaFzVNMnl6IKjzKg46Is9CLSMEAt+tJ8EpcUtmDiDmOfcaekkqswQfmraIzUj6JLfTcnr8cilbTef3nqfzGY7VDKHw6rLsPnbuTfgn9glbQ8aXnMPwGWHCT6AxJldQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/7e76d/logo-volkswagen%402x.webp 314w" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png 314w" alt="Volkswagen Stiftung"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/7e76d/logo-volkswagen%402x.webp 314w" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 314px) 314px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png" srcSet="/static/43f0d64eaee75d00ccbbb0495234b08e/1ee57/logo-volkswagen%402x.png 314w" alt="Volkswagen Stiftung"/></picture></noscript><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div></div><h3>Forming the research consortium</h3><div class=" LogoGrid-module--base--aa9ad Partners-module--consortium--c33de "><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://www.asser.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained asser"><div style="max-width:284px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='198'%20width='284'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/a9af3/logo-asser%402x.webp 284w" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png 284w" alt="Asser Institute"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/a9af3/logo-asser%402x.webp 284w" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 284px) 284px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png" srcSet="/static/ef2eff42d7682d8f3cbf8a8d0de059a1/b334e/logo-asser%402x.png 284w" alt="Asser Institute"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained kopenhagen"><div style="max-width:280px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='106'%20width='280'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/e52fa/logo-kopehagen%402x.webp 280w" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png 280w" alt="University of Kopenhagen"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/e52fa/logo-kopehagen%402x.webp 280w" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 280px) 280px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png" srcSet="/static/77583621ce2509797d991c84299cdfcc/3f72c/logo-kopehagen%402x.png 280w" alt="University of Kopenhagen"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/sub/uoc-home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained cologne"><div style="max-width:270px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='202'%20width='270'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAPCAYAAADkmO9VAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAACF0lEQVR42mNgGLlASyuUzdgllN/MI5oPHdvbh/IAlTCC1IWGhjJrhYaygTBMDAWAFIBoY4/oeGOPmP9G7tFvjN2jP4CxW/Q7IP5p5B51ytg4jVXfPl7A0CXCxNA1MsLQPdpPzzNcTcXDgx3FQHt7exYQbeQZm2rhm/QfaOhvE6DBYOwe/dfMO+G/sXvMVX1/oGGuUYVGblH7ITjyINDQWUAH2KK4FG6gW1SqqXfif0O3qN9A1wENif4HFPtr4hn3H+jKi8auUdZAl840dovaAcQrgQYdBdITjN0je0BBBTWOEW6gvktEqm1Q+n8r34Rf5l5xf8294/+becf9tvZPBro2+oKxW4SrkUdsnZFbRAHQ4ASghQ3GbjFxQLmFho5R8hgGatgEpHrGFvxPKGj4FJNT8zU6u/qdf2Lhy6Sipp8+cfmnlS39rYBBMBno/RVAF+eCfGTkEulu7Ao02D5SBMNAE4/4tNCM6v++CYXvPWNyfwIN/O2fUPQrNLX8v3tkznkeNXsRU4/YeKA3FwODpcvYPWqqoXskLAwxY9nCOybaP7Hog0t45j2v6LzbERmV9xMK66+FZ1Q8cwxJ2w1MWGxWfkm8IK8bekQ1GbpFJ5m6RhloQZIUJlDxyGWXVDMW0TB1FpYCYl4pDWElJWN+KQ1TYTldG0HkmLSwCOUEqadG+kdLyP8Z8SoGeR8XRlVaz4Q1l9ACAADEFMJRMqvMdgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/fdd0f/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.webp 270w" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png 270w" alt="University of Cologne"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/fdd0f/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.webp 270w" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 270px) 270px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png" srcSet="/static/c71a0d8c5d23e50ed103822c7afabed4/c33c4/logo-university-of-cologne%402x.png 270w" alt="University of Cologne"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div><div class="LogoGrid-module--logo--e1024"><a href="https://pan.pl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained pan"><div style="max-width:138px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='118'%20width='138'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"/></div><img aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:transparent;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0" decoding="async" src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt=""/><picture><source type="image/webp" data-srcset="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/9296b/logo-pan%402x.webp 138w" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-src="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png" data-srcset="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png 138w" alt="PAN"/></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/9296b/logo-pan%402x.webp 138w" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw"/><img data-gatsby-image-ssr="" data-main-image="" style="opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 138px) 138px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png" srcSet="/static/3dd8ed195a3be83c0ef4244c915d65cc/469f9/logo-pan%402x.png 138w" alt="PAN"/></picture></noscript><script type="module">const t="undefined"!=typeof HTMLImageElement&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype;if(t){const t=document.querySelectorAll("img[data-main-image]");for(let e of t){e.dataset.src&&(e.setAttribute("src",e.dataset.src),e.removeAttribute("data-src")),e.dataset.srcset&&(e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));const t=e.parentNode.querySelectorAll("source[data-srcset]");for(let e of t)e.setAttribute("srcset",e.dataset.srcset),e.removeAttribute("data-srcset");e.complete&&(e.style.opacity=1,e.parentNode.parentNode.querySelector("[data-placeholder-image]").style.opacity=0)}}</script></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="Footer-module--column-center--5f446"><a class="twitter-timeline" data-height="450" href="https://twitter.com/MEMOCRACY_team?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">Tweets by MEMOCRACY_team</a></div><div class="Footer-module--column-right--37a33"><nav><ul><li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#b4d7dbdac0d5d7c0f4d9d1d9dbd7c6d5d7cd9ad1c1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Email us</a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/MEMOCRACY_team" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Twitter</a></li></ul></nav></div></div></footer></div></div><div id="gatsby-announcer" style="position:absolute;top:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border:0" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div></div><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script id="gatsby-script-loader">/*<![CDATA[*/window.pagePath="/";/*]]>*/</script> <script id="gatsby-chunk-mapping" > window.___chunkMapping="{\"app\":[\"/app-2199b2df876fec2dca93.js\"],\"gatsby-plugin-image\":[\"/gatsby-plugin-image-7afd45456377cc4e0289.js\"],\"component---src-components-pages-categories-media-category-jsx\":[\"/component---src-components-pages-categories-media-category-jsx-9f86724d4e9a92a2ceb2.js\"],\"component---src-components-pages-categories-news-full-jsx\":[\"/component---src-components-pages-categories-news-full-jsx-bf49a5dffe7167ea6556.js\"],\"component---src-components-pages-categories-news-jsx\":[\"/component---src-components-pages-categories-news-jsx-361d149239cea81aa6ff.js\"],\"component---src-components-pages-page-page-jsx\":[\"/component---src-components-pages-page-page-jsx-66e299f2de4582d29dac.js\"],\"component---src-pages-404-js\":[\"/component---src-pages-404-js-ed8daf3ac496c49345f8.js\"],\"component---src-pages-index-js\":[\"/component---src-pages-index-js-0aa2844dc07cdd966c5a.js\"],\"component---src-pages-policy-briefs-js\":[\"/component---src-pages-policy-briefs-js-40292abecbfe36885d61.js\"],\"component---src-pages-project-workshops-js\":[\"/component---src-pages-project-workshops-js-da70ffc8d0491cc42ecc.js\"],\"component---src-pages-publications-js\":[\"/component---src-pages-publications-js-1ba9224ef9228e1b1e88.js\"],\"component---src-pages-team-js\":[\"/component---src-pages-team-js-3476d6dcd26b27cbcda9.js\"]}"; </script> <script>window.___webpackCompilationHash="480d76db4ec263c02e38";</script><script src="/webpack-runtime-3b56863d0f5368ba0f26.js" async></script><script src="/framework-ff857b51dedd9be37e6b.js" async></script><script src="/app-2199b2df876fec2dca93.js" async></script></body></html>