CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Luxembourgish - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"08648c0c-a74c-447c-b08e-384795cc1d29","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Luxembourgish","wgTitle":"Luxembourgish","wgCurRevisionId":1256036744,"wgRevisionId":1256036744,"wgArticleId":18291,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Luxembourgish-language text","Language articles citing Ethnologue 25","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Luxembourgish-language sources (lb)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Pages with Luxembourgish IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Language articles with Linguasphere code" ,"Languages with ISO 639-2 code","Languages with ISO 639-1 code","Articles containing German-language text","Articles needing additional references from July 2023","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Luxembourgish language","Germanic languages","Central German languages","German dialects","Languages of Belgium","Languages of France","Languages of Luxembourg","National symbols of Luxembourg","Verb-second languages","Culture of Wallonia","Liège Province","Luxembourg (Belgium)","Arlon","St. Vith"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Luxembourgish","wgRelevantArticleId":18291,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9051","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1350"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="720"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Luxembourgish - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Luxembourgish rootpage-Luxembourgish skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luxembourgish" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luxembourgish" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luxembourgish" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luxembourgish" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speech-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speech subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrounding_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrounding_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Surrounding languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrounding_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standardisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Standardisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthography_of_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography_of_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Orthography of vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography_of_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eifeler_Regel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eifeler_Regel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Eifeler Regel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eifeler_Regel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nominal syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_common_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_common_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Selected common phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_common_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neologisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neologisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Neologisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neologisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Academic projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_status_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_status_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Endangered status claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_status_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luxembourgish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgs" title="Luxemburgs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Luxemburgs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgische_Sprache" title="Luxemburgische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Luxemburgische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%89%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ሉክሰምበርግኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሉክሰምበርግኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लक्ज़मबर्गी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लक्ज़मबर्गी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة اللوكسمبورغية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة اللوكسمبورغية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_luxemburgu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma luxemburgués – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma luxemburgués" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_luxemburgu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma luxemburgués – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma luxemburgués" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburq_dili" title="Lüksemburq dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lüksemburq dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লুক্সেমবার্গীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুক্সেমবার্গীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg-g%C3%AD" title="Luxembourg-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Luxembourg-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Люксембургская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Люксембургская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Люксэмбурская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люксэмбурская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Люксембургски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Люксембургски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxnbuagisch" title="Luxnbuagisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Luxnbuagisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembur%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Luksemburški jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luksemburški jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembourgeg" title="Luksembourgeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luksembourgeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgu%C3%A8s" title="Luxemburguès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luxemburguès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Люксембург чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Люксембург чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucembur%C5%A1tina" title="Lucemburština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lucemburština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lussemburghese" title="Lingua lussemburghese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua lussemburghese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwcsembwrgeg" title="Lwcsembwrgeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lwcsembwrgeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letzeburgsk" title="Letzeburgsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Letzeburgsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburggagiella" title="Luxemburggagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Luxemburggagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgische_Sprache" title="Luxemburgische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luxemburgische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letseburgi_keel" title="Letseburgi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Letseburgi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λουξεμβουργιανή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουξεμβουργιανή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_luxemburgu%C3%A9s" title="Idioma luxemburgués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma luxemburgués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburga_lingvo" title="Luksemburga lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luksemburga lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxenburgera" title="Luxenburgera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luxenburgera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان لوکزامبورگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لوکزامبورگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Luxembourgish" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemborgskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Luksemborgskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Luksemborgskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgeois" title="Luxembourgeois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luxembourgeois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAksemboarchsk" title="Lúksemboarchsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lúksemboarchsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lucsambuirgis" title="An Lucsambuirgis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Lucsambuirgis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucsamburgais" title="Lucsamburgais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lucsamburgais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_luxemburguesa" title="Lingua luxemburguesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua luxemburguesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg-ng%C3%AE" title="Luxembourg-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Luxembourg-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A9%EC%85%88%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4" title="룩셈부르크어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룩셈부르크어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լյուքսեմբուրգերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյուքսեմբուրգերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लक्जमबर्गिश भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लक्जमबर्गिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembur%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Luksemburški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luksemburški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgiana_linguo" title="Luxemburgiana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luxemburgiana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Luksemburg" title="Bahasa Luksemburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_luxemburgese" title="Lingua luxemburgese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua luxemburgese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAxemborgska" title="Lúxemborgska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lúxemborgska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lussemburghese" title="Lingua lussemburghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua lussemburghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="לוקסמבורגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוקסמבורגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლუქსემბურგული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუქსემბურგული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembourgek" title="Luksembourgek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Luksembourgek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiluxemburg" title="Kiluxemburg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiluxemburg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Люксембург кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Люксембург кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liksanbourjwa" title="Liksanbourjwa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Liksanbourjwa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_luksemb%C3%BBrg%C3%AE" title="Zimanê luksembûrgî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê luksembûrgî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Luksemburgīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Luksemburgīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Luxemburgensis" title="Lingua Luxemburgensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Luxemburgensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Luksemburgiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luksemburgiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABtzebuergesch" title="Lëtzebuergesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuksemburgie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Liuksemburgiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liuksemburgiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lussemburgheise" title="Lengua lussemburgheise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua lussemburgheise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemb%C3%B6rgs" title="Luxembörgs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Luxembörgs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liluksamburg" title="Liluksamburg – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liluksamburg" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_lussemburghesa" title="Lengua lussemburghesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua lussemburghesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgi_nyelv" title="Luxemburgi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luxemburgi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Луксембуршки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луксембуршки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_loksemborgiana" title="Fiteny loksemborgiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny loksemborgiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="लक्झेंबर्गिश भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लक्झेंबर्गिश भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლუქსემბურგული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუქსემბურგული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اللوكسمبورغيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اللوكسمبورغيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="لوکزامبورگی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لوکزامبورگی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Luxembourg" title="Bahasa Luxembourg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Luxembourg-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Luxembourg-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လူဇင်ဘတ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူဇင်ဘတ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgs" title="Luxemburgs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luxemburgs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemb%C3%B6rgs" title="Luxembörgs – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Luxembörgs" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="ルクセンブルク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルクセンブルク語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Люксембургхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Люксембургхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemborags_spriak" title="Luksemborags spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Luksemborags spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgsk" title="Luxembourgsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luxembourgsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgsk" title="Luxemburgsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Luxemburgsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgum" title="Luxemburgum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Luxemburgum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemborg%C3%A9s" title="Luxemborgés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Luxemborgés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Люксембург йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Люксембург йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਕਸਮਬਰਗੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਕਸਮਬਰਗੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="لکسمبورگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکسمبورگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburges" title="Luxemburges – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Luxemburges" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AB%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="لوګزامبورګي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوګزامبورګي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_lussemborgh%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga lussemborghèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga lussemborghèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_luksemburski" title="Język luksemburski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język luksemburski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_luxemburguesa" title="Língua luxemburguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua luxemburguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburjesche_Sprooch" title="Luxemburjesche Sprooch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Luxemburjesche Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_luxemburghez%C4%83" title="Limba luxemburgheză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba luxemburgheză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Луксембургскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Луксембургскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Люксембургский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люксембургский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱩᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨᱜᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨᱜᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_luksemburgeze" title="Gjuha luksemburgeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha luksemburgeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ලක්සම්බර්ගියානු භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලක්සම්බර්ගියානු භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" title="Luxembourgish language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Luxembourgish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembur%C4%8Dina" title="Luxemburčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luxemburčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembur%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Luksemburščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luksemburščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی لۆکسمبۆرگی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی لۆکسمبۆرگی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Луксембуршки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луксембуршки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembur%C5%A1ki" title="Luksemburški – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Luksemburški" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgin_kieli" title="Luxemburgin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luxemburgin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgiska" title="Luxemburgiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luxemburgiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Luksemburges" title="Wikang Luksemburges – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Luksemburges" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இலுகுசெம்பூர்கிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலுகுசெம்பூர்கிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taluksemburgit" title="Taluksemburgit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taluksemburgit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Люксембург теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Люксембург теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ภาษาลักเซมเบิร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาลักเซมเบิร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburgca" title="Lüksemburgca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lüksemburgca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Люксембурзька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Люксембурзька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لکسمبرگی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لکسمبرگی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DB%87%D9%83%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ليۇكسېمبۇرگ تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ليۇكسېمبۇرگ تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburgan_kel%27" title="Lüksemburgan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lüksemburgan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Luxembourg" title="Tiếng Luxembourg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux%C3%A4mburg%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Luxämburgänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Luxämburgänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussimbordjw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Lussimbordjwès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lussimbordjwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卢森堡语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9" title="לוקסעמבורגיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לוקסעמבורגיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E6%96%87" title="盧森堡文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧森堡文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgki" title="Luksemburgki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Luksemburgki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgs" title="Luxemburgs – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Luxemburgs" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森堡语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢森堡语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Luxemburg" title="Bahasa Luxemburg – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgi_zyvon" title="Luksemburgi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Luksemburgi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9051#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Luxembourgish" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Luxembourgish" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Luxembourgish" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&oldid=1256036744" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Luxembourgish&id=1256036744&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuxembourgish"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuxembourgish"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Luxembourgish&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luxembourgish_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1099" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Luxembourgish_phrasebook" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Luxembourgish" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9051" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Germanic language spoken in Luxembourg</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language. For the people of Luxembourg, see <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Luxembourgish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[ˈlətsəbuəjəʃ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/96\/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg\/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lb-l\u00ebtzebuergesch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg" title="File:Lb-lëtzebuergesch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> and north-west <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arelerland" title="Arelerland">Arelerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Vith" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Vith">Saint-Vith</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle department</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">300,000 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central German languages">Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian">Central Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Luxembourgish</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Old High Franconian <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li>Old Central Franconian </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish alphabet">Luxembourgish alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (recognised by the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Council for the Luxembourgish Language</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=lb">lb</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=265">ltz</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ltz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ltz">ltz</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/luxe1243">luxe1243</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ACB-db">52-ACB-db</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Moselfrankisch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/320px-Moselfrankisch.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/480px-Moselfrankisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The area where Luxembourgish (pale indigo) and other dialects of <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> (medium indigo) are spoken. The internal <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> for words meaning "on, at", i.e. <i><i lang="lb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/op#Luxembourgish" class="extiw" title="wikt:op">op</a></i></i> and <i><i lang="lb"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/of#Luxembourgish" class="extiw" title="wikt:of">of</a></i></i>, is also shown (<a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>: <i><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auf#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:auf">auf</a></i></i>).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Luxembourgish</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LUK</span>-səm-bur-ghish</i></a>; also <i>Luxemburgish</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-od1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-od1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Luxembourgian</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Letzebu(e)rgesch</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-od2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-od2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[ˈlətsəbuəjəʃ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/96\/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg\/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lb-l\u00ebtzebuergesch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg/Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Lb-l%C3%ABtzebuergesch.ogg" title="File:Lb-lëtzebuergesch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic language</a> that is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. About 300,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language is standardized and officially the national language of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. As such, Luxembourgish is different from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> also used in the Grand Duchy. The German language exists in a national standard variety of Luxembourg, which is slightly different from the standard varieties in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. Another important language of Luxembourg is French, which had a certain influence on both the national language Luxembourgish and the Luxembourg national variety of German. Luxembourgish, German and French are the three official languages <i>(Amtssprachen)</i> of Luxembourg. </p><p>As a standard form of the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian language</a>, Luxembourgish has similarities with other <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German dialects</a> and the wider group of <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>. The status of Luxembourgish as the national language of Luxembourg and the existence there of a regulatory body<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have removed Luxembourgish, at least in part, from the domain of Standard German, its traditional <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages#Roofing" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">Dachsprache</a></i></span>. It is also related to the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon dialect</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, contemporary central <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="180" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Mark_speaking_Luxembourgish.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Luxembourgish speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Luxembourgish was considered a German dialect like many others until about <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> but then it underwent <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">ausbau</a>, creating its own standard form in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling and therefore is seen today as an independent language. Luxembourgish managed to gain linguistic autonomy against a vigorous <a href="/wiki/One_Standard_German_Axiom" title="One Standard German Axiom">One Standard German Axiom</a> by being framed as an independent language with a name rather than as a national <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric</a> standard variety of German. </p><p>As Luxembourgish has a maximum of some 285,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> native speakers, resources in the language like books, newspapers, magazines, television, internet etc. are limited. Since most Luxembourgers also speak Standard German and French, there is strong competition with these languages, which both have large language resources. Because of this, the use of Luxembourgish remains limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_family">Language family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxembourgish belongs to the <a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a> and is the primary example of a <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian language</a>. Furthermore, it is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a> which has been spoken since the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, present-day central <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speech">Speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxembourg_shop_direction_of_walking_pandemic_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Luxembourg_shop_direction_of_walking_pandemic_2021.jpg/220px-Luxembourg_shop_direction_of_walking_pandemic_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Luxembourg_shop_direction_of_walking_pandemic_2021.jpg/330px-Luxembourg_shop_direction_of_walking_pandemic_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Luxembourg_shop_direction_of_walking_pandemic_2021.jpg/440px-Luxembourg_shop_direction_of_walking_pandemic_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Sign in Luxembourgish indicating the way to walk through a shop during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supermarket_Luxembourg_meat_section_sign_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Supermarket_Luxembourg_meat_section_sign_3.jpg/220px-Supermarket_Luxembourg_meat_section_sign_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Supermarket_Luxembourg_meat_section_sign_3.jpg/330px-Supermarket_Luxembourg_meat_section_sign_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Supermarket_Luxembourg_meat_section_sign_3.jpg/440px-Supermarket_Luxembourg_meat_section_sign_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Sign in French and Luxembourgish (in <i>italic</i>) in a supermarket. Items labeled in Standard German and French are displayed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Luxembourgish is considered the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of Luxembourg and also one of the three administrative languages, alongside <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Luxembourg, 77% of residents can speak Luxembourgish,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is the primary language of 48% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Arelerland" title="Arelerland">Arelerland</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Province of Luxembourg</a>) and in small parts of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> and Hunsrück regions, similar local <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> dialects of German are spoken. The language is also spoken by a few descendants of Luxembourg immigrants in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian dialects">Moselle Franconian dialects</a> are spoken by ethnic Germans long settled in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (Siebenbürgen). </p><p>Moselle Franconian dialects outside the Luxembourg state border tend to have far fewer French loanwords, and these mostly remain from the French Revolution. </p><p>The political party that places the greatest importance on promoting, using and preserving Luxembourgish is the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Democratic_Reform_Party" title="Alternative Democratic Reform Party">Alternative Democratic Reform Party</a> (ADR) and its electoral success in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Luxembourg_general_election" title="1999 Luxembourg general election">1999 election</a> pushed the CSV-DP government to make knowledge of it a criterion for <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently also the only political party in Luxembourg that wishes to implement written laws also in Luxembourgish and that wants Luxembourgish to be an officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">language of the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, in 2005, then-<a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of deputy prime ministers of Luxembourg">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Asselborn" title="Jean Asselborn">Jean Asselborn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party">LSAP</a> rejected a demand made by the ADR to make Luxembourgish an official language of the EU, citing financial reasons and the sufficiency of official <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar proposal by the ADR was rejected by the Chamber of Deputies in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several distinct dialect forms of Luxembourgish including Areler (from <a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a>), Eechternoacher (<a href="/wiki/Echternach" title="Echternach">Echternach</a>), Dikrecher (<a href="/wiki/Diekirch" title="Diekirch">Diekirch</a>), Kliärrwer (<a href="/wiki/Clervaux" title="Clervaux">Clervaux</a>), Miseler (<a href="/wiki/Moselle_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle (river)">Moselle</a>), Stater (<a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a>), Veiner (<a href="/wiki/Vianden" title="Vianden">Vianden</a>), Minetter (Southern Luxembourg) and Weelzer (<a href="/wiki/Wiltz" title="Wiltz">Wiltz</a>). Further small vocabulary differences may be seen even between small villages. </p><p>Increasing mobility of the population and the dissemination of the language through mass media such as radio and television are leading to a gradual standardisation towards a "Standard Luxembourgish" through the process of <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koineization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammon,_2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammon,_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrounding_languages">Surrounding languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surrounding languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no distinct geographic boundary between the use of Luxembourgish and the use of other closely related High German dialects (for example, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>); it instead forms a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of gradual change. </p><p>Spoken Luxembourgish is relatively hard to understand for speakers of German who are generally not familiar with Moselle Franconian dialects (or at least other <a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a> dialects). They can usually read the language to some degree. For those Germans familiar with Moselle Franconian dialects, it is relatively easy to understand and speak Luxembourgish as far as the everyday vocabulary is concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-Ammon,_2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ammon,_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large number of French loanwords in Luxembourgish may hamper communication about certain topics or with certain speakers (those who use many terms taken from French). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardisation">Standardisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standardisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of proposals for standardising the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of Luxembourgish can be documented, going back to the middle of the 19th century. There was no officially recognised system until the adoption of the "OLO" (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">ofizjel lezebuurjer ortografi</i></span>) on 5 June 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This orthography provided a system for speakers of all varieties of Luxembourgish to transcribe words the way they pronounced them, rather than imposing a single, standard spelling for the words of the language. The rules explicitly rejected certain elements of German orthography (<abbr title="for example">e.g.</abbr>, the use of <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the capitalisation of nouns). Similarly, new principles were adopted for the spelling of French loanwords. </p> <ul><li><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">fiireje</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">rééjelen</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">shwèzt</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">veinejer</i></span> (cf. German <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vorigen#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:vorigen">vorigen</a></i>, <i><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Regeln#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Regeln">Regeln</a></i></i>, <i><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schw%C3%A4tzt#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:schwätzt">schwätzt</a></i></i>, <i><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/weniger#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:weniger">weniger</a></i></i>)</li> <li><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">bültê</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">âprê</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Shaarel</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">ssistém</i></span> (cf. French <i><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bulletin#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:bulletin">bulletin</a></i></i>, <i><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emprunt#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:emprunt">emprunt</a></i></i>, <i><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Charles#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:Charles">Charles</a></i></i>, <i><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syst%C3%A8me#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:système">système</a></i></i>)</li></ul> <p>This proposed orthography, so different from existing "foreign" standards that people were already familiar with, did not enjoy widespread approval. </p><p>A more successful standard eventually emerged from the work of the committee of specialists charged with the task of creating the <i>Luxemburger Wörterbuch</i>, published in 5 volumes between 1950 and 1977. The orthographic conventions adopted in this decades-long project, set out in Bruch (1955), provided the basis of the standard orthography that became official on 10 October 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modifications to this standard were proposed by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conseil_permanent_de_la_langue_luxembourgeoise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conseil permanent de la langue luxembourgeoise (page does not exist)">Permanent Council of the Luxembourguish language</a></i> and adopted officially in the spelling reform of 30 July 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A detailed explanation of current practice for Luxembourgish can be found in Schanen & Lulling (2003). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish Braille</a></div> <p>The Luxembourgish alphabet consists of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">26 Latin letters</a> plus three letters with diacritics: <span class="nowrap">⟨é⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ë⟩</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from French and Standard German, other diacritics are usually preserved: </p> <ul><li>French: <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Boîte</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Enquête</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Piqûre</i></span>, etc.</li> <li>German: <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">blöd</i></span>, <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Bühn</i></span> (from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bühne</i></span>), etc.</li></ul> <p>In German loanwords, the digraphs ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">eu</span>⟩ and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">äu</span>⟩ indicate the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oɪ/</span>, which does not appear in native words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthography_of_vowels">Orthography of vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orthography of vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Monophthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">a </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">K<b>a</b>pp</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">K<b>a</b>p</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aa </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">n<b>aa</b>ss</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ä </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">K<b>ä</b>pp</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">e </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">D<b>e</b>cken</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">lies<b>e</b>n</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ë </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">h<b>ë</b>llefen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>é<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dr<b>é</b>cken</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ee </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">B<b>ee</b>n</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">i </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">G<b>i</b>tt</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">s<b>i</b>wen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ii </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">K<b>ii</b>scht</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">o </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">S<b>o</b>nn</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dr<b>o</b>leg</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Spr<b>oo</b>ch</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">u </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">H<b>u</b>tt</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">T<b>u</b>t</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">L<b>uu</b>cht</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>ai </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑɪ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Geb<b>ai</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">d<b>ei</b>er</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>äi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æːɪ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">r<b>äi</b>ch</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">au<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑʊ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">M<b>au</b>er</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æːʊ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">M<b>au</b>l</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>éi </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əɪ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Schn<b>éi</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ie </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iə</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">l<b>ie</b>sen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ier </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">B<b>ier</b>gem</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əʊ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Sch<b>ou</b>l</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ue </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uə</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">B<b>ue</b>dem</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uer </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Lëtzeb<b>uer</b>g</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>r-vocalization </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>ar </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">D<b>ar</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aar </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb"><b>aar</b>m</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>är </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛːɐ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">St<b>är</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>äer </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">P<b>äer</b>d</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>er </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐ</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">an<b>er</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ir </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iːɐ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">St<b>ir</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ier </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">H<b>ier</b>t</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>or </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oːɐ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Gef<b>or</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oer </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">J<b>oer</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ur </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uːɐ̯</span> </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">B<b>ur</b></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>uer </td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">W<b>uer</b>m</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eifeler_Regel">Eifeler Regel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eifeler Regel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eifeler_Regel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eifeler Regel">Eifeler Regel</a></div> <p>Like many other varieties of Western High German, Luxembourgish has a rule of final <i>n</i>-deletion in certain contexts. The effects of this rule (known as the "Eifel Rule") are indicated in writing, and therefore must be taken into account when spelling words and morphemes ending in <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨nn⟩</span>. For example: </p> <ul><li><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">wa<b>nn</b> ech ginn</i></span> "when I go", but <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">wa mer ginn</i></span> "when we go"</li> <li><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">fënnefa<b>n</b>drësseg</i></span> "thirty-five", but <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">fënnefavéierzeg</i></span> "forty-five".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant inventory of Luxembourgish is quite similar to <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology#Consonants" title="Standard German phonology">that of Standard German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Luxembourgish<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p͡f</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p͡f/</span> occurs only in loanwords from Standard German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just as for many native speakers of Standard German, it tends to be simplified to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> word-initially. For example, <i>Pflicht</i> ('obligation') is realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fliɕt]</span> or, in careful speech, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p͡fliɕt]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> is realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> when it occurs after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span>, e.g. <i>zwee</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sweː]</span> ('two').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201369_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201369-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span> appears only in a few words, such as <i>spadséieren</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃpɑˈd͡zəɪ̯eʀen/</span> ('to go for a walk').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> occurs only in loanwords from English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ/</span> have two types of allophones: <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]</span> and uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</span>. The latter occur before back vowels, and the former occur in all other positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]</span> allophone appears only in a few words, and speakers increasingly fail to distinguish between the alveolo-palatal allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/χ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ/</span> and the postalveolar phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368–69_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368–69-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Younger speakers tend to vocalize a word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʀ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Monophthong phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">øː</a></span>) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The front rounded vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y,<span class="wrap"> </span>yː,<span class="wrap"> </span>øː,<span class="wrap"> </span>œ,<span class="wrap"> </span>œː/</span> appear only in loanwords from French and Standard German. In loanwords from French, nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/õː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̃ː,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃ː/</span> also occur. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> has two allophones: <ul><li>Before velars: close-mid front unrounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200975_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200975-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, for some speakers, may be open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span>, especially before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʀ/</span>. The same variation in height applies to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, which may be as open as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>All other positions: mid central vowel, more often slightly rounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central rounded vowel">ə̹</a>]</span> than unrounded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid central unrounded vowel">ə̜</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Phonetically, the long mid vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span> are raised close-mid (near-close) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e̝ː</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">o̝ː</a>]</span> and may even overlap with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʀ/</span> is realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> is the long variant of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span>, which does not have a long counterpart.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthong phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201371_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201371-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">Ending point </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Close </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iə<span class="wrap"> </span>uə</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Mid </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>(oɪ)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əʊ</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Open </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æːɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑɪ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æːʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑʊ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oɪ/</span> appears only in loanwords from Standard German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first elements of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æːɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>æːʊ/</span> may be phonetically short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> in fast speech or in unstressed syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201371_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201371-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æːɪ–ɑɪ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æːʊ–ɑʊ/</span> contrasts arose from the former lexical tone contrast; the shorter <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑʊ/</span> were used in words with Accent 1, and the lengthened <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æːɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>æːʊ/</span> were used in words with Accent 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200972_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200972-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Luxembourgish" title="Special:EditPage/Luxembourgish">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_syntax">Nominal syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nominal syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxembourgish has three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>). These are marked morphologically on <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>. As in German, there is no morphological gender distinction in the plural. </p><p>The forms of the articles and of some selected determiners are given below: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>nominative/accusative </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="3" align="center">singular</th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>masculine</small></th> <th><small>neuter</small></th> <th><small>feminine</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>definite </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">den</i></span></td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">d'</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>def. emphatic </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">deen</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dat</i></span></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">déi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>demonstrative </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dësen</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dëst</i></span></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dës</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>indefinite </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">en</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">eng</i></span></td> <td align="center">(<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">eng</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">keen</i></span></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">keng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>"his/its" </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">säin</i></span></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">seng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>"her/their" </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hiren</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hiert</i></span></td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hir</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>dative </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="3" align="center">singular</th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>masculine</small></th> <th><small>neuter</small></th> <th><small>feminine</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>definite </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dem</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">der</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">den</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>def. emphatic </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">deem</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">där</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">deenen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>demonstrative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dësem</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dëser</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dësen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>indefinite </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">engem</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">enger</i></span></td> <td align="center">(<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">engen</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>negative </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">kengem</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">kenger</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">kengen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>"his/its" </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">sengem</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">senger</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">sengen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>"her/their" </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hirem</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hirer</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hiren</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As seen above, Luxembourgish has plural forms of <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">en</i></span> ("a, an"), namely <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">eng</i></span> in the nominative/accusative and <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">engen</i></span> in the dative. They are not used as indefinite articles, which—as in German and English—do not exist in the plural, but they do occur in the compound pronouns <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">wéi en</i></span> ("what, which") and <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">sou en</i></span> ("such"). For example: <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">wéi eng Saachen</i></span> ("what things"); <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">sou eng Saachen</i></span> ("such things"). Moreover, they are used before numbers to express an estimation: <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">eng 30.000 Spectateuren</i></span> ("some 30,000 spectators"). </p><p>Distinct nominative forms survive in a few nominal phrases such as <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">der Däiwel</i></span> ("the devil") and <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">eiser Herrgott</i></span> ("our Lord"). Rare examples of the genitive are also found: <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Enn des Mounts</i></span> ("end of the month"), <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Ufanks der Woch</i></span> ("at the beginning of the week"). The functions of the genitive are normally expressed using a combination of the dative and a possessive determiner: e.g. <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dem Mann säi Buch</i></span> (lit. "to the man his book", i.e. "the man's book"). This is known as a <a href="/wiki/His_genitive" title="His genitive">periphrastic genitive</a>, and is a phenomenon also commonly seen in dialectal and colloquial German, and in Dutch. </p><p>The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the following table (unstressed forms appear in parentheses): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th align="center">nominative</th> <th align="center">accusative</th> <th align="center">dative </th></tr> <tr> <th>1sg </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">ech</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">mech</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">mir</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">mer</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2sg </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">du</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">de</i></span>)</td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dech</i></span></td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dir</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">der</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3sgm </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hien</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">en</i></span>)</td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">him</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">em</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3sgn </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hatt</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">et</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>3sgf </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">si</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">se</i></span>)</td> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hir</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">er</i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>1pl </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">mir</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">mer</i></span>)</td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">äis</i></span> / <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">eis</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2pl </th> <td align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">dir</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">der</i></span>)</td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">iech</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3pl </th> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">si</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">se</i></span>)</td> <td><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hinnen</i></span> (<span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">en</i></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 2pl form is also used as a polite singular (like French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vous</i></span>, see <a href="/wiki/T-V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T-V distinction">T-V distinction</a>); the forms are capitalised in writing: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Wéi hues 'du' de Concert fonnt?</i></span> ("How did you [informal sg.] like the concert?")</dd> <dd><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Wéi hutt <b>dir</b> de Concert fonnt?</i></span> ("How did you [informal pl.] like the concert?")</dd> <dd><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Wéi hutt <b>Dir</b> de Concert fonnt?</i></span> ("How did you [formal sg. or pl.] like the concert?")</dd></dl> <p>Like most varieties of colloquial German, but even more invariably, Luxembourgish uses definite articles with personal names. They are obligatory and not to be translated: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb"><b>De</b> Serge ass an der Kichen.</i></span> ("Serge is in the kitchen.")</dd></dl> <p>A feature Luxembourgish shares with only some western dialects of German is that women and girls are most often referred to with forms of the <i>neuter</i> pronoun <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">hatt</i></span>: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Dat ass d'Nathalie. <b>Hatt</b> ass midd, well <b>et</b> vill a <b>sengem</b> Gaart geschafft huet.</i></span> ("That's Nathalie. She is tired because she has worked a lot in her garden.")</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives show a different morphological behaviour when used <a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">attributively</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicatively</a>. In predicative use, e.g. when they occur with verbs like <i>sinn</i> ("to be"), adjectives receive no extra ending: </p> <ul><li>De Mann ass grouss. (<i>masculine</i>, "The man is tall.")</li> <li>D'Fra ass grouss. (<i>feminine</i>, "The woman is tall.")</li> <li>D'Meedchen ass grouss. (<i>neuter</i>, "The girl is tall.")</li> <li>D'Kanner si grouss. (<i>plural</i>, "The children are tall.")</li></ul> <p>In attributive use, i.e. when placed before the noun they describe, they change their ending according to the grammatical gender, number and case of the noun: </p> <ul><li>de grouss<b>e</b> Mann (<i>masculine</i>)</li> <li>déi grouss Fra (<i>feminine</i>)</li> <li>dat grouss<b>t</b> Meedchen (<i>neuter</i>)</li> <li>déi grouss Kanner (<i>plural</i>)</li></ul> <p>The definite article changes with the use of an attributive adjective: feminine <i>d'</i> goes to <i>déi</i> (or <i>di</i>), neuter <i>d'</i> goes to <i>dat</i>, and plural <i>d'</i> changes to <i>déi</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparative</a> in Luxembourgish is formed analytically, i.e. the adjective itself is not altered (compare the use of -<i>er</i> in German and English; <i>tall</i> → <i>taller</i>, <i>klein</i> → <i>kleiner</i>). Instead it is formed using the adverb <i>méi</i>: e.g. <i>schéin</i> → <i>méi schéin</i> </p> <ul><li>Lëtzebuerg ass méi schéi wéi Esch. ("Luxembourg is prettier than Esch.")</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> involves a synthetic form consisting of the adjective and the suffix <i>-st</i>: e.g. <i>schéin</i> → <i>schéin<b>st</b> </i> (compare German <i>schönst</i>, English <i>prettiest</i>). Attributive modification requires the emphatic definite article and the inflected superlative adjective: </p> <ul><li><b>dee</b> schéinst<b>e</b> Mann ("the most handsome man")</li> <li><b>déi</b> schéinst Fra ("the prettiest woman")</li></ul> <p>Predicative modification uses either the same adjectival structure or the adverbial structure <i>am</i>+ -<i>sten</i>: e.g. <i>schéin</i> → <i>am schéinsten</i>: </p> <ul><li>Lëtzebuerg ass dee schéinsten / deen allerschéinsten / am schéinsten. ("Luxembourg is the most beautiful (of all).")</li></ul> <p>Some common adjectives have exceptional comparative and superlative forms: </p> <ul><li>gutt, besser, am beschten ("good, better, best")</li> <li>vill, méi, am meeschten ("much, more, most")</li> <li>wéineg, manner, am mannsten ("few, fewer, fewest")</li></ul> <p>Several other adjectives also have comparative forms, not commonly used as normal comparatives, but in special senses: </p> <ul><li>al ("old") → <i>eeler</i> Leit ("elderly people"), but: <i>méi al</i> Leit ("older people, people older than X")</li> <li>fréi ("early") → de <i>fréiere</i> President ("the former president"), but: e <i>méi fréien</i> Termin ("an earlier appointment")</li> <li>laang ("long") → viru <i>längerer</i> Zäit ("some time ago"), but: eng <i>méi laang</i> Zäit ("a longer period of time")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxembourgish exhibits "verb second" word order in clauses. More specifically, Luxembourgish is a <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2</a>-<a href="/wiki/SOV_language" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV language">SOV language</a>, like German and Dutch. In other words, we find the following finite clausal structures: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> in second position in declarative clauses and <i>wh</i>-questions</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Ech <b>kafen</b> en Hutt. Muer <b>kafen</b> ech en Hutt. (lit. "I buy a hat. Tomorrow buy I a hat.)</dd> <dd>Wat <b>kafen</b> ech haut? (lit. "What buy I today?")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>the finite verb in first position in yes/no questions and finite imperatives</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b>Bass</b> de midd? ("Are you tired?")</dd> <dd><b>Gëff</b> mer deng Hand! ("Give me your hand!")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>the finite verb in final position in subordinate clauses</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Du weess, datt ech midd <b>sinn</b>. (lit. "You know, that I tired am.")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Non-finite verbs (infinitives and participles) generally appear in final position: </p> <ul><li>compound past tenses</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Ech hunn en Hutt <b>kaf</b>. (lit. "I have a hat bought.")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>infinitival complements</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Du solls net esou vill Kaffi <b>drénken</b>. (lit. "You should not so much coffee drink.")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>infinitival clauses (e.g., used as imperatives)</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Nëmme Lëtzebuergesch <b>schwätzen</b>! (lit. "Only Luxembourgish speak!")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>These rules interact so that in subordinate clauses, the finite verb and any non-finite verbs must all cluster at the end. Luxembourgish allows different word orders in these cases: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Hie freet, ob ech <b>komme kann</b>. (cf. German <i>Er fragt, ob ich kommen kann.</i>) (lit. "He asks if I come can.")</dd> <dd>Hie freet, ob ech <b>ka kommen</b>. (cf. Dutch <i>Hij vraagt of ik kan komen.</i>) (lit. "He asks if I can come.")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This is also the case when two non-finite verb forms occur together: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Ech hunn net <b>kënne kommen</b>. (cf. Dutch <i>Ik heb niet kunnen komen.</i>) (lit, "I have not be-able to-come")</dd> <dd>Ech hunn net <b>komme kënnen</b>. (cf. German <i>Ich habe nicht kommen können.</i>) (lit, "I have not to-come <a href="/wiki/German_verbs#Past_participle" title="German verbs">be-able</a>")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Luxembourgish (like Dutch and German) allows prepositional phrases to appear after the verb cluster in subordinate clauses: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>alles, wat Der ëmmer wollt wëssen <b>iwwer Lëtzebuerg</b></dd> <dd>(lit. "everything what you always wanted know about Luxembourg")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Luxembourgish" title="Special:EditPage/Luxembourgish">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Luxembourgish has borrowed many French words. For example, the word for a bus driver is <i>Buschauffeur</i> (as in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>), which would be <i>Busfahrer</i> in German and <i>chauffeur de bus</i> in French. </p><p>Some words are different from Standard German, but have equivalents in German dialects. An example is <i>Gromperen</i> (potatoes – German: <i>Kartoffeln</i>). Other words are exclusive to Luxembourgish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_common_phrases">Selected common phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Selected common phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Moien.jpg/220px-Moien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Moien.jpg/330px-Moien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Moien.jpg/440px-Moien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>"Moien" ("Hello"): Sculpture (approx. 2 meters high) in the <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius_building" title="Justus Lipsius building">Justus-Lipsius building</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Luxembourgish EU-Presidency</a>, first half of 2005</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/Letzbg.ogg\/Letzbg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Listen to the words below."},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Letzbg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/e/e8/Letzbg.ogg/Letzbg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Listen to the words below.</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Letzbg.ogg" title="File:Letzbg.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <i>Note: Words spoken in sound clip do not reflect all words on this list.</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Dutch </th> <th>Luxembourgish </th> <th>Standard German </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ja. </td> <td>Jo. </td> <td>Ja. </td> <td><i>Yes.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nee(n). </td> <td>Nee(n). </td> <td>Nein. </td> <td><i>No.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Misschien, wellicht </td> <td>Vläicht. </td> <td>Vielleicht. </td> <td><i>Maybe.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hallo. (also <i>moi</i> in the north and east) </td> <td>Moien. </td> <td>Hallo. (also <i>Moin</i> in the north) </td> <td><i>Hello.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goedemorgen. </td> <td>Gudde Moien. </td> <td>Guten Morgen. </td> <td><i>Good morning.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goedendag. or Goedemiddag. </td> <td>Gudde Mëtteg. </td> <td>Guten Tag. </td> <td><i>Good afternoon.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goedenavond. </td> <td>Gudden Owend. </td> <td>Guten Abend. </td> <td><i>Good evening.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tot ziens. </td> <td>Äddi. </td> <td>Auf Wiedersehen. </td> <td><i>Goodbye.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dank u or Merci. (Belgium) </td> <td>Merci. </td> <td>Danke. </td> <td><i>Thank you.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waarom? or Waarvoor? </td> <td>Firwat? </td> <td>Warum? or Wofür? </td> <td><i>Why</i>, <i>What for</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ik weet het niet. </td> <td>Ech weess net. </td> <td>Ich weiß nicht. </td> <td><i>I don't know.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ik versta het niet. </td> <td>Ech verstinn net. </td> <td>Ich verstehe nicht. </td> <td><i>I don't understand.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excuseer mij or Wablief? (Belgium) </td> <td>Watgelift? or Entschëllegt? </td> <td>Entschuldigung? </td> <td><i>Excuse me?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slagerszoon. </td> <td>Metzleschjong. </td> <td>Metzgersohn. / Metzgerjunge. </td> <td><i>Butcher's son.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spreek je Duits/Frans/Engels? </td> <td>Schwätzt dir Däitsch/Franséisch/Englesch? </td> <td>Sprichst du Deutsch/Französisch/Englisch? </td> <td><i>Do you speak German/French/English?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hoe heet je? </td> <td>Wéi heeschs du? </td> <td>Wie heißt du? </td> <td><i>What is your name?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hoe gaat het? </td> <td>Wéi geet et? </td> <td>Wie geht's? </td> <td><i>How are you?</i>, <i>How is it going?</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Politiek Fatsoen. </td> <td>Politeschen Anstand. </td> <td>Politischer Anstand. </td> <td><i>Political decency</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zo. </td> <td>Sou. </td> <td>So. </td> <td><i>So.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vrij. </td> <td>Fräi. </td> <td>Frei. </td> <td><i>Free.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thuis. </td> <td>Heem. </td> <td>zu Hause. / Heim. </td> <td><i>Home.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ik. </td> <td>Ech. </td> <td>Ich. </td> <td><i>I.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>En. </td> <td>An. </td> <td>Und. </td> <td><i>And.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mijn. </td> <td>Mäin. </td> <td>Mein. </td> <td><i>My.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ezel. </td> <td>Iesel. </td> <td>Esel. </td> <td><i>donkey</i>, <i>ass.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Met. </td> <td>Mat. </td> <td>Mit. </td> <td><i>With.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kind. </td> <td>Kand. </td> <td>Kind. </td> <td><i>Child, kid</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weg. </td> <td>Wee. </td> <td>Weg. </td> <td><i>Way.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aardappel. </td> <td>Gromper. </td> <td>Kartoffel/Erdapfel. </td> <td><i>Potato.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brood. </td> <td>Brout. </td> <td>Brot. </td> <td><i>Bread.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neologisms">Neologisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neologisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neologisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neologisms">Neologisms</a> in Luxembourgish include both entirely new words, and the attachment of new meanings to old words in everyday speech. The most recent neologisms come from the English language in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p><p>Recent neologisms in Luxembourgish include:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>direct loans from English: <i>Browser</i>, <i>Spam</i>, <i>CD</i>, <i>Fitness</i>, <i>Come-back</i>, <i>Terminal</i>, <i>Hip</i>, <i>Cool</i>, <i>Tip-top</i></li> <li>also found in German: <i>Sichmaschinn</i> (search engine, German: <i>Suchmaschine</i>), <i>schwaarzt Lach</i> (<a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>, German: <i>Schwarzes Loch</i>), <i>Handy</i> (mobile phone), <i>Websäit</i> (webpage, German: <i>Webseite</i>)</li> <li>native Luxembourgish <ul><li><i>déck</i> as an emphatic like <i>ganz</i> and <i>voll</i>, e.g. <i>Dëse Kuch ass déck gutt!</i> ("This cake is really good!")</li> <li>recent expressions, used mainly by teenagers: <i>oh mëllen!</i> ("oh crazy"), <i>en décke gelénkt</i> ("you've been tricked") or <i>cassé</i> (French for "(you've been) owned")</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_projects">Academic projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Academic projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2000 and 2002, Luxembourgish linguist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lulling" title="Jérôme Lulling">Jérôme Lulling</a> compiled a lexical database of 125,000-word forms as the basis for the first Luxembourgish <a href="/wiki/Spellchecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Spellchecker">spellchecker</a> (Projet C.ORT.IN.A).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LaF (<i>Lëtzebuergesch als Friemsprooch</i> – Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language) is a set of four language proficiency certifications for Luxembourgish and follows the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Language_Testers_in_Europe" title="Association of Language Testers in Europe">ALTE</a> framework of language examination standards. The tests are administered by the Institut National des Langues Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-laf_insl_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laf_insl-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Centre for Luxembourg Studies" at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> was founded in 1995 on the initiative of Professor Gerald Newton. It is supported by the government of Luxembourg which funds an <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment#Endowed_professorships" title="Financial endowment">endowed chair</a> in Luxembourg Studies at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first class of students to study the language outside of the country as undergraduate students began their studies at the 'Centre for Luxembourg Studies' at Sheffield in the academic year 2011–2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangered_status_claims">Endangered status claims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Endangered status claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared Luxembourgish to be an endangered language in 2019, adding it to its <i>Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, some local media<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which? A personal blog is not a local media! (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have argued that the Luxembourgish language is at risk of disappearing, and that it should be considered an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the government claims that more people than ever are able to speak Luxembourgish, these are absolute numbers and often include the many <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized citizens</a> who have passed the <i>Sproochentest,</i> a language test that certifies the knowledge of merely A.2. in speaking and B.1. in understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luxembourgish language expert and historian <a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Atten" class="extiw" title="lb:Alain Atten">Alain Atten</a> argues that not only the absolute number of Luxembourgish speakers should be considered when defining the status of a language, but also the proportion of speakers in a country. Noting that the proportion of native Luxembourgish speakers has decreased in recent decades, Atten believes that Luxembourgish will inevitably disappear, stating: </p><p>"<i>It is simple math, if there are about 70% foreigners and about 30% Luxembourgers (which is the case in Luxembourg City), then it cannot possibly be said that Luxembourgish is thriving. That would be very improbable.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alain Atten also argues that the situation is even more dramatic, since the cited percentages take only the residents of Luxembourg into account, excluding the 200,000 cross-border-workers present in the country on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group plays a major role in the daily use of languages in Luxembourg, thus further lowering the percentage of Luxembourgish speakers present in the country. </p><p>The following numbers are based on statistics by <i>STATEC</i> (those since 2011) and show that the percentage of the population that is able to speak Luxembourgish has been constantly diminishing for years (The 200,000 cross-border workers are not included in this statistic):<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable right"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>1846</td> <td>99.0% <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The so-called source says GERMAN. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900</td> <td>88.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td>80.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>70.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>70.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>69.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>69.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>68.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>68.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>67.77% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>It has also been argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="By whom? Where? (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that two very similar languages, <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a>, which were very broadly spoken by the local populations at the beginning of the 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> respectively, have been nearly completely supplanted by <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and that a similar fate could also be possible for Luxembourgish.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example of the replacement of Luxembourgish by French occurred in <a href="/wiki/Arelerland" title="Arelerland">Arelerland</a> (historically a part of Luxembourg, today in Belgium), where the vast majority of the local population spoke Luxembourgish as a native language well into the 20th century. Today, Luxembourgish is nearly extinct in this region, having been replaced by French. </p><p>According to some Luxembourgish news media<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which? A local blog is not a news media (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and members of <a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actioun_L%C3%ABtzebuergesch" class="extiw" title="lb:Actioun Lëtzebuergesch">Actioun Lëtzebuergesch</a> (an association for the preservation and promotion of the language), the biggest threat to the existence of Luxembourgish is indeed French, since it is the language of most official documents and street signs in Luxembourg; this considerably weakens the possibility for Luxembourgish to be practiced by new speakers and learners.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, this passively forces expats to learn French instead of Luxembourgish.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021 it was announced that public announcements in Luxembourgish (and in German as well) at <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Airport" title="Luxembourg Airport">Luxembourg Airport</a> would cease; it would only be using French and English for future public announcements.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will cause Luxembourgish to go unused at Luxembourg Airport after many decades. <a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actioun_L%C3%ABtzebuergesch" class="extiw" title="lb:Actioun Lëtzebuergesch">Actioun Lëtzebuergesch</a> declared itself to be hugely upset by this new governmental measure, citing that other airports in the world seem to have no problems making public announcements in multiple languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a poll conducted by AL, 92.84% of the Luxembourgish population wished to have public announcements to be made in Luxembourgish at Luxembourg Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Democratic_Reform_Party" title="Alternative Democratic Reform Party">ADR</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Fred_Keup" title="Fred Keup">Fred Keup</a> has claimed that Luxembourgish is already on its way to complete replacement by French.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/48px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/64px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Luxembourg portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Hennicot-Schoepges" title="Erna Hennicot-Schoepges">Erna Hennicot-Schoepges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Luxembourg" title="Literature of Luxembourg">Literature of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Germanic_languages" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Germanic languages">Luxembourgish Swadesh List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_Luxembourg" title="Multilingualism in Luxembourg">Multilingualism in Luxembourg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨é⟩</span> today represents the same sound as <span class="nowrap">⟨ë⟩</span> before <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>. The ostensibly inconsistent spelling <span class="nowrap">⟨é⟩</span> is based on the traditional, now widely obsolete pronunciation of the sound represented by <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> as a palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span>. As this consonant is pronounced further back in the mouth, it triggered the use of the front allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> (that is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>) as is the case before the velars (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ/</span>). Since the more forward alveolo-palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕ]</span> has replaced the palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span> for almost all speakers, the allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> is used as before any non-velar consonant. So the word <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">mécht</i></span> ('[he] makes'), which is now pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[məɕt]</span>, used to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[meçt]</span>; this is the reason for the spelling. The spelling <span class="nowrap">⟨mëcht⟩</span>, which reflects the contemporary pronunciation, is not standard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the standard orthography, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑʊ̯/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æːʊ̯/</span> are not distinguished.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/ltz">Luxembourgish</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-od1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-od1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707014319/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Luxemburgish">"Luxemburgish – definition of Luxemburgish in English from the Oxford dictionary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Luxemburgish">the original</a> on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxemburgish+%E2%80%93+definition+of+Luxemburgish+in+English+from+the+Oxford+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2FLuxemburgish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKas_Deprez1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kas Deprez (1997). Michael G. Clyne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tM3PrFFSiVgC&pg=PA249">"Diets, Nederlands, Nederduits, Hollands, Vlaams, Belgisch-Nederlands"</a>. <i>Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning</i>. Walter de Gruyter: 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110155099" title="Special:BookSources/9783110155099"><bdi>9783110155099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Undoing+and+Redoing+Corpus+Planning&rft.atitle=Diets%2C+Nederlands%2C+Nederduits%2C+Hollands%2C+Vlaams%2C+Belgisch-Nederlands&rft.pages=249&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9783110155099&rft.au=Kas+Deprez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtM3PrFFSiVgC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengt_Skoog1983" class="citation book cs1">Bengt Skoog (1983). <i>Immigrants and Cultural Development in European Towns</i>. Council for Cultural Co-operation. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789287102393" title="Special:BookSources/9789287102393"><bdi>9789287102393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+and+Cultural+Development+in+European+Towns&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Council+for+Cultural+Co-operation&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9789287102393&rft.au=Bengt+Skoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2005" class="citation book cs1">National Geographic Society (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldfori00nati/page/59"><i>Our Country's Regions: Outline maps</i></a></span>. Macmillan/McGraw-Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldfori00nati/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780021496259" title="Special:BookSources/9780021496259"><bdi>9780021496259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Country%27s+Regions%3A+Outline+maps&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Macmillan%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780021496259&rft.au=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofworldfori00nati%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-od2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-od2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014438/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Letzeburgesch">"Letzeburgesch – definition of Lëtzeburgesch in English from the Oxford dictionary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Letzeburgesch">the original</a> on 15 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letzeburgesch+%E2%80%93+definition+of+L%C3%ABtzeburgesch+in+English+from+the+Oxford+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2FLetzeburgesch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speakers-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speakers_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infolux.uni.lu/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Presse-UNESCO-2010-2009.pdf">"Le nombre de locuteurs du luxembourgeois revu à la hausse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+nombre+de+locuteurs+du+luxembourgeois+revu+%C3%A0+la+hausse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfolux.uni.lu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F02%2FPresse-UNESCO-2010-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpll.lu/pdf/loi_2004.pdf">"Law establishing the Conseil Permanent de la Langue Luxembourgeoise (CPLL)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+establishing+the+Conseil+Permanent+de+la+Langue+Luxembourgeoise+%28CPLL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpll.lu%2Fpdf%2Floi_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehlen" class="citation web cs1">Fehlen, Fernand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/5665/1/RED12.pdf">"Luxemburgs Sprachenmarkt im Wandel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. uni.lu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxemburgs+Sprachenmarkt+im+Wandel&rft.pub=uni.lu&rft.aulast=Fehlen&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbilu.uni.lu%2Fbitstream%2F10993%2F5665%2F1%2FRED12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu(m)_Nathalie_Lodhi2020" class="citation web cs1">Vu(m) Nathalie Lodhi (13 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.lu/your-luxembourg/knowledge-bites/a/1411526.html">"The Transylvanian Saxon dialect, a not-so-distant cousin of Luxembourgish"</a>. <i>RTL</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTL&rft.atitle=The+Transylvanian+Saxon+dialect%2C+a+not-so-distant+cousin+of+Luxembourgish&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.au=Vu%28m%29+Nathalie+Lodhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.lu%2Fyour-luxembourg%2Fknowledge-bites%2Fa%2F1411526.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_McGrath2019" class="citation web cs1">Stephen McGrath (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190909-the-last-of-transylvanias-saxons">"The Saxons first arrived in Romania's Transylvania region in the 12th Century, but over the past few decades the community has all but vanished from the region"</a>. <i>BBC Travel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Travel&rft.atitle=The+Saxons+first+arrived+in+Romania%27s+Transylvania+region+in+the+12th+Century%2C+but+over+the+past+few+decades+the+community+has+all+but+vanished+from+the+region.&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.au=Stephen+McGrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20190909-the-last-of-transylvanias-saxons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Rouă2015" class="citation web cs1">Victor Rouă (19 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedockyards.com/the-transylvanian-saxon-dialect/">"A Brief History Of The Transylvanian Saxon Dialect"</a>. <i>The Dockyards</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dockyards&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+Of+The+Transylvanian+Saxon+Dialect&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft.au=Victor+Rou%C4%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedockyards.com%2Fthe-transylvanian-saxon-dialect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203005510/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1984/0162702/index.html">"<i>Mémorial A</i> no. 16 (27 February 1984), pp. 196–7: "Loi du 24 février 1984 sur le régime des langues"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1984/0162702/index.html">the original</a> on 3 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A+no.+16+%2827+February+1984%29%2C+pp.+196%E2%80%937%3A+%22Loi+du+24+f%C3%A9vrier+1984+sur+le+r%C3%A9gime+des+langues%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1984%2F0162702%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausemer" class="citation book cs1">Hausemer, Georges. <i>Luxemburger Lexikon - Das Großherzogtum von A-Z</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luxemburger+Lexikon+-+Das+Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum+von+A-Z&rft.aulast=Hausemer&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/languages/languages-spoken-luxembourg.html">"What languages do people speak in Luxembourg?"</a>. <i>luxembourg.public.lu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=luxembourg.public.lu&rft.atitle=What+languages+do+people+speak+in+Luxembourg%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fluxembourg.public.lu%2Fen%2Fsociety-and-culture%2Flanguages%2Flanguages-spoken-luxembourg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/recensement/publication-8/docs/rp08-diversit-linguistique-fr.pdf">"Une diversité linguistique en forte hausse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statistiques.public.lu</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistiques.public.lu&rft.atitle=Une+diversit%C3%A9+linguistique+en+forte+hausse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques.public.lu%2Fdam-assets%2Frecensement%2Fpublication-8%2Fdocs%2Frp08-diversit-linguistique-fr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyseBrasseur,_PierreScuto,_Denis2004" class="citation book cs1">Moyse, François; Brasseur, Pierre; Scuto, Denis (2004). "Luxembourg". In Bauböck, Rainer; Ersbøll, Eva; Groenendijk, Kees; Waldrauch, Harald (eds.). <i>Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Policies and Trends in 15 European States – Volume 2: Country Analysis</i>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-921-4"><bdi>978-90-5356-921-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luxembourg&rft.btitle=Acquisition+and+Loss+of+Nationality%3A+Policies+and+Trends+in+15+European+States+%E2%80%93+Volume+2%3A+Country+Analysis&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-921-4&rft.aulast=Moyse&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Brasseur%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Scuto%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.lu/news/national/a/1242132.html">"VIDEO: ADR-Kongress: Déi 3 Haaptpilieren: Wuesstem, Lëtzebuerger Sprooch a Famill"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VIDEO%3A+ADR-Kongress%3A+D%C3%A9i+3+Haaptpilieren%3A+Wuesstem%2C+L%C3%ABtzebuerger+Sprooch+a+Famill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.lu%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fa%2F1242132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.lu/news/national/a/964594.html">"Lëtzebuerger Sprooch stäerken: ADR: Wichteg Gesetzer och op Lëtzebuergesch"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%ABtzebuerger+Sprooch+st%C3%A4erken%3A+ADR%3A+Wichteg+Gesetzer+och+op+L%C3%ABtzebuergesch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.lu%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fa%2F964594.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193557/https://adr.lu/walen/walen-2013/eise-walprogramm/eise-walprogramm-op-letzebuergesch/26-letzebuergesch-dei-sprooch-fir-eist-land/">"26. Lëtzebuergesch, DÉI Sprooch fir eist Land!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adr.lu/walen/walen-2013/eise-walprogramm/eise-walprogramm-op-letzebuergesch/26-letzebuergesch-dei-sprooch-fir-eist-land/">the original</a> on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26.+L%C3%ABtzebuergesch%2C+D%C3%89I+Sprooch+fir+eist+Land%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadr.lu%2Fwalen%2Fwalen-2013%2Feise-walprogramm%2Feise-walprogramm-op-letzebuergesch%2F26-letzebuergesch-dei-sprooch-fir-eist-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europaforum.public.lu/fr/actualites/2010/09/qp-kartheiser-langue/index.html">"De l'usage de la langue luxembourgeoise dans le contexte européen : Une question parlementaire de Fernand Kartheiser - Europaforum Luxembourg - Septembre 2010"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+l%27usage+de+la+langue+luxembourgeoise+dans+le+contexte+europ%C3%A9en+%3A+Une+question+parlementaire+de+Fernand+Kartheiser+-+Europaforum+Luxembourg+-+Septembre+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropaforum.public.lu%2Ffr%2Factualites%2F2010%2F09%2Fqp-kartheiser-langue%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chd.lu/fr/motion_resolution/4224">"Reconnaissance de la langue luxembourgeoise en tant que langue officielle de l'Union européenne au même titre que la langue irlandaise"</a>. <i>chd.lu</i> (in French). 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chd.lu&rft.atitle=Reconnaissance+de+la+langue+luxembourgeoise+en+tant+que+langue+officielle+de+l%27Union+europ%C3%A9enne+au+m%C3%AAme+titre+que+la+langue+irlandaise&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chd.lu%2Ffr%2Fmotion_resolution%2F4224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ammon,_2014-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ammon,_2014_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ammon,_2014_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulrichammon.de/resources/Stellung_der_deutschen_Sprache.pdf">Ammon, Ulrich - Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in der Welt (de Gruyter Mouton)</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-019298-8">978-3-11-019298-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050426112604/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1946/0400709/index.html">"<i>Mémorial A</i> no. 40 (7 September 1946), pp. 637–41: "Arrêté ministériel du 5 juin 1946 portant fixation d'un système officiel d'orthographe luxembourgeois"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1946/0400709/index.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A+no.+40+%287+September+1946%29%2C+pp.+637%E2%80%9341%3A+%22Arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9+minist%C3%A9riel+du+5+juin+1946+portant+fixation+d%27un+syst%C3%A8me+officiel+d%27orthographe+luxembourgeois%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1946%2F0400709%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Et get kèèn <b>ä</b> geshriven. [...] Et get kèèn <b>ö</b> geshriven." (p. 639)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mémorial B</i> no. 68 (16 November 1976), pp. 1365–90: "Arrêté ministériel du 10 octobre 1975 portant réforme du système officiel d'orthographe luxembourgeoise".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051103181556/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1999/1121108/index.html">"<i>Mémorial A</i> no. 112 (11 August 1999), pp. 2040–8: "Règlement grand-ducal du 30 juillet 1999 portant réforme du système officiel d'orthographe luxembourgeoise"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1999/1121108/index.html">the original</a> on 3 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A+no.+112+%2811+August+1999%29%2C+pp.+2040%E2%80%938%3A+%22R%C3%A8glement+grand-ducal+du+30+juillet+1999+portant+r%C3%A9forme+du+syst%C3%A8me+officiel+d%27orthographe+luxembourgeoise%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1999%2F1121108%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201367_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201372_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201369-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201369_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368–69-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201368–69_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201370_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200975-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200975_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrouvainGilles2009">Trouvain & Gilles (2009)</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201371-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201371_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillesTrouvain201371_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013">Gilles & Trouvain (2013)</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200972-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrouvainGilles200972_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrouvainGilles2009">Trouvain & Gilles (2009)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lulling, Jérôme. (2002) <i>La créativité lexicale en luxembourgeois,</i> Doctoral thesis, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173602/http://www.ids-mannheim.de/pub/extern/eurogerm/eug20.html">"Eurogermanistik - Band 20"</a>. 27 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ids-mannheim.de/pub/extern/eurogerm/eug20.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurogermanistik+-+Band+20&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ids-mannheim.de%2Fpub%2Fextern%2Feurogerm%2Feug20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laf_insl-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laf_insl_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508061725/http://www.insl.lu/Francais/page3/p3frame.htm">"Institut national des langues – INL – Passer un examen à l'INL"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insl.lu/Francais/page3/p3frame.htm">the original</a> on 8 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Institut+national+des+langues+%E2%80%93+INL+%E2%80%93+Passer+un+examen+%C3%A0+l%27INL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insl.lu%2FFrancais%2Fpage3%2Fp3frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shef.ac.uk/luxembourg-studies">"Centre for Luxembourg Studies"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+for+Luxembourg+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshef.ac.uk%2Fluxembourg-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1311464.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Endangered" but growing: The Luxemburgish language celebrates 35th anniversary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Endangered%22+but+growing%3A+The+Luxemburgish+language+celebrates+35th+anniversary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.rtl.lu%2Fnews%2Fluxembourg%2Fa%2F1311464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luxtimes.lu/en/luxembourg/is-luxembourgish-an-endangered-language-602d462bde135b9236514279">"Is Luxembourgish an endangered language?"</a>. 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Luxembourgish+an+endangered+language%3F&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxtimes.lu%2Fen%2Fluxembourg%2Fis-luxembourgish-an-endangered-language-602d462bde135b9236514279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016173831/https://www.moien.lu/letzebuergesch-gett-verdrangt/">"Lëtzebuergesch gëtt ëmmer méi aus dem Alldag verdrängt"</a>. <i>MOIEN.LU</i> (in Luxembourgish). 25 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moien.lu/letzebuergesch-gett-verdrangt/">the original</a> on 16 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MOIEN.LU&rft.atitle=L%C3%ABtzebuergesch+g%C3%ABtt+%C3%ABmmer+m%C3%A9i+aus+dem+Alldag+verdr%C3%A4ngt&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moien.lu%2Fletzebuergesch-gett-verdrangt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inll.lu/sproochentest-letzebuergesh/epreuves-des-langues/">"Examen d'évaluation de la langue luxembourgeoise " Sproochentest " | Institut National des Langues"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Examen+d%27%C3%A9valuation+de+la+langue+luxembourgeoise+%22+Sproochentest+%22+%7C+Institut+National+des+Langues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inll.lu%2Fsproochentest-letzebuergesh%2Fepreuves-des-langues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016173831/https://www.moien.lu/letzebuergesch-gett-verdrangt/">"Lëtzebuergesch gëtt ëmmer méi aus dem Alldag verdrängt"</a>. <i>MOIEN.LU</i> (in Luxembourgish). 25 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moien.lu/letzebuergesch-gett-verdrangt/">the original</a> on 16 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MOIEN.LU&rft.atitle=L%C3%ABtzebuergesch+g%C3%ABtt+%C3%ABmmer+m%C3%A9i+aus+dem+Alldag+verdr%C3%A4ngt&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moien.lu%2Fletzebuergesch-gett-verdrangt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabbel.comGmbH" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.babbel.com/de/magazine/sprachen-elsass-lothringen">"Welche Sprachen werden in Elsass-Lothringen gesprochen?"</a>. <i>Das Babbel Magazin</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Das+Babbel+Magazin&rft.atitle=Welche+Sprachen+werden+in+Elsass-Lothringen+gesprochen%3F&rft.au=Babbel.com&rft.au=GmbH%2C+Lesson+Nine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.babbel.com%2Fde%2Fmagazine%2Fsprachen-elsass-lothringen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guykaiser.lu/dletzebuergescht-bald-eng-langue-morte/">"D'Lëtzebuergescht, bald eng langue morte?!"</a>. <i>Guy Kaiser Online</i>. 12 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guy+Kaiser+Online&rft.atitle=D%27L%C3%ABtzebuergescht%2C+bald+eng+langue+morte%3F%21&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguykaiser.lu%2Fdletzebuergescht-bald-eng-langue-morte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guykaiser.lu/dletzebuergescht-bald-eng-langue-morte/">"D'Lëtzebuergescht, bald eng langue morte?!"</a>. <i>Guy Kaiser Online</i>. 12 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guy+Kaiser+Online&rft.atitle=D%27L%C3%ABtzebuergescht%2C+bald+eng+langue+morte%3F%21&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguykaiser.lu%2Fdletzebuergescht-bald-eng-langue-morte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/1778933.html">"Findel airport: Public announcements no longer available in Luxembourgish"</a>. <i>today.rtl.lu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=today.rtl.lu&rft.atitle=Findel+airport%3A+Public+announcements+no+longer+available+in+Luxembourgish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.rtl.lu%2Fnews%2Fluxembourg%2Fa%2F1778933.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actioun-letzebuergesch.lu/files/artikelen/20210907-al.pdf">"D'Sprooche vun den automateschen Ukënnegungen um Flughafe Findel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.actioun-letzebuergesch.lu</i> (in Luxembourgish). 7 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.actioun-letzebuergesch.lu&rft.atitle=D%27Sprooche+vun+den+automateschen+Uk%C3%ABnnegungen+um+Flughafe+Findel&rft.date=2021-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actioun-letzebuergesch.lu%2Ffiles%2Fartikelen%2F20210907-al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.lu/radio/invite-vun-der-redaktioun/a/1920402.html">"Invité vun der Redaktioun (30. Mee) - Fred Keup: "D'ADR ass wichteg fir de politeschen Debat"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invit%C3%A9+vun+der+Redaktioun+%2830.+Mee%29+-+Fred+Keup%3A+%22D%27ADR+ass+wichteg+fir+de+politeschen+Debat%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.lu%2Fradio%2Finvite-vun-der-redaktioun%2Fa%2F1920402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bruch, Robert. (1955) <i>Précis de grammaire luxembourgeoise</i>. Bulletin Linguistique et Ethnologique de l'Institut Grand-Ducal, Luxembourg, Linden. (2nd edition of 1968)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013" class="citation cs2">Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/1143/1/Illustrations_Luxembourgish%20-%2017%20-%20revised%20version%20after%202nd%20revision%20-%20mit%20Bilder.pdf">"Luxembourgish"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>43</b> (1): 67–74, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000278">10.1017/S0025100312000278</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Luxembourgish&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-74&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000278&rft.aulast=Gilles&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Trouvain%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forbilu.uni.lu%2Fbitstream%2F10993%2F1143%2F1%2FIllustrations_Luxembourgish%2520-%252017%2520-%2520revised%2520version%2520after%25202nd%2520revision%2520-%2520mit%2520Bilder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schanen, François and Lulling, Jérôme. (2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpll.lu/ortho/intro_ortho.html">Introduction à l'orthographe luxembourgeoise</a></i>. (text available in French and Luxembourgish)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrouvainGilles2009" class="citation conference cs1">Trouvain, Jūrgen; Gilles, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/ptlc/ptlc2009/ptlc2009-proceedings/ptlc2009_trouvain_014_ed.pdf"><i>PhonLaF – phonetic online material for Luxembourgish as a foreign language</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Phonetics Teaching & Learning Conference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=PhonLaF+%E2%80%93+phonetic+online+material+for+Luxembourgish+as+a+foreign+language&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Trouvain&rft.aufirst=J%C5%ABrgen&rft.au=Gilles%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fptlc%2Fptlc2009%2Fptlc2009-proceedings%2Fptlc2009_trouvain_014_ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>In English</b> </p> <ul><li>NEWTON, Gerald (ed.), <i>Luxembourg and Lëtzebuergesch: Language and Communication at the Crossroads of Europe</i>, Oxford, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-824016-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-824016-3">0-19-824016-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamura2011" class="citation cs2">Tamura, Kenichi (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070204/http://repository.aichi-edu.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10424/3802/1/kenjin601121.pdf">"The Wiltz Dialect in a Luxembourgish Drama for Children: Analysis of the Script for "Den Zauberer vun Oz" (2005)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Bulletin of Aichi University of Education</i>, <b>60</b>: 11–21, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.aichi-edu.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10424/3802/1/kenjin601121.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Aichi+University+of+Education&rft.atitle=The+Wiltz+Dialect+in+a+Luxembourgish+Drama+for+Children%3A+Analysis+of+the+Script+for+%22Den+Zauberer+vun+Oz%22+%282005%29&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=11-21&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=Kenichi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.aichi-edu.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10424%2F3802%2F1%2Fkenjin601121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>In French</b> </p> <ul><li>BRAUN, Josy, <i>et al.</i> (en coll. avec Projet Moien), <i>Grammaire de la langue luxembourgeoise</i>. Luxembourg, Ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-495-00025-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-495-00025-8">2-495-00025-8</a></li> <li>SCHANEN, François, <i>Parlons Luxembourgeois, Langue et culture linguistique d'un petit pays au coeur de l'Europe</i>. Paris, L'Harmattan 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-6289-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7475-6289-1">2-7475-6289-1</a></li> <li>SCHANEN, François / ZIMMER, Jacqui, <i>1,2,3 Lëtzebuergesch Grammaire</i>. Band 1: <i>Le groupe verbal.</i> Band 2: <i>Le groupe nominal.</i> Band 3:<i>L'orthographe.</i> Esch-sur-Alzette, éditions Schortgen, 2005 et 2006</li> <li>SCHANEN, François / ZIMMER, Jacqui, <i>Lëtzebuergesch Grammaire luxembourgeoise</i>. En un volume. Esch-sur-Alzette, éditions Schortgen, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87953-146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87953-146-5">978-2-87953-146-5</a></li></ul> <p><b>In Luxembourgish</b> </p> <ul><li>SCHANEN, François, <i>Lëtzebuergesch Sproocherubriken</i>. Esch-sur-Alzette, éditions Schortgen, 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87953-174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87953-174-8">978-2-87953-174-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meyer" title="Antoine Meyer">Meyer, Antoine</a>, <i>E' Schrek ob de' lezeburger Parnassus</i>, Lezeburg (Luxembourg), Lamort, 1829</li></ul> <p><b>In German</b> </p> <ul><li>BRUCH, Robert, <i>Grundlegung einer Geschichte des Luxemburgischen</i>, Luxembourg, Publications scientifiques et littéraires du Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 1953, vol. I; <i>Das Luxemburgische im westfränkischen Kreis</i>, Luxembourg, Publications scientifiques et littéraires du Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, 1954, vol. II</li> <li>MOULIN, Claudine and Nübling, Damaris (publisher): <i>Perspektiven einer linguistischen Luxemburgistik. Studien zu Diachronie und Synchronie.</i>, Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg, 2006. This book has been published with the support of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonds_National_de_la_Recherche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonds National de la Recherche (page does not exist)">Fonds National de la Recherche</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGILLES1998" class="citation journal cs1">GILLES, Peter (1998). "Die Emanzipation des Lëtzebuergeschen aus dem Gefüge der deutschen Mundarten". <i>Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie</i>. <b>117</b>: 20–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+Philologie&rft.atitle=Die+Emanzipation+des+L%C3%ABtzebuergeschen+aus+dem+Gef%C3%BCge+der+deutschen+Mundarten&rft.volume=117&rft.pages=20-35&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=GILLES&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourgish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>BERG, Guy, <i>Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sin: Soziolinguistische und sprachtypologische Betrachtungen zur luxemburgischen Mehrsprachigkeit.</i>, Tübingen, 1993 (Reihe Germanistische Linguistik 140). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-31140-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-31140-1">3-484-31140-1</a></li> <li>(phrasebook) REMUS, Joscha, <i>Lëtzebuergesch Wort für Wort</i>. Kauderwelsch Band 104. Bielefeld, Reise Know-How Verlag 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89416-310-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-89416-310-0">3-89416-310-0</a></li> <li>WELSCHBILLIG Myriam, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Schanen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Schanen (page does not exist)">SCHANEN François</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lulling" title="Jérôme Lulling">Jérôme Lulling</a>, <i>Luxdico Deutsch: Luxemburgisch ↔ Deutsches Wörterbuch</i>, Luxemburg (Éditions Schortgen) 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editions-schortgen.lu/DE/Catalogue/Detail.asp?Id=109">Luxdico Deutsch</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lb:"> Luxembourgish edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luxembourgish_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpll.lu/">Conseil Permanent de la Langue Luxembourgeoise</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luxvocabulary.com">LuxVocabulary: Web application for learning Luxembourgish vocabulary</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Spellcheckers and dictionaries</dt></dl> <ul><li>Spellcheckers for Luxembourgish: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spellchecker.lu">Spellchecker.lu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222032546/https://spellchecker.lu/">Spellchecker.lu - Richteg Lëtzebuergesch schreiwen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luxdico.lu">Luxdico</a> online dictionary (24.000 words)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lod.lu">Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire (Luxembourgish Online Dictionary)</a> with German, French and Portuguese translations created by the CPLL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dico.lu">dico.lu – Dictionnaire Luxembourgeois//Français</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.6000wierder.lu/">Luxembourgish Dictionary</a> with pronunciation, translation to and from English, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luxogramm.uni.lu">Luxogramm – Information system for the Luxembourgish grammar (University of Luxembourg, LU)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Luxembourg_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Luxembourg_topics" title="Template:Luxembourg topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Luxembourg_topics" title="Template talk:Luxembourg topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Luxembourg_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Luxembourg topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Luxembourg_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Luxembourg" title="Celtic Luxembourg">Celtic Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">Forêts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_and_the_Belgian_Revolution" title="Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">First Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848_in_Luxembourg" title="Revolution of 1848 in Luxembourg">1848 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Crisis" title="Luxembourg Crisis">Luxembourg Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1867)" title="Treaty of London (1867)">Second Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Luxembourg" title="Partitions of Luxembourg">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_of_Luxembourg" title="Military occupations of Luxembourg">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Luxembourg" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg">Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Luxembourg" title="History of rail transport in Luxembourg">Railway history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Luxembourg" title="Administrative divisions of Luxembourg">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Luxembourg" title="Districts of Luxembourg">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Luxembourg" title="Communes of Luxembourg">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Luxembourg" title="List of towns in Luxembourg">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_Luxembourg_City" title="Quarters of Luxembourg City">quarters</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Luxembourg" title="Extreme points of Luxembourg">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttland" title="Guttland">Guttland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Switzerland_(Luxembourg)" title="Little Switzerland (Luxembourg)">Little Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg plateau">Luxembourg plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Valley" title="Moselle Valley">Moselle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lands" title="Red Lands">Red Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Seven_Castles" title="Valley of the Seven Castles">Valley of the Seven Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89islek" title="Éislek">Éislek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of rivers of Luxembourg">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35th_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="35th Chamber of Deputies">Current members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Government_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of Government of Luxembourg">Council of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Luxembourg)" title="Consultative Assembly (Luxembourg)">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Luxembourg" title="List of diplomatic missions of Luxembourg">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Luxembourg">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Luxembourg">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Police" title="Grand Ducal Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Luxembourg" title="List of political parties in Luxembourg">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountancy_in_Luxembourg" title="Accountancy in Luxembourg">Accountancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Luxembourg_Economic_Union" title="Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union">Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Luxembourg" title="Electricity sector in Luxembourg">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%27s_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg's euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Stock_Exchange" title="Luxembourg Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Luxembourg" title="Transport in Luxembourg">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Luxembourg" title="Category:Society of Luxembourg">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Luxembourg" title="Demographics of Luxembourg">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Category:Education in Luxembourg">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="Law on euthanasia and assisted suicide">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_Luxembourg" title="Social welfare in Luxembourg">Social welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_art" title="Luxembourgish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_wine" title="Luxembourgish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Luxembourg" title="National symbols of Luxembourg">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Luxembourg" title="List of newspapers in Luxembourg">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(DRM)" title="Radio Luxembourg (DRM)">Radio Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_(Luxembourgian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL (Luxembourgian TV channel)">RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Luxembourg" title="Sport in Luxembourg">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Luxembourg" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Luxembourg" title="Outline of Luxembourg">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luxembourg" title="Category:Luxembourg">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Template talk:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages and dialects of Benelux"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_and_dialects_of_Benelux" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages and dialects of <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhoeks</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9051#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4125795-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Luxembourgish language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003005414">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119667950">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119667950">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001134462">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lucemburština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph263235&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lengua luxemburguesa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX554274">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549430205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&oldid=1256036744">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&oldid=1256036744</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luxembourgish_language" title="Category:Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_languages" title="Category:Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_German_languages" title="Category:Central German languages">Central German languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_dialects" title="Category:German dialects">German dialects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Category:Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_France" title="Category:Languages of France">Languages of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Category:Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Luxembourg" title="Category:National symbols of Luxembourg">National symbols of Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Verb-second_languages" title="Category:Verb-second languages">Verb-second languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Wallonia" title="Category:Culture of Wallonia">Culture of Wallonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Category:Liège Province">Liège Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Category:Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg (Belgium)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arlon" title="Category:Arlon">Arlon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:St._Vith" title="Category:St. Vith">St. Vith</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Luxembourgish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Luxembourgish-language text">Articles containing Luxembourgish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_citing_Ethnologue_25" title="Category:Language articles citing Ethnologue 25">Language articles citing Ethnologue 25</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Luxembourgish-language_sources_(lb)" title="Category:CS1 Luxembourgish-language sources (lb)">CS1 Luxembourgish-language sources (lb)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Luxembourgish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Luxembourgish IPA">Pages with Luxembourgish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-1_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code">Languages with ISO 639-1 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2023">Articles needing additional references from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 22:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourgish&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-c8t55","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.323","walltime":"2.740","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15378,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":406675,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25490,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":214707,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2390.001 1 -total"," 19.36% 462.643 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.32% 437.960 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 16.93% 404.625 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.25% 340.632 151 Template:Lang"," 14.01% 334.788 32 Template:Cite_web"," 7.69% 183.902 1 Template:Luxembourg_topics"," 7.59% 181.485 1 Template:Country_topics"," 6.72% 160.684 21 Template:Sfnp"," 6.00% 143.342 69 Template:IPA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.431","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20723300,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBabbel.comGmbH\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBengt_Skoog1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFehlen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGILLES1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHausemer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKas_Deprez1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoyseBrasseur,_PierreScuto,_Denis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Geographic_Society2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_McGrath2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamura2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrouvainGilles2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor_Rouă2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVu(m)_Nathalie_Lodhi2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 13,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Luxembourgish Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 69,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 54,\n [\"IPAblink\"] = 9,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAplink\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 151,\n [\"Languages of the Benelux\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Luxembourg topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 2,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 21,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 6,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","29.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","20.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","6.1"],["(for generator)","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.9"],["type","60","3.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.4"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","20","1.2"],["[others]","240","14.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-fs67v","timestamp":"20241203065418","ttl":2480746,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Luxembourgish","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luxembourgish","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9051","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9051","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T13:52:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T22:19:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/74\/Moselfrankisch.png","headline":"Germanic language or language variety spoken in Luxembourg"}</script> </body> </html>