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</button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_objects_and_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_objects_and_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Geographical objects and names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_objects_and_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Linguistic usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistic_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linguistic usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_"Magic_Songs"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_"Magic_Songs""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In "Magic Songs"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_"Magic_Songs"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riddles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riddles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Riddles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riddles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Kalevala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Kalevala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In the <i>Kalevala</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Kalevala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Associated terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_language_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_language_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern language usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_language_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" 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class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hiisi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="هيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%96" title="Хійсі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хійсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%8B%9C" title="히시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹൈസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Хийси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хийси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%81%AF" title="希息 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希息" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1618029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term in Finnic mythologies</div> <p><b>Hiisi</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Finnish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈhiːsi]</a></span>; plural <i>hiidet</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈhiːdet]</a></span>) is a term in <a href="/wiki/Finnic_mythologies" title="Finnic mythologies">Finnic mythologies</a>, originally denoting sacred localities and later on various types of mythological entities. </p><p>In later, Christian-influenced folklore, they are depicted as demonic or <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>-like entities, often the autochthonous, <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> inhabitants of the land, similar in this respect to mythological <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giants</a>. They are found near salient <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontories</a>, ominous crevasses, large boulders, potholes, woods, hills, and other outstanding geographical features or rough terrain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_etymology">Origin and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hiisi was originally a spirit of hill forests (<a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898">Abercromby 1898</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hiis_(sacred_site)" title="Hiis (sacred site)">hiis</a></i> (or <i>his</i>) means a sacred grove in trees, usually on elevated ground. In the spells ("magic songs") of the Finns the term Hiisi is often used in association with a hill or mountain, as a personage he also associated with the hills and mountains, such as the owner or ruler of the same. His name is also commonly associated with forests, and some forest animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898"Hiisi",_p.292-293_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898"Hiisi",_p.292-293-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recent speculation, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauno_Koski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauno Koski (page does not exist)">Mauno Koski</a> and others, associates the Finnish "Hiisi" and the Estonian "Hiis" primarily with burial sites, or sacred areas associated with burial sites; with a secondary meaning of <i>hiisi</i> applied to dominant, exceptional or anomalous geographical features. Following the Christianization of Finland and Estonia these meanings may have been lost or become unclear, which may have led to the application of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> to <i>hiisi</i> sites, as "giant's ...", or the emergence of Hiisi or Hiis as a <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a>, the name of a deity or spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been supposed that Hiisi's evil nature has been magnified over time, starting with the Christianization of Finland in the 12th and 13th centuries. In more recent times his nature has been nearly identical with that of a Christian devil, or even <i>the</i> Devil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898295_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898295-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bishop <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>'s list of Finnish pagan gods Hiisi is said to have been a god of forest game or fur, sharing this attribute with a similar god, <a href="/wiki/Tapio_(spirit)" title="Tapio (spirit)">Tapio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman200915_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman200915-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oral folklore concerning <i>hiisi</i> mostly describes creatures that dwelt in <i>hiisi</i> sites, typically <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">trolls</a> or <a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">giants</a>. Many of the stories describe how odd rock formations or other features of the landscape were created by the actions of these creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman200911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman200911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the recorded folklore about <i>hiisi</i> comes from the village of Narva in <a href="/wiki/Vesilahti" title="Vesilahti">Vesilahti</a>, Finland. There are tales of cauldrons of coins being caught by fishermen after having rolled down the cliff at Hiidennokka, as well as tales of how the cape of Hiidennokka was created by giants throwing rocks. One of these tales takes on a Christian element, as the giants throw rocks into the sea to prevent people going to church by boat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman200911–12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman200911–12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later the original aspect of nature's awesomeness inherent in the <i>hiidet</i> was diminished, and they passed into folklore as purely evil spirits vaguely analogous to <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">trolls</a>. According to this later view, <i>hiidet</i> were often small in size, but others were gigantic. <i>Hiidet</i> could travel in a noisy procession and attack people who did not give way to them. If somebody left their door open, a <i>hiisi</i> could come inside and steal something. If you were chased by a <i>hiisi</i>. you should seek safety in a cultivated area. In folklore, it was the cultivated areas that were blessed in contrast to the pagan holiness residing in the awesome and forbidding features of raw nature, and an evil <i>hiisi</i> could not step inside areas sanctified by cultivation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_objects_and_names">Geographical objects and names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical objects and names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933 a Finnish archaeologist, <a href="/wiki/Aarne_Micha%C3%ABl_Tallgren" title="Aarne Michaël Tallgren">Aarne Michaël Tallgren</a>, identified 15 or 16 potential Hiisi locations, and in 1967 a linguist, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauno_Koski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauno Koski (page does not exist)">Mauno Koski</a>, identified 14 <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> cemeteries as Hiisi sites. Both based their lists primarily on the presence of an element of the word <i>hiisi</i> in placenames. These locations include <a href="/wiki/Cup_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup mark">cup marked</a> stones, sacred trees and springs. The term <i>hiisi</i> appears as a compound element in placenames such as <i>Hiisimäki</i> [<i>hiisi</i> hill].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman20097–8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman20097–8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Finnish term for a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> grave is a <i><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/hiidenkiuas" class="extiw" title="fi:hiidenkiuas">hiidenkiuas</a></i> [hiisi's sauna stove]. A <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_kettle" title="Giant's kettle">giant's kettle</a> is called a <i><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiidenkirnu" class="extiw" title="fi:Hiidenkirnu">hiidenkirnu</a></i> [hiisi's churn]. </p><p>The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Hiitola" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiitola">Hiitola</a> takes its name from the spirit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_usage">Linguistic usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linguistic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_"Magic_Songs""><span id="In_.22Magic_Songs.22"></span>In "Magic Songs"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In "Magic Songs""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous "Magic Songs" were catalogued by <a href="#CITEREFLönnrot1880">Lönnrot 1880</a> in the <i>Suomen kansan muinaisia loitsurunoja</i>, translated into English by Abercromby;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898vi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898vi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these contain numerous references to "Hiisi" : </p><p><i>Hiisi</i> was often used as a prefix in figurative expressions referring to certain things in Finnish life when casting spells ("magic songs")- for example for animals (in English): <i>"Hiisi's bandy legs"</i>: a Hare;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a57,_''also''_§67,_pp.155-6_"For_Catching_Hares"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a57,_''also''_§67,_pp.155-6_"For_Catching_Hares"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"braid of hair of Hiisi's girl"</i>, or <i>"Hiisi's scourge"</i>: a Snake;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Hiisi's eye"</i>: A Lizard.;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§47,_p.137_"For_a_Lizard's_Bite"_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§47,_p.137_"For_a_Lizard's_Bite"-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"Hiisi's bird"</i>: a Hornet;.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§113,_p.199_"Against_Wasps"_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§113,_p.199_"Against_Wasps"-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same was used for diseases and afflictions: <i>"Hound of Hiisi"</i>: disease causing principle; <i>"Hiisi's son"</i>, <i>"Hiisi's cat"</i>: Toothache; <i>"Hiisi's toadstool"</i>, <i>"Hiisi's filth"</i>: tumors or swellings, etc. - the term "Hiisi" alone was also used for ailments, Tempo and Juntas's names were also used in similar contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a59–60,_''also''_§22-23,_pp.111-2,_§28,_pp.116-7,_§29,_pp.117-8,_§114,_pp.199-200,_§129,_pp.221-2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a59–60,_''also''_§22-23,_pp.111-2,_§28,_pp.116-7,_§29,_pp.117-8,_§114,_pp.199-200,_§129,_pp.221-2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiisi's name was also used in curses - such as one against envy : </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Whoever looks with envious glance, keeps turning round with jealous eye, causes bewitchment with his mouth, or imprecates with 'words,' may the slag of Hiisi fill his eyes, the soot of Hiisi soil his face, may a fiery bung plug up his mouth, may Lempo’s lock clinch fast his jaws, may his mouth get overgrown with moss, the root of his tongue be broken off, may one of his eyes like honey run, like butter may the other flow into the raging fire, into Hiisi’s bin of coals, may his head dry into stone and skin grow on the top. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">(<a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, p. 71) </cite></p> </div> <p>In such incantations Hiisi's name often carries negative connotations, being associated with waste, pain, punishment and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a72,_74,_79,_90–1,_99_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a72,_74,_79,_90–1,_99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all associations were negative - Hiisi is associated with good horses - in a song about travel : <i>".. good horses live at Hiisi’s place, on the mountains there are first-rate foals. From Hiisi take a horse, from the hard land a trotting horse, the chestnut nag of Hiisi with forelock of fire .. "</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a79–80,_''for_another_see''_§65,_pp.152-3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a79–80,_''for_another_see''_§65,_pp.152-3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiisi was also assumed to assist forest hunters catching game.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898ap.156,_Note_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898ap.156,_Note_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One folklore song gives Hiisi as the origin (creator) of the Horse,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§187,_p.307_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§187,_p.307-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though (<a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898">Abercromby 1898</a>) claims this is a substitution and that he was originally associated with the Elk, Reindeer or Ox.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898294_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898294-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name is also invoked in songs telling of the origins of parts of other creatures including the cat's tail, and the raven's neck, body, legs, and guts, and one of its eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§195,_p.312;_§200,_p.314-315_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§195,_p.312;_§200,_p.314-315-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One song tells of the snake's creation from the saliva of a sleeping Hiisi, which was eaten by <a href="/wiki/Sy%C3%B6j%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Syöjätär">Syöjätär</a> - it burned and she coughed it out - once dried out Hiisi gave it life. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§203,_pp.317-326_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§203,_pp.317-326-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Tempo and Hiisi both appear in some forms of this creation text) The <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a> tree was also said to have come from Hiisi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a346_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a346-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hornet (or wasp), closely associated with Hiisi (or Tempo) is a key element in the mythic creation of steel from iron - its sting - mistaken for honey by the smith <a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a> was used to harden the iron into steel - this poison was indicated as the origin of steel being used as a weapon against other people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§214_"The_Origin_of_Iron",_pp.347-351_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§214_"The_Origin_of_Iron",_pp.347-351-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One version of the origin of copper ore has it coming from the urine of Hilahatar (Hiisi's girl), his old woman, and his mare (horse).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§227_"The_Origin_of_Copper",_p.381_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§227_"The_Origin_of_Copper",_p.381-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riddles">Riddles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Riddles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hiisi's name was used in Finnish riddles - <i>"Hiisi's elk"</i> (or <i>".. with a hundred horns"</i>) is a pine tree; and <i>"the neighing of Hiisi's horse in Hiisi's land"</i> refers to thunder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898293_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898293-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Kalevala">In the <i>Kalevala</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the Kalevala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Except where noted, quotations in English are from the translation by <a href="#CITEREFKirby1907">Kirby 1907</a></i></dd></dl> <p>There are many references to Hiisi in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>. </p><p>In Runo VI <a href="/wiki/Joukahainen" title="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</a>'s bow has a drawstring made from the "elk of Hisi". </p><p>In Runo VII an evil spirit or agent called <i>Hiisi</i> is blamed for <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a>'s self-injury with his axe. </p><p>In Runo IX "Hiisi's cauldron" is mentioned as a vessel for creating enchantments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a> is associated indirectly with Hiisi. He sometimes calls on Hiisi's aid, or others refer to the association as an insult. Hiisi's name is invoked in spells by Lemminkäinen. In Runo XI he silences a guard dog with the words "Stop the barker's mouth, O Hiisi", and in Runo XII, when he sings a spell calling forth warriors to aid him from the earth, the water and the forests he refers to those from the water as "Water-Hiisi". In Runo XI Lemminkäinen claims to have a sword with a "blade forged by Hiisi" and the same sword is mentioned in Runo XII as having been sharpened by Hiisi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a>'s pursuit of "Hiisi's elk" is the main quest in Runo XIII. The form of this elk fulfills a curse made earlier (lines 55-58), and it is constructed by Hiisi with a head of rotten wood, horns of willow, and other parts of sticks, reeds, and so on. </p><p>In Runo XIV Lemminkäinen is given the task of bridling the <i>"fire-breathing steed of Hiisi"</i>. </p><p>In Runo XVII the giant <a href="/wiki/Antero_Vipunen" title="Antero Vipunen">Antero Vipunen</a> refers to Väinämöinen, who has entered his stomach and is troubling him, as a Hiisi (line 169, 277), and as a "hound of Hiisi" (line 245), while Väinämöinen refers to Vipunen's stomach as "Hiisi's stable" (line 117). </p><p>In Runo XIX a field of serpents is said to have once been ploughed by Hiisi. </p><p>Runo XXVI includes the tale of the creation of snakes by Hiisi and <a href="/wiki/Sy%C3%B6j%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Syöjätär">Syöjätär</a>. </p><p>In Runo XXVII the Mistress of Pohjola refers to Lemminkäinen as "scamp of Hiisi" (line 263). </p><p>In both Runo XXXIII and Runo L a woman is insulted as a "whore of Hiisi". </p><p>There are also figurative expressions such as "Bird of Hiisi" for a wasp (Runo IX). </p><p>There are some minor references that do not fit the pattern of references to evil spirits. In Runo XVIII, for instance, there is a line,<i>"Gently barked the castle's Hiisi"</i>, though the text make it clear that is an ordinary dog (lines 476–550). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_terms">Associated terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Associated terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hiitola</i> is his home/homeland; <i>Hippa</i> his daughter, and <i>Kipinatar</i> his cat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898aSee_refs_in_index_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898aSee_refs_in_index-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_language_usage">Modern language usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern language usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often, the English "<a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblin</a>" is translated as "hiisi" in Finnish, due to the numerous similarities between the typical goblin and hiisi. In the Finnish translations of the works of <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, where the word "goblin" is a synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">Orc</a>", <i>hiisi</i> is used as the translation for "goblin", whereas "orc" is translated as "örkki". </p><p>In modern Finnish, hiisi and its derivatives <i>hitto</i> and <i>hittolainen</i> are mild <a href="/wiki/Profanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Profanities">profanities</a>. </p><p>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Noita_(video_game)" title="Noita (video game)">Noita</a></i> a faction of hostile <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">NPCs</a> are referred to as The Hiisi. </p><p>In the Swedish fantasy drama <i><a href="/wiki/Border_(2018_Swedish_film)" title="Border (2018 Swedish film)">Border</a></i> (2018), the troll character Vore lays an unfertilized egg that he calls a "hiisit". He says it is a <a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">changeling</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiis_(sacred_site)" title="Hiis (sacred site)">Hiis</a></i> (Estonian) still carries the primary meaning of a sacred grove.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempo" title="Lempo">Lempo</a>, devil type figure in Finnish folklore and myth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piru_(spirit)" title="Piru (spirit)">Piru</a>, evil spirit in Finnish folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_Lappelill" title="Sampo Lappelill">Sampo Lappelill</a> defies Hiisi the Mountain King</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This tale is also told in the Kalevela, Runo XXVI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This tale is also told in the Kalevela, Runo IX</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations_and_references">Citations and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898"Hiisi",_p.292-293-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898"Hiisi",_p.292-293_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898">Abercromby 1898</a>, "Hiisi", p.292-293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIdinopulosYonan1996" class="citation cs2">Idinopulos, Thomas A.; Yonan, Edward A., eds. (1996), <i>The Sacred and Its Scholars: Comparative Methodologies for the Study of Primary Religious Data</i>, E.J. Brill, pp. 47–49</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+and+Its+Scholars%3A+Comparative+Methodologies+for+the+Study+of+Primary+Religious+Data&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898295-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898295_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898">Abercromby 1898</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman200915-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman200915_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessman2009">Wessman 2009</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman200911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman200911_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessman2009">Wessman 2009</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman200911–12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman200911–12_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessman2009">Wessman 2009</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessman20097–8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessman20097–8_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWessman2009">Wessman 2009</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898vi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898vi_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898">Abercromby 1898</a>, pp. vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a57,_''also''_§67,_pp.155-6_"For_Catching_Hares"-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a57,_''also''_§67,_pp.155-6_"For_Catching_Hares"_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, p. 57, <i>also</i> §67, pp.155-6 "For Catching Hares".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§47,_p.137_"For_a_Lizard's_Bite"-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§47,_p.137_"For_a_Lizard's_Bite"_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, p. 58, <i>also</i> §47, p.137 "For a Lizard's Bite".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§113,_p.199_"Against_Wasps"-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a58,_''also''_§113,_p.199_"Against_Wasps"_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, p. 58, <i>also</i> §113, p.199 "Against Wasps".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a59–60,_''also''_§22-23,_pp.111-2,_§28,_pp.116-7,_§29,_pp.117-8,_§114,_pp.199-200,_§129,_pp.221-2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a59–60,_''also''_§22-23,_pp.111-2,_§28,_pp.116-7,_§29,_pp.117-8,_§114,_pp.199-200,_§129,_pp.221-2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, pp. 59–60, <i>also</i> §22-23, pp.111-2, §28, pp.116-7, §29, pp.117-8, §114, pp.199-200, §129, pp.221-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a72,_74,_79,_90–1,_99-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a72,_74,_79,_90–1,_99_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, pp. 72, 74, 79, 90–1, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a79–80,_''for_another_see''_§65,_pp.152-3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a79–80,_''for_another_see''_§65,_pp.152-3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, pp. 79–80, <i>for another see</i> §65, pp.152-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898ap.156,_Note_2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898ap.156,_Note_2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, p.156, Note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§187,_p.307-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§187,_p.307_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, §187, p.307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898294-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898294_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898">Abercromby 1898</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§195,_p.312;_§200,_p.314-315-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§195,_p.312;_§200,_p.314-315_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, §195, p.312; §200, p.314-315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§203,_pp.317-326-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§203,_pp.317-326_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, §203, pp.317-326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a346-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a346_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§214_"The_Origin_of_Iron",_pp.347-351-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§214_"The_Origin_of_Iron",_pp.347-351_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, §214 "The Origin of Iron", pp.347-351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§227_"The_Origin_of_Copper",_p.381-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898a§227_"The_Origin_of_Copper",_p.381_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, §227 "The Origin of Copper", p.381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898293-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898293_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898">Abercromby 1898</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898aSee_refs_in_index-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbercromby1898aSee_refs_in_index_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbercromby1898a">Abercromby 1898a</a>, See refs in index.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_cited">Sources cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbercromby1898" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Abercromby,_5th_Baron_Abercromby" title="John Abercromby, 5th Baron Abercromby">Abercromby, John</a> (1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preandprotohisto00aber"><i>The Pre-and Proto- Historic Finns: Both Eastern and Western, with the Magic Songs of the West Finns</i></a>, vol. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-and+Proto-+Historic+Finns%3A+Both+Eastern+and+Western%2C+with+the+Magic+Songs+of+the+West+Finns&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Abercromby&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreandprotohisto00aber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbercromby1898a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Abercromby,_5th_Baron_Abercromby" title="John Abercromby, 5th Baron Abercromby">Abercromby, John</a> (1898a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preandprotohisto02aber"><i>The Pre- and Proto- Historic Finns: Both Eastern and Western, with the Magic Songs of the West Finns</i></a>, vol. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-+and+Proto-+Historic+Finns%3A+Both+Eastern+and+Western%2C+with+the+Magic+Songs+of+the+West+Finns&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Abercromby&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreandprotohisto02aber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1907" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Forsell_Kirby" title="William Forsell Kirby">Kirby, William Forsell</a>, ed. (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kalevalalandofhe01kirbiala"><i>Kalevala: The Land of Heroes</i></a>, vol. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalevala%3A+The+Land+of+Heroes&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkalevalalandofhe01kirbiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiisi" class="Z3988"></span> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25953">e-text via <i>www.gutenberg.org</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Forsell_Kirby" title="William Forsell Kirby">Kirby, William Forsell</a>, ed. (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kalevalalandofhe02kirbiala"><i>Kalevala: The Land of Heroes</i></a>, vol. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalevala%3A+The+Land+of+Heroes&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkalevalalandofhe02kirbiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiisi" class="Z3988"></span> , <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33089">e-text via <i>www.gutenberg.org</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessman2009" class="citation cs2">Wessman, Anna (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol42/wessman.pdf">"Iron Age Cemeteries and Hiisi Sites: Is There a Connection?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Folklore</i>, <b>42</b>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.wessman">10.7592/FEJF2009.42.wessman</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+Cemeteries+and+Hiisi+Sites%3A+Is+There+a+Connection%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7592%2FFEJF2009.42.wessman&rft.aulast=Wessman&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklore.ee%2Ffolklore%2Fvol42%2Fwessman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiisi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiisi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLönnrot1880" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Lönnrot, Elias</a> (1880), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suomenkansanmui00lngoog"><i>Suomen kansan muinaisia loitsurunoja</i></a> (in Finnish)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+kansan+muinaisia+loitsurunoja&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6nnrot&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuomenkansanmui00lngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHiisi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki_The_Kalevala_25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kalevala" title="Template:Kalevala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kalevala" title="Template talk:Kalevala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kalevala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kalevala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki_The_Kalevala_25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki"><img alt="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/25px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/38px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/50px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="325" /></a></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">The Kalevala</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det,_peilikuva.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki"><img alt="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/25px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/38px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/50px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahti" title="Ahti">Ahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmatar" title="Ilmatar">Ilmatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loviatar" title="Loviatar">Loviatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Päivätär">Päivätär</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuutar" title="Kuutar">Kuutar</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_(Finnish_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surma (Finnish mythology)">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapio_(spirit)" title="Tapio (spirit)">Tapio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuippana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuippana">Kuippana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonetar" title="Tuonetar">Tuonetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoni" title="Tuoni">Tuoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumala" title="Jumala">Jumala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauni_(deity)" title="Rauni (deity)">Rauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Untamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Untamo (page does not exist)">Untamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vammatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vammatar (page does not exist)">Vammatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellamo" title="Vellamo">Vellamo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempo" title="Lempo">Lempo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joukahainen" title="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louhi" title="Louhi">Louhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aino_(mythology)" title="Aino (mythology)">Aino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antero_Vipunen" title="Antero Vipunen">Antero Vipunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku-Turso_(creature)" title="Iku-Turso (creature)">Iku-Turso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielikki" title="Mielikki">Mielikki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tellervo" title="Tellervo">Tellervo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyyrikki" title="Nyyrikki">Nyyrikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otso" title="Otso">Otso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampsa_Pellervoinen" title="Sampsa Pellervoinen">Sampsa Pellervoinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C3%B6j%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Syöjätär">Syöjätär</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahtola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Ahtola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metsola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metsola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohjola" title="Pohjola">Pohjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4in%C3%B6l%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väinölä (page does not exist)">Väinölä</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">Kantele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turja_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turja (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Turja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukonvasara" title="Ukonvasara">Ukonvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Vuoksi" class="mw-redirect" title="River Vuoksi">Vuoksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works inspired by the <i>Kalevala</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Mon_and_Man" title="The Children of Mon and Man">The Children of Mon and Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(Kernaghan_novel)" title="The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel)">The Snow Queen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tomten_in_%C3%85bo_Castle" title="The Tomten in Åbo Castle">The Tomten in Åbo Castle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_of_Serpents" title="The Wall of Serpents">The Wall of Serpents</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_(film)" title="Sampo (film)"><i>Sampo</i> (film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventurers_of_the_North:_Kalevala_Heroes" title="Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes">Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elric_of_Melnibon%C3%A9" title="Elric of Melniboné">Elric of Melniboné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish neopaganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Influences on Tolkien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iron_Danger" title="Iron Danger">Iron Danger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Warrior_(film)" title="Jade Warrior (film)">Jade Warrior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Kalewainen_in_Pochjola" title="Die Kalewainen in Pochjola">Die Kalewainen in Pochjola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala:_The_New_Era" title="Kalevala: The New Era">Kalevala: The New Era</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala_Day" title="Kalevala Day">Kalevala Day</a></li> <li><a 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