particle | CERN

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"https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/" : "http://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/");_paq.push(["setSiteId", "22"]);_paq.push(["setTrackerUrl", u+"matomo.php"]);_paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", 1]);if (!window.matomo_search_results_active) {_paq.push(["trackPageView"]);}_paq.push(["setIgnoreClasses", ["no-tracking","colorbox"]]);_paq.push(["enableLinkTracking"]);var d=document,g=d.createElement("script"),s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type="text/javascript";g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src=u+"matomo.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);})();</script> <meta name="description" content="There are two groups of elementary particles, quarks and leptons. The quarks are up and down, charm and strange, top and bottom (beauty). The leptons are the electron and electron neutrino, muon and muon neutrino, tau and tau neutrino. The quarks and leptons, which are all particles of matter, are referred to collectively as fermions. There are four fundamental forces, or interactions, between particles, which are carried by special particles called bosons. Electromagnetism is carried by the photon, the weak force by the charged W and neutral Z bosons, the strong force by the gluon; gravity is probably carried by the graviton, which has not yet been discovered. Hadrons are particles that feel the strong force. They include mesons, which are composite particles made up of a quark鈥揳ntiquark pair and baryons, which are particles containing three quarks. Pions and kaons are types of meson. Neutrons and protons (the constituents of ordinary matter) are baryons; neutrons contain one up and two down quarks; protons two up and one down quark." /> <meta name="keywords" content="physics, CERN, Large Hadron Collider, LHC, high-energy physics, particles, science" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://home.cern/tags/particle" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/sites/default/themes/custom/cernpublic/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://home.cern/tags/particle" /> <title>particle | CERN</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/cern-loading/css/cern_loading.css?sr5yaa" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Search</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Search" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Search</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> en <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/575" class="en is-active" aria-current="page"><a href="/tags/particle" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/575" aria-current="page">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/575" class="fr"><a href="/fr/taxonomy/term/575" class="language-link" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/575">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blocktaxonomy-term-description-block-1 clearfix" id="block-views-block-taxonomy-term-description-block-1"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="view-taxonomy-term view view-taxonomy-term-description view-id-taxonomy_term_description view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-50765be93fe1359640b2dfdcfe8c048fdeb4bd4163d11763b94eab6c1382fbcb cern-view-display-block cern-view-display-block_1 clearfix"> <div class="view-content clearfix"> <div class="views-row"> <div><span><h1 class="mb-3 mt-3 text-center">particle</h1></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-description__value"><span class="field-content">There are two groups of elementary particles, quarks and leptons. The quarks are up and down, charm and strange, top and bottom (beauty). The leptons are the electron and electron neutrino, muon and muon neutrino, tau and tau neutrino. The quarks and leptons, which are all particles of matter, are referred to collectively as fermions. There are four fundamental forces, or interactions, between particles, which are carried by special particles called bosons. Electromagnetism is carried by the photon, the weak force by the charged W and neutral Z bosons, the strong force by the gluon; gravity is probably carried by the graviton, which has not yet been discovered. Hadrons are particles that feel the strong force. They include mesons, which are composite particles made up of a quark鈥揳ntiquark pair and baryons, which are particles containing three quarks. Pions and kaons are types of meson. Neutrons and protons (the constituents of ordinary matter) are baryons; neutrons contain one up and two down quarks; protons two up and one down quark.</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="views-element-container form-group"> <div class="teaser-list view view-taxonomy-term view-id-taxonomy_term view-display-id-page_taxonomies js-view-dom-id-89327307e0b281e79a55cdae30339a7245a743327fe2bdf0abfc305f69a64a7a cern-view-display-page cern-view-display-page_taxonomies clearfix"> <div class="view-filters form-group"> <form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-taxonomy-term-page-taxonomies" action="/tags/particle" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-taxonomy-term-page-taxonomies" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form--inline form-inline clearfix"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-type-2 js-form-item-type-2 form-group"> <label for="edit-type-2" class="control-label">Content type</label> 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/ cover"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/physics/twice-charm-long-lived-exotic-particle-discovered" hreflang="en">Long-lived exotic particle discovered</a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> Discovery of a new exotic hadron containing two charm quarks and an up and a down antiquark </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Physics </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 29 July, 2021 </div> </div> </div> <div class="preview-list-responsive"> <div data-history-node-id="157696" id="preview-list" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HOMEWEB-PHO-2021-128-2/file?size=medium') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-HOMEWEB-PHO-2021-128-2/file?size=medium" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/physics/twice-charm-long-lived-exotic-particle-discovered"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/physics/twice-charm-long-lived-exotic-particle-discovered" hreflang="en" title="Long-lived exotic particle discovered"> <span> Long-lived exotic particle discovered </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Physics </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> 29 July, 2021 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="preview-list-component clearfix"> <div class="preview-list-image" style="background: #dddddd url(/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/josef_uher_physicist_and_cofunder.jpg?itok=JGnjfZay) no-repeat center center / cover"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/knowledge-sharing/particle-detectors-meet-canvas" hreflang="en">Particle detectors meet canvas </a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> This year is the European year of cultural heritage, but what does particle physics have to do with art? More than you might think </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Knowledge sharing </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 26 March, 2018 </div> </div> </div> <div class="preview-list-responsive"> <div data-history-node-id="3610" id="preview-list--2" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/josef_uher_physicist_and_cofunder.jpg?itok=JGnjfZay') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/josef_uher_physicist_and_cofunder.jpg?itok=JGnjfZay" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/knowledge-sharing/particle-detectors-meet-canvas"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/knowledge-sharing/particle-detectors-meet-canvas" hreflang="en" title="Particle detectors meet canvas"> <span> Particle detectors meet canvas </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Knowledge sharing </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> 26 March, 2018 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="preview-list-component clearfix"> <div class="preview-list-image" style="background: #dddddd url(/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/rsz_georgecharpakmultiwireanniversary.jpg?itok=1TptL6g7) no-repeat center center / cover"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/fifty-years-charpak-revolutionised-particle-detectors" hreflang="en">Fifty years since Charpak revolutionised particle detectors</a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> In 1968, Georges Charpak invented the Nobel prize-winning multiwire proportional chamber pushing particle physics detection into the electronic era </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Experiments </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 23 February, 2018 </div> </div> </div> <div class="preview-list-responsive"> <div data-history-node-id="4401" id="preview-list--3" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/rsz_georgecharpakmultiwireanniversary.jpg?itok=1TptL6g7') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/rsz_georgecharpakmultiwireanniversary.jpg?itok=1TptL6g7" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/experiments/fifty-years-charpak-revolutionised-particle-detectors"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/fifty-years-charpak-revolutionised-particle-detectors" hreflang="en" title="Fifty years since Charpak revolutionised particle detectors"> <span> Fifty years since Charpak revolutionised part... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Experiments </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> 23 February, 2018 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="preview-list-component clearfix"> <div class="preview-list-image" style="background: #dddddd url(/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/run183081evt101291517_wmunu_novalues.png?itok=tcbV-AA0) no-repeat center center / cover"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/first-high-precision-lhc-measurement-w-boson-mass" hreflang="en">First high-precision LHC measurement of W boson mass</a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> In a paper published today in the European Physical Journal C, the ATLAS Collaboration reports the first high-precision measurement of W boson mass </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Experiments </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 12 February, 2018 </div> </div> </div> <div class="preview-list-responsive"> <div data-history-node-id="4399" id="preview-list--4" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/run183081evt101291517_wmunu_novalues.png?itok=tcbV-AA0') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/run183081evt101291517_wmunu_novalues.png?itok=tcbV-AA0" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/experiments/first-high-precision-lhc-measurement-w-boson-mass"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/first-high-precision-lhc-measurement-w-boson-mass" hreflang="en" title="First high-precision LHC measurement of W boson mass"> <span> First high-precision LHC measurement of W bos... </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Experiments </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> 12 February, 2018 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="preview-list-component clearfix"> <div class="preview-list-image" style="background: #dddddd url(/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/cms_3.jpg?itok=bFDklpBK) no-repeat center center / cover"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/long-lived-physics" hreflang="en">Long-lived physics</a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> The CMS collaboration closes in on exotic long-lived particles that could get trapped in its detector layers </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Experiments </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 18 January, 2018 </div> </div> </div> <div class="preview-list-responsive"> <div data-history-node-id="4390" id="preview-list--5" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/cms_3.jpg?itok=bFDklpBK') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/cms_3.jpg?itok=bFDklpBK" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/experiments/long-lived-physics"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/long-lived-physics" hreflang="en" title="Long-lived physics"> <span> Long-lived physics </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Experiments </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> 18 January, 2018 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="preview-list-component clearfix"> <div class="preview-list-image" style="background: #dddddd url(/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/supersymmetric_particle_simulation.jpg?itok=jCGX8wYY) no-repeat center center / cover"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/physics/hunting-season-lhc" hreflang="en">Hunting season at the LHC </a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> With the LHC now back smashing protons together at an energy of 13 TeV, what exotic beasts do physicists hope to find? </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Physics </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 10 August, 2017 </div> </div> </div> <div class="preview-list-responsive"> <div data-history-node-id="4322" id="preview-list--6" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/supersymmetric_particle_simulation.jpg?itok=jCGX8wYY') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/supersymmetric_particle_simulation.jpg?itok=jCGX8wYY" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/physics/hunting-season-lhc"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/physics/hunting-season-lhc" hreflang="en" title="Hunting season at the LHC"> <span> Hunting season at the LHC </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Physics </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> 10 August, 2017 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="preview-list-component clearfix"> <div class="preview-list-image" style="background: #dddddd url(/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/xicc-baryon-lhcb.png?itok=kbCsRMB8) no-repeat center center / cover"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/lhcb-announces-charming-new-particle" hreflang="en">LHCb announces a charming new particle</a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> The LHCb experiment has reported the observation of a baryon containing two charm quarks and one up quark </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Experiments </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 06 July, 2017 </div> </div> </div> <div class="preview-list-responsive"> <div data-history-node-id="4313" id="preview-list--7" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern" style="background:url('/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/xicc-baryon-lhcb.png?itok=kbCsRMB8') no-repeat center center / cover" data-background="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2018-06/xicc-baryon-lhcb.png?itok=kbCsRMB8" class="component-preview-cards box-pattern"> <a class="box-link" target="" href="/news/news/experiments/lhcb-announces-charming-new-particle"></a> <div class="component-preview-cards__veil"></div> <div class="component-preview-cards__box_wrapper"> <div class="component-preview-cards__box"> <div class="preview-card__title"> <h3 class="standard-title"> <a href="/news/news/experiments/lhcb-announces-charming-new-particle" hreflang="en" title="LHCb announces a charming new particle"> <span> LHCb announces a charming new particle </span> </a> </h3> </div> <div class="preview-card__body"></div> <div class="preview-cards__subtext"> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> Experiments </div> <div class="preview-card__category" style="color:"> News </div> <div class="preview-card__date" style="color:"> 06 July, 2017 </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="preview-list-component clearfix"> <div class="preview-list-image"> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-info"> <h3 class="preview-list-title"> <a href="/news/news/physics/2017-what-can-we-expect" hreflang="en">2017: What can we expect?</a> </h3> <div class="preview-list-strap"> <p> CERN鈥檚 Director General, Fabiola Gianotti, discusses the opportunities for physics research in the coming year </p> </div> <div class="preview-list-news-format"> News </div> <div class="preview-list-topic has-separator" > Physics </div> <div class="preview-list-date has-separator" > 27 January, 2017 </div> </div> </div> <div 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