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id="toc-An_Essay_on_the_Nature_and_Significance_of_Economic_Science_(1932)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Essay_on_the_Nature_and_Significance_of_Economic_Science_(1932)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science</i> (1932)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Essay_on_the_Nature_and_Significance_of_Economic_Science_(1932)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collectivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collectivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Collectivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collectivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ليونيل روبنز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليونيل روبنز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লিওনেল চার্লস রবিন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিওনেল চার্লস রবিন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Лайънъл Робинс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лайънъл Робинс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Λάιονελ Ρόμπινς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάιονελ Ρόμπινς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="لیونل رابینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیونل رابینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%EB%84%90_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%88%EC%8A%A4" title="라이어널 로빈스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이어널 로빈스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="लियोनेल रोबिंसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लियोनेल रोबिंसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ליונל רובינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליונל רובינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿಯೋನೆಲ್ ರಾಬಿನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಯೋನೆಲ್ ರಾಬಿನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ليونيل روبنز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليونيل روبنز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="ライオネル・ロビンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライオネル・ロビンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Роббинс, Лайонел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роббинс, Лайонел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="லயனல் ராபின்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லயனல் ராபின்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lionel Robbins" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ліонель Роббінс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліонель Роббінс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2" title="لوئینل رابنز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئینل رابنز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%BE%E6%96%AF" title="莱昂内尔·罗宾斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莱昂内尔·罗宾斯" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British economist (1898–1984)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn">The Lord Robbins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionel_Robbins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lionel_Robbins.jpg/220px-Lionel_Robbins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lionel_Robbins.jpg/330px-Lionel_Robbins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lionel_Robbins.jpg/440px-Lionel_Robbins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="788" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Robbins at the opening of the Lionel Robbins building at the LSE, 27 July 1978</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1898-11-22</span>)</span>22 November 1898<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sipson" title="Sipson">Sipson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 May 1984<span style="display:none">(1984-05-15)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or<br />tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Cannan" title="Edwin Cannan">Edwin Cannan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral<br />students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amiya_Kumar_Dasgupta" title="Amiya Kumar Dasgupta">Amiya Kumar Dasgupta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abba_P._Lerner" title="Abba P. Lerner">Abba P. Lerner</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William Baumol</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hahn" title="Frank Hahn">Frank Hahn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">William Stanley Jevons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wicksteed" title="Philip Wicksteed">Philip Wicksteed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Isaacs" title="Nathan Isaacs">Nathan Isaacs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Report" title="Robbins Report">Robbins Report</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron Robbins</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (22 November 1898 – 15 May 1984) was a British <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, and prominent member of the economics department at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE). He is known for his leadership at LSE, his proposed definition of economics, and for his instrumental efforts in shifting <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon economies">Anglo-Saxon economics</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshallian</a> direction. He is famous for the quote, "Humans want what they can't have." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins was born in <a href="/wiki/Sipson" title="Sipson">Sipson</a>, west of London, the son of <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Richard_Robbins" title="Rowland Richard Robbins">Rowland Richard Robbins</a> (1872–1960), known as Dick, and his wife Rosa Marion Harris;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his father was a farmer, a member of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County_Council" title="Middlesex County Council">Middlesex County Council</a> involved also in the <a href="/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales" title="National Farmers' Union of England and Wales">National Farmers' Union</a>, and the family was <a href="/wiki/Strict_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Strict Baptist">Strict Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sister <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Robbins" title="Caroline Robbins">Caroline</a> became a noted Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caroline_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robbins was educated at home, at Hounslow College (a <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory school</a>) and at <a href="/wiki/Southall_County_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Southall County School">Southall County School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> in October 1915, beginning an Arts degree and attending lectures by <a href="/wiki/W._P._Ker" title="W. P. Ker">W. P. Ker</a>, the medievalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Charles_Montague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Charles Montague (page does not exist)">Francis Charles Montague</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._F._Pollard" class="mw-redirect" title="A. F. Pollard">A. F. Pollard</a>. Wishing to serve in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he began training in early 1916 at <a href="/wiki/Topsham,_Devon" title="Topsham, Devon">Topsham, Devon</a>. He was in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery" title="Royal Field Artillery">Royal Field Artillery</a> as an officer from August 1916 to 1918, when he was wounded by a sniper on 12 April in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Battle of the Lys</a> and returned home with the rank of lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war Robbins became interested in <a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">guild socialism</a>, reading in <a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a> and by personal contact with Reginald Lawson, a connection from the Harris side of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through <a href="/wiki/Clive_Gardiner" title="Clive Gardiner">Clive Gardiner</a>, an artist commissioned by Dick Robbins in 1917 to paint his son's portrait, Robbins met first <a href="/wiki/Alfred_George_Gardiner" title="Alfred George Gardiner">Alfred George Gardiner</a>, Clive's father, and then his ally the activist <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Mallon" title="James Joseph Mallon">James Joseph Mallon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his convalescence and 1919 demobilisation from the army, Robbins was employed for about a year by the Labour Campaign for the Nationalization of the Drink Trade, a position found with Mallon's help. The campaign was an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/State_Management_Scheme" title="State Management Scheme">State Management Scheme</a> set up during the war, and Robbins worked in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgh_Square" title="Mecklenburgh Square">Mecklenburgh Square</a>, London for Mallon and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, Robbins resumed studies at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE), where he was taught by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Cannan" title="Edwin Cannan">Edwin Cannan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Hugh Dalton</a>. He graduated B.Sc. (Econ) in 1923 with first class honours.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalton's biographer <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Ben Pimlott</a> wrote that Robbins was the "most promising student of his generation at the L.S.E."<sup id="cite_ref-Pimlott_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pimlott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic">Academic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduation, Robbins found a six-month position as a researcher for <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>, via Dalton.<sup id="cite_ref-Pimlott_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pimlott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had applied successfully to <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a> for a fellowship in economics, with references from Alfred George Gardiner (shortly to be his father-in-law), <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gregory" title="Theodore Gregory">Theodore Gregory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Wallas" title="Graham Wallas">Graham Wallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a one-year lecturing position, and he returned to LSE in 1925, again with Dalton's backing, as assistant lecturer, shortly becoming lecturer.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pimlott_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pimlott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, Robbins returned to New College as a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_(Oxbridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow (Oxbridge)">Fellow</a>, but continued to teach at LSE, lecturing on a weekly basis. After the death in 1929 of <a href="/wiki/Allyn_Abbott_Young" title="Allyn Abbott Young">Allyn Abbott Young</a>, Professor of Economics at LSE, Robbins replaced him in the chair, and moved with his wife to <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb" title="Hampstead Garden Suburb">Hampstead Garden Suburb</a>. During the 1930s he built up the economics department, hiring <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich von Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSE_Library_at_Lionel_Robbins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/LSE_Library_at_Lionel_Robbins.jpg/220px-LSE_Library_at_Lionel_Robbins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/LSE_Library_at_Lionel_Robbins.jpg/330px-LSE_Library_at_Lionel_Robbins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/LSE_Library_at_Lionel_Robbins.jpg/440px-LSE_Library_at_Lionel_Robbins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Lionel Robbins Building at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contra_Keynes">Contra Keynes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contra Keynes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins clashed with <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> in early October 1930, on the Committee of Economists of the <a href="/wiki/Second_MacDonald_ministry" title="Second MacDonald ministry">Second MacDonald ministry</a>. It was a small working group chaired by Keynes, apart from the Economic Advisory Council, to consider economic policy in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> conditions, comprising also <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Henderson" title="Hubert Henderson">Hubert Henderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah Stamp">Josiah Stamp</a> from the council, with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Arthur Cecil Pigou</a> and Robbins representing academia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robbins refused to sign a draft by Keynes of proposals including <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> and wanted the chance to submit a <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">minority report</a>. Keynes as chair would not grant the request, given that Robbins was in a minority of one.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robbins, who had compared the protectionist views to those of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rothermere" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rothermere">Lord Rothermere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a>, walked out of a meeting, and briefed <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">Philip Snowden</a> against the report that contained a version of his criticism, considered himself poorly treated. Bad feeling persisted for years between LSE and Cambridge economists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Robbins was opposed to Keynes's 1936 <i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money" title="The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money">General Theory</a></i>. His own 1934 treatise on the Great Depression is an analysis belonging to that period of his thought. Later, he accepted the need for <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_period">World War II period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins joined the British government's Central Economic Information Service in summer 1940, from Cambridge to where the LSE had moved. The Service was split into the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Central Statistical Office (United Kingdom)">Central Statistical Office</a> and the Economic Section, which Robbins headed as Director from September 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaries_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaries-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The points system devised in 1941 for rationing of clothing, footwear and household goods, by Robbins with Peggy Joseph and <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a>, is considered a successful policy.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1942 Robbins worked largely on planning for post-war reconstruction, with Meade.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaries_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaries-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lidgett_McDougall" title="Frank Lidgett McDougall">Frank Lidgett McDougall</a> successfully lobbied to put <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> on the agenda of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, Robbins attended the resulting 1943 conference at <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Virginia" title="Hot Springs, Virginia">Hot Springs, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He represented the United Kingdom also at the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> of 1944 and took part in the negotiation of the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_loan" title="Anglo-American loan">Anglo-American loan</a>. Over this period, he became fully reconciled with John Maynard Keynes.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-war, Robbins wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>I grew up in a tradition in which, while recognition was indeed given to the problems created by the ups and downs of the trade cycle and the fluctuations of aggregate demand, there was a tendency to ignore certain deep-seated possibilities of disharmony, in a way which, I now think, led sometimes to superficiality and sometimes to positive error. I owe much to Cambridge economists, particularly to Lord Keynes and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Robertson_(economist)" title="Dennis Robertson (economist)">Professor Robertson</a>, for having awakened me from dogmatic slumbers in this very important respect.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Robbins_Report" title="Robbins Report">Robbins Report</a> of 1963 advocated substantial expansion of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in the United Kingdom, taking the line, often called now the "Robbins principle", that <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a> from those suitably qualified should drive its development. There was background at the LSE for the view taken, in work of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Layard" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Layard">Richard Layard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claus_Moser" class="mw-redirect" title="Claus Moser">Claus Moser</a>, and it drew also on recent ideas of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Floud" title="Jean Floud">Jean Floud</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._H._Halsey" title="A. H. Halsey">A. H. Halsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-'70s_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robbins became the first Chancellor of the new <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stirling" title="University of Stirling">University of Stirling</a> in 1968. He also advocated major government support for the arts, as well as universities.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later life, Robbins turned to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history of economic thought</a>, publishing studies on English doctrinal history. His LSE lectures, as he gave them in 1980, were later published.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins is noted as a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economist, and for his <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Definition of economics">definition of economics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an undergraduate, Robbins felt he had gained much from <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wicksteed" title="Philip Wicksteed">Philip Wicksteed</a>'s <i>The Common Sense of Political Economy</i> (1910).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the earlier British tradition, he admired <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">William Stanley Jevons</a>'s mastery of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical evidence">statistical evidence</a>, and for theory which he thought had abiding relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skidelsky takes Robbins to be a possible but in any case rare example of a British continuator of <a href="/wiki/John_Neville_Keynes" title="John Neville Keynes">John Neville Keynes</a> and his <i>Scope and Method of Political Economy</i> (1891).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He corresponded with the American <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> from 1931 until Knight's death in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_Essay_on_the_Nature_and_Significance_of_Economic_Science_(1932)"><span id="An_Essay_on_the_Nature_and_Significance_of_Economic_Science_.281932.29"></span><i>An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science</i> (1932)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (1932)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Nature_and_Significance_of_Economic_Science" title="An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science">An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science</a></div> <p>The definition appears in the <i>Essay</i> by Robbins as: </p> <dl><dd>Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>After contention in the 1930s, this definition reached some general acceptance among economists. The book has six chapters, and the second half remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Howson214_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howson214-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Essay</i> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Isaacs" title="Nathan Isaacs">Nathan Isaacs</a>, a close friend from the army, and a paper he had given to the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_Society" title="Aristotelian Society">Aristotelian Society</a> in June 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, Robbins sent Isaacs a copy of his inaugural lecture, commenting (in relation to <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycles</a>) that its content was out of date through not taking account of work of the Austrians <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayek's cycle theory, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Viner" title="Jacob Viner">Jacob Viner</a>'s work on the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> for <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, both developments of the 1920s, were used as contrasting examples, respectively of new theorisation and the checking of existing theories. Part of the intellectual framework was the insistence of Isaacs on the importance of <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a>, where Robbins relied more naturally on deductions.<sup id="cite_ref-Howson214_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howson214-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collectivism">Collectivism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Collectivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins came to dislike <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early interest in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Hobson" title="Samuel George Hobson">Samuel George Hobson</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a> as proponents of guild socialism led him to join the <a href="/wiki/National_Guilds_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guilds League">National Guilds League</a>, but did not last beyond 1920, though he continued longer with socialist views.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">socialist calculation debate</a>, taking the side of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a> (CB) in the <a href="/wiki/1944_Birthday_Honours" title="1944 Birthday Honours">1944 Birthday Honours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 June 1959 he was created a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peer</a> as <b>Baron Robbins</b>, of <a href="/wiki/Clare_Market" title="Clare Market">Clare Market</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1968_New_Year_Honours" title="1968 New Year Honours">1968 New Year Honours</a> he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (CH).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robbins received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary Doctorate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Library_of_Political_and_Economic_Science" title="British Library of Political and Economic Science">Lionel Robbins Building</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> is named after him. Since 2009 that building has had on the exterior of it an installation artwork, <i>Blue Rain</i>, by the American artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Brown_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Brown (artist) (page does not exist)">Michael Brown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a Lionel Robbins Building at <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University" title="Nottingham Trent University">Nottingham Trent University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early paper <i>The Representative Firm</i> (1928) has been considered Robbins's most celebrated article. In its origins a talk to the London Economic Club, it attacked a major concept of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_George_Hawtrey" title="Ralph George Hawtrey">Ralph George Hawtrey</a> of the Club defended Marshall's ideas in a letter to Robbins, who within weeks submitted a version to Keynes as editor of the <i>Economic Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robbins' 1966 Chichele lecture on the accumulation of capital (published in 1968) and later work on <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smithian</a> economics, <i>The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy,</i> have been described as imprecise.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Principles Of Economics", 1923, "Economics"</li> <li>"Dynamics of Capitalism", 1926, <i>Economica</i>.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGregory,_T.E.Dalton,_Hugh1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Gregory" title="Theodore Gregory">Gregory, T.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton, Hugh</a>, eds. (1927). "The Optimum Theory of Population". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londonessaysinec0000greg/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>London Essays in Economics: In Honour of Edwin Cannan</i></a></span>. London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd. pp. 103–136 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Optimum+Theory+of+Population&rft.btitle=London+Essays+in+Economics%3A+In+Honour+of+Edwin+Cannan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103-136&rft.pub=George+Routledge+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondonessaysinec0000greg%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"The Representative Firm", 1928, <i>EJ</i>.</li> <li>"On a Certain Ambiguity in the Conception of Stationary Equilibrium", 1930, <i>EJ</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essay_on_the_Nature_and_Significance_of_Economic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science">Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1932. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/resources/126">download</a></li> <li>"Remarks on the Relationship between Economics and Psychology", 1934, <i>Manchester School</i>.</li> <li>"Remarks on Some Aspects of the Theory of Costs", 1934, <i>EJ</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.247164"><i>The Great Depression</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Co. 1934 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Depression&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.247164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span> Scroll to chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar2osFxNDJgC&pg=PR13">links.</a></li> <li>"The Place of Jevons in the History of Economic Thought", 1936, <i>Manchester School</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicplanning0000robb/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Economic Planning and International Order</i></a></span>. London: Macmillan. 1937 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Planning+and+International+Order&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicplanning0000robb%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility: A Comment", 1938, <i>EJ</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.164036/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Economic Basis of Class Conflict and Other Essays in Political Economy</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. 1939 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Basis+of+Class+Conflict+and+Other+Essays+in+Political+Economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.%2C+Limited&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.164036%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.262342/page/n1/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Economic Causes of War</i></a>. London: Jonathan Cape. 1939 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Causes+of+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.262342%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/resources/5741/The-Economic-Causes-of-War">via Mises.org</a>)</li> <li><i>The Economic Problem in Peace and War</i>, 1947.</li> <li><i>The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy</i>, 1952.</li> <li><i>Robert Torrens and the Evolution of Classical Economics</i>, 1958.</li> <li><i>Politics and Economics</i>, 1963.</li> <li><i>The University in the Modern World</i>, 1966.</li> <li><i>The Theory of Economic Development in the History of Economic Thought</i>, 1968.</li> <li><i>Jacob Viner: A tribute</i>, 1970.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofmoder0000robb_y5g9"><i>The Evolution of Modern Economic Theory</i></a>. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. 1970 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Economic+Theory&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Aldine+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofmoder0000robb_y5g9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofe0000robb/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Autobiography of an Economist</i></a></span>. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan London Ltd. 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333125083" title="Special:BookSources/9780333125083"><bdi>9780333125083</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+of+an+Economist&rft.place=London+and+Basingstoke&rft.pub=Macmillan+London+Ltd.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780333125083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofe0000robb%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Political Economy, Past and Present</i>, 1976.</li> <li><i>Against Inflation</i>, 1979.</li> <li><i>Higher Education Revisited</i>, 1980.</li> <li>"Economics and Political Economy", 1981, <i>AER</i>.</li> <li><i>A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures</i>, edited by Warren J. Samuels and Steven G. Medema, 1998. Scroll to chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdw9kfG-EAAC&q=robbins+%22A+History+of+Economic+Thought%22">links.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 August 1924, Robbins married Iris Elizabeth Harris Gardiner, one of the daughters of the journalist and editor Alfred George Gardiner.<sup id="cite_ref-Howson2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howson2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a daughter and a son; Ann and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Robbins_(artist)" title="Richard Robbins (artist)">Richard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter married <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Louis_McIntosh_Johnson" title="Christopher Louis McIntosh Johnson">Christopher Louis McIntosh Johnson</a> in 1958. His son was an artist and sculptor; the LSE has a bust of Lionel Robbins which was made by his son.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_definition_of_economics" title="Welfare definition of economics">Welfare definition of economics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA11"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Howson, Susan. "Robbins, Lionel Charles, Baron Robbins". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31612">10.1093/ref:odnb/31612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robbins%2C+Lionel+Charles%2C+Baron+Robbins&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F31612&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caroline-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caroline_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPole" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pole, J. R. "Robbins, Caroline (1903–1999)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F72015">10.1093/ref:odnb/72015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robbins%2C+Caroline+%281903%E2%80%931999%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F72015&rft.aulast=Pole&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA19"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA27"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=27-48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA41"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA37"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37, 55, 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=37%2C+55%2C+58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA59"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pimlott-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pimlott_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pimlott_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pimlott_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott1985" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, Ben (1985). <i>Hugh Dalton</i>. Macmillan. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41251-0"><bdi>978-0-333-41251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugh+Dalton&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-333-41251-0&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA104"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA179"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA188"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidelsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Skidelsky, Robert (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFRAnwEACAAJ&pg=PA375"><i>John Maynard Keynes: The economist as saviour, 1920-1937</i></a>. Papermac. pp. 375–377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-58499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-58499-6"><bdi>978-0-333-58499-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Maynard+Keynes%3A+The+economist+as+saviour%2C+1920-1937&rft.pages=375-377&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-333-58499-6&rft.aulast=Skidelsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFRAnwEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott1985" class="citation book cs1">Pimlott, Ben (1985). <i>Hugh Dalton</i>. Macmillan. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-41251-0"><bdi>978-0-333-41251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugh+Dalton&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-333-41251-0&rft.aulast=Pimlott&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaries-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diaries_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diaries_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsMeade1990" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Lionel; Meade, James (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5uwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The Wartime Diaries of Lionel Robbins and James Meade, 1943–45</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10840-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10840-4"><bdi>978-1-349-10840-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wartime+Diaries+of+Lionel+Robbins+and+James+Meade%2C+1943%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-349-10840-4&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft.au=Meade%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5uwCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA371"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA441"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Economic Problem in Peace and War – Some Reflections on Objectives and Mechanisms</i>, Read Books, 2007 (1st ed. 1947), pp. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandler2020" class="citation book cs1">Mandler, Peter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyX3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>The Crisis of the Meritocracy: Britain's Transition to Mass Education Since the Second World War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884014-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884014-5"><bdi>978-0-19-884014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+the+Meritocracy%3A+Britain%27s+Transition+to+Mass+Education+Since+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884014-5&rft.aulast=Mandler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyX3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-'70s_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/7"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1998" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Lionel (1998). Medema, Steven G.; <a href="/wiki/Warren_Samuels" title="Warren Samuels">Samuels, Warren J.</a> (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofeconomi0000robb/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures</i></a></span>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691012445" title="Special:BookSources/9780691012445"><bdi>9780691012445</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Economic+Thought%3A+The+LSE+Lectures&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780691012445&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofeconomi0000robb%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA98"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA288"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidelsky1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Skidelsky, Robert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6-4zQEACAAJ&pg=PA64"><i>John Maynard Keynes</i></a>. Vol. 1, Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920. Macmillan. p. 64 note.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Maynard+Keynes&rft.pages=64+note&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Skidelsky&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6-4zQEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA172"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, <i>An Essay on the nature and significance of Economic Science</i>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howson214-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howson214_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howson214_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA214"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA202"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35 and 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=35+and+202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA176"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA660"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 660. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=660&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA54"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55, 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=54-55%2C+74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36544" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36544/supplement/2568">"No. 36544"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 8 June 1944. p. 2568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36544&rft.pages=2568&rft.date=1944-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36544%2Fsupplement%2F2568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Lionel+Robbins&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSE%3A+A+Landmark+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.lse.ac.uk%2Fexhibitions%2Fa-landmark-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntu.ac.uk/course/social-sciences/ug/bsc-hons-ug-paramedic-sciencehttps://www.ntu.ac.uk/course/social-sciences/ug/bsc-hons-ug-paramedic-science">"NTU: Paramedic Science"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTU%3A+Paramedic+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntu.ac.uk%2Fcourse%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fug%2Fbsc-hons-ug-paramedic-sciencehttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntu.ac.uk%2Fcourse%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fug%2Fbsc-hons-ug-paramedic-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowson2011" class="citation book cs1">Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZc97n5iL30C&pg=PA155"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50109-5"><bdi>978-1-139-50109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50109-5&rft.aulast=Howson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZc97n5iL30C%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrampp1972" class="citation journal cs1">Grampp, William D. (April 1972). "Robbins on the History of Development Theory". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Development_and_Cultural_Change" title="Economic Development and Cultural Change">Economic Development and Cultural Change</a></i>. <b>20</b> (3): 539–553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F450573">10.1086/450573</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0079">0013-0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154513281">154513281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Development+and+Cultural+Change&rft.atitle=Robbins+on+the+History+of+Development+Theory&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-553&rft.date=1972-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154513281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-0079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F450573&rft.aulast=Grampp&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins1935" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Lionel (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.186859/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co., Limited – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+Nature+and+Significance+of+Economic+Science&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.%2C+Limited&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.186859%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumney1942" class="citation journal cs1">Rumney, J. 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New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lord+Robbins%2C+economist%2C+dies%3B+active+in+the+arts+and+education&rft.date=1984-05-18&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F05%2F18%2Fobituaries%2Flord-robbins-economist-dies-active-in-the-arts-and-education.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2018/06/27/father-by-son-lionel-robbins-by-richard-robbins/">"LSE: Lionel Robbins by Richard Robbins"</a>. 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSE%3A+Lionel+Robbins+by+Richard+Robbins&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Flsehistory%2F2018%2F06%2F27%2Ffather-by-son-lionel-robbins-by-richard-robbins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lionel_Robbins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lionel Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/exhibitions/lionel-robbins-the-economist-and-the-wider-world">LSE Digital Library - Lionel Robbins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/peopList.asp?search=ss&sText=Lionel+Charles+Robbins">Lionel Charles Robbins Photographs</a> from <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Robbins.html"><i>Lionel Robbins (1898–1984)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins+%281898%E2%80%931984%29&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FRobbins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/profile/lionel-robbins">Lionel Robbins Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Robbins%2C%20Lionel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lionel%20Robbins%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robbins%2C%20Lionel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lionel%20Robbins%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robbins%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lionel%20Robbins%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robbins%2C%20Lionel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lionel%20Robbins%22%29%20OR%20%28%221898-1984%22%20AND%20Robbins%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Lionel Robbins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp18289">Portraits of Lionel Robbins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335199#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Robbins&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien,_D_P1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Patrick_O%27Brien" title="Denis Patrick O'Brien">O'Brien, D P</a> (January 1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lionelrobbins0000obri/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Lionel Robbins</i></a></span>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349096855" title="Special:BookSources/9781349096855"><bdi>9781349096855</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionel+Robbins&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1988-01&rft.isbn=9781349096855&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+D+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flionelrobbins0000obri%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALionel+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">Guilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._G._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="S. G. Hobson">S. G. Hobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penty" title="Arthur Penty">Arthur Penty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lionel Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122775315">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24644416">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35257/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpcjBYfFwWfKmVM7qqQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118979337">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054086">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12179548m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12179548m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454330">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Robbins, Lionel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV034868">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010601446&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1090855">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068602944">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90621338">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000028404&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdhl9j5h5vfz8">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810658626805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267168405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514132806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01382977?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=203360">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/958796">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118979337.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118979337">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03036552X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jq4pps">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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