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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatick%C3%A1_identifikace_a_sb%C4%9Br_dat" title="Automatická identifikace a sběr dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Automatická identifikace a sběr dat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatische_Identifikation_und_Datenerfassung" title="Automatische Identifikation und Datenerfassung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Automatische Identifikation und Datenerfassung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_riconoscimento_biometrico" title="Sistema di riconoscimento biometrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di riconoscimento biometrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_autom%C3%A1tica_e_captura_de_dados" title="Identificação automática e captura de dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Identificação automática e captura de dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Автоматическая идентификация и сбор данных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автоматическая идентификация и сбор данных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDC" title="AIDC – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="AIDC" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomatik_tan%C4%B1ma_ve_veri_toplama" title="Otomatik tanıma ve veri toplama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomatik tanıma ve veri toplama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Автоматична ідентифікація та збір даних – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автоматична ідентифікація та збір даних" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E6%94%B6%E9%9B%86" title="自動資料收集 – Cantonese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Methods of automatically identifying objects by computer system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Talk:Automatic identification and data capture">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Automatic identification and data capture</b> (<b>AIDC</b>) refers to the methods of automatically identifying objects, collecting <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> about them, and entering them directly into <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> systems, without human involvement. Technologies typically considered as part of AIDC include <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR codes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bar_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar codes">bar codes</a>, <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">radio frequency identification (RFID)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">biometrics</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Iris_recognition" title="Iris recognition">iris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition system</a>), <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe">magnetic stripes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> (OCR), <a href="/wiki/Smart_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart cards">smart cards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">voice recognition</a>. AIDC is also commonly referred to as "Automatic Identification", "Auto-ID" and "Automatic Data Capture".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AIDC is the process or means of obtaining external data, particularly through the <a href="/wiki/Image_analysis" title="Image analysis">analysis of images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sounds</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a>. To capture data, a <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> is employed which converts the actual image or a sound into a digital file. The file is then stored and at a later time, it can be analyzed by a computer, or compared with other files in a database to verify identity or to provide authorization to enter a secured system. Capturing data can be done in various ways; the best method depends on application. </p><p>In biometric security systems, capture is the acquisition of or the process of acquiring and identifying characteristics such as finger image, palm image, facial image, iris print, or voiceprint which involves audio data, and the rest all involve video data. </p><p>Radio-frequency identification is relatively a new AIDC technology, which was first developed in the 1980s. The technology acts as a base in automated <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">data collection</a>, identification, and analysis systems worldwide. RFID has found its importance in a wide range of markets, including <a href="/wiki/Animal_identification" title="Animal identification">livestock identification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automated_Vehicle_Identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated Vehicle Identification">Automated Vehicle Identification</a> (AVI) systems because of its capability to track moving objects. These automated wireless AIDC systems are effective in manufacturing environments where barcode labels could not survive. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_automatic_identification_methods">Overview of automatic identification methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of automatic identification methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Special:EditPage/Automatic identification and data capture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nearly all the automatic identification technologies consist of three principal components, which also comprise the sequential steps in AIDC: </p> <ol><li>Data encoder. A code is a set of symbols or signals that usually represent alphanumeric characters. When data are encoded, the characters are translated into machine-readable code. A label or tag containing the encoded data is attached to the item that is to be identified.</li> <li>Machine reader or scanner. This device reads the encoded data, converting them to an alternative form, typically an electrical analog signal.</li> <li>Data decoder. This component transforms the electrical signal into digital data and finally back into the original alphanumeric characters.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capturing_data_from_printed_documents">Capturing data from printed documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capturing data from printed documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most useful application tasks of data capture is collecting information from paper documents and saving it into databases (CMS, ECM, and other systems). There are several types of basic technologies used for data capture according to the data type:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a> – for printed text recognition<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_character_recognition" title="Intelligent character recognition">ICR</a> – for hand-printed text recognition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">OMR</a> – for marks recognition<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>OBR – for barcodes recognition<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BCR – for bar code recognition<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>DLR – for document layer recognition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>These basic technologies allow extracting information from paper documents for further processing in the enterprise information systems such as <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">ERP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">CRM</a>, and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The documents for data capture can be divided into 3 groups: structured, semi-structured, and <a href="/wiki/Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">unstructured</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Structured documents</b> (questionnaires, tests, insurance forms, tax returns, ballots, etc.) have completely the same structure and appearance. It is the easiest type for data capture because every data field is located at the same place for all documents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Semi-structured documents</b> (invoices, purchase orders, waybills, etc.) have the same structure, but their appearance depends on several items and other parameters. Capturing data from these documents is a complex, but solvable task.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Unstructured documents</b> (letters, contracts, articles, etc.) could be flexible with structure and appearance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Internet_and_the_future">The Internet and the future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Internet and the future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advocates for the growth of AIDC systems argue that AIDC has the potential to greatly increase industrial efficiency and general quality of life. If widely implemented, the technology could reduce or eliminate counterfeiting, theft, and product waste, while improving the efficiency of supply chains.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others have voiced criticisms of the potential expansion of AIDC systems into everyday life, citing concerns over personal privacy, consent, and security.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global association <a href="/wiki/Auto-ID_Labs" title="Auto-ID Labs">Auto-ID Labs</a> was founded in 1999 and is made up of 100 of the largest companies in the world such as <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Walmart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gillette_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillette (brand)">Gillette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a>, companies working in the sector of technology such as <a href="/wiki/SAP" title="SAP">SAP</a>, Alien, Sun as well as five academic research centers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are based at the following Universities; <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> in the USA, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in the UK, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> in Australia, <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> in Japan, and <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Gallen" title="University of St. Gallen">University of St. Gallen</a> in Switzerland. </p><p>The Auto-ID Labs suggests a concept of a future supply chain that is based on the Internet of objects, i.e., a global application of RFID. They try to harmonize technology, processes, and organization. Research is focused on miniaturization (aiming for a size of 0.3 mm/chip), reduction in the price per single device (aiming at around $0.05 per unit), the development of innovative applications such as payment without any physical contact (<a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>), <a href="/wiki/Domotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Domotics">domotics</a> (clothes equipped with radio tags and intelligent washing machines), and sporting events (timing at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Marathon" title="Berlin Marathon">Berlin Marathon</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AIDC_100">AIDC 100</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: AIDC 100"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIDC_100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AIDC 100 (page does not exist)">AIDC 100</a> is a professional organization for the automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) industry. This group is composed of individuals who made substantial contributions to the advancement of the industry. Increasing business's understanding of AIDC processes and technologies are the primary goals of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_species_identification" title="Automated species identification">Automated species identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_equipment_identification" title="Automatic equipment identification">Automatic equipment identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_number-plate_recognition" title="Automatic number-plate recognition">Automatic number-plate recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-ID_Labs" title="Auto-ID Labs">Auto-ID Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">Data privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Device management">Device management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Mailroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Mailroom">Digital Mailroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Face recognition">Face recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_Service_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Service Management">Field Service Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Enterprise">Mobile Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_asset_management" title="Mobile asset management">Mobile Asset Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_data_capture" title="Smart data capture">Smart data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitous Commerce">Ubiquitous Commerce</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Automatic_identification_and_data_capture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/61904f62798e4065a041dc9f17759ea4">Automatic Identification and Data Capture (Barcodes, Magnetic Stripe Cards, Smart Cards, OCR Systems, RFID Products & Biometric Systems) Market - Global Forecast to 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhi.org/fundamentals/automatic-identification">"Automatic Identification and Data Collection (AIDC)"</a>. <i>www.mhi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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