CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>British Satellite Broadcasting - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1b692262-83c6-4afe-9f51-aacbade64e6e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"British_Satellite_Broadcasting","wgTitle":"British Satellite Broadcasting","wgCurRevisionId":1256687199,"wgRevisionId":1256687199,"wgArticleId":220232,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2023","Use British English from January 2013","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009","British companies established in 1986","British companies disestablished in 1990","1980s in British television","1990 in British television","1990 mergers and acquisitions", "Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom","Direct broadcast satellite services","History of television in the United Kingdom","Mass media companies established in 1986","Mass media companies disestablished in 1990","Sky Group"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"British_Satellite_Broadcasting","wgRelevantArticleId":220232,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q920046","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="785"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="523"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="418"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="British Satellite Broadcasting - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-British_Satellite_Broadcasting rootpage-British_Satellite_Broadcasting skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=British+Satellite+Broadcasting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=British+Satellite+Broadcasting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=British+Satellite+Broadcasting" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=British+Satellite+Broadcasting" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IBA_satellite_franchise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBA_satellite_franchise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>IBA satellite franchise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBA_satellite_franchise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Winning_bid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winning_bid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Winning bid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winning_bid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparations_for_launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparations_for_launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preparations for launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations_for_launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_of_five-channel_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_of_five-channel_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Launch of five-channel service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_of_five-channel_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_and_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_and_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Competition and merger</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competition_and_merger-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competition and merger subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competition_and_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulatory_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulatory_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulatory context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulatory_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Satellite Broadcasting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="British Satellite Broadcasting" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="British Satellite Broadcasting" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="British Satellite Broadcasting" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q920046#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:British_Satellite_Broadcasting" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&oldid=1256687199" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&id=1256687199&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBritish_Satellite_Broadcasting"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBritish_Satellite_Broadcasting"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q920046" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former British satellite television company (1986–1990)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">British Satellite Broadcasting plc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png/220px-British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png/330px-British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Media</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1986<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1986-12-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 1990<span class="noprint">; 34 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2 November 1990</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Merged with <a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky Television</a> to form BSkyB<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-terramedia.co.uk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">British Sky Broadcasting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_House" title="Marco Polo House">Marco Polo House</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Pay TV services and programming</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>British Satellite Broadcasting plc (BSB)</b> was a television company, based in London, that provided <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">direct broadcast satellite television services</a> to the United Kingdom. It started broadcasting on 25 March 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was merged with <a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky Television plc</a> on 2 November 1990 to form <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">British Sky Broadcasting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-terramedia.co.uk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1977, the <a href="/wiki/World_Administrative_Radio_Conference" title="World Administrative Radio Conference">World Administrative Radio Conference</a> assigned each country five high-powered <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">direct broadcast by satellite</a> channels for domestic use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, after being awarded two of the channels, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> proposed its own satellite service,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the government imposed two conditions on it: </p> <ul><li>Use of a satellite built by United Satellite, a consortium of <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matra_Marconi_Space" title="Matra Marconi Space">Matra Marconi Space</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defense_and_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus Defense and Space">Airbus Defense and Space</a>), with costs estimated at £24 million per year.</li> <li>A supplementary charter was agreed in May 1983 which allowed the BBC to borrow up to £225 million to cover the cost of the project, as it was not allowed to call on public funds, nor use existing sources of revenue to fund the project.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>During Autumn 1983, the cost of Unisat was found to be greatly underestimated and the new <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> announced the three remaining channels would be given to the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Independent Broadcasting Authority">Independent Broadcasting Authority</a> (IBA) to allow the private sector to compete against the BBC in satellite broadcasting. Within a few months, the BBC started talking with the IBA about a joint project to help cover the cost. Subsequently, the government allowed the IBA to bring in private companies to help cover the costs (dubbed as the "Club of 21"): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> – 50%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchises – 30%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thorn_EMI" title="Thorn EMI">Thorn EMI</a>/<a href="/wiki/Granada_plc" title="Granada plc">Granada TV Rental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Pearson Longman</a> and Consolidated Satellite Broadcasting – 20%<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Within a year, the consortium made it clear that the original launch date of 1986 would be delayed to 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also asking the government to allow it to tender out the building of the new satellite system to help reduce cost.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 June 1985, the project failed when consortium concluded that the cost of set-up was not justifiable. The BBC stated the costs were prohibitive because the government insisted that the "Club of 21" should pay for the costs of constructing and launching a dedicated satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IBA_satellite_franchise">IBA satellite franchise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IBA satellite franchise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 April 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Independent Broadcasting Authority">IBA</a> convinced the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> to revive the DBS project but under different conditions, broadly based on a report drawn up by John Jackson, by inviting the private-sector companies to apply for a new television franchise via satellite to provide a commercial service on the IBA's three DBS channels (of the five in total allocated to the United Kingdom). One of the conditions imposed on applicants by the IBA was that they use a new untried transmission standard, <a href="/wiki/D-MAC" title="D-MAC">D-MAC</a>. This was part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>' support for the HD-MAC <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> standard which was being developed by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and other European companies. The technology was still at the laboratory stage and was incompatible with previous standards: HD-MAC transmissions could not be received by existing television sets which used <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> or <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> standards. The condition to use a high-power (230 watt) satellite was dropped, and no winner was precluded from buying a foreign satellite system. </p><p>The IBA received five major contenders with serious bids for the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">direct broadcast satellite</a> franchises. It also received submissions from <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Channel" title="The Children's Channel">The Children's Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a> to make sure their programmes were used on any successful bid:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th>Franchise name </th> <th>Consortium led by </th> <th>Proposed channels </th></tr> <tr> <td>British Satellite Broadcasting </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granada_plc" title="Granada plc">Granada Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Group" title="Virgin Group">Virgin Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Anglia" title="ITV Anglia">Anglia Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">Independent Television News</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel_(British_TV_channel)" title="The Movie Channel (British TV channel)">Screen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(£2.50 per week)</span></li> <li>ZigZag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(British_TV_channel)" title="Galaxy (British TV channel)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_(British_TV_channel)" title="Now (British TV channel)">Now</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>DBS UK Limited </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Communications" title="Carlton Communications">Carlton Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Weekend_Television" title="London Weekend Television">London Weekend Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saatchi_%26_Saatchi" title="Saatchi & Saatchi">Saatchi & Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixons_Retail" title="Dixons Retail">Dixons Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fleming_%26_Co." title="Robert Fleming & Co.">Robert Fleming Merchant Bank</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>News, sport and business channel</li> <li>Entertainment channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Europe" title="NBC Europe">Super Channel</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Direct Broadcasting Limited </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Commonwealth_Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Commonwealth Shipping">British and Commonwealth Shipping</a></li> <li>Cambridge Electronic Industries</li> <li>Electronics Rental Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_UK" title="News UK">News International</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(backed by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sears_plc" title="Sears plc">Sears plc</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Children and families</li> <li>Films</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky Channel</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Broadcasting Service </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>James Lee <span style="font-size:85%;">(former head of <a href="/wiki/Goldcrest_Films" title="Goldcrest Films">Goldcrest Films</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holmes_%C3%A0_Court" title="Robert Holmes à Court">Robert Holmes à Court's Bell Group</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Children and sports fans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news channel</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SatUK Broadcasting </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Muir Sutherland</li> <li>Jimmy Hartley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bond" title="Alan Bond">Alan Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Films" title="Celtic Films">Celtic Films</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Entertainment channel <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a>)</span></li> <li>Movie channel <span style="font-size:85%;">(£5 per month)</span></li> <li>Family channel <span style="font-size:85%;">(£2 per month)</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winning_bid">Winning bid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Winning bid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British Satellite Broadcasting won the 15-year franchise on 11 December 1986 to operate the DBS system, with a licence to operate three channels. BSB forecast 400,000 homes would be equipped during its first year, but some doubts were cast as to whether this was possible. The <a href="/wiki/Cable_Authority" title="Cable Authority">Cable Authority</a> welcomed the service, believing it would encourage more users, especially with its dedicated movie network.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original four satellite channels were: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th>Channel name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel_(British_TV_channel)" title="The Movie Channel (British TV channel)">Screen</a> </td> <td>Subscription-based movie channel with a price of £2.50 per week, which include recent cinema releases and BSB's encouragement at least 12 new productions every year. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ZigZag </td> <td>Family daytime service (shared with Screen) devoted to feature <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> classics, animated cartoons, nature documentaries and other content were suitable for young children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(British_TV_channel)" title="Galaxy (British TV channel)">Galaxy</a> </td> <td>General entertainment channel with programmes such as dramas, serials, plays, soap operas and quiz shows from 6.00pm. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Now_(British_TV_channel)" title="Now (British TV channel)">Now</a> </td> <td>Live 24-hour news, sport and current affairs service operated by <a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a>, providing extensive coverage of world events expected to contribute a substantial amount of programming. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_for_launch">Preparations for launch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preparations for launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the time of the licence award, <a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a> withdrew its backing, as they believed it was not possible to sell a satellite dish and D-MAC standard receiver for £250. Australian businessman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bond" title="Alan Bond">Alan Bond</a> joined the consortium along with <a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">Reed Elsevier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chargeurs" title="Chargeurs">Chargeurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Next_plc" title="Next plc">Next</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derwent_London" title="Derwent London">London Merchant Securities</a>, amongst others. BSB earmarked the bulk of the first round of financing for buying and launching two satellites (for redundancy and provision of further channels later) and planned a second round close to the commencement of broadcasting operations. It commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company" title="Hughes Aircraft Company">Hughes Aircraft Company</a> to provide two high-powered satellites using launch vehicles from <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> (later <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a>). Both companies were American and had established reputations for reliability. Hughes was the main contractor and offered a commercial space industry as the first "in-orbit delivery" on 6 August 1987. BSB's risk was reduced because payments became due only after the satellites were launched and operational.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 June 1988, rival tycoon <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Rupert Murdoch</a> – having failed to gain regulatory approval for his satellite service to become part of the BSB consortium – announced that his <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">pan-European</a> television station <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky Channel</a></i>, would be relaunched as a four-channel, United Kingdom-based service called <a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky Television</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Astra_(satellite)" title="Astra (satellite)">Astra</a> system and broadcast in <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> with analogue sound. BSB had been aware of the impending launch of Astra when it submitted its proposal to the IBA in 1986 but had discounted it, partly on advice from the IBA that it would not have been possible for Sky to securely scramble an analogue PAL signal and a prediction that satisfactory reception from a medium-powered satellite such as Astra would not be possible with a dish of under 1.2 metres, which would require individual planning permission for each customer. <a href="/wiki/Lazard" title="Lazard">Lazard Brothers</a>, the Pearson subsidiary responsible for BSB's first fundraising memorandum, reportedly regarded Astra as technology-led rather than programming-led and, therefore, an unlikely threat. </p><p>The stage was set for a dramatic confrontation: BSB, expecting to be the United Kingdom's only satellite service, was faced with an aggressive drive by Murdoch's Sky to be the first service to launch. As Britain's official satellite television provider, BSB had high hopes as the company planned to provide a mixture of highbrow programming and popular entertainment, from arts and opera to blockbuster movies and music videos. The service would also be technically superior, broadcasting in the D-MAC (Multiplexed Analogue Components type D) system dictated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> regulations with potentially superior picture sharpness, digital stereo sound, and the potential to show <a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</a> programming; rather than the existing PAL system. BSB claimed that Sky's PAL pictures would be too degraded by satellite transmission, and that in any case, BSB would broadcast superior programming. <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a> (later operators of the <a href="/wiki/O3b_MEO" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b MEO">O3b</a> data satellites and others with names including <a href="/wiki/SES_Americom" title="SES Americom">AMC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciel_Satellite_Group" title="Ciel Satellite Group">Ciel</a>, <a href="/wiki/SES_World_Skies" title="SES World Skies">NSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/QuetzSat_1" title="QuetzSat 1">QuetzSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Yah_Satellite_Communications" title="Al Yah Satellite Communications">YahSat</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_SES_satellites" title="List of SES satellites">SES</a>, and formerly at that time, the Astra TV satellite operator), had no regulatory permission to broadcast, had plans (initially) for only one satellite with no backup, and the European satellite launch vehicle <i><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">Ariane</a></i> suffered repeated failures. However, <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a> used the resulting delay time to re-engineer the satellite to reduce the dish size needed, which would otherwise have been larger than 60 cm (24"). </p><p>To distance itself from Sky and its dish antennas, BSB announced a new type of flat-plate satellite antenna called a "<a href="/wiki/Squarial" title="Squarial">squarial</a>" (i.e., "square aerial"). The illustrative model shown to the press was a dummy and BSB commissioned a working version under 45 cm (18") wide. A conventional dish of the same diameter was also available. The company had serious technical problems with the development of <a href="/wiki/ITT_Inc." title="ITT Inc.">ITT</a>'s D-MAC silicon chips needed for its MAC receivers. BSB was still hoping to launch in September 1989 but eventually had to admit that the launch would be delayed. By 22 July 1988 in a bid to gain more viewers, BSB and the BBC prepared a bid for a four-year deal for the rights to broadcast top league football, outbidding ITV's £44 million offer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BSB had also committed about £400 million to tie up the film libraries of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>, with total up-front payments of about £85 million. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BSBDishes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of all three BSB dishes available, the squarial, a Sky dish for comparison, the round BSB dish, and the square BSB dish." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSBDishes.jpg/220px-BSBDishes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSBDishes.jpg/330px-BSBDishes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSBDishes.jpg/440px-BSBDishes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A photo of all three BSB dishes available, the squarial, a Sky dish for comparison, the round BSB dish, and the square BSB dish.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 February 1989, BSB's costs had started to climb, reaching £354 million, while chief executive <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Simonds-Gooding" title="Anthony Simonds-Gooding">Anthony Simonds-Gooding</a> denied that BSB had gone over budget and would require more than the planned £625 million it required to operate up to 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virgin pulled out of the BSB consortium in December 1988, ostensibly because it was going private again and had become increasingly concerned about BSB's mounting costs. The film-rights battle proved to be the final straw for Virgin since it would necessitate a "supplementary first round" of financing of £131 million in January earlier that year in addition to the initial £222.5 million. After unsuccessfully offering its stake in BSB to the remaining founders, Virgin sold it to the <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bond" title="Alan Bond">Bond Corporation</a>, already BSB's largest shareholder for a nominal profit. </p><p>Despite the delayed launch, BSB continued to invest heavily in marketing in 1989 to minimize the effects of Sky's timing advantage. BSB also received a needed boost in June 1989 when it won the franchises for the two remaining British high-powered DBS channels, beating six other bidders when the BBC dropped all plans for use of its allocated channels. BSB revised its line-up to include separate channels for films, sports, pop music, general entertainment and current affairs. Unfortunately, this increased the size of the dishes which the public had to purchase from 25 to 35–40 centimetres; subsidies from BSB helped maintain retail prices at £250. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_of_five-channel_service">Launch of five-channel service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Launch of five-channel service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were five satellite channels for the general public with a sixth part-time service on subscription for business users, as BSB Datavision was a subsidiary of the company which offered encrypted television sets and data reception through domestic receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Datavision_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datavision-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BSB's channel line-up launched over five consecutive days in one at a time was: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Channel name </th> <th>Launch date </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel_(British_TV_channel)" title="The Movie Channel (British TV channel)">The Movie Channel</a> </td> <td>25 March 1990 </td> <td>Dedicated movie channel, airing recently made films to subscribers for £10 a month.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(British_TV_channel)" title="Galaxy (British TV channel)">Galaxy</a> </td> <td>26 March 1990 </td> <td>Entertainment channel, airing general entertainment such as comedy and drama, as well as children's programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">The Sports Channel</a> </td> <td>27 March 1990 </td> <td>Sports channel, known for its international, Scottish and Italian football, golf, boxing, and tennis coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timeshared with <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Channel_(BSB)" title="The Computer Channel (BSB)">The Computer Channel</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Now_(British_TV_channel)" title="Now (British TV channel)">Now</a> </td> <td>28 March 1990 </td> <td>Lifestyle channel, airing lifestyle and current affairs on weekdays, and arts programmes at the weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Station_(TV_channel)" title="The Power Station (TV channel)">The Power Station</a> </td> <td>29 March 1990 </td> <td>Music channel, airing programmes aimed towards the teenage market, as well as live concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Channel_(BSB)" title="The Computer Channel (BSB)">The Computer Channel</a> </td> <td>28 June 1990<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Closed: 29 November 1990)</span> </td> <td>Technology channel, airing IT programmes, as well as training programmes for the computer industry. Timeshared with <a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">The Sports Channel</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squarial2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Squarial2.jpg/250px-Squarial2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Squarial2.jpg/375px-Squarial2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Squarial2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Squarial" title="Squarial">squarial</a></i> installed on a house wall</figcaption></figure> <p>BSB launched its service on cable 25 March 1990 and on satellite at the end of April, with the slogan <i>It's Smart to be Square</i>. The launch, six months late, came 13 months after <a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky</a>'s launch.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BSB was due to start broadcasting in September 1989 but was delayed by problems with the supply of receiving equipment and because BSB wanted to avoid Sky's experience of launching when most shops had no equipment to sell. </p><p>BSB claimed to have around 750,000 subscriptions while Sky had extended its reach into more than 1.5 million homes. It was believed both companies could break even if subscriptions reached three million households, with most analysts expecting this to be reached in 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_and_merger">Competition and merger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Competition and merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sky's <a href="/wiki/Head_start_(positioning)" title="Head start (positioning)">head start</a> over BSB proved that the PAL system would give adequate picture quality, and that many viewers would be happy to watch Sky's more populist output as opposed to waiting for the promised quality programming pledged by BSB. Sky had launched its multichannel service from studios at an industrial estate in <a href="/wiki/Isleworth" title="Isleworth">Isleworth</a>, with a 10-year lease on <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a> transponders for an estimated £50 million without backup. BSB on the other hand, would operate from more expensive headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_House" title="Marco Polo House">Marco Polo House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a>, with construction and launch of its own satellites costing an estimated £200 million as the second of which was a backup. </p><p>When BSB finally went on air in March 1990 (13 months after Sky), the company's technical problems were resolved and its programming was critically acclaimed. However, its D-MAC receivers were more expensive than Sky's PAL equivalents and incompatible with them. Many potential customers compared the competition between the rival satellite companies to the <a href="/wiki/Format_war" title="Format war">format war</a> between <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> recorders, and chose to wait and see which company would win outright in order to avoid buying potentially obsolete equipment. Both BSB and Sky had begun to struggle with the burden of huge losses, rapidly increasing debts and ongoing startup costs. On 2 November 1990, a 50:50 merger was announced to form a single company called <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">British Sky Broadcasting</a> (marketed as "Sky").<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-terramedia.co.uk_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the merger, BSkyB moved quickly to rationalise the combined channels it now owned: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th>Channel name </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(British_TV_channel)" title="Galaxy (British TV channel)">Galaxy</a> </td> <td>The entertainment channel was closed with its transponder handed over to <a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky One</a> on 2 December 1990. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Now_(British_TV_channel)" title="Now (British TV channel)">Now</a> </td> <td>The factual, lifestyle and arts channel was closed with its transponder handed over to <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a> on 1 December 1990, although as some arts programming was still to be shown, a short term opt-out service called <a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a> was launched for broadcast on the Marcopolo transponder at weekends. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Station_(TV_channel)" title="The Power Station (TV channel)">The Power Station</a> </td> <td>Music channel remained on air until 8 April 1991, and it was replaced on its Marcopolo transponder by <a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema" title="Sky Cinema">Sky Movies</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Sports Channel </td> <td>Initially retained its name but was rebranded to <a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a> on 20 April 1991. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel_(British_TV_channel)" title="The Movie Channel (British TV channel)">The Movie Channel</a> </td> <td>Remained on air with its Marcopolo transponder shortly before the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Astra_1B" title="Astra 1B">Astra 1B</a> system on 15 April 1991. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BSB's shareholders and Murdoch's <a href="/wiki/News_UK" title="News UK">News International</a> made huge profits on their investments, the 50:50 merged venture having an effective quasi-monopoly on British satellite pay-television. From a United Kingdom perspective, British Satellite Broadcasting's existence prevented 100% of these profits being made by News International, reducing Murdoch's ability to influence government policy. At one stage of the saga, News International was facing dismemberment at the hands of its bankers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the takeover of Sky by <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> in October 2018, Murdoch was no longer involved in British television but retained his newspaper assets through <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellites">Satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the company focused on the Astra system which was not subject to IBA regulation, the Marcopolo satellites were eventually withdrawn and later sold (Marcopolo 1 on 21 December 1993 to <a href="/wiki/SES_Sirius" title="SES Sirius">NSAB</a> of Sweden and Marcopolo 2 on 1 July 1992 to <a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a> of Norway). NSAB operated Marcopolo 1 (as Sirius 1) until successfully sending it to a safe <a href="/wiki/Disposal_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposal orbit">disposal orbit</a> in 2003 as it reached the normal end of its operational life when fuel ran out. Marcopolo 2 was operated (as <a href="/wiki/Thor_(satellite)" title="Thor (satellite)">Thor 1</a>) until January 2002 and disposed of successfully. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulatory_context">Regulatory context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regulatory context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new television transmission system, <a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">Multiplexed Analogue Components</a>, was originally developed for high-definition television but European manufacturers developed patented variants and successfully lobbied regulators such that it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission of the European Communities</a> as the standard for all direct broadcast satellites. This had the effect that the low-cost non-European manufacturers would not only have to pay royalties to the manufacturers, but would also not have direct access to the technology, and hence would always be behind with new developments. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Independent Broadcasting Authority">Independent Broadcasting Authority</a> developed a variant, <a href="/wiki/D-MAC" title="D-MAC">D-MAC</a>, which had marginal audio channel improvements, and insisted on its use by the satellite service to be licensed by itself. In the rest of Europe, satellite television manufacturers standardised on another variant, <a href="/wiki/D2-MAC" title="D2-MAC">D2-MAC</a>, which used less bandwidth and was compatible with the extensive existing European cable systems. With the launch of BSB, the IBA became a member of the secret "MAC Club" of European organisations which owned patents on MAC variants and had a royalty-sharing agreement for all television and set-top boxes sold. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The IBA was not directed to be an "economic regulator", so the free market in lower power satellite bandwidth satellites (such as <a href="/wiki/SES_Astra" title="SES Astra">SES Astra</a>) leveraged the benefits of the existing lower cost <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> transmissions with pre-existing set-top box technology. The IBA was rendered helpless and Murdoch voluntarily agreed to adhere to those <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Standards_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Standards Commission">Broadcasting Standards Commission</a> rules relating to non-economic matters, such as the technology used. Ironically the past-deadline encryption system in the D-MAC silicon chip technology was one primary reason for BSB having to merge with Sky, and hence the Far Eastern television manufacturers had largely unfettered access to the market when MAC was wound down in favour of PAL. </p><p>After the merger, BSB D-MAC receivers were sold off cheaply and some enthusiasts modified them to allow reception of <a href="/wiki/D2-MAC" title="D2-MAC">D2-MAC</a> services available on other satellites. BSB receivers, <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Electronics" title="Ferguson Electronics">Ferguson</a> in particular, could be modified by replacing a microprocessor. Upgrade kits from companies such as Trac Satellite allowed re-tuning whilst other kits allowed fully working menu systems and decoding of 'soft' encrypted channels, although this required the receiver to have one of the later MAC chipsets. Some kits even included smart card readers and full D2-MAC decoding capability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_House_(brighter_cropped_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marco_Polo_House_%28brighter_cropped_version%29.jpg/220px-Marco_Polo_House_%28brighter_cropped_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marco_Polo_House_%28brighter_cropped_version%29.jpg/330px-Marco_Polo_House_%28brighter_cropped_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marco_Polo_House_%28brighter_cropped_version%29.jpg/440px-Marco_Polo_House_%28brighter_cropped_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3797" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Marco Polo House (1989–2014)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_House" title="Marco Polo House">Marco Polo House</a> (originally stylised as "Marcopolo") was a large marble-effect, glass-clad office building at 346 Queenstown Road, facing <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Wandsworth" title="London Borough of Wandsworth">London Borough of Wandsworth</a>. It was built in 1987–1988 and completed in 1989 by Peter Argyrou Associates at a cost of £26 million. </p><p>The headquarters were vacated, leading to redundancy for most BSB staff with only a few moving to work at <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky Television</a>'s studios in <a href="/wiki/Isleworth" title="Isleworth">Isleworth</a>. The building was retained by the new company and from 1 October 1993 became the home of shopping channel <a href="/wiki/QVC_(British_TV_channel)" title="QVC (British TV channel)">QVC</a> when its British version launched. Broadcasting platform <a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital" title="ITV Digital">ITV Digital</a> also moved into part of the building as part of the settlement that saw Sky forced out of the original company before went into administration on 27 March 2002. </p><p>The building was demolished in March 2014; it has been replaced by several blocks of luxury apartments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCPBF" class="citation web cs1">CPBF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222063648/http://www.cpbf.org.uk/body.php?id=2462&selpanel=1">"News Corporation and BSkyB: What price remedies?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpbf.org.uk/body.php?id=2462&selpanel=1">the original</a> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+Corporation+and+BSkyB%3A+What+price+remedies%3F&rft.au=CPBF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpbf.org.uk%2Fbody.php%3Fid%3D2462%26selpanel%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terramedia.co.uk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terramedia.co.uk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terramedia.co.uk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terramedia.co.uk_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614095113/http://www.terramedia.co.uk/documents/BSB.htm">"British Satellite Broadcasting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terramedia.co.uk/documents/BSB.htm">the original</a> on 14 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Satellite+Broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terramedia.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2FBSB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2009/feb/04/sky-tv-early-years">"Maggie Brown on the early years of Sky Television"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Maggie+Brown+on+the+early+years+of+Sky+Television&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Forgangrinder%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fsky-tv-early-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221232924/http://www.thevervoid.com/media/jupiter01.htm">"Life Before Kallisto – The Birth of BSB"</a>. <i>thevervoid.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thevervoid.com/media/jupiter01.htm">the original</a> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thevervoid.com&rft.atitle=Life+Before+Kallisto+%E2%80%93+The+Birth+of+BSB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevervoid.com%2Fmedia%2Fjupiter01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The European Union and National Industrial Policy By Hussein Kassim P208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, Friday, 5 March 1982; pg. 15; Joint UK satellite set up By Bill Johnstone, Electronics Correspondent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, Thursday, 25 February 1982; pg. 1; Satellite television BBC may get both 'space' channels By Julian Haviland, Political Editor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Broadcasting and New Media Policies in Western Europe</i>, Kenneth H. F. Dyson, Peter Humphreys p.232 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415005094" title="Special:BookSources/0415005094">0415005094</a>, 9780415005098</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, Monday, 25 June 1984; pg. 3;Completion date for TV satellite put back two years By Bill Johnstone, Technology Correspondent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, Monday, 17 December 1984; pg. 3; Cost threat to TV satellite By Staff Reporters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, Saturday, 15 June 1985; pg. 3; British satellite TV project collapses By Bill Johnstone, Technology Correspondent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapid decision on Satellite TV, by Jonathan Miller: The Times, 1 September 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardian Friday, 12 December 1986 Page: 2 "pioneer Contract is awarded for satellite tv"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/oZhhkOsXRCM">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201113122/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZhhkOsXRCM">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTransdiffusion_Broadcasting_System2012" class="citation web cs1">Transdiffusion Broadcasting System (2 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZhhkOsXRCM">"BSB contract award – December 1986"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BSB+contract+award+%E2%80%93+December+1986&rft.date=2012-06-02&rft.au=Transdiffusion+Broadcasting+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoZhhkOsXRCM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1987" class="citation news cs1">Stevenson, Richard W. (6 August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/06/business/talking-deals-satellite-risks-shifted-by-pact.html">"Talking Deals; Satellite Risks Shifted by Pact"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Talking+Deals%3B+Satellite+Risks+Shifted+by+Pact&rft.date=1987-08-06&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F08%2F06%2Fbusiness%2Ftalking-deals-satellite-risks-shifted-by-pact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardian Friday, 22 July 1988 Page: 19 "BSB in the mood to counter"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wednesday, 1 February 1989 Page: 12 <i>BSB: £354m down and still eight months to go.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Datavision-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Datavision_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/QQJV1invo9c">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902230126/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQJV1invo9c&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQJV1invo9c">"Datavision promotional video"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Datavision+promotional+video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQQJV1invo9c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517000-300-bsb-faces-setback-over-business-data-service/">"New Scientist article"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Scientist+article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg12517000-300-bsb-faces-setback-over-business-data-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJVPP1lBP_k">"This is BSB (Launch Promo)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=This+is+BSB+%28Launch+Promo%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxJVPP1lBP_k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardian Monday, 22 May 1989 Page: 2 "Satellite TV hitch may delay launch"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, 20 December 1990; <i>Murdoch's Time of Reckoning</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>New York Times, 20 December 1990; <i>Murdoch's Time of Reckoning</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chippindale" title="Peter Chippindale">Peter Chippindale</a>, Suzanne Franks and Roma Felstein, <i>Dished!: Rise and Fall of British Satellite Broadcasting</i>, (London: Simon & Schuster Ltd, 1991).</li> <li><i>Broadcasting and New Media Policies in Western Europe</i> Kenneth H. F. Dyson, Peter Humphreys <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415005094" title="Special:BookSources/0415005094">0415005094</a>, 9780415005098</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colin99.co.uk/bsb.html">"BSB and Squarials"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BSB+and+Squarials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colin99.co.uk%2Fbsb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvark.org/?page=1335">"TVARK – British Satellite Broadcasting"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TVARK+%E2%80%93+British+Satellite+Broadcasting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvark.org%2F%3Fpage%3D1335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bairdtelevision.com/mirrors-in-the-sky.html">"National Media Museum – Mirrors in the Sky"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Media+Museum+%E2%80%93+Mirrors+in+the+Sky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bairdtelevision.com%2Fmirrors-in-the-sky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Satellite+Broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/21px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/42px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/38px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/17px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/26px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/34px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/16px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/32px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_communications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satcomm" title="Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satcomm" title="Template talk:Satcomm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satcomm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_communications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_satellite" title="Amateur radio satellite">Amateur satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-throughput_satellite" title="High-throughput satellite">High-throughput satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Relay satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(satellite_communications)" title="Transponder (satellite communications)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dispute" title="Carriage dispute">Carriage dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblock_LNB" title="Monoblock LNB">Monoblock LNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiSEqC" title="DiSEqC">DiSEqC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Satellites_Automatic_Location_System" title="Universal Satellites Automatic Location System">USALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Tracking_Satellite_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish">Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Motor-driven_dish" title="Satellite dish">Motor-driven Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish#Multi-satellite" title="Satellite dish">Multi-satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">Parabolic antennas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_modem" title="Satellite modem">Satellite modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_data_unit" title="Satellite data unit">Satellite data unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacebus" title="Spacebus">Spacebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">Very-small-aperture terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">TV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-RCS" title="DVB-RCS">DVB-RCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2X" title="DVB-S2X">DVB-S2X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_radio_service" title="Digital audio radio service">Digital audio radio service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">Astra Digital Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allente" title="Allente">Allente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">1worldspace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relay satellite companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">AST SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar" title="EchoStar">EchoStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispasat" title="Hispasat">Hispasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems" title="Hughes Network Systems">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Intelsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_Communications" title="Iridium Communications">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SED_Systems" title="SED Systems">SED Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_One_(satellite_operator)" title="Star One (satellite operator)">Star One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesat" title="Telesat">Telesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooway" title="Tooway">Tooway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_(satellite)" title="Türksat (satellite)">Turksat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat_(American_company)" title="Viasat (American company)">Viasat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INVAP" title="INVAP">INVAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSL_(company)" title="SSL (company)">SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">ETSI Satellite Digital Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communications_satellite_firsts" title="List of communications satellite firsts">List of communications satellite firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communication_satellite_companies" title="List of communication satellite companies">List of communication satellite companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_satellites" title="Category:Communications satellites"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Communication_satellites" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Communication satellites"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Satellite_Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="Template:British Satellite Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="Template talk:British Satellite Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Satellite Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Satellite_Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Satellite Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>BSB channels (top) and their replacement by the merger (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(British_TV_channel)" title="Galaxy (British TV channel)">Galaxy</a><br /> ▼<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky One</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel_(British_TV_channel)" title="The Movie Channel (British TV channel)">The Movie Channel</a><br /> ▼<br /> <i>Retained</i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Now_(British_TV_channel)" title="Now (British TV channel)">Now</a><br /> ▼<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts#Previous_life" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Station_(TV_channel)" title="The Power Station (TV channel)">The Power Station</a><br /> ▼<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema" title="Sky Cinema">Sky Movies</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">The Sports Channel</a> <br /> ▼<br /><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Channel_(BSB)" title="The Computer Channel (BSB)">The Computer Channel</a> <br /> ▼<br /> <i>Extinct</i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other:</b> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_House" title="Marco Polo House">Marco Polo House</a></li> <li>Marcopolo (now <a href="/wiki/Thor_(satellite)" title="Thor (satellite)">Thor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sky_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sky_Group" title="Template:Sky Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sky_Group" title="Template talk:Sky Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sky_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sky Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sky_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">A subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Ireland" title="Sky Ireland">Ireland</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_(TV_channel)" title="Challenge (TV channel)">Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic" title="Sky Atlantic">Sky Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema" title="Sky Cinema">Sky Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Comedy" title="Sky Comedy">Sky Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Crime" title="Sky Crime">Sky Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Documentaries" title="Sky Documentaries">Sky Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Kids_(TV_channel)" title="Sky Kids (TV channel)">Sky Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Max" title="Sky Max">Sky Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Mix" title="Sky Mix">Sky Mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Nature" title="Sky Nature">Sky Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Replay" title="Sky Replay">Sky Replay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sci-Fi" title="Sky Sci-Fi">Sky Sci-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Showcase" title="Sky Showcase">Sky Showcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Box_Office" title="Sky Box Office">Box Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_F1" title="Sky Sports F1">F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_News" title="Sky Sports News">News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Witness" title="Sky Witness">Sky Witness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Defunct channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Now_(British_TV_channel)" title="Now (British TV channel)">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(British_TV_channel)" title="Galaxy (British TV channel)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_Station_(TV_channel)" title="The Power Station (TV channel)">The Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">The Sports Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel_(British_TV_channel)" title="The Comedy Channel (British TV channel)">The Comedy Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts#Previous_life" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_2#Original_Channel_(1996–1997)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky 2">Sky 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel_(British_TV_channel)" title="The Movie Channel (British TV channel)">The Movie Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Scottish" title="Sky Scottish">Sky Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Soap" title="Sky Soap">Sky Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.tv_(TV_channel)" title=".tv (TV channel)">.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PremPlus" title="PremPlus">PremPlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Ireland" title="Sky News Ireland">Sky News Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Amp" title="The Amp">The Amp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Travel" title="Sky Travel">Sky Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Real_Lives" title="Sky Real Lives">Sky Real Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravo_(British_TV_channel)" title="Bravo (British TV channel)">Bravo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bravo_2" title="Bravo 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackpot247" title="Jackpot247">Challenge Jackpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Channel One (British and Irish TV channel)">Channel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Living" title="Sky Living">Sky Living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Living_Loves" title="Sky Living Loves">Loves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_3D" title="Sky 3D">Sky 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Lives_(TV_channel)" title="Real Lives (TV channel)">Real Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(TV_channel)" title="Merit (TV channel)">Merit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Racing" title="Sky Sports Racing">Sky Sports Racing</a></li> <li>A&E Networks UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(European_TV_channel)" title="History (European TV channel)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_(A%26E_Networks)" title="H2 (A&E Networks)">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Blaze (British and Irish TV channel)">Blaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_%26_Investigation_(European_TV_channel)" title="Crime & Investigation (European TV channel)">Crime & Investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginx_TV" title="Ginx TV">Ginx TV</a></li> <li>Paramount UK Partnership <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Extra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Arabia" title="Sky News Arabia">Sky News Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Defunct JVs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A&E Networks UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Lifetime (British and Irish TV channel)">Lifetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Biography_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="The Biography Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Bio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Defunct magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Magazine" title="Sky Magazine">Sky Magazine</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Kids_(magazine)" title="Sky Kids (magazine)">Sky Kids</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_View" title="Diagonal View">Diagonal View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat_from_Sky" title="Freesat from Sky">Freesat from Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Demand_(Sky)" title="On Demand (Sky)">On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Active" title="Sky Sports Active">Sky Sports Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digibox" title="Digibox">Digibox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minidish" title="Minidish">Minidish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B" title="Sky+">Sky+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B_HD" title="Sky+ HD">HD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Q" title="Sky Q">Sky Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Betting_%26_Gaming" title="Sky Betting & Gaming">Sky Betting & Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Broadband" title="Sky Broadband">Sky Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Active" title="Sky Active">Sky Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Go" title="Sky Go">Sky Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Radio" title="Sky News Radio">Sky News Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Store" title="Sky Store">Sky Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Text" title="Sky Text">Sky Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Vision" title="Sky Vision">Sky Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_(streaming_service)" title="Now (streaming service)">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_(company)" title="The Cloud (company)">The Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open...." class="mw-redirect" title="Open....">Open....</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Multichannels" title="Sky Multichannels">Sky Multichannels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Germany and Austria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_One_(German_TV_channel)" title="Sky One (German TV channel)">Sky One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic_(German_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Atlantic (German TV channel)">Sky Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema_(German_TV_channel)" title="Sky Cinema (German TV channel)">Sky Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Krimi" title="Sky Krimi">Sky Krimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Crime_(German_TV_channel)" title="Sky Crime (German TV channel)">Sky Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sport_(Germany)" title="Sky Sport (Germany)">Sky Sport</a> <ul><li>Sky Sport News</li> <li>Sky Sport Bundesliga</li> <li>Sky Sport F1</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_3D_(German_TV_channel)" title="Sky 3D (German TV channel)">Sky 3D</a></li> <li>Sky Arts</li> <li>Sky Select</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Comedy_(German_TV_channel)" title="Sky Comedy (German TV channel)">Sky Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Store" title="Sky Store">Sky Store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sky_Italia" title="Sky Italia">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Uno" title="Sky Uno">Sky Uno</a></li> <li>Sky Arte</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic_(Italian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Atlantic (Italian TV channel)">Sky Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Sky Cinema (Italian TV channel)">Sky Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema_Due" title="Sky Cinema Due">Due</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Meteo_24" title="Sky Meteo 24">Sky Meteo 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Primafila" title="Sky Primafila">Sky Primafila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sport_(Italy)" title="Sky Sport (Italy)">Sky Sport</a> <ul><li>Sky Sport F1</li> <li>Sky Sport MotoGP</li> <li>Sky Sport 24</li> <li>Sky Calcio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_TG24" title="Sky TG24">Sky TG24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cielo_(TV_channel)" title="Cielo (TV channel)">Cielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV8_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="TV8 (Italian TV channel)">TV8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Documentaries_(Italian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Documentaries (Italian TV channel)">Sky Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Investigation">Sky Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Nature_(Italian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Nature (Italian TV channel)">Sky Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Serie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Serie">Sky Serie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Uno" title="Sky Uno">Sky Vivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Show" title="Sky Show">Sky Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_3D_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Sky 3D (Italian TV channel)">Sky 3D</a></li> <li>Sky Music</li> <li>Sky Radio</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sky_Group" title="Timeline of Sky Group">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_Sky_UK" title="Criticisms of Sky UK">Criticisms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Satellite Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky Television (1984–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_TV_Group" title="Living TV Group">Living TV Group</a></li> <li>Former joint ventures & properties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_News_Channel" title="Australian News Channel">Australian News Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_Digital_Channels" title="ITV Digital Channels">Granada Sky Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKY_Perfect_JSAT#Sky_PerfecTV" title="SKY Perfect JSAT">Japan Sky Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_M%C3%A9xico" title="Sky México">Sky México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Brasil">Sky Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_TV" title="Stream TV">Stream TV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Campus" title="Sky Campus">Sky Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Studios" title="Sky Studios">Sky Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Entertainment" title="Jupiter Entertainment">Jupiter Entertainment</a> (60%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Productions" title="Love Productions">Love Productions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky España">Sky España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Switzerland" title="Sky Switzerland">Sky Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Original_UK_satellite_channels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Original_UK_satellite_channels" title="Template:Original UK satellite channels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Original_UK_satellite_channels" title="Template talk:Original UK satellite channels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Original_UK_satellite_channels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Original UK satellite channels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Original_UK_satellite_channels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Original UK satellite channels</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Satellite Television Ltd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Channel" title="The Children's Channel">The Children's Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiere_(TV_channel)" title="Premiere (TV channel)">The Entertainment Network UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Box_(TV_channel)" title="Music Box (TV channel)">Music Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiere_(TV_channel)" title="Premiere (TV channel)">Premiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screensport_(TV_channel)" title="Screensport (TV channel)">Screensport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_One" title="Sky One">Sky Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Arts_Channel_(United_Kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Arts Channel (United Kingdom) (page does not exist)">The Arts Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravo_(British_TV_channel)" title="Bravo (British TV channel)">Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Video_Channel" title="Home Video Channel">Home Video Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(British_TV_channel)" title="Lifestyle (British TV channel)">Lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiere_(TV_channel)" title="Premiere (TV channel)">Mirrorvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Channel" title="Performance Channel">Performance Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Dhnush" title="Indra Dhnush">Indra Dhnush/AsiaVision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (European TV channel)">MTV Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Europe" title="NBC Europe">Super Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Landscape_Channel" title="The Landscape Channel">The Landscape Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_TV_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of former TV channels in the United Kingdom">Former Analogue channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Satellite Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky Television (1984–1990)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920046#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920046#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920046#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129759966">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16204648-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94006837">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007605185505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&oldid=1256687199">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&oldid=1256687199</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_companies_established_in_1986" title="Category:British companies established in 1986">British companies established in 1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_companies_disestablished_in_1990" title="Category:British companies disestablished in 1990">British companies disestablished in 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_in_British_television" title="Category:1980s in British television">1980s in British television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_in_British_television" title="Category:1990 in British television">1990 in British television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Category:1990 mergers and acquisitions">1990 mergers and acquisitions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_mass_media_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom">Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Direct_broadcast_satellite_services" title="Category:Direct broadcast satellite services">Direct broadcast satellite services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:History of television in the United Kingdom">History of television in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_companies_established_in_1986" title="Category:Mass media companies established in 1986">Mass media companies established in 1986</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_companies_disestablished_in_1990" title="Category:Mass media companies disestablished in 1990">Mass media companies disestablished in 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sky_Group" title="Category:Sky Group">Sky Group</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2023">Use dmy dates from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2013" title="Category:Use British English from January 2013">Use British English from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 03:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Satellite_Broadcasting&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-fjkkx","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.662","walltime":"0.915","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3817,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158521,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":46773,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":96546,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 692.710 1 -total"," 25.98% 179.998 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.47% 148.757 1 Template:Navboxes"," 18.87% 130.699 10 Template:Cite_web"," 18.32% 126.923 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 17.96% 124.390 7 Template:Navbox"," 16.73% 115.859 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.23% 98.547 1 Template:Satcomm"," 10.56% 73.117 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.69% 46.316 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.353","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7065239,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-74959dc8bc-xl5lx","timestamp":"20241126180017","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"British Satellite Broadcasting","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Satellite_Broadcasting","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q920046","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q920046","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-02T18:22:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T03:10:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/3\/34\/British_Satellite_Broadcasting_logo.png","headline":"defunct British satellite television company from 1986 to 1990"}</script> </body> </html>