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value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology 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Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option 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data-filterid="refine_subjects_chem-materials"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chemistry & Materials Science </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_engineering"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Engineering </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_bio-life"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biology & Life Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_med-pharma"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medicine & Pharmacology </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container 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padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_computer-math" value="computer-math"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_computer-math">Computer Science & Mathematics (645)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="business & economics" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_business-econ" value="business-econ"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_business-econ">Business & Economics (158)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="social sciences, arts and humanities" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_arts-humanity" value="arts-humanity"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_arts-humanity">Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities (158)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="subjects" onclick="$('#refine-modal-subjects').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="subjects" id="refine_subjects_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-journals" style=""> <h3>Journals</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_materials"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Materials </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_polymers"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Polymers </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ijms"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> IJMS </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_molecules"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Molecules </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_pharmaceutics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pharmaceutics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jfb"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JFB </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nanomaterials </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_applsci"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Applied Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_bioengineering"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bioengineering </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_gels"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Gels </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_coatings"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Coatings </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biomedicines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biomedicines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_marinedrugs"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Marine Drugs </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_metals"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Metals </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jcm"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JCM </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biomimetics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biomolecules"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biomolecules </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_cells"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cells </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_sensors"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sensors </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_micromachines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Micromachines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_sustainability"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sustainability </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_forests"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Forests </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_dentistry"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Dentistry Journal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_pharmaceuticals"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pharmaceuticals </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_cancers"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cancers </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_processes"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Processes </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biosensors"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biosensors </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jcs"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> J. Compos. Sci. </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_antioxidants"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Antioxidants </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_foods"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Foods </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ijerph"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> IJERPH </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_antibiotics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Antibiotics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_crystals"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Crystals </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_catalysts"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Catalysts </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_membranes"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Membranes </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_medicina"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medicina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_nutrients"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nutrients </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_proceedings"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Proceedings </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_energies"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Energies </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_water"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Water </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biology"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biology </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_diagnostics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Diagnostics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_life"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Life </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_microorganisms"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Microorganisms </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_symmetry"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Symmetry </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_materproc"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Materials Proceedings </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_plants"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Plants </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_engproc"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Engineering Proceedings </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_minerals"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Minerals </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_animals"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Animals </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_fermentation"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Fermentation </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jpm"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JPM </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_entropy"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Entropy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_viruses"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Viruses </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ceramics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ceramics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_chemosensors"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chemosensors </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_prosthesis"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Prosthesis </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_fibers"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Fibers </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_toxics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Toxics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_insects"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Insects </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_buildings"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Buildings </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_healthcare"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Healthcare </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_designs"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Designs </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_polysaccharides"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Polysaccharides </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_metabolites"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Metabolites </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jof"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JoF </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_cimb"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> CIMB </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_genes"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Genes </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_lubricants"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lubricants </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_pathogens"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pathogens </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_vaccines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Vaccines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_vetsci"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Veterinary Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_separations"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Separations </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_macromol"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Macromol </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_cosmetics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cosmetics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_toxins"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Toxins </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_electronics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Electronics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ChemEngineering"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> ChemEngineering </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_mps"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> MPs </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_mathematics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mathematics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jmmp"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JMMP </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_photonics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Photonics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_carbon"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> C </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_colloids"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Colloids and Interfaces </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_chemproc"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chemistry Proceedings </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_agronomy"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Agronomy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_diseases"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Diseases </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_inorganics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Inorganics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_actuators"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Actuators </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_brainsci"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brain Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_agriculture"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Agriculture </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_children"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Children </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_recycling"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Recycling </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_surgeries"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Surgeries </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_clinpract"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Clinics and Practice </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biophysica"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biophysica </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_oral"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Oral </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_micro"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Micro </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_blsf"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biology and Life Sciences Forum </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_remotesensing"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Remote Sensing </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ijgi"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> IJGI </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_resources"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Resources </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_medicines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medicines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_surfaces"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Surfaces </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jnt"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JNT </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_futurepharmacol"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Future Pharmacology </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_msf"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medical Sciences Forum </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_machines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Machines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_sports"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sports </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jcdd"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JCDD </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_magnetochemistry"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Magnetochemistry </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_fishes"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Fishes </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_infrastructures"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Infrastructures </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_cleantechnol"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Clean Technol. </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_chemistry"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chemistry </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_immuno"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Immuno </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_osteology"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Osteology </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_solids"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Solids </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_tomography"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tomography </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biomass"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biomass </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_microplastics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Microplastics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_synbio"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> SynBio </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_applbiosci"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Applied Biosciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_atmosphere"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Atmosphere </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_environments"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Environments </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_education"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Education Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jmse"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JMSE </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_aerospace"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Aerospace </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_technologies"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Technologies </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_fluids"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Fluids </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_batteries"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Batteries </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jimaging"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> J. 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class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_letter" value="letter"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_letter">Letter (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="technical note" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_technical-note" value="technical-note"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_technical-note">Technical Note (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="conference report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_conference-report" value="conference-report"> <label 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</div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="commentary" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_commentary" value="commentary"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_commentary">Commentary (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="comment" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_article-commentary" value="article-commentary"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_article-commentary">Comment (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="project report" style="padding-top: 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id="refine_article_types_interesting-image" value="interesting-image"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_interesting-image">Interesting Images (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="study protocol" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_study-protocol" value="study-protocol"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_study-protocol">Study Protocol (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="entry" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_Entry" value="Entry"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_Entry">Entry (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="new book received" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_books-received" value="books-received"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_books-received">New Book Received (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="reply" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_reply" value="reply"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_reply">Reply (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="short note" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_note" value="note"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_note">Short Note (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="article_types" onclick="$('#refine-modal-article_types').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="article_types" id="refine_article_types_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-countries" style=""> <h3>Countries / Regions</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ITALY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Italy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> USA </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> China </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SPAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Spain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_POLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Poland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GERMANY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Germany </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Republic of Korea </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAPAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Japan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> UK </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRAZIL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brazil </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRANCE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> France </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PORTUGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Portugal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ROMANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Romania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> India </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Saudi Arabia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CANADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Canada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Russia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Switzerland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAYSIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malaysia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Czech Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iran </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TAIWAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Taiwan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SWEDEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sweden </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Australia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_EGYPT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Egypt </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MEXICO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mexico </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> The Netherlands </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELGIUM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belgium </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TURKEY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Turkey (Türkiye) </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GREECE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Greece </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_THAILAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Thailand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PAKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pakistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FINLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Finland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Austria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> South Africa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SINGAPORE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Singapore </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ireland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHILE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chile </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COLOMBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Colombia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDONESIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Indonesia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LATVIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Latvia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovakia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NORWAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Norway </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VIETNAM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Vietnam </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SERBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Serbia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HUNGARY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hungary </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SLOVENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Slovenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> United Arab Emirates </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LEBANON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lebanon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Algeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CROATIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Croatia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ISRAEL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Israel </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DENMARK"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Denmark </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARGENTINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Argentina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BULGARIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bulgaria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ECUADOR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ecuador </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> New Zealand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BANGLADESH"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bangladesh </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UKRAINE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ukraine </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JORDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Jordan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ESTONIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Estonia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOROCCO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Morocco </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TUNISIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tunisia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAQ"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iraq </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELARUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belarus </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LITHUANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Lithuania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PERU"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Peru </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Syrian Arab Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_QATAR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Qatar </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CUBA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cuba </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_OMAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Oman </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NIGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nigeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kazakhstan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Luxembourg </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PALESTINE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Palestine </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ALBANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Albania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ethiopia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_URUGUAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uruguay </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BAHRAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bahrain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_YEMEN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Yemen </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CYPRUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cyprus </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HONG_KONG"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Hong Kong </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Libya </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sri Lanka </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UZBEKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Uzbekistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ARMENIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Armenia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bosnia and Herzegovina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KUWAIT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kuwait </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MAURITIUS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mauritius </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MONGOLIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mongolia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Costa Rica </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KENYA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Kenya </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRUNEI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brunei </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Dominican Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GEORGIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Georgia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SUDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sudan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NORTH_MACEDONIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> North Macedonia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAMAICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Jamaica </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LAO_PEOPLES_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Laos </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Philippines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SENEGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Senegal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MONTENEGRO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Montenegro </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CAMBODIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cambodia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRENCH_POLYNESIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> French Polynesia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_HONDURAS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Honduras </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAWI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malawi </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOZAMBIQUE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mozambique </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MYANMAR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Myanmar </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NEPAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nepal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ZAMBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Zambia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ANTIGUA_AND_BARBUDA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Antigua and Barbuda </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CAMEROON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cameroon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ICELAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iceland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_LIECHTENSTEIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Liechtenstein </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PARAGUAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Paraguay </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOMALIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Somalia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AFGHANISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Afghanistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AMERICAN_SAMOA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> American Samoa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AZERBAIJAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Azerbaijan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELIZE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belize </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BOTSWANA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Botswana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COTE_DIVOIRE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Côte d'Ivoire </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GRENADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Grenada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GUYANA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Guyana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MACAO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Macao </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALTA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malta </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MOLDOVA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Moldova </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PANAMA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Panama </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PUERTO_RICO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Puerto Rico </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAMOA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Samoa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_VENEZUELA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Venezuela </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOUTH_SUDAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> South Sudan </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries"><strong>Add Countries / Regions</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="countries"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries" class="all">Select Countries / Regions</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-countries" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Filter Countries / Regions</h2> <input class="js-filter" type="text" form="temp" placeholder="Search for Countries / Regions" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px;" /> <p class="reveal-modal-new__description"> Select countries / regions you want to add to your filter. </p> </div> <div class="js-refinement-values-container"> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="italy" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ITALY" value="ITALY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ITALY">Italy (1551)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="usa" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES" value="UNITED_STATES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES">USA (1472)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="china" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CHINA" value="CHINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CHINA">China (1392)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="spain" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SPAIN" value="SPAIN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SPAIN">Spain (1327)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="poland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_POLAND" value="POLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_POLAND">Poland (1172)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="germany" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GERMANY" value="GERMANY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GERMANY">Germany (1003)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="republic of korea" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF" value="KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF">Republic of Korea (884)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="japan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_JAPAN" value="JAPAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_JAPAN">Japan (679)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uk" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM" value="UNITED_KINGDOM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM">UK (659)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brazil" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BRAZIL" value="BRAZIL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BRAZIL">Brazil (531)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="france" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_FRANCE" value="FRANCE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_FRANCE">France (502)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="portugal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PORTUGAL" value="PORTUGAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PORTUGAL">Portugal (447)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="romania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ROMANIA" value="ROMANIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ROMANIA">Romania (411)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="india" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_INDIA" value="INDIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_INDIA">India (405)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="saudi arabia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA" value="SAUDI_ARABIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA">Saudi Arabia (380)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="canada" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CANADA" value="CANADA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CANADA">Canada (359)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="russia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION" value="RUSSIAN_FEDERATION"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION">Russia (313)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="switzerland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND" value="SWITZERLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SWITZERLAND">Switzerland (291)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="malaysia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MALAYSIA" value="MALAYSIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MALAYSIA">Malaysia (277)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="czech republic" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC" value="CZECH_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC">Czech Republic (253)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="iran" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF" value="IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF">Iran (239)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="taiwan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TAIWAN" value="TAIWAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TAIWAN">Taiwan (234)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sweden" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SWEDEN" value="SWEDEN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SWEDEN">Sweden (232)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="australia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA" value="AUSTRALIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA">Australia (228)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="egypt" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_EGYPT" value="EGYPT"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_EGYPT">Egypt (215)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="mexico" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MEXICO" value="MEXICO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MEXICO">Mexico (212)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="the netherlands" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS" value="NETHERLANDS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS">The Netherlands (195)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="belgium" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BELGIUM" value="BELGIUM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BELGIUM">Belgium (189)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="turkey (türkiye)" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TURKEY" value="TURKEY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TURKEY">Turkey (Türkiye) (184)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="greece" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GREECE" value="GREECE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GREECE">Greece (155)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="thailand" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_THAILAND" value="THAILAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_THAILAND">Thailand (155)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="pakistan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PAKISTAN" value="PAKISTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PAKISTAN">Pakistan (144)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="finland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_FINLAND" value="FINLAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_FINLAND">Finland (134)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="austria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_AUSTRIA" value="AUSTRIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_AUSTRIA">Austria (120)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="south africa" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA" value="SOUTH_AFRICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA">South Africa (119)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="singapore" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SINGAPORE" value="SINGAPORE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SINGAPORE">Singapore (105)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ireland" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRELAND" value="IRELAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRELAND">Ireland (98)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="chile" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CHILE" value="CHILE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CHILE">Chile (97)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="colombia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_COLOMBIA" value="COLOMBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_COLOMBIA">Colombia (95)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="indonesia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_INDONESIA" value="INDONESIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_INDONESIA">Indonesia (92)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="latvia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LATVIA" value="LATVIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LATVIA">Latvia (91)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="slovakia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA" value="SLOVAKIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SLOVAKIA">Slovakia (91)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="norway" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NORWAY" value="NORWAY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NORWAY">Norway (81)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="vietnam" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_VIETNAM" value="VIETNAM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_VIETNAM">Vietnam (72)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="serbia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SERBIA" value="SERBIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SERBIA">Serbia (63)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hungary" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_HUNGARY" value="HUNGARY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_HUNGARY">Hungary (61)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="slovenia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SLOVENIA" value="SLOVENIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SLOVENIA">Slovenia (61)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="united arab emirates" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES" value="UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_ARAB_EMIRATES">United Arab Emirates (61)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="lebanon" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LEBANON" value="LEBANON"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LEBANON">Lebanon (59)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="algeria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ALGERIA" value="ALGERIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ALGERIA">Algeria (58)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="croatia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CROATIA" value="CROATIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CROATIA">Croatia (57)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="israel" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ISRAEL" value="ISRAEL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ISRAEL">Israel (54)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="denmark" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_DENMARK" value="DENMARK"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_DENMARK">Denmark (52)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="argentina" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ARGENTINA" value="ARGENTINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ARGENTINA">Argentina (50)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bulgaria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BULGARIA" value="BULGARIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BULGARIA">Bulgaria (44)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ecuador" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ECUADOR" value="ECUADOR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ECUADOR">Ecuador (37)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="new zealand" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND" value="NEW_ZEALAND"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NEW_ZEALAND">New Zealand (32)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bangladesh" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BANGLADESH" value="BANGLADESH"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BANGLADESH">Bangladesh (30)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ukraine" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UKRAINE" value="UKRAINE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UKRAINE">Ukraine (29)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="jordan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_JORDAN" value="JORDAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_JORDAN">Jordan (28)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="estonia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ESTONIA" value="ESTONIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ESTONIA">Estonia (27)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="morocco" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MOROCCO" value="MOROCCO"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MOROCCO">Morocco (27)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tunisia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TUNISIA" value="TUNISIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TUNISIA">Tunisia (26)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="iraq" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_IRAQ" value="IRAQ"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_IRAQ">Iraq (25)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="belarus" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BELARUS" value="BELARUS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BELARUS">Belarus (24)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="lithuania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LITHUANIA" value="LITHUANIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LITHUANIA">Lithuania (23)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="peru" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PERU" value="PERU"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PERU">Peru (23)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="syrian arab republic" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC" value="SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC">Syrian Arab Republic (23)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="qatar" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_QATAR" value="QATAR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_QATAR">Qatar (20)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cuba" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CUBA" value="CUBA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CUBA">Cuba (19)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="oman" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_OMAN" value="OMAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_OMAN">Oman (18)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="nigeria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NIGERIA" value="NIGERIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NIGERIA">Nigeria (16)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kazakhstan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN" value="KAZAKHSTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KAZAKHSTAN">Kazakhstan (15)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="luxembourg" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG" value="LUXEMBOURG"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LUXEMBOURG">Luxembourg (14)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="palestine" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PALESTINE" value="PALESTINE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PALESTINE">Palestine (14)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="albania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ALBANIA" value="ALBANIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ALBANIA">Albania (12)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ethiopia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA" value="ETHIOPIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ETHIOPIA">Ethiopia (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uruguay" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_URUGUAY" value="URUGUAY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_URUGUAY">Uruguay (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bahrain" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BAHRAIN" value="BAHRAIN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BAHRAIN">Bahrain (10)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="yemen" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_YEMEN" value="YEMEN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_YEMEN">Yemen (10)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cyprus" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CYPRUS" value="CYPRUS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CYPRUS">Cyprus (9)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="hong kong" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_HONG_KONG" value="HONG_KONG"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_HONG_KONG">Hong Kong (9)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="libya" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA" value="LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LIBYAN_ARAB_JAMAHIRIYA">Libya (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sri lanka" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA" value="SRI_LANKA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA">Sri Lanka (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uzbekistan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UZBEKISTAN" value="UZBEKISTAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UZBEKISTAN">Uzbekistan (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="armenia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ARMENIA" value="ARMENIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ARMENIA">Armenia (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="bosnia and herzegovina" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA" value="BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BOSNIA_AND_HERZEGOVINA">Bosnia and Herzegovina (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kuwait" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KUWAIT" value="KUWAIT"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KUWAIT">Kuwait (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="mauritius" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MAURITIUS" value="MAURITIUS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MAURITIUS">Mauritius (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="mongolia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MONGOLIA" value="MONGOLIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MONGOLIA">Mongolia (7)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="costa rica" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA" value="COSTA_RICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_COSTA_RICA">Costa Rica (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="kenya" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_KENYA" value="KENYA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_KENYA">Kenya (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brunei" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BRUNEI" value="BRUNEI"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BRUNEI">Brunei (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="dominican republic" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC" value="DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_DOMINICAN_REPUBLIC">Dominican Republic (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="georgia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GEORGIA" value="GEORGIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GEORGIA">Georgia (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sudan" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SUDAN" value="SUDAN"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SUDAN">Sudan (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="north macedonia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NORTH_MACEDONIA" value="NORTH_MACEDONIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NORTH_MACEDONIA">North Macedonia (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="jamaica" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_JAMAICA" value="JAMAICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_JAMAICA">Jamaica (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="laos" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_LAO_PEOPLES_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC" value="LAO_PEOPLES_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_LAO_PEOPLES_DEMOCRATIC_REPUBLIC">Laos (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="philippines" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES" value="PHILIPPINES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PHILIPPINES">Philippines (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="senegal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SENEGAL" value="SENEGAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SENEGAL">Senegal (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="montenegro" 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value="1527834" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 1249 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-3417/14/23/10851/pdf?version=1732355001" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Fixed-Bed Columns of Avocado (Persea americana Hass.) Seed and Peel Biomass as a Retainer for Contaminating Metals" data-journal="applsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-3417/14/23/10851">Fixed-Bed Columns of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Hass.) Seed and Peel Biomass as a Retainer for Contaminating Metals</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrés Gómez-Naranjo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cristina Mayorga-Naranjo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pamela Y. Vélez-Terreros</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriela S. Yánez-Jácome</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Augusto Oviedo-Chávez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hugo Navarrete</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julio Vinueza-Galáraga</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Romero-Estévez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 10851; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310851 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study evaluated the adsorbent capacity of the Ecuadorian avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Hass.) seed and peel wastes as an alternative method for cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) ion removal from aqueous solutions. The laboratory microscale process was performed <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/10851/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study evaluated the adsorbent capacity of the Ecuadorian avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Hass.) seed and peel wastes as an alternative method for cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) ion removal from aqueous solutions. The laboratory microscale process was performed using fixed-bed columns containing 1 g of 600 μm particles of biomaterial pretreated with ethanol and ethylene glycol. Subsequently, metal solutions of different concentrations were eluted and measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that fixed-bed columns allow efficient adsorption of Pb (2.6 mg/g) with ethanol pretreatment. Lower adsorption capacity was achieved for Cd, Hg, and Ni ions. Favorable adsorption with high retention capacity was found for Pb<sup>+2</sup> for the ethanol pretreated bio-adsorbent at higher concentrations (120 mg/L). Lower removal percentages were found for Cd<sup>+2</sup>, Hg<sup>+2</sup>, and Ni<sup>+2</sup>; Ni showed the lowest adsorption capacities and negative R<sub>L</sub> values, suggesting inefficient adsorbent development. Regeneration of Cd, Hg, and Pb ions from avocado peel and seed showed the highest recovery when 1 mol/L HCl solution was used. Regarding the adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir model was the one that best fit our data, demonstrating that adsorption takes place in a uniform monolayer and that each contaminant ion occupies a single site. <a href="/2076-3417/14/23/10851">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527824" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 30 pages, 3340 KiB   </span> <a href="/2310-2861/10/12/762/pdf?version=1732354825" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering" data-journal="gels"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2310-2861/10/12/762">Exosome-Integrated Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hee Sook Hwang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chung-Sung Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Gels</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>10</em>(12), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120762 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Exosome-integrated hydrogels represent a promising frontier in bone tissue engineering, leveraging the unique biological properties of exosomes to enhance the regenerative capabilities of hydrogels. Exosomes, as naturally occurring extracellular vesicles, carry a diverse array of bioactive molecules that play critical roles in intercellular <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/10/12/762/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Exosome-integrated hydrogels represent a promising frontier in bone tissue engineering, leveraging the unique biological properties of exosomes to enhance the regenerative capabilities of hydrogels. Exosomes, as naturally occurring extracellular vesicles, carry a diverse array of bioactive molecules that play critical roles in intercellular communication and tissue regeneration. When combined with hydrogels, these exosomes can be spatiotemporally delivered to target sites, offering a controlled and sustained release of therapeutic agents. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the development, engineering, and application of exosome-integrated hydrogels for bone tissue engineering, highlighting their potential to overcome current challenges in tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the review explores the mechanistic pathways by which exosomes embedded within hydrogels facilitate bone repair, encompassing the regulation of inflammatory pathways, enhancement of angiogenic processes, and induction of osteogenic differentiation. Finally, the review addresses the existing challenges, such as scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory considerations, while also suggesting future directions for research in this rapidly evolving field. Thus, we hope this review contributes to advancing the development of next-generation biomaterials that synergistically integrate exosome and hydrogel technologies, thereby enhancing the efficacy of bone tissue regeneration. <a href="/2310-2861/10/12/762">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/gels/special_issues/S2U32C1942 ">Recent Advances in Hydrogels for Biomedical Application (2nd Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527817" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 5768 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1885/pdf?version=1732354674" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Biomaterial Promotes Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Health Diagnostics and Clinical Application" data-journal="nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4991/14/23/1885">Biomaterial Promotes Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Health Diagnostics and Clinical Application</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiliang Zhu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Enqi Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuchen Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xia Cao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ning Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Nanomaterials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(23), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231885 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With the growing demand for personalized healthcare services, biomaterial-based triboelectric nanogenerators (BM-TENGs) have gained widespread attention due to their non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This review systematically examines the working principles, material choices, biomimetic designs, and clinical application scenarios of BM-TENGs, with a focus <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1885/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With the growing demand for personalized healthcare services, biomaterial-based triboelectric nanogenerators (BM-TENGs) have gained widespread attention due to their non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This review systematically examines the working principles, material choices, biomimetic designs, and clinical application scenarios of BM-TENGs, with a focus on the use of natural biomaterials, biocomposites, hydrogels, and other materials in health diagnostics. Biomaterials show significant potential in enhancing TENG performance, improving device flexibility, and expanding application ranges, especially in early disease detection, health monitoring, and self-powered sensing devices. This paper also addresses the current challenges faced by BM-TENG technology, including performance optimization, biocompatibility, and device durability. By integrating existing research and technological advancements, this review aims to deeply analyze the development of BM-TENG technology, propose corresponding solutions, and explore its practical application prospects in the medical field. <a href="/2079-4991/14/23/1885">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/14/23/1885/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527817"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527817"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527817" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527817" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527817" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527817-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g001-550.jpg?1732354788" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527817" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527817-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g002-550.jpg?1732354789'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527817-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g003-550.jpg?1732354792'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527817-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g004-550.jpg?1732354794'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527817-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g005-550.jpg?1732354798'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527817-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g006-550.jpg?1732354799'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527817-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g007-550.jpg?1732354802'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527817-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g001-550.jpg?1732354788" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Recent progress of TENG based on biomaterials including biomaterials like silk; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B53-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier; rice gluten and its application as blood vessel and sweat monitoring; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B54-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier; Cellulose; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B55-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier; Bionic tentacle; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B56-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier; Air permeability; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B57-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier; Self-healing; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B58-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">58</a>]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; Stretchability; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B59-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">59</a>]. Copyright 2021, Wiley Online Library; Real-time monitoring of Parkinson’s disease; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B60-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">60</a>]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; Cardiac diagnosis; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B61-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. Copyright 2023, ACS Publications; Pulse diagnosis; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B62-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier; Exercise Monitoring; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B63-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">63</a>]. Copyright 2022, ACS Publications; In vivo monitoring; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B64-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier; Breath monitoring; reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B65-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1885'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g002-550.jpg?1732354789" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The four primary working modes of TENG are (<b>a</b>) vertical contact–separation mode, (<b>b</b>) lateral-sliding mode, (<b>c</b>) single-electrode mode, and (<b>d</b>) freestanding triboelectric-layer mode.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1885'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g003-550.jpg?1732354792" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Structure of HM-TENG: the upper part represents the simulation and SEM of L-cystine and the original nylon 6; the lower part represents the power density of the HM-TENG at different external resistances, with the charge curve of different capacitors. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B90-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (<b>b</b>) Structure and output of nano-gap TENG: right shows its output current density and the voltage signal used to monitor the pulse. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B91-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications. (<b>c</b>) Structure design of SNR-TENG and its application in medical monitoring. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B64-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (<b>d</b>) Top shows the preparation process of HA, middle shows the results of the cell viability assay of MC3T3-E1 after being treated with HA membrane for 24 h, and bottom shows the triboelectric outputs of the TENG based on HA and PTFE films under various external resistances. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B92-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">92</a>]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1885'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g004-550.jpg?1732354794" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Source of wood fiber and schematic diagram of the TENG device based on wood fiber substrate. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B55-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (<b>b</b>) Rice gluten films were prepared by the traditional method using NaOH (as shown in the upper diagram) and then fabricated into biocompatible and environmentally friendly triboelectric materials according to structural engineering (as shown in the lower diagram). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B54-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (<b>c</b>) Preparation of CS–glycerin composite film, its output performance as a TENG, and its application in medical health. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B62-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">62</a>]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (<b>d</b>) Schematic of the structure of the PVA/SF-based TENG. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B53-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">53</a>]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (<b>e</b>) Schematic of the MoS2-based TENG patch for accelerating wound healing. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B96-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">96</a>]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (<b>f</b>) Schematic of the GAH-TES for sweat monitoring. TENG voltage response when detecting 0–500 μM glucose in artificial sweat and calibration curve for repeated glucose detection. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B97-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (<b>g</b>) Schematic diagrams of the structure of CZL hydrogel, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), pulse monitoring, and energy harvesting. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B56-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">56</a>]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1885'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g005-550.jpg?1732354798" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagrams of the manufacturing process of DF-CNF-based TENG and the self-powered biocompatible smart mask for human respiratory sensing and health monitoring. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B65-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications. (<b>b</b>) AF-TENG fabricated mask for patient respiratory detection via Wi-Fi and LoRa. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B103-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">103</a>]. Copyright 2023, ACS Publications. (<b>c</b>) Left shows the structure of SF@MXene-TENG and right shows the air permeability of common textile materials and SF@MXene-TENG as well as their corresponding error bars. Structure of SF@MXene-TENG mask fabricated for diagnosing asthma symptoms. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B104-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">104</a>]. Copyright 2023, ACS Publications. (<b>d</b>) SF/CNF scaffold for cardiac motion energy and iPSCs images captured over 14 days. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B61-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. Copyright 2023, ACS Publications. (<b>e</b>) Manufacturing process and structure of NFM-TENG and respiratory monitoring. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B105-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">105</a>]. Copyright 2019, ACS Publications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1885'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g006-550.jpg?1732354799" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of WPHM connected to the human body via arc-shaped CS-TENG and its wireless monitoring application. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B108-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">108</a>]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (<b>b</b>) Concept and structural schematic of OFS-TENG implanted in the human body. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B63-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">63</a>]. Copyright 2022, ACS Publications. (<b>c</b>) Structural schematic of CCDHG-TENG and real-time monitoring of typical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B60-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">60</a>]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (<b>d</b>) Self-powered strain sensor based on GO-PAM hydrogel for monitoring human motion. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B109-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">109</a>]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1885'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/nanomaterials/nanomaterials-14-01885/article_deploy/html/images/nanomaterials-14-01885-g007-550.jpg?1732354802" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic diagrams of the structure of the PLA-TENG self-powered sensor system and the current signals obtained by monitoring the concentration of bacteria. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B110-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">110</a>]. Copyright 2023, ACS Publications. (<b>b</b>) CNT-Arg-based TENG measures Gram-positive bacteria through voltage measurement. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B111-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">111</a>]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (<b>c</b>) Top shows the structure of TENG and the surface morphology of Ti orthopedic implants after anodization. Bottom shows the mechanism of action in the antibacterial and osteogenesis-promoting surfaces of the TENG. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B112-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">112</a>]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (<b>d</b>) Left shows the structure and working principle of P-TENG and its function as an antibacterial pressure sensor for monitoring human motions; right shows the preparation process of ZnO@paper. Schematic of antimicrobial pressure sensor based on P-TENG for monitoring human motion. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B113-nanomaterials-14-01885" class="html-bibr">113</a>]. Copyright 2021, MDPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4991/14/23/1885'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527804" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 6495 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3259/pdf?version=1732354332" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of Wettability, Thermal Stability, and Solar Behavior of Composite Films Based on Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Barium Titanate Nanoparticles" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3259">Investigation of Wettability, Thermal Stability, and Solar Behavior of Composite Films Based on Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Barium Titanate Nanoparticles</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dilayda Kanmaz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rumeysa Celen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Esra Karaca</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gizem Manasoglu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3259; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233259 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Herein, composite films were produced by incorporating different amounts (1, 3, 5, and 7%) of barium titanate nanoparticles into the thermoplastic polyurethane matrix using a solution casting method. This study examined the impact of the presence and concentration of a barium titanate additive <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3259/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Herein, composite films were produced by incorporating different amounts (1, 3, 5, and 7%) of barium titanate nanoparticles into the thermoplastic polyurethane matrix using a solution casting method. This study examined the impact of the presence and concentration of a barium titanate additive on morphologic properties, mechanical performance, thermal stability, solar behavior, and wettability of produced film samples. The films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope, ultraviolet-visible near-infrared spectrophotometer, water contact angle, and tensile strength measurements. In the present study, the mass loss of samples containing 7% barium titanate was 24% lower than that of the pure polyurethane reference. The increase of barium titanate rate added to polyurethane enhanced the solar reflectance property of the films, including the near-infrared region. As a prominent result, the transmittance value decreased significantly compared to the reference in the ultraviolet region, and it dropped to 3% for the highest additive concentration. The contact angle values of polyurethane films increased by 11–40% depending on the barium titanate addition ratio. The nano additive also positively affected the mechanical performance of the reference polyurethane film by slightly increasing the tensile strength values. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3259">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/43Y6O03G1S ">Advances in Functional Polyurethane and Composites</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527537" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 3295 KiB   </span> <a href="/2310-2861/10/12/757/pdf?version=1732331479" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electrostatic Gelatin Nanoparticles for Biotherapeutic Delivery" data-journal="gels"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2310-2861/10/12/757">Electrostatic Gelatin Nanoparticles for Biotherapeutic Delivery</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Connor Tobo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Avantika Jain</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Madhushika Elabada Gamage</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paul Jelliss</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Koyal Garg</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Gels</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>10</em>(12), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120757 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 232 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Biological agents such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and growth factors, when administered in vivo, often face rapid clearance, limiting their therapeutic potential. To address this challenge and enhance their efficacy, we propose the electrostatic conjugation and sequestration of these agents into gelatin-based biomaterials. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/10/12/757/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Biological agents such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and growth factors, when administered in vivo, often face rapid clearance, limiting their therapeutic potential. To address this challenge and enhance their efficacy, we propose the electrostatic conjugation and sequestration of these agents into gelatin-based biomaterials. In this study, gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized via the nanoprecipitation method, with adjustments to the pH of the gelatin solution (4.0 or 10.0) to introduce either a positive or negative charge to the nanoparticles. The GNPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Both positively and negatively charged GNPs were confirmed to be endotoxin-free and non-cytotoxic. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs exhibited characteristic surface markers and a notable negative charge. Zeta potential measurements validated the electrostatic conjugation of MSC-EVs with positively charged GNPs. Utilizing a transwell culture system, we evaluated the impact of EV-GNP conjugates encapsulated within a gelatin hydrogel on macrophage secretory activity. The results demonstrated the bioactivity of EV-GNP conjugates and their synergistic effect on macrophage secretome over five days of culture. In summary, these findings demonstrate the efficacy of electrostatically coupled biotherapeutics with biomaterials for tissue regeneration applications. <a href="/2310-2861/10/12/757">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/gels/special_issues/O82U18DA9B ">Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering and Biomedical Therapeutics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/10/12/757/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527537"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527537"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527537" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527537" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527537" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g001-550.jpg?1732331606" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527537" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g002-550.jpg?1732331608'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g003-550.jpg?1732331609'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g004-550.jpg?1732331610'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g005-550.jpg?1732331611'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g006-550.jpg?1732331612'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g007-550.jpg?1732331613'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g008-550.jpg?1732331614'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527537-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g001-550.jpg?1732331606" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>GNP size, morphology, and zeta potential characterization. The size distribution of acidic (<b>A</b>) and alkaline (<b>B</b>) GNPs is shown. TEM images show particle morphology and integrity of acidic (<b>C</b>) and alkaline (<b>D</b>) GNPs (scale bar = 200 nm). (<b>E</b>) Comparison of zeta potential of acidic GNPs vs. alkaline GNPs is presented. Data reported as mean ± standard deviation. A <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test demonstrates statistical significance (*** denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, n = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g002-550.jpg?1732331608" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Powder XRD spectra comparing stock type-A gelatin (<b>A</b>) and acidic GNPs (<b>B</b>). FTIR spectra of both (<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>) type A and B gelatin and (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>) type A and type B GNPs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g003-550.jpg?1732331609" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>LDH Assay assessing cytotoxicity. No statistically significant differences were detected between GNP treatment groups and untreated media control (# denotes significance between all other groups, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 (n = 3)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g004-550.jpg?1732331610" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>MSC-EV size and surface marker characterization. (<b>A</b>) NTA data shows an average EV particle size range of 50–300 nm (n = 5). NTA for 1X PBS is also shown as negative control (n = 3). (<b>B</b>) An exo-check array reveals the presence of EV-specific markers, confirming the successful isolation of EVs. A marker for cellular contamination (GM130) was negative.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g005-550.jpg?1732331611" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Zeta potential measurements comparing acidic GNPs and EVs versus GNP<sup>+</sup>:EV conjugates. From left to right, GNP<sup>+</sup>:EV ratios tested include 400:1, 200:1, and 100:1. Each GNP and conjugate measurement maintained a consistent GNP concentration of 1.0 mg/mL while EV concentration was changed between groups. Different EV concentrations are specified (x-axis). (<b>B</b>) The zeta potential of alkaline GNPs, EVs, and their respectively combined solutions in the same ratios of 400:1, 200:1, and 100:1. Statistical comparisons between measurements of different GNP<sup>+</sup> to EV ratios are not shown for ease of viewing. Data is represented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3, statistical significance is denoted by * for <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 between groups for One-way ANOVA).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g006-550.jpg?1732331612" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Release of GNP<sup>+</sup>:EV Conjugates and Their Temporal Effects on Bioactivity. (<b>A</b>) IL-6 secretion is significantly reduced in groups treated with GNP<sup>+</sup>:EV conjugates over the course of both three and five days, and it is also reduced on day three for cells cultured with control gels (<b>B</b>) Macrophages treated with EVs and GNP<sup>+</sup>:EV conjugates secreted significantly more VEGF than cells treated with gels containing only GNPs. (<b>C</b>) IGF-1 concentration is not significantly different amongst any groups. (<b>D</b>) No differences in cellular proliferation were noted between groups (n = 4, * denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, a repeated measures two-way ANOVA was used for analysis).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g007-550.jpg?1732331613" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>GNP<sup>+</sup>:EV conjugation increases particle size and offers protection for improved retention of biological cargo.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00757/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00757-g008-550.jpg?1732331614" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>GNP synthesis using the nanoprecipitation method and carbodiimide crosslinking prior to resuspension.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/12/757'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527493" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 5108 KiB   </span> <a href="/2075-4701/14/12/1323/pdf?version=1732292421" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigating Antibacterial Activity of Copper-Silver-Cerium Alloys" data-journal="metals"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2075-4701/14/12/1323">Investigating Antibacterial Activity of Copper-Silver-Cerium Alloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chen-Ying Su</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Satoshi Kameoka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu-Cheng Tsai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiao-Ping Cheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shu-Hsuan Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yi-Xin Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hsu-Wei Fang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Metals</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(12), 1323; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121323">https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121323</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 250 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Antibacterial alloys are widely applied to reduce the incidence of medical-implant-associated infection. Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) are commonly used in antibacterial alloys; however, rare earth elements, such as Cerium (Ce), are now gaining attention because their low trace is sufficient for killing <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1323/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Antibacterial alloys are widely applied to reduce the incidence of medical-implant-associated infection. Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) are commonly used in antibacterial alloys; however, rare earth elements, such as Cerium (Ce), are now gaining attention because their low trace is sufficient for killing bacteria. Accordingly, the antibacterial activity of Copper<sub>48</sub>-Silver<sub>48</sub>-Cerium<sub>4</sub> (CuAgCe<sub>4</sub>) alloys with different crystalline structures was investigated. The immersion approach was employed for alloys cultured with <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and a direct contact method was used for alloys cultured with <i>Staphylococcus aureus.</i> Surface morphology was observed when alloys were made, and the crystalline structures of alloys were examined before and after being cultured with bacteria. The immersion method revealed that all the CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> alloy samples could inhibit the growth of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and the crystallized structures were distorted after the alloys were cultured with bacteria. Conversely, the direct contact approach showed the crystalline structures of CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> alloys remained unchanged after the culture with <i>Staphylococcus aureus,</i> thereby indicating that the antibacterial activity did not correspond to the crystalline structures. Despite the lack of clarity surrounding the possible antibacterial mechanisms of CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> alloy, the current findings demonstrate the potential antibacterial effects of CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> alloy in medical implants. <a href="/2075-4701/14/12/1323">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1323/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527493"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527493"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527493" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527493" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527493" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g001-550.jpg?1732292537" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527493" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g002-550.jpg?1732292537'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g003-550.jpg?1732292539'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g004-550.jpg?1732292540'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g005-550.jpg?1732292541'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527493-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g001-550.jpg?1732292537" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs representing the dark and light sides of amorphous and various crystallized CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> ribbons. The scale bar shows 50 μm with 1000× magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-4701/14/12/1323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g002-550.jpg?1732292537" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>XRD results of (<b>a</b>) amorphous, (<b>b</b>) semi-crystallization, and crystallization of CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> alloy ribbons at (<b>c</b>) 250 °C and (<b>d</b>) 450 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-4701/14/12/1323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g003-550.jpg?1732292539" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>XRD results of CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> ribbons before and after culture with <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span>. (<b>a</b>) amorphous, (<b>b</b>) semi-crystallization, and crystallization at (<b>c</b>) 250 °C, and (<b>d</b>) 450 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-4701/14/12/1323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g004-550.jpg?1732292540" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Plots showing the concentrations of Cu and Ce ions in the mixture.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-4701/14/12/1323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/metals/metals-14-01323/article_deploy/html/images/metals-14-01323-g005-550.jpg?1732292541" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD results for CuAgCe<sub>4</sub> alloy ribbons before and after culture with <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> (<b>a</b>) amorphous, (<b>b</b>) semi-crystallization, and crystallization at (<b>c</b>) 250 °C and (<b>d</b>) 450 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-4701/14/12/1323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527344" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 40 pages, 15332 KiB   </span> <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12567/pdf?version=1732286207" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Photocrosslinkable Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting: Mechanisms, Recent Advances, and Future Prospects" data-journal="ijms"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1422-0067/25/23/12567">Photocrosslinkable Biomaterials for 3D Bioprinting: Mechanisms, Recent Advances, and Future Prospects</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yushang Lai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiong Xiao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ziwei Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongying Duan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liping Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuchu Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chenxi Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Li Feng</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>25</em>(23), 12567; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312567">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312567</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 348 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Constructing scaffolds with the desired structures and functions is one of the main goals of tissue engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology that enables the personalized fabrication of devices with regulated biological and mechanical characteristics similar to natural tissues/organs. To date, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12567/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Constructing scaffolds with the desired structures and functions is one of the main goals of tissue engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology that enables the personalized fabrication of devices with regulated biological and mechanical characteristics similar to natural tissues/organs. To date, 3D bioprinting has been widely explored for biomedical applications like tissue engineering, drug delivery, drug screening, and in vitro disease model construction. Among different bioinks, photocrosslinkable bioinks have emerged as a powerful choice for the advanced fabrication of 3D devices, with fast crosslinking speed, high resolution, and great print fidelity. The photocrosslinkable biomaterials used for light-based 3D printing play a pivotal role in the fabrication of functional constructs. Herein, this review outlines the general 3D bioprinting approaches related to photocrosslinkable biomaterials, including extrusion-based printing, inkjet printing, stereolithography printing, and laser-assisted printing. Further, the mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of photopolymerization and photoinitiators are discussed. Next, recent advances in natural and synthetic photocrosslinkable biomaterials used for 3D bioprinting are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of photocrosslinkable bioinks and bioprinting approaches are envisaged. <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12567">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijms/special_issues/0EV438MAV9 ">Bioprinting: Progress and Challenges</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12567/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527344"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527344"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527344" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527344" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527344" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g001-550.jpg?1732286321" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527344" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g002-550.jpg?1732286322'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g003-550.jpg?1732286323'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g004-550.jpg?1732286323'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g005-550.jpg?1732286326'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g006-550.jpg?1732286327'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g007-550.jpg?1732286330'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g008-550.jpg?1732286332'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g009-550.jpg?1732286334'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g010-550.jpg?1732286336'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g011-550.jpg?1732286338'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g012-550.jpg?1732286340'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g013-550.jpg?1732286342'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g014-550.jpg?1732286343'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g015-550.jpg?1732286345'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1527344-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-sch001-550.jpg?1732286346'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527344-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g001-550.jpg?1732286321" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of (<b>a</b>) extrusion, (<b>b</b>) inkjet, (<b>c</b>) stereolithography, and (<b>d</b>) light-assisted 3D bioprinting (The figures were created with BioRender).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g002-550.jpg?1732286322" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A schematic illustration of the mechanism of free radical chain-growth polymerization. (<b>a</b>) The mechanism of free radical chain-growth polymerization. (<b>b</b>) A schematic of polymer chains containing reactive groups crosslinking through free radical chain-growth polymerization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g003-550.jpg?1732286323" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustrations of the mechanism of thiol-ene-mediated polymerization. (<b>a</b>) A schematic illustration of the mechanism of thiol-ene crosslinking. (<b>b</b>) A schematic of polymer chains containing reactive groups crosslinking through thiol-ene polymerization. (<b>c</b>) Kinetic modeling of photoinitiated thiol-ene click chemistry based on alkene conversion and a summary of the reactivity of the alkene group (Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B122-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">122</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g004-550.jpg?1732286323" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The mechanism of redox crosslinking. (<b>a</b>) A schematic illustration of the mechanism of redox polymerization. (<b>b</b>) A schematic of polymer chains containing reactive groups crosslinking through redox reactions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g005-550.jpg?1732286326" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Collagen-based photocrosslinking bioinks. (<b>a</b>) Schematic representation of methacrylate- [<a href="#B171-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">171</a>,<a href="#B172-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">172</a>], maleic- [<a href="#B173-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">173</a>], norbornene- [<a href="#B170-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">170</a>], and thiol-modified [<a href="#B174-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">174</a>] collagen synthesis. (<b>b</b>) The relative solubility of NorCol and collagen at different pH values. (<b>c</b>) The miscibility of NorCol with gelatin and alginate. (<b>d</b>) Temperature-sensitive extrusion bioprinting of NorCol bioinks. (<b>d</b>) (i) Schematic of temperature-sensitive extrusion bioprinting of NorCol bio-inks. (ii) Printed NorCol hydrogels (12 layers, 3 mm) after 1 day of culture. Fluorescence micrographs showing cell (iii) viability (day 1) and (iv) spreading (day 5) within NorCol hydrogels (Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B170-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">170</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g006-550.jpg?1732286327" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of collagen hydrolysis and representative routes to synthesize methacrylate, norbornene, vinyl, and tyrosine-modified gelatin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g007-550.jpg?1732286330" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The bioprinting performance of photocrosslinkable gelatin bioinks. (<b>a</b>) The cell viability within the printed scaffold is affected by the methacrylate degree of GelMA. (i) Photocrosslinking for solidification. (ii) Evaluation of live and dead cells encapsulating in 7.5% GM-30/60/90 on day 5. (iii) Semiquantitative analysis of cell viability, (<span class="html-italic">** p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001) (Copyright 2023 Wiley [<a href="#B52-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">52</a>]). (<b>b</b>) An illustrative scheme of cell-laden bioprinting using GelMA and GelNB/HepSH bioinks. (<b>c</b>) HUVEC-laden constructs are built from GelNB/HepSH and GelMA bioinks. (i) Fluorescence micrographs showing the bioprinted constructs after 1 and 7 days of culture. (ii) Semiquantitative analysis of cell viability. Fluorescence micrographs showing HUVEC cytoskeleton in both bioinks after cell culture for 7 days, using (iii) an inverted fluorescence microscope and (iv) a laser scanning confocal microscope, scale bars = 500 μm. (v,vi) 3D-printed canine peripheral-nerve-like constructs using the GelNB/HepSH bioink, scale bars = 4 mm (Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B112-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">112</a>]). (<b>d</b>) GelNB/GelS bioinks can undergo superfast gelation at extremely low photoinitiator concentrations. (i) Water-based synthesis of GelNB and GelS from gelatin. (ii) Photocrosslinked thiol-ene click hydrogel. (iii) Comparison of the two thiol-ene hydrogel systems GelNB/DTT and GelNB/GelS. <span class="html-italic">*** p</span> &lt; 0.001. (<b>e</b>) The 3D bioprinting of an NHDF-laden hydrogel grid structure (i) 3D bioprinting of a hydrogel grid structure (1 cm × 1 cm) consisting of four layers on a glass slide. Post-printing cell viability analysis of 3D bioprinted NHDF at day 1 using (ii) GelMA and (iii) GelNB/GelS bioinks. (iv) Distribution of NHDF within the hydrogel, (i) Live/dead staining and (ii) distribution of NHDF, scale bars = 100 μm, (<span class="html-italic">** p &lt;</span> 0.01) (Copyright 2021 Wiley [<a href="#B180-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">180</a>]). (<b>f</b>) A schematic comparison of GelNB synthesized by (i) 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid and (ii) CA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g008-550.jpg?1732286332" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Hyaluronic acid-based photocrosslinking bioinks. (<b>a</b>) Synthesis route of light-cured hyaluronic acid. (<b>b</b>) Modification of sodium HA with CA to form NorHA<sub>CA</sub>. (i) Reaction scheme for NorHA<sub>CA</sub> synthesis. (ii) Degree of modification of HA with norbornene is tuned by changing the molar ratio of CA to HA repeat units. (iii) Schematic representation of network formation by visible light-induced thiol-ene step-growth reaction between NorHA<sub>CA</sub> and DTT in the presence of photoinitiator (LAP), (<span class="html-italic">** p &lt;</span> 0.01, <span class="html-italic">**** p &lt;</span> 0.0001). (<b>c</b>) Biocompatibility and DLP-based 3D bioprinting of NorHA<sub>CA</sub> bioinks. (i) Representative fluorescence micrographs of bMSCs encapsulated in NorHA<sub>CA</sub> (5wt%, 40%mod.) bulk hydrogels over time (1, 3, and 7 days), scale bars = 200 μm. (ii) Semiquantitative analysis of cell viability, (<span class="html-italic">* p &lt;</span> 0.05). (iii) Schematic representation of DLP-based 3D printing of NorHACA hydrogels with bMSCs. (iv) Representative maximum projection image of bMSCs encapsulated in a NorHA<sub>CA</sub> macroporous lattice at day 1, scale bars = 1 mm and 500 μm (Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B204-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">204</a>]). (<b>d</b>) HA-TBA mediates the synthesis of NorHA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g009-550.jpg?1732286334" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Alginate-based bioinks. (<b>a</b>) The (i) structure and (ii) gelation mechanism of alginate. (<b>b</b>) The norbornene alginate bioink (Alg-norb) was functionalized by light-mediated RGD grafting for building L929 cell-embedded constructs. (i) Schematic overview of the strategy employed to develop photoactive Alg-norb for bioprinting. (ii) Photoinitiated thiol−ene reactions of Alg-norb with RGD Peptide Sequence (CGGGRGDS). (iii) Images of 3D bioprinted hydrogels loaded with cells at (a) day 0 and (b) day 7. Green and red cell tracker labeled L929 as two different bioinks printed as alternating fibers (c) in the X-Y plane and (d) in the Z direction (Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B218-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">218</a>]). (<b>c</b>) The synthesis of Alg-RGD through a thiol-ene click reaction to promote the cell growth and vascularization of HUVECs. (i) Design of the HA/Alg-RGD hydrogel. (ii) Schematic diagram of the 3D printing process. (iii) Fluorescent images of GFP-HUVECs cultured in the hydrogel at intervals of 3, 7, and 14 days post-3D printing, along with magnified images of selected regions (scale bar = 1 mm and 200 μm, respectively) (Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B219-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">219</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g010-550.jpg?1732286336" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>SF-based photocrosslinkable bioink. (<b>a</b>) Production, structure, and modification of SF (Copyright 2023 Elsevier [<a href="#B228-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">228</a>]). (<b>b</b>) The design and printing performance of the redox-crosslinkable SF/CG bioink. (i) Schematic of the printing process of SF/CG bioink. (ii) CAD images depicting the ear, nose, and hand and printed images at various angles (Copyright 2024 Elsevier [<a href="#B237-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">237</a>]). (<b>c</b>) Methacrylate-group-functionalized SF for recapitulating human skin models through 3D bioprinting (Copyright 2024 Wiely [<a href="#B243-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">243</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g011-550.jpg?1732286338" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>dECM-based photocrosslinkable bioinks. (<b>a</b>) The production and modification of dECM (Copyright 2023 Ivyspring [<a href="#B252-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">252</a>]). (<b>b</b>) The Ru/SPS-induced visible light crosslinking of dECM. (i) The crosslinking mechanism. (ii) The gelled dECM hydrogel (Copyright 2023 Wiely [<a href="#B253-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">253</a>]). (<b>c</b>) The light-activated dityrosine crosslinking reaction in dECM bioink to realize centimeter-scale 3D bioprinting. (i) A schematic of visible-light active dityrosine synthesis. (ii) Extrusion-based printing of dECM. (iii) DLP photopatterning with 100 µm step-size constructs, scale bars = 100 μm for white represent printed fiber, 500 μm for live/dead images, (Copyright 2021 Wiely [<a href="#B124-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">124</a>]). (<b>d</b>) Liver dECM was functionalized by glycidyl methacrylate and methacrylic anhydride for the systematic comparison of different type of methacrylate dECM bioinks. The (i) preparation and (ii) modification of live dECM (Copyright 2024 Elsevier [<a href="#B254-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">254</a>]). (<b>e</b>) The decellularized small intestine submucosa (dSIS) was functionalized by norbornene to create an orthogonally crosslinked dSIS hydrogel for cancer and vascular tissue engineering. (i) 1H NMR spectra of dSIS and dSIS-NB. Peak a: alkene protons (HC=CH), Peak b: ethyl protons (CH<sub>2</sub>), Peaks c and d: methine protons (C<sub>3</sub>CH). (ii) Schematic of thiol-norbornene photo-crosslinking. (iii) Schematic of DLP bioprinting. (iv) In situ, photo rheometry of dSIS-NB gelation with tartrazine added as a photo absorber to improve printing fidelity, dotted line indicate light on. (v) A CAD image of astar-shaped object for DLP bioprinting and the DLP printed dSIS-NB gel. (vi) A representative live/dead confocal image of interconnected microvascular HUVEC network within the printed hydrogel on day 3 (Copyright 2024 Wiely [<a href="#B255-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">255</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g012-550.jpg?1732286340" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>PEG-based photocrosslinkable bioinks. (<b>a</b>) A schematic of the structures of modified photocrosslinkable PEG derivatives for 3D bioprinting. (<b>b</b>) A schematic diagram of the process for preparing a hydrogel with cell adhesion properties. (A) Schematic representation of the ink design and the hydrogel manufacturing process. (B) Synthetic approach toward labelled RGD peptides (Copyright 2024 Wiley [<a href="#B266-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">266</a>]). (<b>c</b>) A schematic illustration of the fabrication of enzymatically degradable PEG hydrogels to mimic matrix remodeling. (A) Components used in the development of the bioinspired pseudo-reversible stiffening and softening hydrogels include PEG-4-Nb (Mn∼ 5, 10, or 20 kDa), PEG-8-Nb (Mn∼40 kDa), di-thiol nondegradable linkers (PEG-2-SH; Mn∼ 2 or 3.4 kDa), di-thiol MMP degradable linker, a di-thiol MMP PEG-conjugate (PEG<sub>8</sub>MMP), and an MMP-thrombin degradable peptide linker (MMP+Thb). (B) Hydrogel tools were designed to mimic aspects of matrix degradation or matrix deposition that occurs during matrix remodeling of the cellular microenvironment through incorporation of PEG<sub>8</sub>MMP and MMP+Thb linkers, respectively. (C) A reduction of matrix density was achieved by photopolymerization of PEG hydrogels in the presence of a combination of MMP and MMP+Thb linkers, enabling triggered softening through a reduction of crosslink density upon incubation with thrombin. (D) For triggered stiffening, hydrogels were formed by photopolymerization of PEG hydrogels in the presence of MMP crosslinkers followed by secondary photopolymerization of excess reactive handles with PEG or peptide linkers (Copyright 2022 Wiley [<a href="#B267-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">267</a>]). (<b>d</b>) A schematic representation of MSN bioinks for extrusion-based in situ bioprinting applications (Copyright 2023 Elsevier [<a href="#B268-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">268</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g013-550.jpg?1732286342" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>PF127 and PVA for 3D bioprinting. (<b>a</b>) A schematic diagram of the structure and gel formation mechanism of PF127 (Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B283-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">283</a>]). (<b>b</b>) A schematic diagram of PF127 as a sacrificial material for the preparation of microvascular tissue. (i) Schematic of the manufacturing process. (ii) Perfusion of fluorescent dextran solution into a GFP-HDFs/RFP-HUVECs co-culture construct (Copyright 2021 IOP Publishing [<a href="#B282-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">282</a>]). (<b>c</b>) Norbornene-modified PVA and gelatin were used to construct a cell-laden hydrogel through volumetric bioprinting (VBP) to promote cell growth and support osteogenic differentiation. (i) (a) Schematic of the set-up for VBP. (b) Illustration of VBP of a PVA bioresin. (c) Chemical structures of norbornene-modified PVA, thiolated crosslinker (PEG2SH), and photoinitiator (LAP). (d) Mechanism of radical-mediated thiol-norbornene photoclick reaction. (ii) (a) Live(green)/dead(red) stained hMSCs following 24 h after printing, scale bars = 100 µm (i, iv). Confocal images of actin-nuclei stained hMSCs in soft and stiff gels at 24 h (ii, v) and 7 days (iii, vi) after printing, scale bars = 100 µm (ii, v) and 50 µm (iii, vi). Scale bars for all inserts are 20 µm. Visualization of single cells in soft and stiff matrix using automated IMARIS dendrite tracking, scale bars = 10µm (iii-1, vi-1). (b) Quantification of cell viability of hMSCs at different time points. (c) Quantification of average cell area in soft and stiff constructs over time. (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0485; ns, not significant; n ≥ 3) (d) Confocal image of actin-nuclei stained hMSCs showing cell-cell contacts in the soft gels following 14 days of osteogenic culture (Copyright 2023 Wiley [<a href="#B284-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">284</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g014-550.jpg?1732286343" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Representative photoinitiator-free photocrosslinking strategies. (<b>a</b>) A schematic diagram of UV light crosslinking based on coumarin derivatives. (<b>b</b>) A schematic diagram of UV-light-triggered imine crosslinking (Copyright 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science [<a href="#B337-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">337</a>]). (<b>c</b>) A schematic diagram of UV-light-mediated dual crosslinking based on azide-modified chitosan (Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society [<a href="#B335-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">335</a>]). (<b>d</b>) A schematic diagram of photoinitiator-free photocrosslinking with SbQ as an intermediate. (i) Synthesis of PVA-SBQ and (ii) UV-light-mediated crosslinking mechanism.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-g015-550.jpg?1732286345" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>The application of NIR-light-mediated photocrosslinking based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for in vivo 3D bioprinting. (<b>a</b>) NIR photopolymerization-based 3D printing technology that enables the noninvasive in vivo 3D bioprinting of tissue constructs (Copyright 2020 American Association for the Advancement of Science [<a href="#B340-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">340</a>]). (<b>b</b>) The 3D bioprinting of noninvasive fracture scaffolds in vivo by the NIR photocuring method. (i) Schematic of the noninvasive fixation of a broken bone with the UCNPs-assisted 3D bioprinting in-vivo. (ii) Fixation scaffolds for (a) oblique and (b) comminuted fractures using UCNPs-assisted NIR 3Dprinting. Images (I, II, III, and IV) show the pre-fracture, post-fracture, 3D skeleton fixation, and corresponding magnified images of the bones respectively. The shin bones of chickens were used in the experiment, scale bar = 0.65 cm. (c) Photograph and CT image with a broken rat. (d) Bioink is subcutaneously injected into the fracture area. (e) 3D in-vivo printing. (f) Images of fracture fixation positions in-vivo, scale bar = 0.6 cm (Copyright 2024 Wiley [<a href="#B339-ijms-25-12567" class="html-bibr">339</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12567/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12567-sch001-550.jpg?1732286346" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Radical generation mechanisms of type I and type II photoinitiators. * means exciting state.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12567'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527180" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 8 pages, 1530 KiB   </span> <a href="/2304-6767/12/12/377/pdf?version=1732280318" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Changes in Occlusal Contacts upon the Cementation of Zirconia Crowns with Different Cement Spacers" data-journal="dentistry"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2304-6767/12/12/377">Changes in Occlusal Contacts upon the Cementation of Zirconia Crowns with Different Cement Spacers</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yujun Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philip Millstein</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Korina Yun-Fan Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jason D. Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sang J. Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Dent. J.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 377; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12120377">https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12120377</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 212 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b><b>Background/Objectives</b>:</b> Occlusion plays a crucial role in the long-term success and functionality of dental restorations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in occlusal contacts upon the cementation of zirconia crowns with different cement spacer settings in computer-aided design <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/12/12/377/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b><b>Background/Objectives</b>:</b> Occlusion plays a crucial role in the long-term success and functionality of dental restorations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in occlusal contacts upon the cementation of zirconia crowns with different cement spacer settings in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) software (3Shape Dental System version 2.102.1.0). <b>Methods:</b> A master model of a prepared abutment for a crown on the right maxillary first molar was scanned, and 30 sets of sample casts and zirconia crowns were fabricated with varying cement spaces (70 μm and 120 μm). These casts were mounted in maximal intercuspation (MIP) on a semi-adjustable articulator. Pre-cementation adjustments were made to fit the crowns and maintain the existing occlusion. Occlusal records were taken before and after cementation using polyvinyl siloxane impression material. These records were analyzed using a DC light box and image analyzer to measure changes in contact area, intensity, and patterns. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-cementation occlusal contact areas of each sample (α = 0.05). <b>Results:</b> Significant differences in occlusal contact areas were found between pre- and post-cementation in both groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The mean post-cementation contact surface area for the 70 μm group was 6281 ± 3310 μm<sup>2</sup>, compared to 2339 ± 1206 μm<sup>2</sup> before cementation. For the 120 μm group, the post-cementation area was 5545 ± 3491 μm<sup>2</sup>, compared to 2071 ± 909 μm<sup>2</sup> before cementation. An increase in contact intensity was also observed after cementation. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study demonstrates that cementation increases occlusal contact surface area and intensity in both cement space groups. <a href="/2304-6767/12/12/377">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/dentistry/special_issues/608985HF6X ">Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of <em>Dentistry Journal</em></a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6767/12/12/377/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527180"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527180"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527180" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527180" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527180" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527180-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/dentistry/dentistry-12-00377/article_deploy/html/images/dentistry-12-00377-g001-550.jpg?1732280399" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527180" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527180-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/dentistry/dentistry-12-00377/article_deploy/html/images/dentistry-12-00377-g002-550.jpg?1732280402'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527180-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/dentistry/dentistry-12-00377/article_deploy/html/images/dentistry-12-00377-g003-550.jpg?1732280403'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527180-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/dentistry/dentistry-12-00377/article_deploy/html/images/dentistry-12-00377-g001-550.jpg?1732280399" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Cementation of the sample. (<b>a</b>) Mounted Casts, (<b>b</b>) sample try-in, (<b>c</b>) cementation with an insertion guide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2304-6767/12/12/377'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/dentistry/dentistry-12-00377/article_deploy/html/images/dentistry-12-00377-g002-550.jpg?1732280402" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Occlusal record scan. (<b>a</b>) Cementation record taking, (<b>b</b>) PVS records scan, (<b>c</b>) DC light box set-up.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2304-6767/12/12/377'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/dentistry/dentistry-12-00377/article_deploy/html/images/dentistry-12-00377-g003-550.jpg?1732280403" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Output from occlusal record scan. Red circles show the occlusal contacts. (<b>a</b>) Pre-cementation scan, (<b>b</b>) post cementation scan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2304-6767/12/12/377'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527151" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 1858 KiB   </span> <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12559/pdf?version=1732279030" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Relevance of Saliva Analyses in Terms of Etiological Factors, Biomarkers, and Indicators of Disease Course in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis—A Review" data-journal="ijms"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1422-0067/25/23/12559">Relevance of Saliva Analyses in Terms of Etiological Factors, Biomarkers, and Indicators of Disease Course in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis—A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aleksandra Kapel-Reguła</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Irena Duś-Ilnicka</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Małgorzata Radwan-Oczko</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>25</em>(23), 12559; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312559">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312559</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 191 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, progressive, and neurodegenerative disease. The cause of this condition remains unknown. Diagnosing and monitoring the course of this disease requires the use of time-consuming, costly, and invasive methods such as magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12559/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, progressive, and neurodegenerative disease. The cause of this condition remains unknown. Diagnosing and monitoring the course of this disease requires the use of time-consuming, costly, and invasive methods such as magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. To date, no specific diagnostic tests for MS are available. The purpose of this publication is to answer the question of whether saliva, as a mirror of oral and general health and easily obtainable test material, can be a significant source of information on etiological factors, biomarkers, and indicators of disease progression and whether analysis of substances in saliva is sensitive enough to replace plasma, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid. For this purpose, a systematic search of databases was conducted: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase. <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12559">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijms/special_issues/ANXDID14FJ ">Molecular Insight into Oral Diseases</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12559/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527151"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527151"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527151" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527151" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527151" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g001-550.jpg?1732279107" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527151" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g002-550.jpg?1732279108'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g003-550.jpg?1732279109'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g004-550.jpg?1732279110'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g005-550.jpg?1732279111'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527151-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g001-550.jpg?1732279107" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Differences between the forms of the Multiple Sclerosis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12559'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g002-550.jpg?1732279108" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Advantages and disadvantages of biological fluid analysis in MS. Legend: (++) very high (+) high (+/-) medium (-) low.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12559'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g003-550.jpg?1732279109" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>PRISMA checklist for this manuscript’s methodology of obtaining the saliva of patients with MS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12559'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g004-550.jpg?1732279110" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Types of saliva samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12559'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12559/article_deploy/html/images/ijms-25-12559-g005-550.jpg?1732279111" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Substances analyzed with the use of biomarkers for the purpose of MS diagnostics [<a href="#B6-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">6</a>,<a href="#B14-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">14</a>,<a href="#B15-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B18-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B19-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">20</a>,<a href="#B21-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">21</a>,<a href="#B22-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">22</a>,<a href="#B23-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">23</a>,<a href="#B24-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B26-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">26</a>,<a href="#B27-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">27</a>,<a href="#B28-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">28</a>,<a href="#B29-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">29</a>,<a href="#B30-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">31</a>,<a href="#B32-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">33</a>,<a href="#B50-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B51-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B58-ijms-25-12559" class="html-bibr">58</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12559'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526951" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 17855 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/23/5713/pdf?version=1732273603" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Constitutive Modelling Analysis and Hot Deformation Process of AISI 8822H Steel" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/23/5713">Constitutive Modelling Analysis and Hot Deformation Process of AISI 8822H Steel</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Khaled Elanany</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wojciech Borek</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Saad Ebied</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(23), 5713; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235713">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235713</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 271 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study used the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator to examine the hot deformation characteristics of AISI 8822H steel. The main goal was to understand the alloy’s behaviour under various thermomechanical settings, emphasising temperature ranges between 1173 K and 1323 K and strain rates <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/23/5713/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study used the Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator to examine the hot deformation characteristics of AISI 8822H steel. The main goal was to understand the alloy’s behaviour under various thermomechanical settings, emphasising temperature ranges between 1173 K and 1323 K and strain rates from 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup> to 10 s<sup>−1</sup>. This study aimed to enhance the alloy’s manufacturing process by offering a thorough understanding of the material’s response to these conditions. Four various constitutive models—Arrhenius-type, Johnson–Cook, modified Johnson–Cook, and Trimble—were used in a comprehensive technique to forecast flow stress values in order to meet the study’s goals. The accuracy of each model in forecasting the behaviour of the material under the given circumstances was assessed. A thorough comparison investigation revealed that the Trimble model was the most accurate model allowing prediction of material behaviour, with the maximum correlation factor (R = 0.99) and at least average absolute relative error (1.7%). On the other hand, the Johnson–Cook model had the least correlation factor (R = 0.92) and the maximum average absolute relative error (32.2%), indicating that it was the least accurate because it could not account for all softening effects. <a href="/1996-1944/17/23/5713">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/plastic_deformation_metals_alloys_second_volume ">Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys (Second Volume)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/23/5713/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526951"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526951"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526951" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526951" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526951" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g001-550.jpg?1732273717" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526951" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g002-550.jpg?1732273719'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g003-550.jpg?1732273722'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g004-550.jpg?1732273722'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g005-550.jpg?1732273724'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g006-550.jpg?1732273724'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g007-550.jpg?1732273726'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g008-550.jpg?1732273726'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g009-550.jpg?1732273727'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g010-550.jpg?1732273728'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g011-550.jpg?1732273730'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g012-550.jpg?1732273730'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g013-550.jpg?1732273732'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g014-550.jpg?1732273732'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g015-550.jpg?1732273734'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g016-550.jpg?1732273736'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g017-550.jpg?1732273737'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g018-550.jpg?1732273738'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g019-550.jpg?1732273739'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g020-550.jpg?1732273741'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g021-550.jpg?1732273742'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g022-550.jpg?1732273742'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g023-550.jpg?1732273744'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1526951-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g024-550.jpg?1732273746'><p>Figure 24</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526951-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g001-550.jpg?1732273717" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration representing the hot deformation process of AISI 8822H steel using the Gleeble simulator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g002-550.jpg?1732273719" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>True strain–stress curves of AISI 8822H steel at strain rates (<b>a</b>) 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>d</b>) 10 s<sup>−1</sup>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g003-550.jpg?1732273722" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Plots of (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mfenced open="[" close="]" separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>[</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>)</mo> <mo>]</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>10000</mn> <mo>/</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math> to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, n, and s, respectively, at 0.4 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g004-550.jpg?1732273722" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Plots of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>Z</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>[</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>)</mo> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math> to evaluate lnA at 0.4 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g005-550.jpg?1732273724" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Polynomial fitting of (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>)<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g006-550.jpg?1732273724" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Arrhenius-type model’s anticipated and experimental stress data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g007-550.jpg?1732273726" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Arrhenius-type model’s true strain–true stress anticipated and experimental flow stress data at temperature range (1173–1323 K) at (<b>a</b>) 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 1 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>d</b>) 10 s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g008-550.jpg?1732273726" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Plots of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>)</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g009-550.jpg?1732273727" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Plots of (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>*</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msup> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>*</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> at strain range (0.2–0.6) to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g010-550.jpg?1732273728" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Johnson–Cook model’s anticipated and experimental stress data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g011-550.jpg?1732273730" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Johnson–Cook model’s true strain–true stress anticipated and experimental flow stress data at temperature range (1173–1323 K) at (<b>a</b>) 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 1 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>d</b>) 10 s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g012-550.jpg?1732273730" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Plots of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mi>σ</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>)</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g013-550.jpg?1732273732" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Plots of (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msup> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>*</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <msubsup> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <msup> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>*</mo> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> at strain range (0.2–0.6) to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g014-550.jpg?1732273732" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the modified Johnson–Cook model’s anticipated and experimental stress data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g015-550.jpg?1732273734" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the modified Johnson–Cook model’s true strain–true stress anticipated and experimental flow stress data at temperature range (1173–1323 K) at (<b>a</b>) 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 1 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>d</b>) 10 s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g016-550.jpg?1732273736" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Plots of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>σ</mi> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <msup> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>*</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> at strain range (0.2–0.6) at (<b>a</b>) 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 1 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>d</b>) 10 s<sup>−1</sup> to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g017-550.jpg?1732273737" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Plots of (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> to evaluate <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> at strain rate range (0.01–10 s<sup>−1</sup>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g018-550.jpg?1732273738" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Polynomial fitting of (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g019-550.jpg?1732273739" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Trimble model’s anticipated and experimental stress data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g020-550.jpg?1732273741" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the Trimble model’s true strain–true stress anticipated and experimental stress data at temperature range (1173–1323 K) at (<b>a</b>) 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 1 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>d</b>) 10 s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g021-550.jpg?1732273742" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the experimental and anticipated stress data for the original and modified Johnson–Cook models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g022-550.jpg?1732273742" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the experimental and anticipated stress data for the four models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g023-550.jpg?1732273744" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between true strain–true stress experimental curves and predicted flow stress values for the Arrhenius-type, Johnson–Cook, modified Johnson–Cook, and Trimble models at 1 s<sup>−1</sup> at (<b>a</b>) 1173 K, (<b>b</b>) 1223 K, (<b>c</b>) 1273 K, and (<b>d</b>) 1323 K, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05713/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05713-g024-550.jpg?1732273746" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between true strain–true stress experimental curves and modelled flow stress values for the Arrhenius-type, Johnson–Cook, modified Johnson–Cook, and Trimble models at 1173 K at (<b>a</b>) 0.01 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 0.1 s<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>c</b>) 1 s<sup>−1</sup>, and (<b>d</b>) 10 s<sup>−1</sup>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/23/5713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526753" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 7292 KiB   </span> <a href="/1999-4923/16/12/1500/pdf?version=1732263170" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sustainable Carbon Dots Loaded into Carboxymethylcellulose Based Hydrogels for Uterine Cancer Bioimaging" data-journal="pharmaceutics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1999-4923/16/12/1500">Sustainable Carbon Dots Loaded into Carboxymethylcellulose Based Hydrogels for Uterine Cancer Bioimaging</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jordane S. Rodrigues</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro Brandão</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sofia O. D. Duarte</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Izabela Boueri da Silveira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria de Fátima Leite</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Max P. Gonçalves</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fernanda G. L. Medeiros Borsagli</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro Fonte</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Pharmaceutics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(12), 1500; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121500">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121500</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 337 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The development of innovative materials for disease diagnostics and therapeutics is a fast-growing area of scientific research. In this work, we report the development of innovative hydrogels incorporating carbon dots (Cdots) for bioimaging purposes. <b>Methods</b>: The Cdots were prepared using <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1500/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: The development of innovative materials for disease diagnostics and therapeutics is a fast-growing area of scientific research. In this work, we report the development of innovative hydrogels incorporating carbon dots (Cdots) for bioimaging purposes. <b>Methods</b>: The Cdots were prepared using a sustainable and low-cost process, starting with an underused fiber from the Brazilian semiarid region. Spectroscopy analysis (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize these hydrogels. In addition, biocompatibility using the resazurin assay and cellular uptake by confocal microscopy were evaluated. <b>Results</b>: Our results showed that the Cdots changed the structure and crystallinity of hydrogels, mainly due to heat treatment. In addition, hydrogels’ chemical groups suffer red and blue shifts following the Cdots incorporation. Moreover, the Cdots were homogeneously incorporated into the hydrogel matrix. Importantly, the cytotoxicity levels were maintained above 90% (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and cellular uptake studies using HeLa cells demonstrated intracellular fluorescence of both the Cdots and hydrogels after incubation. Additionally, the concentration of Cdots within hydrogels significantly affected fluorescence intensity, even compared with pure Cdots. <b>Conclusions</b>: These results showcase the potential for these hydrogels to be further developed as biomarkers and therapeutic biomaterials for women’s health. <a href="/1999-4923/16/12/1500">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/pharmaceutics/special_issues/Micro_Nanomaterials_Theranostic ">Novel Micro/Nanomaterials Based Drug Delivery Systems for Theranostic Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/12/1500/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526753"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526753"><i 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g008-550.jpg?1732263352'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526753-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g009-550.jpg?1732263354'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526753-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g010-550.jpg?1732263356'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526753-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g011-550.jpg?1732263357'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526753-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g012-550.jpg?1732263361'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526753-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g013-550.jpg?1732263362'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526753-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g001-550.jpg?1732263342" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Ceiba speciosa</span> and its fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g002-550.jpg?1732263343" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the Cdots synthesis and hydrogel formation. Hydrogel with 300 µL of Cdots (S1), hydrogel with 500 µL of Cdots (S2), hydrogel with 1000 µL of Cdots (S3), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g003-550.jpg?1732263345" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>ATR-FTIR spectra of Cdots, CMC, and hydrogels (CA, S1, S2, S3) (inset, CMC linked with CA; the brown circles are the Cdots).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g004-550.jpg?1732263345" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>UV visible spectra of Cdots (<b>A</b>) and Tauc relation of Cdots (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g005-550.jpg?1732263347" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum of Cdots, (<b>B</b>) C1s deconvolution, and (<b>C</b>) O1s deconvolution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g006-550.jpg?1732263348" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Cdots. The peak photoluminescence was observed at 398 nm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g007-550.jpg?1732263351" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>TEM microphotograph of Cdots and its diameter distribution, obtained using ImageJ software 1.54 from TEM images (red line is the gaussian curve of histogram).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g008-550.jpg?1732263352" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of <span class="html-italic">Ceiba speciosa</span> fibers with a scale bar of 200 nm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g009-550.jpg?1732263354" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>XRPD patterns of (<b>A</b>) <span class="html-italic">Ceiba speciosa</span> before and (<b>B</b>) after being treated; (<b>C</b>) Cdots; (<b>D</b>) pure CMC and hydrogels (<b>E</b>) CMC_CA; (<b>F</b>) S1; (<b>G</b>) S2; (<b>H</b>) S3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g010-550.jpg?1732263356" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Gel fraction of hydrogels; (<b>B</b>) Enlarged view of the gel fraction graph for the initial minutes; (<b>C</b>) Swelling degree of hydrogels; (<b>D</b>) Enlarged view of the swelling degree graph for the initial minutes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g011-550.jpg?1732263357" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>HeLa cells viability measured by resazurin assay, for Cdots, CMC, and hydrogels (CMC_CA, S1, S2, S3). Controls are cells without any other material, and control+ is triton).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g012-550.jpg?1732263361" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing cellular uptake of Cdots and hydrogels (S1, S2, S3); (<b>B</b>) Fluorescence results post internalization, displaying the average fluorescence intensity measured after 60 min (n = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01500/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01500-g013-550.jpg?1732263362" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of Cdots internalization in HeLa cells after 60 min of exposure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/12/1500'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526445" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 4201 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/15/12/355/pdf?version=1732200265" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Impact of Particle Size and Sintering Temperature on Calcium Phosphate Gyroid Structure Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/15/12/355">Impact of Particle Size and Sintering Temperature on Calcium Phosphate Gyroid Structure Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Romina Haydeé Aspera-Werz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guanqiao Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lea Schilonka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Islam Bouakaz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Catherine Bronne</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elisabeth Cobraiville</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Grégory Nolens</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreas Nussler</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>15</em>(12), 355; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120355">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120355</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 320 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Due to the chemical composition and structure of the target tissue, autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard for orthopedic applications worldwide. However, ongoing advancements in alternative grafting materials show that 3D-printed synthetic biomaterials offer many advantages. For instance, they provide high availability, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/15/12/355/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Due to the chemical composition and structure of the target tissue, autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard for orthopedic applications worldwide. However, ongoing advancements in alternative grafting materials show that 3D-printed synthetic biomaterials offer many advantages. For instance, they provide high availability, have low clinical limitations, and can be designed with a chemical composition and structure comparable to the target tissue. This study aimed to compare the influences of particle size and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of calcium phosphate (CaP) gyroid scaffolds. CaP gyroid scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing using powders with the same chemical composition but different particle sizes and sintering temperatures. The physicochemical characterization of the scaffolds was performed using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and microtomography analyses. The immortalized human mesenchymal stem cell line SCP-1 (osteoblast-like cells) and osteoclast-like cells (THP-1 cells) were seeded on the scaffolds as mono- or co-cultures. Bone cell attachment, number of live cells, and functionality were assessed at different time points over a period of 21 days. Improvements in mechanical properties were observed for scaffolds fabricated with narrow-particle-size-distribution powder. The physicochemical analysis showed that the microstructure varied with sintering temperature and that narrow particle size distribution resulted in smaller micropores and a smoother surface. Viable osteoblast- and osteoclast-like cells were observed for all scaffolds tested, but scaffolds produced with a smaller particle size distribution showed less attachment of osteoblast-like cells. Interestingly, low attachment of osteoclast-like cells was observed for all scaffolds regardless of surface roughness. Although bone cell adhesion was lower in scaffolds made with powder containing smaller particle sizes, the long-term function of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells was superior in scaffolds with improved mechanical properties. <a href="/2079-4983/15/12/355">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/A6L8Y7IFG0 ">Biomaterials and Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/15/12/355/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526445"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526445"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526445" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526445" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526445" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g001-550.jpg?1732200373" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526445" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g002-550.jpg?1732200374'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g003-550.jpg?1732200377'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g004-550.jpg?1732200378'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g005-550.jpg?1732200381'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g006-550.jpg?1732200384'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g007-550.jpg?1732200385'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g008-550.jpg?1732200388'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526445-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g009-550.jpg?1732200391'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526445-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g001-550.jpg?1732200373" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scaffold with cylindrical shape and gyroid structure. (<b>a</b>) Top view. (<b>b</b>) Side view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g002-550.jpg?1732200374" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Powder composition determined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Representative XRD curve for (<b>a</b>) powder A and (<b>b</b>) powder B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g003-550.jpg?1732200377" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mechanical characterization of the three scaffolds tested. (<b>a</b>) Maximum force, (<b>b</b>) maximum stress, (<b>c</b>) displacements at maximum load, and (<b>d</b>) flexural strength were analyzed on scaffolds generated with powder A sintering at 1230 °C [Scaffold A] or powder B sintering at 1250 °C and 1210 °C [scaffolds B<sub>I</sub> and B<sub>II</sub>, respectively]. The data are presented as the mean, standard error of the mean, and all data points. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values are classified as * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; and **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 for comparison between scaffold B and scaffold A and as # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 for comparison within scaffold B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g004-550.jpg?1732200378" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Surface topographies of the three scaffolds analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (<b>a</b>) Scaffold generated with powder A and sintering at 1230 °C. (<b>b</b>) Scaffold generated with powder B and sintering at 1250 °C. (<b>c</b>) Scaffold generated with powder B and sintering at 1210 °C (scale bar 10 µm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g005-550.jpg?1732200381" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SCP-1 cell attachment, number of live cells, and proliferation on three scaffolds tested. SCP-1 cells were seeded and cultured on scaffolds A, B<sub>I</sub>, and B<sub>II</sub> for 21 days. (<b>a</b>) Attached SCP-1 cells on scaffolds compared to cultured polystyrene. Number of live SCP-1 cells were analyzed after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days by total DNA levels (<b>b</b>) and visualized by esterase activity (<b>c</b>) using calcein-AM (green) and nuclear staining using Hoechst 33342 (blue) (scale bar 2000 µm). Each measure was conducted at least three independent times in triplicate. The data are presented as the mean, standard error of the mean, and all data points. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons (<b>a</b>) or a two-way analysis of variance test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons (<b>b</b>). <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values are classified as ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; and **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 for comparison between scaffold B and scaffold A and as ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; ### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; and #### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 for comparison within scaffold B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g006-550.jpg?1732200384" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SCP-1 osteogenic differentiation potential on three scaffolds tested. SCP-1 cells were seeded and cultured under osteogenic condition on scaffolds A, BI, and BII for 21 days. (<b>a</b>) Metabolic activity of SCP-1 cells were analyzed after 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days by mitochondrial activity as relative fluorescence units (RFU). (<b>b</b>) Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity normalized to DNA of SCP-1 cells were analyzed after 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days as relative absorbance units (RAU). (<b>c</b>) Procollagen type I N-propeptide (PINP) supernatant levels were determined after 21-day osteogenic culture. Each measure was conducted at least three independent times in duplicate. The data are presented as the mean, standard error of the mean, and all data points. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values are classified as * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; and **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 for comparison between scaffold B and scaffold A and as # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; ### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; and #### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 for comparison within scaffold B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g007-550.jpg?1732200385" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>THP-1 cell attachment and number of live cells on three scaffolds tested. THP-1 cells were seeded and cultured on scaffolds A, BI, and BII for 24 h. (<b>a</b>) Attached SCP-1 cells on scaffolds compared to cultured polystyrene. Number of live THP-1 cells were visualized after 24 h by esterase activity (<b>b</b>) using calcein-AM (green) and nuclear staining using Hoechst 33342 (blue) (scale bar 2000 µm). Each measure was conducted at least three independent times in triplicate. The data are presented as the mean, standard error of the mean, and all data points. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values are classified as **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 for comparison between scaffold B and scaffold A.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g008-550.jpg?1732200388" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Bone cell viability and proliferation in co-cultures on the three scaffolds tested. THP-1 and SCP-1 were seeded and co-cultured on scaffolds A, BI, and BII for 21 days. Quantification of total DNA (<b>a</b>) and mitochondrial activity by resazurin conversion (<b>b</b>) in bone co-cultures after 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. Number of live bone co-cultures were visualized by esterase activity (<b>c</b>) using calcein-AM (green) and nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 (blue) (scale bar 2000 µm). Each measure was conducted at least three independent times in triplicate. The data are presented as the mean, standard error of the mean, and all data points. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values are classified as **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 for comparison between scaffold B and scaffold A and as # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 for comparison within scaffold B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00355/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00355-g009-550.jpg?1732200391" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Osteoblast- and osteoclast-like cell function in co-cultures on the three scaffolds tested. THP-1 and SCP-1 were seeded and co-cultured on scaffolds A, BI, and BII for 21 days. (<b>a</b>) Alkaline phosphatase (AP), (<b>b</b>) carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), and (<b>c</b>) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity normalized to DNA of bone co-cultures were analyzed after 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days as relative absorbance units (RAU). (<b>d</b>) Procollagen type I N-propeptide (PINP) and collagen type I N-telopeptide (NTX) supernatant levels were determined after a 21-day culture. Each measure was conducted at least three independent times in duplicate. The data are presented as the mean or standard error of the mean. Data were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variance test followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values are classified as **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, and * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 for comparison between scaffold B and scaffold A and as ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 for comparison within scaffold B.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/12/355'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526369" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 6708 KiB   </span> <a href="/2223-7747/13/23/3270/pdf?version=1732257876" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Smart Automatic Irrigation Enhances Sap Flow, Growth, and Water Use Efficiency in Containerized Prunus × yedoensis Matsum. Seedling" data-journal="plants"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2223-7747/13/23/3270">Smart Automatic Irrigation Enhances Sap Flow, Growth, and Water Use Efficiency in Containerized <i>Prunus</i> × <i>yedoensis</i> Matsum. Seedling</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eon-Ju Jin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Myung-Suk Choi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hyeok Lee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eun-Ji Bae</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Do-Hyun Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jun-Hyuck Yoon</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Plants</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>13</em>(23), 3270; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233270">https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233270</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 288 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study conducted a comparative analysis on the effects of smart automatic and semi-automatic irrigation methods on the physiological characteristics and growth of <i>Prunus</i> × <i>yedoensis</i> Matsum. seedlings. The smart automatic irrigation system, which activates irrigation when the soil moisture drops below 15%, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/23/3270/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study conducted a comparative analysis on the effects of smart automatic and semi-automatic irrigation methods on the physiological characteristics and growth of <i>Prunus</i> × <i>yedoensis</i> Matsum. seedlings. The smart automatic irrigation system, which activates irrigation when the soil moisture drops below 15%, demonstrated superior characteristics in sap-wood area and bark ratio, as well as excellent water management efficiency, compared to the semi-automatic irrigation method, which involves watering (2.0 L) for 10 min at 60 min intervals starting at 8 AM every day. The analysis of soil moisture content changes under varying weather conditions and irrigation methods showed that smart automatic irrigation effectively maintained optimal moisture levels. Moreover, sap flow in the smart automatic irrigation treatment was more efficiently regulated in response to seasonal variations, showing a strong correlation with climatic factors such as temperature and solar radiation. In contrast, the semi-automatic irrigation treatment led to excessive sap flow during the summer due to a fixed watering schedule, resulting in unnecessary water supply. Analysis of photosynthesis parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence also revealed that smart automatic irrigation achieved higher values in light compensation and saturation points, maximizing photosynthetic efficiency. These findings suggest that the smart automatic irrigation system can enhance plant growth and water use efficiency, contributing to sustainable water management strategies. This research provides critical foundational data for developing efficient agricultural and horticultural irrigation management strategies in response to future climate change. <a href="/2223-7747/13/23/3270">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/plants/sections/plant_modeling">Plant Modeling</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/23/3270/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526369"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526369"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526369" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526369" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526369" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g001-550.jpg?1732257949" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526369" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g002-550.jpg?1732257952'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g003-550.jpg?1732257954'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g004-550.jpg?1732257955'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g005-550.jpg?1732257957'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g006-550.jpg?1732257958'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g007-550.jpg?1732257959'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g008-550.jpg?1732257961'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g009-550.jpg?1732257963'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g010-550.jpg?1732257964'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g011-550.jpg?1732257966'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g012-550.jpg?1732257967'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g013-550.jpg?1732257968'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526369-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g001-550.jpg?1732257949" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A schematic of a study to analyze water use, growth rate, and physiological characteristics of <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> under various irrigation methods to develop optimal irrigation management indicators.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g002-550.jpg?1732257952" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Location of the experimental site.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g003-550.jpg?1732257954" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Experimental plot arrangement of <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> for irrigation experiment. The study area covers 0.3 hectares, with <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> trees of 4 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) arranged in 8 rows. The spacing between rows was 2.0 m, and the spacing between trees within a row was 1.5 m.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g004-550.jpg?1732257955" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Sap flow measurement and irrigation control system schematic.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g005-550.jpg?1732257957" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Correlations between DBH, height, and canopy area with sapwood area for the <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> used in these experiments. (<b>a</b>) DBH and sapwood area; (<b>b</b>) height and sapwood area; (<b>c</b>) canopy area and sapwood area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g006-550.jpg?1732257958" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Meteorological parameters collected for the study sites. (<b>a</b>) Temperature and relative humidity; (<b>b</b>) wind speed and solar radiation; (<b>c</b>) precipitation and VPD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g007-550.jpg?1732257959" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Soil moisture contents of the container pots.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g008-550.jpg?1732257961" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Daily changes in sap flow rate depending on irrigation treatment in container cultivation. (<b>a</b>) Smart automatic irrigation; (<b>b</b>) semi-automatic irrigation. The above figure represents the Raw Heat Pulse Velocity data in a 2D format, while the figure below depicts the 3D graphic representation of the original heat pulse velocity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g009-550.jpg?1732257963" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of sap flow rate in May for <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> under different irrigation treatments in container cultivation against temperature and global solar radiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g010-550.jpg?1732257964" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of cumulative water uptake in container-grown <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> trees under different irrigation treatments: based on sap flow measurement and water supply.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g011-550.jpg?1732257966" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between sap flow volume in <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> and weather parameters. (<b>a</b>) Sap flow versus soil temperature; (<b>b</b>) sap flow versus soil moisture; (<b>c</b>) sap flow versus air temperature; (<b>d</b>) sap flow versus relative humidity; (<b>e</b>) sap flow versus solar radiation; (<b>f</b>) sap flow versus wind speed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g012-550.jpg?1732257967" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The growth patterns of height (<b>a</b>), root collar diameter (<b>b</b>), and H/D ratio (<b>c</b>) by different irrigation treatments of <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> from March 2022 to September 2023. Repeated measures of ANOVA by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% levels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/plants/plants-13-03270/article_deploy/html/images/plants-13-03270-g013-550.jpg?1732257968" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Chlorophyll fluorescence from March 2023 (<b>a</b>) to September 2023 (<b>b</b>) on containerized trees of <span class="html-italic">Prunus</span> × <span class="html-italic">yedoensis</span> grown under two different irrigation treatments. Repeated measures of ANOVA by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% levels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2223-7747/13/23/3270'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526286" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2925 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4409/13/23/1932/pdf?version=1732256018" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Influence of Soft and Stiff Matrices on Cytotoxicity in Gingival Fibroblasts: Implications for Soft Tissue Biocompatibility" data-journal="cells"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4409/13/23/1932">Influence of Soft and Stiff Matrices on Cytotoxicity in Gingival Fibroblasts: Implications for Soft Tissue Biocompatibility</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ye-Jin Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dong-Hyeon Yeo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seong-Jin Shin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jun-Hee Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jung-Hwan Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Cells</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>13</em>(23), 1932; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13231932">https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13231932</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 205 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The biocompatibility of dental materials is critical for ensuring safety in clinical applications. However, standard in vitro cytotoxicity assays often rely on stiff tissue culture plastic (TCP), which does not accurately replicate the biomechanical properties of soft oral tissues. In this study, we <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/23/1932/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The biocompatibility of dental materials is critical for ensuring safety in clinical applications. However, standard in vitro cytotoxicity assays often rely on stiff tissue culture plastic (TCP), which does not accurately replicate the biomechanical properties of soft oral tissues. In this study, we compared human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured on soft, gel-based substrates mimicking gingival tissue stiffness (0.2 kPa) with those cultured on conventional TCP (3 GPa) to assess the influence of substrate stiffness on the cytotoxicity of methyl methacrylate (MMA), as well as other cytotoxic agents, including DMSO and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The results demonstrated that cells cultured on softer substrates exhibited enhanced resistance to cytotoxic stress, with increased viability and decreased apoptosis and DNA damage following exposure to MMA, DMSO, and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Notably, HGFs on soft substrates showed significantly greater resilience to MMA-induced cytotoxicity compared to those cultured on TCP. These findings emphasize the critical role of substrate stiffness in modulating cellular responses to toxic agents and highlight the necessity of using physiologically relevant models for cytotoxicity testing of dental materials. This study provides valuable insights for improving biocompatibility assessment protocols in clinical settings. <a href="/2073-4409/13/23/1932">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/cells/special_issues/EWQF92RUOK ">Recent Advances in Regenerative Dentistry—Second Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/23/1932/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526286"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526286"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526286" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526286" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526286" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526286-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g001-550.jpg?1732256136" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526286" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526286-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g002-550.jpg?1732256141'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526286-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g003-550.jpg?1732256143'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526286-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g004-550.jpg?1732256145'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526286-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g005-550.jpg?1732256147'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526286-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g006-550.jpg?1732256149'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526286-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g001-550.jpg?1732256136" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of substrate stiffness influencing MMA-induced cytotoxicity in HGFs. (<b>A</b>) This figure presents the effect of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured on substrates of different stiffness (0.2 kPa and tissue culture plastic (TCP)). (<b>B</b>) MMA, a constituent of dental resins, generates toxic byproducts that impose cellular stress on gingival tissue. The schematic depicts a stiffness-dependent cytotoxic response, where increased substrate rigidity correlates with elevated cell death and DNA damage. Cells on the softer 0.2 kPa substrate exhibit reduced cytotoxicity compared to those on the stiffer TCP at MMA concentrations of 5 mM, 7.5 mM, and 10 mM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4409/13/23/1932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g002-550.jpg?1732256141" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Impact of dental material extracts on gingival tissue and cellular responses to substrates with different stiffnesses. (<b>A</b>) Schematic representation of the potential cytotoxic effects of dental material extracts on gingival tissue. While current ISO standards utilize TCP (stiff) for testing, dental materials in actual gingival environments interact with soft tissues. This image illustrates the hypothesis that the cytotoxicity of these extracts may differ in soft gingival conditions compared to standard stiff substrates. (<b>B</b>) Representative bright-field (top) and DAPI-stained fluorescent images (bottom) of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured on 0.2 kPa and TCP (3 GPa) substrates and seeded at 11 × 10<sup>4</sup> cells/well and 5 × 10<sup>4</sup> cells/well, respectively. Scale bar = 100 μm. (<b>C</b>) Quantitative comparison of HGF counts on 0.2 kPa and TCP after 24 h incubation, showing minimal differences (n = 4). (<b>D</b>) Immunofluorescent staining of DAPI (blue) and F-actin (red) in HGFs on each substrate. Scale bar = 100 μm. (<b>E</b>) Quantitative analysis of F-actin area, intensity, circularity, and aspect ratio. Cells on 0.2 kPa showed smaller areas, decreased intensity, and a more rounded morphology compared to TCP (n = 30). Data are mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s <span class="html-italic">t-</span>test (** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4409/13/23/1932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g003-550.jpg?1732256143" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effects of DMSO-induced cytotoxicity on HGFs cultured on 0.2 kPa and TCP. (<b>A</b>) Experimental workflow schematic for assessing DMSO cytotoxicity. DMSO, an organic solvent used to dissolve polar and non-polar compounds, serves as a standard cytotoxicity agent. HGFs were seeded for 24 h, starved for 12 h, then treated with varying DMSO concentrations. (<b>B</b>) Cell viability measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) showed significantly higher viability at 10% DMSO on 0.2 kPa than on TCP. (<b>C</b>) Flow cytometry analysis displaying live, apoptotic, and necrotic cells after 5% and 10% DMSO treatment on both substrates. (<b>D</b>) Quantification of cell death distribution; live cell proportion was higher on 0.2 kPa, while apoptotic cells were more prevalent on TCP. Representative data sets after three independent experiments are shown. Statistical significance was determined by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparison (**** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4409/13/23/1932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g004-550.jpg?1732256145" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Effects of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress on HGFs cultured on 0.2 kPa and TCP. (<b>A</b>) Schematic of the experimental design highlighting the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontal disease, implants, and infections. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were seeded for 24 h on 0.2 kPa and TCP, starved for 12 h, and treated with hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). (<b>B</b>) Cell viability after treatment with 300 µM and 400 µM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> on both substrates, measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), showing minimal differences. (<b>C</b>) Flow cytometry displaying the distribution of live, apoptotic, and necrotic cells after H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment. (<b>D</b>) Quantification of cell death distribution; live cells and early apoptosis were higher on 0.2 kPa, while late apoptosis and necrosis were more pronounced on TCP. Representative data sets from three independent experiments are shown in the manuscript.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4409/13/23/1932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g005-550.jpg?1732256147" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Effects of MMA on HGFs cultured on 0.2 kPa and TCP. (<b>A</b>) Immunofluorescence images of DAPI (blue) and F-actin (red)-stained HGFs treated with 5 mM, 7.5 mM, and 10 mM MMA for 12 h, showing cell morphology differences between 0.2 kPa and TCP substrates. Scale bar = 100 µm. (<b>B</b>) Cell viability after MMA treatment, indicating a significant reduction in TCP compared to 0.2 kPa at higher MMA concentrations (n = 5). (<b>C</b>) Quantification of cell area and circularity, showing a smaller cell area and more spreading on 0.2 kPa (n = 90). (<b>D</b>) Immunofluorescence staining for γH2AX (green) and DAPI (blue) showing DNA damage; TCP cells exhibited higher γH2AX levels. Scale bar = 100 µm. (<b>E</b>) Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis and necrosis following MMA treatment, with higher apoptotic/necrotic populations on TCP. (<b>F</b>) Quantification of apoptotic and necrotic cells, with apoptosis and necrosis increasing at higher MMA concentrations, particularly on TCP. Representative data sets after three independent experiments are shown. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (ns = non-significant, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4409/13/23/1932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/cells/cells-13-01932/article_deploy/html/images/cells-13-01932-g006-550.jpg?1732256149" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic overview of surface stiffness and cytotoxicity effects of MMA on gingival tissue. Dental resin materials containing methyl methacrylate (MMA) can release toxic substances, leading to gingival irritation and inflammation. This figure illustrates the relationship between surface stiffness and cytotoxicity in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) exposed to increasing concentrations of MMA (5 mM, 7.5 mM, 10 mM) on 0.2 kPa and TCP substrates. As surface stiffness increases, cytotoxicity is elevated, suggesting a stiffness-dependent cytotoxic response to MMA exposure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4409/13/23/1932'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526182" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 1835 KiB   </span> <a href="/2306-5354/11/12/1178/pdf?version=1732189844" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Types of Professional Tooth Whitening: A Systematic Review" data-journal="bioengineering"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2306-5354/11/12/1178">Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Types of Professional Tooth Whitening: A Systematic Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrea Butera</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carolina Maiorani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gitana Rederiene</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefano Checchi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianna Maria Nardi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Bioengineering</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>11</em>(12), 1178; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121178">https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121178</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 288 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background/Objectives: Tooth whitening is a cosmetic dental treatment that improves the color of natural teeth, making them whiter and brighter; this review aimed to evaluate the greater effectiveness of in-office, at-home, and combined bleaching with hydrogen or carbamide peroxide, also in relation to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/12/1178/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background/Objectives: Tooth whitening is a cosmetic dental treatment that improves the color of natural teeth, making them whiter and brighter; this review aimed to evaluate the greater effectiveness of in-office, at-home, and combined bleaching with hydrogen or carbamide peroxide, also in relation to possible relapses and side effects (tooth sensitivity). Methods: A literature search has been carried out through electronic databases, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library, focused on the use of the effectiveness of in-office, at-home, and combined dental bleaching. This review has been registered on PROSPERO (ID613248). Results: 30 articles have been included. Most of the studies did not find any more effective treatment than the proposed treatments; all types of bleaching have been shown to be effective in changing color; in the studies that have compared in-office and at-home bleaching, there was a lower recurrence of treatment with the use of the at-home trays with carbamide peroxide gel. There were no clear positions regarding tooth sensitivity, which would appear to be higher in professional in-office and combined dental bleaching. Conclusions: Bleaching is an effective treatment for the change of color of the tooth regardless of the type used (concentrations, type of gel, and duration of sessions), although, at home, it would seem to be more effective over time. It is, however, a clinical feature that may give a risk of tooth sensitivity after treatment. <a href="/2306-5354/11/12/1178">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/bioengineering/sections/biomedical_engineering_and_biomaterials">Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/12/1178/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526182"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526182"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526182" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526182" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526182" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526182-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bioengineering/bioengineering-11-01178/article_deploy/html/images/bioengineering-11-01178-ag-550.jpg?1732190005" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1526182" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526182-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bioengineering/bioengineering-11-01178/article_deploy/html/images/bioengineering-11-01178-g001-550.jpg?1732190004'><p>Figure 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526182-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bioengineering/bioengineering-11-01178/article_deploy/html/images/bioengineering-11-01178-ag-550.jpg?1732190005" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2306-5354/11/12/1178'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bioengineering/bioengineering-11-01178/article_deploy/html/images/bioengineering-11-01178-g001-550.jpg?1732190004" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of included studies: From 571 articles, duplicates were eliminated, and 368 articles have remained; from the first analysis of the abstracts, some articles were deleted that did not coincide with the eligibility criteria, and 114 reports remained for full readings of articles. 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