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<li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_politics_of_cotton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_politics_of_cotton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The politics of cotton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_politics_of_cotton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_economics_of_Northern_England_in_1750" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_economics_of_Northern_England_in_1750"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The economics of Northern England in 1750</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_economics_of_Northern_England_in_1750-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin and myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spinning jenny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiladora_Jenny" title="Hiladora Jenny – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hiladora Jenny" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cpinilo_Jenny" title="Ŝpinilo Jenny – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝpinilo Jenny" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spinning jenny" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%8B%88_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%81%EA%B8%B0" title="제니 방적기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제니 방적기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="स्पिंनिंग जेनि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पिंनिंग जेनि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giannetta" title="Giannetta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giannetta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E7%B4%A1%E7%B8%BE%E6%A9%9F" title="ジェニー紡績機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェニー紡績機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1quina_de_fiar_Jenny" title="Máquina de fiar Jenny – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Máquina de fiar Jenny" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%C2%BB" title="Прялка «Дженни» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прялка «Дженни»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spinning jenny" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehruu-Jenny" title="Kehruu-Jenny – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kehruu-Jenny" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Jenny" title="Spinning Jenny – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spinning Jenny" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%C2%BB" title="Прядка «Дженні» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прядка «Дженні»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%AE%E7%BA%BA%E7%BA%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="珍妮纺纱机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="珍妮纺纱机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49015#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Spinning_jenny">reviewed</a> on <i>27 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Multi-spool spinning frame</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinning_jenny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spinning_jenny.jpg/260px-Spinning_jenny.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spinning_jenny.jpg/390px-Spinning_jenny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spinning_jenny.jpg/520px-Spinning_jenny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Model of spinning jenny in the Museum of Early Industrialisation, <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>spinning jenny</b> is a multi-<a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">spindle</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning frame</a>, and was one of the key developments in the <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">industrialisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. It was invented in 1764–1765 by <a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a> in Stan hill, <a href="/wiki/Oswaldtwistle" title="Oswaldtwistle">Oswaldtwistle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> in England. </p><p>The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. The yarn produced by the jenny was not very strong until <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Water-power" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-power">water-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">water frame</a>. The spinning jenny helped to start the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a> of cotton manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-Espinasse_1874_322_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinasse_1874_322-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spinning jenny was invented by <a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Oswaldtwistle" title="Oswaldtwistle">Oswaldtwistle</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, around 1720. Blackburn was a town with a population of about 5,000, known for the production of "Blackburn greys," cloths of linen warp and cotton weft initially imported from India. They were usually sent to London to be printed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the time, cotton yarn production could not keep up with demand of the textile industry, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">flying shuttle</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay</a> 1733) had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins199318_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins199318-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machine produced coarse thread. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinning_Jenny_improved_203_Marsden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spinning_Jenny_improved_203_Marsden.png/300px-Spinning_Jenny_improved_203_Marsden.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spinning_Jenny_improved_203_Marsden.png/450px-Spinning_Jenny_improved_203_Marsden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Spinning_Jenny_improved_203_Marsden.png/600px-Spinning_Jenny_improved_203_Marsden.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The improved spinning jenny that was used in textile mills</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea was developed by Hargreaves as a metal frame with eight wooden spindles at one end. A set of eight <a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">rovings</a> was attached to a beam on that frame. The rovings when extended passed through two horizontal bars of wood that could be clasped together. These bars could be drawn along the top of the frame by the spinner's left hand thus extending the thread. The spinner used his right hand to rapidly turn a wheel which caused all the spindles to revolve, and the thread to be spun. When the bars were returned, the thread wound onto the spindle. A pressing wire (faller) was used to guide the threads onto the right place on the spindle.<sup id="cite_ref-B157_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B157-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_politics_of_cotton">The politics of cotton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The politics of cotton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 17th century, England was famous for its <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">woollen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> cloth. That industry was centred in the east and south in towns such as <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> which jealously protected their product. Cotton processing was tiny: in 1701 only 1,985,868 pounds (900,775 kg) of cotton-wool was imported into England, and by 1730 this had fallen to 1,545,472 pounds (701,014 kg). This was due to commercial legislation (<a href="/wiki/Calico_Acts" title="Calico Acts">Calico Acts</a>) to protect the woollen industry.<sup id="cite_ref-E296_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E296-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheap <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calico</a> prints, imported by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> (as India was then called), became popular. In 1700 an Act of Parliament was passed to prevent the importation of dyed or printed <a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">calicoes</a> from India, China or Persia. This caused grey cloth (calico that had not been finished – dyed or printed) to be imported instead, and these were printed in southern England with popular patterns. Lancashire businessmen produced grey cloth with linen warp and cotton weft, which they sent to London to be finished.<sup id="cite_ref-E296_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E296-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton-wool imports recovered and by 1720 were almost back to 1701 levels. Again the woollen manufacturers claimed this was taking jobs from workers in <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another law was passed, to fine anyone caught wearing printed or stained calico; muslins, neckcloths and <a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">fustians</a> were exempted. It was this exemption that the Lancashire manufacturers exploited. </p><p>The use of coloured cotton weft, with linen warp was permitted in the 1736 Manchester Act. There now was an artificial demand for woven cloth. In 1764, 3,870,392 pounds (1,755,580 kg) of cotton-wool was imported.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_economics_of_Northern_England_in_1750">The economics of Northern England in 1750</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The economics of Northern England in 1750"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In England, before <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a>, and before the <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpikes</a>, the only way to transport goods such as calicos, broadcloth or cotton-wool was by <a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">packhorse</a>. Strings of packhorses travelled along a network of <a href="/wiki/Bridle_path" title="Bridle path">bridle paths</a>. A merchant would be away from home most of the year, carrying his takings in cash in his saddlebag. Later a series of <a href="/wiki/Chapmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapmen">chapmen</a> would work for the merchant, taking wares to wholesalers and clients in other towns, and with them would go <a href="/wiki/Sample_(material)" title="Sample (material)">sample books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1720, the handloom weaver spent part of each day visiting neighbours buying any <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a> they had. Carding and spinning might be the only income for that household, or part of it. The family might farm a few acres and card, spin and weave wool and cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-E306_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E306-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took three carders to provide the roving for one spinner, and up to three spinners to provide the yarn for one weaver. The process was continuous, and done by both sexes, from the youngest to the oldest. The weaver would go once a week to the market with his wares and offer them for sale. </p><p>A change came about 1740 when <a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">fustian</a> masters gave out raw cotton and warps to the weavers and returned to collect the finished cloth (<a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">Putting-out system</a>). The weaver organised the carding, spinning and weaving to the master's specification.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The master then dyed or printed the grey cloth, and took it to shopkeepers. Ten years later this had changed and the fustian masters were middle men, who collected the grey cloth and took it to market <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchester#Industrial_Revolution" title="History of Manchester">in Manchester</a> where it was sold to merchants who organised the finishing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To hand weave a 12-pound (5.4 kg) piece of eighteenpenny weft took 14 days and paid 36 shillings in all. Of this nine shillings was paid for spinning, and nine for carding.<sup id="cite_ref-E306_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E306-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So by 1750, a rudimentary manufacturing system feeding into a marketing system emerged. </p><p>In 1738, <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay</a> started to improve the loom. He improved the reed, and invented the raceboard, the shuttleboxes and the picker which together allowed one weaver to double his output. This invention is commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">flying shuttle</a>. It met with violent opposition and he fled from Lancashire to Leeds.<sup id="cite_ref-E313_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E313-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the workers thought this was a threat to their jobs, it was adopted and the pressure was on to speed up carding and spinning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The shortage of spinning capacity to feed the more efficient looms provided the motivation to develop more productive spinning techniques such as the spinning jenny, and triggered the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Success">Success</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG/220px-Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG/330px-Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG/440px-Spinning_jenny_blackburn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="4284" /></a><figcaption>Spinning jenny at <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery">Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering the large spinning community in Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> in 1768. This was a centre for the hosiery industry, and knitted silks, cottons and wool. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr Shipley, with the assistance of a <a href="/wiki/Joiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joiner">joiner</a> named Thomas James. He and James set up a textile business in Mill Street. On 12 July 1770, he took out a patent (no. 962) on his invention, the Spinning Jenny—a machine for spinning, drawing and twisting cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-E325_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E325-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aitken_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aitken-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were using copies of the machine, and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered Hargreaves £3,000. He at first demanded £7,000, and stood out for £4,000, but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had sold several in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-B162_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B162-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spinning jenny succeeded because it held more than one ball of yarn, making more yarn in a shorter time and reducing the overall cost. The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">flying shuttle</a> had not been invented and installed in textile factories. Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to be prepared on a wheel, and this was limited by the need to card by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Espinasse_1874_322_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinasse_1874_322-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued in common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spinning jenny was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">spinning mule</a>. The jenny was adapted for the process of <a href="/wiki/Novelty_yarns#Slub" title="Novelty yarns">slubbing</a>, being the basis of the Slubbing Billy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_myth">Origin and myth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origin and myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common story told about the invention of the device and the origin of the <i>jenny</i> in the machine's name is that one of his daughters (or his wife) named Jenny knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working normally, with the spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realised there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had been, and he could place them vertically in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name is variously said to derive from this tale. The Registers of Church Kirk show that Hargreaves had several daughters, but none named Jenny (neither was his wife). A more likely explanation of the name is that <i>jenny</i> was an abbreviation of <i>engine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CottonTown_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CottonTown-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Highs" title="Thomas Highs">Thomas Highs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester" title="Leigh, Greater Manchester">Leigh</a> has claimed to be the inventor<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the story is repeated using his wife's name. </p><p>Another myth has Thomas Earnshaw inventing a spinning device of a similar description – but destroying it after fearing he might be taking bread out of the mouths of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">Cotton mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Espinasse_1874_322-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espinasse_1874_322_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espinasse_1874_322_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmins199318-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmins199318_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmins1993">Timmins 1993</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B157-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B157_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1835">Baines 1835</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E296-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E296_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E296_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E306-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E306_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E306_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E313-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E313_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E325-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E325_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aitken-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aitken_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAiken" class="citation web cs1">Aiken, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/textileindustry/t7.doc">"John Aitken on the industrialization in and around Manchester, 1795"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Aitken+on+the+industrialization+in+and+around+Manchester%2C+1795&rft.aulast=Aiken&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.umassd.edu%2Fir%2Fresources%2Ftextileindustry%2Ft7.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B162-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B162_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1835">Baines 1835</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuest1828">Guest 1828</a> and could produce both weft and warp for the woollen industry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsden1884">Marsden 1884</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellis, Mary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120526223159/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blspinningjenny.htm">«Spinning Jenny – James Hargreaves»</a>, <i>About.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CottonTown-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CottonTown_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarling" class="citation web cs1">Harling, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615174155/http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506">"James Hargreaves 1720–1778"</a>. Cotton Town: Blackburn with Darwen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?pageID=506">the original</a> on 15 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Hargreaves+1720%E2%80%931778&rft.pub=Cotton+Town%3A+Blackburn+with+Darwen&rft.aulast=Harling&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cottontown.org%2Fpage.cfm%3FpageID%3D506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1835">Baines 1835</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEspinasse1874">Espinasse 1874</a>, p. 316</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1835" class="citation book cs1">Baines, Edward (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcottonm00bainrich"><i>History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain;</i></a>. London: H. Fisher, R. Fisher, and P. Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+cotton+manufacture+in+Great+Britain%3B&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+Fisher%2C+R.+Fisher%2C+and+P.+Jackson&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcottonm00bainrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasmith1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nasmith" title="Joseph Nasmith">Nasmith, Joseph</a> (1895). <i>Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering</i> (Elibron Classics ed.). London: John Heywood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-4558-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-4558-6"><bdi>1-4021-4558-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Cotton+Mill+Construction+and+Engineering&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Elibron+Classics&rft.pub=John+Heywood&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=1-4021-4558-6&rft.aulast=Nasmith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1884" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Richard (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonspinningit00mars"><i>Cotton Spinning: its development, principles and practice</i></a>. George Bell and Sons 1903<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cotton+Spinning%3A+its+development%2C+principles+and+practice.&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons+1903&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcottonspinningit00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsden1909" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, ed. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cottonyearbook1910manc"><i>Cotton Yearbook 1910</i></a>. Manchester: Marsden and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cotton+Yearbook+1910&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Marsden+and+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcottonyearbook1910manc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspinasse1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Espinasse" title="Francis Espinasse">Espinasse, Francis</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lancashireworthi00espi#page/322/mode/2up"><i>Lancashire Worthies</i></a>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire+Worthies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Espinasse&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flancashireworthi00espi%23page%2F322%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuest1828" class="citation book cs1">Guest, Richard (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2noDAAAAYAAJ&q=The+British+Cotton+Manufactures:+and+a+Reply+to+an+Article+on+the+Spinning+Contained+in+a+Recent+Number+of+the+Edinburgh+Review"><i>The British Cotton Manufactures: and a Reply to an Article on the Spinning Contained in a Recent Number of the Edinburgh Review</i></a>. London: E. Thomson & Sons and W. & W. Clarke and Longman, Rees, & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Cotton+Manufactures%3A+and+a+Reply+to+an+Article+on+the+Spinning+Contained+in+a+Recent+Number+of+the+Edinburgh+Review&rft.place=London&rft.pub=E.+Thomson+%26+Sons+and+W.+%26+W.+Clarke+and+Longman%2C+Rees%2C+%26+Co&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2noDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BBritish%2BCotton%2BManufactures%3A%2Band%2Ba%2BReply%2Bto%2Ban%2BArticle%2Bon%2Bthe%2BSpinning%2BContained%2Bin%2Ba%2BRecent%2BNumber%2Bof%2Bthe%2BEdinburgh%2BReview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmins1993" class="citation cs2">Timmins, Geoffrey (1993), <i>The Last Shift:The decline of handloom weaving in nineteenth-century Lancashire</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 253, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7190-3725-5" title="Special:BookSources/0 7190-3725-5"><bdi>0 7190-3725-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Shift%3AThe+decline+of+handloom+weaving+in+nineteenth-century+Lancashire&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=07190-3725-5&rft.aulast=Timmins&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpinning+jenny" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinning_jenny&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spinning_jennies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spinning jennies">Spinning jennies</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614135425/http://www.cottontown.org/page.cfm?LANGUAGE=eng&pageID=506">Essay</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cottontown.org">www.cottontown.org</a> on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530201820/http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/highs.htm">Essay</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324194614/http://www.cottonttimes.co.uk/">www.cottonttimes.co.uk</a> on Thomas Highs and the spinning jenny.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403080405/http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/wheelgateo.htm">Source for alternate name of spinning ginny</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spinning" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spinning" title="Template:Spinning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spinning" title="Template talk:Spinning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spinning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spinning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spinning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noil" title="Noil">Noil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolag" title="Rolag">Rolag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">Roving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliver_(textiles)" title="Sliver (textiles)">Sliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(wool)" title="Staple (wool)">Staple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_top" title="Wool top">Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_(fibre)" title="Tow (fibre)">Tow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">Woolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">Worsted</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/90px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/135px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/180px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combing" title="Combing">Combing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckling_(flax)" title="Heckling (flax)">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_draw" title="Long draw">Long draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">Scutching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_draw" title="Short draw">Short draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_per_inch" title="Twist per inch">Twist per inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand spinning tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_spinning" title="Hand spinning">Hand spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distaff" title="Distaff">Distaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddy_noddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Niddy noddy">Niddy noddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostepinne" title="Nostepinne">Nostepinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">Spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">Spinning wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner%27s_weasel" title="Spinner's weasel">Spinner's weasel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial spinning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_spinning" title="Ring spinning">Ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-end_spinning" title="Open-end spinning">Open-end spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning" title="DREF friction spinning">DREF friction spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ring_spinning" title="Magnetic ring spinning">Magnetic ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">Spinning frame</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spinning jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throstle_frame" title="Throstle frame">Throstle frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_combing_machine" title="Wool combing machine">Wool combing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lancashire_cotton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lancashire_cotton" title="Template talk:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire_cotton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire cotton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lancashire_cotton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Bellhouse" title="David Bellhouse">David Bellhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Gass_%26_Hope" title="Bradshaw Gass & Hope">Bradshaw Gass & Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Whittaker_Dixon" title="Frederick Whittaker Dixon">F.W. Dixon & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Potts_(architect)" title="Edward Potts (architect)">Edward Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott" title="Stott">Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott_and_Sons" title="Stott and Sons">Stott and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney_Stott" title="Philip Sidney Stott">Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/80px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/120px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/160px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Adamson" title="Daniel Adamson">Daniel Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashton_Frost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashton Frost (page does not exist)">Ashton Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashworth_%26_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashworth & Parker (page does not exist)">Ashworth & Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bateman_%26_Sherratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bateman & Sherratt (page does not exist)">Bateman & Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulton_and_Watt" title="Boulton and Watt">Boulton & Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browett,_Lindley_%26_Co" title="Browett, Lindley & Co">Browett, Lindley & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckley_%26_Taylor" title="Buckley & Taylor">Buckley & Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carels_Fr%C3%A8res" title="Carels Frères">Carels Frères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Goodfellow_%26_Co._Ltd" title="Clayton, Goodfellow & Co. Ltd">Clayton, Goodfellow & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earnshaw_%26_Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnshaw & Holt (page does not exist)">Earnshaw & Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn_%26_Sons" title="William Fairbairn & Sons">Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_%26_J_Galloway_%26_Sons" title="W & J Galloway & Sons">W & J Galloway & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Goodfellow_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Goodfellow (engineer) (page does not exist)">Benjamin Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Hick_and_Sons" title="B. Hick and Sons">B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Musgrave_%26_Sons" title="John Musgrave & Sons">John Musgrave & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McNaught_(Rochdale)" title="William McNaught (Rochdale)">J & W McNaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_of_Rochdale" title="Petrie of Rochdale">Petrie of Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roberts_%26_Co_of_Nelson" title="William Roberts & Co of Nelson">William Roberts & Co of Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Saxon_%26_Co" title="George Saxon & Co">George Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_%26_Hodgson_Ltd" title="Scott & Hodgson Ltd">Scott & Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmson_%26_Thompson" title="Urmson & Thompson">Urmson & Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_and_Thom" title="Yates and Thom">Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willans_%26_Robinson" title="Willans & Robinson">Willans & Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_%26_E_Wood" title="J & E Wood">J & E Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolstenhulmes_%26_Rye" title="Woolstenhulmes & Rye">Woolstenhulmes & Rye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery makers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_%26_Doxey" title="Brooks & Doxey">Brooks & Doxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth_%26_Dickinson" title="Butterworth & Dickinson">Butterworth & Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Curtis, Parr & Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobson_%26_Barlow" title="Dobson & Barlow">Dobson & Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hetherington_%26_Sons" title="John Hetherington & Sons">John Hetherington & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hibbert_(manufacturer)" title="Joseph Hibbert (manufacturer)">Joseph Hibbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pilling_and_Sons" title="John Pilling and Sons">John Pilling and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harling_%26_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harling & Todd (page does not exist)">Harling & Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_%26_Bullough" title="Howard & Bullough">Howard & Bullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo._Hattersley" title="Geo. Hattersley">Geo. Hattersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Lees" title="Asa Lees">Asa Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mather_%26_Platt" title="Mather & Platt">Mather & Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Curtis_(mayor)" title="Matthew Curtis (mayor)">Parr, Curtis & Madely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">British Northrop Loom Co</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberton_%26_Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberton & Co (page does not exist)">Pemberton & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Brothers" title="Platt Brothers">Platt Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor,_Lang_%26_Co" title="Taylor, Lang & Co">Taylor, Lang & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Machinery_Makers_Ltd" title="Textile Machinery Makers Ltd">Textile Machinery Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweedales_%26_Smalley" title="Tweedales & Smalley">Tweedales & Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Wildman_%26_Sons" title="T. Wildman & Sons">T. Wildman & Sons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mill owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkanah_Armitage" title="Elkanah Armitage">Elkanah Armitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashworth_(nonconformist)" title="Henry Ashworth (nonconformist)">Henry Ashworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Birley" title="Hugh Birley">Hugh Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hornby_Birley" title="Hugh Hornby Birley">Hugh Hornby Birley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brotherton" title="Joseph Brotherton">Joseph Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(millowner)" title="James Burton (millowner)">James Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drinkwater" title="Peter Drinkwater">Peter Drinkwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Eckersley" title="Nathaniel Eckersley">Nathaniel Eckersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fielden" title="John Fielden">John Fielden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gray_(Conservative_politician)" title="William Gray (Conservative politician)">William Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Greg" title="Hannah Greg">Hannah Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Greg" title="Samuel Greg">Samuel Greg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haworth_Ltd" title="Richard Haworth Ltd">Richard Howarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Houldsworth" title="William Houldsworth">William Houldsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(manufacturer)" title="John Kennedy (manufacturer)">John Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Lee" title="George Augustus Lee">George Augustus Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Macintosh" title="Charles Macintosh">Charles Macintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mason" title="Hugh Mason">Hugh Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Oldknow" title="Samuel Oldknow">Samuel Oldknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet">Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whitehead_and_Brothers" title="Thomas Whitehead and Brothers">Thomas Whitehead and Brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Limiteds" title="Oldham Limiteds">Oldham Limiteds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Spinners_and_Doublers" title="Fine Spinners and Doublers">Fine Spinners and Doublers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation" title="Lancashire Cotton Corporation">Lancashire Cotton Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagley_%26_Wright" title="Bagley & Wright">Bagley & Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Egyptian_Mills" title="Combined Egyptian Mills">Combined Egyptian Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtaulds" title="Courtaulds">Courtaulds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burton_%26_Sons" title="James Burton & Sons">James Burton & Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgamated_Cotton_Mills_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust (page does not exist)">Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning" title="DREF friction spinning">DREF friction spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ring_spinning" title="Magnetic ring spinning">Magnetic ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-end_spinning" title="Open-end spinning">Open-end spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_spinning" title="Ring spinning">Ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">Spinning frame</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spinning jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steaming_process_in_Lancashire_cotton_mills" title="Steaming process in Lancashire cotton mills">Steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_loom" title="Dandy loom">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancashire boiler">Lancashire boiler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Beamers,_Twisters_and_Drawers_(Hand_and_Machine)" title="Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)">Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Operative_Cotton_Spinners" title="Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners">Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Warehousemen%27s_Association" title="Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association">Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Textile_Workers%27_Union" title="Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union">Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="Amalgamated Weavers' Association">Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardroom_Amalgamation" title="Cardroom Amalgamation">Cardroom Amalgamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Warp_Dressers%27_Association" title="General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association">General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Union_of_Loom_Overlookers" title="General Union of Loom Overlookers">General Union of Loom Overlookers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Amalgamated_Tape_Sizers%27_Friendly_Society" title="Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society">Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Lancashire_Amalgamated_Weavers%27_Association" title="North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association">North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Counties_Textile_Trades_Federation" title="Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation">Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Textile_Institute" title="The Textile Institute">The Textile Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Textile_Factory_Workers%27_Association" title="United Textile Factory Workers' Association">United Textile Factory Workers' Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_owned_by_the_Lancashire_Cotton_Corporation_Limited" title="List of mills owned by the Lancashire Cotton Corporation Limited">LCC mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bolton" title="List of mills in Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Bury" title="List of mills in Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textile_mills_in_Cheshire" title="List of textile mills in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Derbyshire" title="List of mills in Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Lancashire" title="List of mills in Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Manchester" title="List of mills in Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_the_Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="List of mills in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham (borough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Preston" title="List of mills in Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Rochdale" title="List of mills in Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Salford" title="List of mills in Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Stockport" title="List of mills in Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Tameside" title="List of mills in Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Wigan" title="List of mills in Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cotton_mills_in_Yorkshire" title="List of cotton mills in Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmshore_Mills_Textile_Museum" title="Helmshore Mills Textile Museum">Helmshore Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weavers%27_Triangle" title="Weavers' Triangle">Weavers' Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank_Mill" title="Quarry Bank Mill">Quarry Bank Mill, Styal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Highs" title="Thomas Highs">Thomas Highs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay (flying shuttle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(spinning_frame)" title="John Kay (spinning frame)">John Kay (spinning frame)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li></ul> 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