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USDA-HHS Development of the Dietary Guidelines | Dietary Guidelines for Americans

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Since 1985, each edition has been informed by an Advisory Committee’s Scientific Report and consideration of public and Federal agency comments. The Committee’s Scientific Report <a href="/sites/default/files/2020-12/Infographic_Committee_Report_vs_the_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf">is not a draft of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em></a>. The primary audience of the Committee’s Scientific Report is USDA and HHS. It provides the review of the current state of nutrition science and includes independent, evidence-based advice for consideration as USDA and HHS develop the next edition of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em>. The primary audiences of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> are health professionals and policy makers, including Federal programs, which implement the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> through the programs and services they provide to the American public.</p> <p>Developing the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> involves a step-by-step process of writing, review, and revision supported by a writing team of Federal staff from USDA and HHS. The review culminates with the Secretaries of USDA and HHS. After approval by the Secretaries, the Departments release the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> to Federal agencies and the public for implementation across programs and through educational activities.</p> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-grid paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section" id="uswds-grid-2436"> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usa-width-one-fourth usda-column paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-column paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usda-pictext paragraph paragraph--type--usda-picture-text-row paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content"> <article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2020-07/WritingProcess_Circle.png" width="174" height="174" alt="hands holding a notebook and pointing at laptop" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-width-three-fourths usda-column paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-column paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2437"> <div class="usa-grid"> <h2><a id="writingprocess" name="writingprocess"></a></h2> <h2>Writing Process</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2375"> <div class="usa-grid"> <h3 class="usa-text-color-blue"><br> Key Tenets of the Writing Process</h3> </div> </div> <div class="usa-grid"> <ul class="usa-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2376"> Representing the Totality of the Evidence </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2376" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>As the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> are updated, revisions must have sufficient scientific justification. The Departments work to ensure that recommendations are based on the preponderance of available evidence current at the time and not on individual studies or opinion.</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2378"> Addressing the Needs of Federal Programs </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2378" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>Given that the primary audience of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> is the many Federal food, nutrition, health and related programs, it is developed to provide a framework for these programs to tailor and implement to meet the specific needs of their audiences. Thus, the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> includes technical information to support implementation through policy and programs (e.g., quantitative recommendations for food groups and other components).</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2379"> Mitigating Unintended Consequences </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2379" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The writing team discusses unintended consequences such as, “Given this advice to do X, what else might the public do or not do? How might it change their dietary behaviors in other ways?” For example, chapter 3 of the <em>2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines </em>describes that as manufacturers reformulate a food product to improve one aspect to better align with <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> recommendations, care should be taken to consider the overall nutritional profile of the product so that other aspects are not changed in ways that do not align with healthy choices.</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2380"> Following Best Practices for Developing Guidelines </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2380" class="usa-accordion-content"> <ul> <li>Leading U.S. and international organizations have established key best practices for developing population-wide health guidance. These central themes are incorporated into the writing process: <ul> <li>Support transparency</li> <li>Manage conflicts of interest</li> <li>Organize an effective guidelines development group</li> <li>Involve key stakeholders</li> <li>Write clear and concise guidelines</li> <li>Include external review</li> <li>Use evidence to inform recommendations</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><sub><em>Institute of Medicine Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.</em></sub><br> <sub><em>World Health Organization. WHO Handbook for Guideline Development. Geneva, Switz.: 2008.</em></sub></p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2408"> Incorporating Plain Language Strategies </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2408" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>Plain language strategies are used whenever possible to be direct and clear in what is meant for its intended audience of policy makers and public health professionals. Plain language principles include minimizing use of jargon and incorporating easy-to-read design elements.</p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2409"> <div class="usa-grid"> <h3 class="usa-text-color-blue"><br> About the Writing Team</h3> </div> </div> <div class="usa-grid"> <ul class="usa-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2410"> Who the Writers Are </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2410" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The writing team includes Federal nutrition scientists with expertise in the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> and related research and programs and communications specialists with expertise in communicating nutrition information</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2411"> The Writing Team’s Role </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2411" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The role of the writers is to represent the preponderance of scientific information when developing guidance. Writers are not to represent their personal scientific interests or opinions.&nbsp;</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2412"> Confidentiality of the Writers </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2412" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>To protect the integrity of the writing process, the membership of the writing team is kept confidential until the release of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em>. It is not shared among the Federal agencies or outside the Federal government so that these staff are not intentionally or unintentionally targeted or influenced.&nbsp;</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2413"> Writers’ Recusal </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2413" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The writing staff are asked to recuse themselves from participating in any activities for which, after their role as a writer is public information, it might be a perceived or real conflict of interest that their confidential knowledge of the draft could have influenced their contributions to another activity.</p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2381"> <div class="usa-grid"> <h3 class="usa-text-color-blue"><br> Writing the Dietary Guidelines</h3> </div> </div> <div class="usa-grid"> <ul class="usa-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2382"> Writing Team Discusses Previous Dietary Guidelines Edition, Scientific Report and Public and Agency Comments </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2382" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>Prior to writing, the team discusses:</p> <ul> <li>Major themes from the Scientific Report&nbsp;</li> <li>Recommendations from the previous <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> edition that the Committee recommended moving forward with, and those not recommended for moving forward</li> <li>Potential changes for the next edition of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> suggested by the Committee, including new audiences (i.e, infants and toddlers from birth to 24 months of age)</li> <li>Comments from the public and Federal agencies</li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2384"> Writing Team Drafts Chapters </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2384" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The writing team develops and refines the major themes and chapter organization of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em>. Then, chapter and section writing teams are created among the members based on subject matter expertise and with equal representation across USDA and HHS.&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>The writing team members draft and cross-review chapters.&nbsp;</li> <li>In addition to a science editor, the communication specialists on the writing team also review the drafts for clarity and completeness of concepts.&nbsp;</li> <li>The writing team also consults with additional Federal subject matter experts as needed.&nbsp;</li> <li>Ultimately, several rounds of review and revisions occur within the writing team to yield the early chapter drafts. Addressing the agencies’ questions early and throughout the process helps to ensure that the document reflects and meets program needs to the extent possible.&nbsp; <ul> <li>These discussions contribute to the consensus-building process that occurs across USDA and HHS to ensure that the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> accurately represents the science and is supported by both Departments</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2385"> Developing the Designed Product </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2385" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>As the writing is occurring, the Department with the administrative lead coordinates activities to design the publication and produce both digital (online and downloadable) and printable <em>Dietary Guidelines</em>. This step involves developing the visual graphics, figures, photos, and other presentation style elements to support and accurately portray the recommendations.</p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2393"> <div class="usa-grid"> <br> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-grid paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section" id="uswds-grid-2391"> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usa-width-one-fourth usda-column paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-column paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="usda-media paragraph paragraph--type--usda-media paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" data-caption=""> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usda-media-picture"> <article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2020-07/Review_Circle.png" width="174" height="174" alt="hand holding pen pointing to laptop" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-width-three-fourths usda-column paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-column paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2389"> <div class="usa-grid"> <h2><a id="reviewprocess" name="reviewprocess"></a>Review Process</h2> <p>The draft <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> goes through several rounds of review and revisions. For the <em>2015-2020 Dietary Guideline</em>s, it is estimated that the review and revision phase included more than 100 Federal experts. Ultimately, the document is reviewed by all Agencies with nutrition policies and programs across USDA and HHS, such as NIH, FDA, CDC, FNS, and FSIS. It is also reviewed by external experts to ensure accuracy.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2392"> <div class="usa-grid"> <h3 class="usa-text-color-blue"><br> Three-step Review</h3> </div> </div> <div class="usa-grid"> <ul class="usa-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2394"> 1. Federal Expert Technical Review </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2394" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The first review is a technical review by Federal scientists, including staff who supported the advisory committee during its deliberations.</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2395"> 2. External Peer Review </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2395" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The second review is an external peer-review, including members from previous advisory committees. Additional review by Federal scientists and policy advisors occurs on all or portions of the draft after comments have been addressed.</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2396"> 3. Departmental Clearance </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2396" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> then goes through final Departmental clearance, which culminates with review and signoff by the Secretaries of USDA and HHS. The specific process for Departmental clearance varies depending on the procedures for each Department at the time of the review. However, there are typically two portions to this review:</p> <ul> <li>Agency Review- The draft of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> is sent to each Agency within USDA and HHS; usually, only Agencies with nutrition policies or programs participate in the clearance review. In many cases, the Agency Director/Administrator and subject matter experts within the Agency are sent the draft. If substantive revisions are made to the draft, additional review and clearance may be required. One rationale for the initial rounds of technical review (referenced earlier) is to familiarize Agencies with the draft guidance and engage with them to discuss and resolve issues before the formal clearance step.</li> <li>Administration Review- The Administration review varies across Departments and over time.&nbsp; <ul> <li>Generally, this step includes formal review of the draft by the Office of the USDA Under Secretary of Food, Nutrition, and Consumer Services (FNCS), USDA Under Secretary of Research, Education, and Economics (REE), and HHS Assistant Secretary for Health, and staff from the Offices of the Secretary of Agriculture and Secretary of Health and Human Services, as well as Departmental communication staff, government relations staff.&nbsp;</li> <li>As the final step, a decision memorandum is routed through each Department to the Secretary, who either approves or disapproves the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em>. Once approved, the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> is released.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2419"> <div class="usa-grid"> <br> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-grid paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section" id="uswds-grid-2423"> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usa-width-one-fourth usda-column paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-column paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="usda-media paragraph paragraph--type--usda-media paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" data-caption=""> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usda-media-picture"> <article class="media media--type-image media--view-mode-default"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2020-07/ReleaseofDGA_Circle.png" width="174" height="174" alt="smiling friends outdoors" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-width-three-fourths usda-column paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-column paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-text paragraph--view-mode--default usa-section usa-content" id="uswds-text-2424"> <div class="usa-grid"> <h2><a id="Release" name="Release"></a>Release of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-grid"> <ul class="usa-accordion paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion paragraph--view-mode--default"> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2416"> Communicating About the New Edition </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2416" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>Once released, the new edition of the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> replaces the previous. The release of the new edition is communicated to nutrition and health professionals within and outside of the Federal government for broad implementation.</p> </div> </li> <li class="paragraph paragraph--type--uswds-accordion-item paragraph--view-mode--default"> <button class="usa-accordion-button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uswds-paragraph-2417"> Implementing the New Edition </button> <div id="uswds-paragraph-2417" class="usa-accordion-content"> <p>The <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> provides the foundation for Federal nutrition and health initiatives. Federal programs apply the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> to meet the needs of Americans and specific population groups through food, nutrition, and health policies and programs and in nutrition education materials for the public.</p> <ul> <li>Individual Federal agencies determine how best to implement the new edition to meet the specific needs of target audiences.</li> <li>One way to implement to the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> is through MyPlate, which serves as a reminder to build healthy eating patterns by making healthy choices across the food groups. Both Federal and nonfederal programs use MyPlate as a resource to help Americans make shifts in their daily food and beverage choices to align with the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em>.</li> <li>In addition to implementation by the Federal government, ample opportunities exist for many other sectors of society to implement the <em>Dietary Guidelines</em> in the multiple settings they influence, from home to school to work to community.</li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="usa-footer usa-footer-medium" role="contentinfo"> <div class="usa-grid usa-footer-return-to-top"> <a href="#">Return to top</a> </div> <div class="usa-footer-primary-section"> <div class="usa-grid"> <nav class="usa-footer-nav"> <ul class="usa-unstyled-list"> <li class="usa-width-one-sixth usa-footer-primary-content"> <a class="usa-footer-primary-link" href="/policy-and-links">Policy and Links</a> </li> <li class="usa-width-one-sixth usa-footer-primary-content"> <a class="usa-footer-primary-link" href="https://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="usa-width-one-sixth usa-footer-primary-content"> <a class="usa-footer-primary-link" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/">WhiteHouse.gov</a> </li> <li class="usa-width-one-sixth usa-footer-primary-content"> <a class="usa-footer-primary-link" href="/sitemap">Site Map</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="usa-footer-secondary_section"> <div class="usa-grid"> <div class="usa-footer-logo usa-width-two-thirds"> <div class="organization"> <div class="organization-logo"> <img src="/themes/custom/dietaryguidelines/assets/img/dietaryguidelines/usda-symbol.svg" alt="USDA Logo" class="usda-logo-img"> </div> <div class="organization-social-links"> <a href="https://www.usda.gov/">Connect with USDA</a> <div class="usa-social-links"> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-twitter" href="https://www.twitter.com/usda/" target="_top"> <span>USDA on Twitter</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/usda/" target="_top"> <span>USDA on Facebook</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-google" href="https://plus.google.com/107279790852845021682" target="_top"> <span>USDA on Google+</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-govdelivery" href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDACNPP/subscriber/new" target="_top"> <span>USDA on GovDelivery</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/usdagov/" target="_top"> <span>USDA on Instagram</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-flickr" href="https://flickr.com/usdagov" target="_top"> <span>USDA on Flickr</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/usda/" target="_top"> <span>USDA on YouTube</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-rss" href="https://www.usda.gov/rss-feeds" target="_top"> <span>USDA on RSS</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="organization"> <div class="organization-logo"> <img src="/themes/custom/dietaryguidelines/assets/img/dietaryguidelines/hhs-symbol.svg" alt="HHS Logo" class="usda-logo-img"> </div> <div class="organization-social-links"> <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/">Connect with HHS</a> <div class="usa-social-links"> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/HHSGov?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" target="_top"> <span>HHS on Twitter</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/HHS/" target="_top"> <span>HHS on Facebook</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-google" href="https://plus.google.com/+HHS" target="_top"> <span>HHS on Google+</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/hhsgov/?hl=en" target="_top"> <span>HHS on Instagram</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-flickr" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hhsgov/" target="_top"> <span>HHS on Flickr</span> </a> <a class="usa-social-link usa-link-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1ZRVOl5MFHIXU4zZr-Oglg" target="_top"> <span>HHS on YouTube</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="usa-sign_up-block usa-width-one-third"> <h3 class="usa-sign_up-header">Sign up</h3> <form action="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USOPHSODPHPHF/subscriber/qualify"> <label class="" for="email" id="">Your email address</label> <input id="email" name="email" type="email" class="signup__input"> <button type="submit" class="signup__button">Submit</button> <input type="hidden" name="topic_id" value="USOPHSODPHPHF_146"> </form> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_mSDufsIe-l0zSubBvOn5gc0-FOeFvQeDQWdc-itKev0.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=dietaryguidelines&amp;include=eJwrLS5PKdYvBZE6KZmpJYlFlemlmSmpOZl5qcX6GCI6Jfn5OSWZBfpQGgAyqBme"></script> </body> </html>

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