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It is not to be confused with a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> system which does not necessarily involve plural voting. <a href="/wiki/Weighted_voting" title="Weighted voting">Weighted voting</a> is a generalisation of plural voting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, up to 1948, people affiliated with a university were allowed a vote in both a <a href="/wiki/University_constituency" title="University constituency">university constituency</a> and their home constituency, and property owners could vote both in the constituency where their property lay and that in which they lived, if the two were different. In 1892 <a href="/wiki/George_Shaw-Lefevre,_1st_Baron_Eversley" class="mw-redirect" title="George Shaw-Lefevre, 1st Baron Eversley">George Shaw-Lefevre</a> MP stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have myself five votes for five different constituencies—not that I have sought the votes by purchasing property for that purpose; but they have come to me accidentally on account of holding property in different places. Two are occupation votes, two freehold votes, and one is for a University. But I know many who have a great many more votes than five. I think it was <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Fowler,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Fowler, 1st Baronet">Sir Robert Fowler</a>, a late Member of this House, who used to boast that he had no fewer than thirteen votes in different constituencies, and that he was able at one General Election to record them all. Then there is the well-known case of the Oxford tutor—a man who had eighteen different qualifications, and, at the Election of 1874, voted in respect of these different qualifications eighteen times. But this case pales before one I heard of recently. A clergyman of the Church of England, who has a hobby for acquiring qualifications in different constituencies, has been able to obtain fifty votes in different places, and I was informed that at a certain General Election he contrived to vote in no fewer than forty different places.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>, Section 8(1), provided that "a man shall not vote at a general election ... for more than one constituency for which he is registered by virtue of other qualifications [than a residence qualification] of whatever kind, and a woman shall not vote at a general election ... for more than one constituency for which she is registered by virtue of any other qualification [than a local government qualification]." As a result, no-one could vote more than twice at a general election. After 1910, the Liberal government was intent on passing a Plural Voting Bill that sought to prevent electors who appeared on the electoral register more than once from voting more than once. Liberal and Unionist headquarters were in agreement that 29 seats were won by Unionists in December 1910 because of plural voting.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, before the bill could pass through Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> started and the bill was shelved. These practices were finally abolished for parliamentary elections by the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1948" title="Representation of the People Act 1948">Representation of the People Act 1948</a>, which first applied in the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 General Election</a>. However, plural voting for local government elections continued until it was abolished, outside the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1969" title="Representation of the People Act 1969">Representation of the People Act 1969</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It still exists in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London#Elections" title="City of London">City of London</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the Electoral Law Act 1968 took effect in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast_(Northern_Ireland_Parliament_constituency)" title="Queen's University of Belfast (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)">Queen's University, Belfast</a> constituency was retained in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> and owners of businesses were allowed to cast more than one vote in parliamentary elections. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Tim Pat Coogan</a> wrote on this subject: </p> <blockquote><p>Limited companies and occupiers of premises with a rateable valuation of £10 could appoint nominees—as could companies for each £10 of their valuations—under a system of plural voting, which even allowed such votes to be cast in another constituency...<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Plural voting also existed in local government elections in Northern Ireland, as in the rest of the United Kingdom (see above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium">Belgium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belgium, voting was restricted to the wealthy tax brackets from independence in 1830 until 1848, when it was expanded to include a somewhat larger number of voters. The restriction on voting was abolished in 1893 after the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1893" title="Belgian general strike of 1893">first general strike in Europe</a> and replaced with plural voting.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was applied for elections from 1894 to 1919 as a way to limit the impact of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. The system was unpopular and two more general strikes were held <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1902" title="Belgian general strike of 1902">in 1902</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_general_strike_of_1913" title="Belgian general strike of 1913">1913</a> demanding it to be abolished. </p><p>Every male citizen over 25 got one vote for legislative elections, but some electors got up to two supplementary votes according to some criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>holder of a school diploma;</li> <li>family head over 30, paying a <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">poll tax</a> of at least five francs;</li> <li>holder of a savings account of at least 2,000 francs, or beneficiary of a <a href="/wiki/Life_annuity" title="Life annuity">life annuity</a> of at least 100 francs.</li></ul> <p>For municipal elections, a fourth vote was granted to family heads who paid a fixed level of electoral tax, or whose <a href="/wiki/Cadastral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadastral">cadastral</a> income was at least of 150 francs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plural voting for Dáil elections was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Act_1923" title="Electoral Act 1923">Electoral Act 1923</a>: electors could be registered in only one constituency: the constituency in which he or she was ordinarily resident; the constituency in which he or she occupied business premises; or one of two <a href="/wiki/University_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="University constituencies">university constituencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-franchise_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franchise-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> University constituencies were abolished at the <a href="/wiki/1937_Irish_general_election" title="1937 Irish general election">1937 general election</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_constituency#Ireland" title="University constituency">University constituencies</a> were recreated in 1938 for the <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a>, the upper house of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> (the Irish legislature). Graduates of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a> are entitled to vote in these constituencies in addition to exercising their normal vote for Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Oireachtas, and may vote in both constituencies if entitled. </p><p>The Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930, passed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_6th_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 6th Dáil">Cumann na nGaedheal government</a>, provided that <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City Council</a> would comprise 30 popularly elected "ordinary members" and five "commercial members" elected by business <a href="/wiki/Ratepayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratepayer">ratepayers</a> (individuals or <a href="/wiki/Corporate_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate person">corporate persons</a>). The commercial members were elected by <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> in a single five-member constituency, with each elector casting between one and six ballots depending on the rate they paid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commercial members were abolished in 1935 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_8th_D%C3%A1il" title="Government of the 8th Dáil">Fianna Fáil government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inland_Fisheries_Ireland" title="Inland Fisheries Ireland">Inland fisheries boards</a> prior to 2010<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were elected by holders of fishing licences, who until 1980<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had varying numbers of votes depending on the cost of their licences.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plural voting, also referred to as "dual voting", was abolished in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1889 for general elections. Hower, it is still permitted in some local elections, such as Auckland Council.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="No mention of Auckland in the web.archive.org copy. Can't access the original. (November 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_theory">Contemporary theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Mulligan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Mulligan (page does not exist)">Thomas Mulligan</a> has proposed a system of plural voting which uses a mathematical algorithm to determine voters' ability<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and then gives higher-ability voters more votes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Latynina" title="Yulia Latynina">Yulia Latynina</a> proposes to offer money to voters who agree to sell their voting right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nevil_Shute's_In_The_Wet"><span id="Nevil_Shute.27s_In_The_Wet"></span>Nevil Shute's <i>In The Wet</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nevil Shute's In The Wet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Shute" title="Nevil Shute">Nevil Shute</a>'s 1953 novel <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Wet" title="In the Wet">In the Wet</a></i> offers a system of up to seven votes for a person based on their achievements (although it would be technically very difficult for one individual to achieve all seven votes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_constituency" title="University constituency">University constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">One man, one vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">Prussian three-class franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plural_voting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Shaw-Lefevre1892" class="citation book cs1">George Shaw-Lefevre (18 May 1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1892-05-18/debates/f7469345-8202-4853-9c55-e456e222a4fc/SecondReading">"Plural Voting (Abolition) Bill (No 42)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 1184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plural+Voting+%28Abolition%29+Bill+%28No+42%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-1184&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1892-05-18&rft.au=George+Shaw-Lefevre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhansard.parliament.uk%2Fcommons%2F1892-05-18%2Fdebates%2Ff7469345-8202-4853-9c55-e456e222a4fc%2FSecondReading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Packer, <i>Lloyd George, Liberalism and the Land</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsey1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._Halsey" title="A. H. Halsey">Halsey, Albert Henry</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3euCwAAQBAJ&q=%22Representation+of+the+people+act+1969%22+%22business+vote%22&pg=PA298"><i>British Social Trends since 1900</i></a>. Springer. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349194667" title="Special:BookSources/9781349194667"><bdi>9781349194667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Social+Trends+since+1900&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9781349194667&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=Albert+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3euCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Representation%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpeople%2Bact%2B1969%2522%2B%2522business%2Bvote%2522%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Brooke1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Peter Brooke</a> (24 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1999/feb/24/city-of-london-ward-elections-bill-by#S6CV0326P0_19990224_HOC_414">"City of London (Ward Elections) Bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=City+of+London+%28Ward+Elections%29+Bill&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-452&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1999-02-24&rft.au=Peter+Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1999%2Ffeb%2F24%2Fcity-of-london-ward-elections-bill-by%23S6CV0326P0_19990224_HOC_414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1968/20/introduction">"Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Electoral+Law+Act+%28Northern+Ireland%29+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fapni%2F1968%2F20%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Pat1987" class="citation book cs1">Tim Pat, Coogan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timpatcoogan.com/books/the_ira.htm">"16"</a>. <i>The IRA</i> (12 ed.). Glasgow: William Collins Sons & Ltd. p. 442<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16&rft.btitle=The+IRA&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=442&rft.edition=12&rft.pub=William+Collins+Sons+%26+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Tim+Pat&rft.aufirst=Coogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timpatcoogan.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe_ira.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Vauthier1894" class="citation journal cs1">Maurice Vauthier (Dec 1894). "The Revision of the Belgian Constitution in 1893". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 704–729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Revision+of+the+Belgian+Constitution+in+1893&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=704-729&rft.date=1894-12&rft.au=Maurice+Vauthier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgium.be/eportal/application?languageRedirected=yes&docId=3448&pageid=contentPage&languageParameter=nl">L'évolution du droit de vote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215140213/http://www.belgium.be/eportal/application?languageRedirected=yes">Archived</a> 2007-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Belgium.be (official Belgian Portal)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keh_JJginLwC&pg=PA118">Marie-Thérèse Bitsch, Histoire de la Belgique de l'Antiquité à nos jours</a>, Bruxelles, Editions Complexe, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8048-0023-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8048-0023-7">2-8048-0023-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franchise-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-franchise_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Act_1923" title="Electoral Act 1923">Electoral Act 1923</a>, s. 1: Dáil franchise (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1923/act/12/section/1/enacted/en/html">No. 12 of 1923, s. 1</a>). Enacted on 17 April 1923. Act of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Oireachtas (Irish Free State)">Oireachtas</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a> on 31 May 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1930041000010">"Local Government (Dublin) Bill, 1929 – Committee Stage (Resumed)"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann Debates</i>. Oireachtas. 10 April 1930. Vol. 34 No. 7 p. 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+Debates&rft.atitle=Local+Government+%28Dublin%29+Bill%2C+1929+%E2%80%93+Committee+Stage+%28Resumed%29&rft.pages=Vol.+34+No.+7+p.+10&rft.date=1930-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie%2Fdebates%2520authoring%2Fdebateswebpack.nsf%2Ftakes%2Fdail1930041000010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1930/act/27/enacted/en/index.html">"Local Government (Dublin) Act, 1930"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i>. §§31(1), 34, 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fisheries+%28Consolidation%29+Act%2C+1959+%C2%A724%282%29&rft.pub=electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28eISB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1959%2Fact%2F14%2Fsection%2F24%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlural+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013063817/http://www.elections.org.nz/democracy/key-dates-electoral-reform.html">"Key dates in New Zealand electoral reform"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elections_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections New Zealand">Elections New Zealand</a>. 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