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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Copus_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Copus massacre">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Copus+massacre%22">"Copus massacre"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Copus+massacre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Copus+massacre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Copus+massacre%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Copus+massacre%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Copus+massacre%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Copus Massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>September 15, 1812</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ashland_County,_Ohio" title="Ashland County, Ohio">Ashland County</a>, Ohio</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> United States victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenape people">Lenape people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk people</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenape people">Lenape people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk people</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Ohio Militia and settlers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2-11 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4 killed<br />3 wounded</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Old_Northwest" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Old Northwest"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Old_Northwest" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Old Northwest"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Old_Northwest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Old Northwest"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_/Old_Northwest_theater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Great Lakes /<br />Old Northwest theater</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1811</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1812</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_River_Canard" title="Battle of River Canard">River Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Fort Mackinac (1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Credit_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Fort Harrison</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copus massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1813</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Africa_Point" title="Battle of Africa Point">Africa Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipton%27s_Island" title="Battle of Tipton's Island">Tipton's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Fort Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Fort Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_McCrae%27s_House" title="Skirmish at McCrae's House">McCrae's House</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1814</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_(1814)" title="Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)">Mackinac Island (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Copus massacre</b> is a name given to a skirmish occurring on September 15, 1812, between American settlers and <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> Native Americans on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> frontier during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. </p><p>The massacre resulted from a misunderstanding between Reverend James Copus and the members of the Native American tribes. Copus was instructed to persuade the tribes to relocate to the Piqua Reservation<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the United States would force them to do so. </p><p>However, even after reaching an agreement with the tribes, American soldiers razed the tribe's homes, burning the entire village to the ground. Assuming Copus's betrayal, the Native Americans then retaliated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The massacre is named for Reverend James Copus, who died during an attack on his house. </p><p>In addition to Reverend Copus, 3 American soldiers died in the conflict;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2 to 11 Lenape, Wyandot, and Mohawk people died. The American settlers were defending <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mill_Lake" title="Charles Mill Lake">Charles Mill Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> while the displaced <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> people were most likely retaliating against multiple <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced displacements</a> and the Americans' destruction of their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copus_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century, European <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">colonists</a> arrived in what is today <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and New York - i.e., the land of the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonist organizations such as the "New Jersey Association for Helping the Indians" forcefully expelled tribes westward via <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forced migration</a>, creating Wyandot, Mohawk, and <a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a> in states including Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Lenape and Wyandots were indigenous to Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circa 1800, Ohio was the land of the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawks</a>, some of which were expelled from other territories. Occasional white missionaries and trappers would visit the forests of Ohio, but the territory was considered <a href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">Indian country</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> led to an increase in tension between Native Americans and the increasing number of settlers. The military feared that the British Army would recruit the Native Americans as allies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonel Samuel Kratzer received orders to remove the Native Americans, who were mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware tribe">Delaware tribe</a>, to the Piqua Reservation as a precautionary measure, and he assigned Captain Douglas to the task.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local reverend James Copus was originally from <a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Greene County, Pennsylvania">Greene County, Pennsylvania</a> and moved into the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Fork_Mohican_River" title="Black Fork Mohican River">Black Fork</a> in 1809 with his wife and seven children (his name is listed in the 1811 tax records of the area).<sup id="cite_ref-knapp1863_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp1863-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a trusted friend of the Native Americans and had settled several miles from <a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements#Greentown" title="Lenape settlements">Greentown</a>. Thus, when the Delaware told Captain Douglas that they would not leave, he tried to convince Copus to persuade the Native Americans. At first, Copus refused to interfere against them and said that he would personally stand accountable for their conduct. Douglas told Copus that they were under orders and that if the Native Americans did not comply, there would be bloodshed. Copus then agreed to accompany the soldiers to Greentown and speak with the Native Americans, but not before being assured that their lives and property would be protected if they agreed to surrender. Copus reluctantly met with the council of elders and, after much persuasion and reassurance, the elders agreed to leave their village.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp1863_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp1863-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the soldiers led the Greentown Natives on their march, several soldiers straggled behind, ransacked the village, and burned it to the ground. Seeing the smoke from their burning homes, the Native Americans felt that they had been double-crossed by Copus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the deaths of some of his neighbors, including the <a href="/wiki/Zimmer_massacre" title="Zimmer massacre">Zimmer family</a>, at the hands of Native Americans, Copus asked for protection and was moved with his family to a <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouse</a>. After several days, Copus decided that there was no longer any danger, so on September 14, 1812, nine militia soldiers (Captain Absalom Martin's Company of Guernsey County, Ohio) were detailed to accompany him and his family to their home.<sup id="cite_ref-graham1880_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham1880-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return, he found that nothing had been disturbed, and Copus felt somewhat at ease. Later that afternoon, one of Copus' daughters Nancy Copus noticed a Native American at the edge of the woods but did not report the sighting.<sup id="cite_ref-graham1880_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham1880-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_at_the_Copus_homestead">Attack at the Copus homestead</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copus_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attack at the Copus homestead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following day, seven of the soldiers left to wash at a nearby spring, leaving their weapons near the house. The Native Americans attacked the men at the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-graham1880_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham1880-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three fled to the woods. They were pursued by the Native Americans and two of them, Private George Shipley and Private John Tedrick, were <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk" title="Tomahawk">tomahawked</a>. The third man, Private Robert Warnock, was shot and mortally wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp1863_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp1863-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only soldier who regained the cabin was George Dye, who fought alongside John Shambaugh a neighbor to the Copus family. George Dye was wounded in the thigh by a <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musketball</a>. As he came through the door, Copus was hit by a shot through his chest.<sup id="cite_ref-graham1880_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham1880-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the east of the cabin, there was a range of hills several hundred feet high covered with timber and large rocks, which afforded an excellent cover for the enemy and gave them a position from which they could fire down upon the cabin. The Native Americans besieged the cabin from the hill. The soldiers tore up the planks of the floor and placed them against the door to prevent the balls from penetrating to the interior of the cabin. Nancy Copus, a young child, was wounded in the knee by a ball that passed through the door. John Shambaugh shot and killed the attacker of Nancy Copus. One of the soldiers, George Launtz, had his arm broken by a ball and, reportedly, killed the attacker who wounded him.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp1863_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp1863-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-graham1880_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham1880-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The soldiers fought back from daybreak until midmorning, and as many as eleven Native Americans were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Native Americans then retreated, killing the Copus' sheep on their way. As soon as the Native Americans disappeared, one of the soldiers crawled out through the roof of the cabin and went to the blockhouse for assistance. Captain Martin and his second in command, Sgt. John Bratton (son of pioneer James Bratton, the first settler in Ohio on 1799) had agreed to call at the Copus cabin the previous evening with a number of soldiers and remain all night. But he and his soldiers, having been scouting all day and finding no signs of Native Americans, concluded that there was no real danger. Therefore, they camped on the Black Fork and reached the Copus' cabin late on the morning of the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-graham1880_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham1880-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his soldiers attended to the wounded, and a search was made for the Native Americans but they were not found.<sup id="cite_ref-baughman1901_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baughman1901-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copus and the dead soldiers, Shipley, Tedrick, and Warnock, were buried near the cabin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 70th anniversary of the battle, a monument was put up at the site of the killings by the Ashland County Pioneer Society. The unveiling of the monument, on September 15, 1882, was attended by 10,000 people including Copus daughter, Sarah Vail.<sup id="cite_ref-baughman1901_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baughman1901-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second monument was erected nearby to commemorate the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Zimmer_massacre" title="Zimmer massacre">Zimmer massacre</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copus_massacre_monument,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Copus_massacre_monument%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Copus_massacre_monument%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Copus_massacre_monument%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-Copus_massacre_monument%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Copus_massacre_monument%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-Copus_massacre_monument%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>The Copus monument in <a href="/wiki/Perrysville,_Ohio" title="Perrysville, Ohio">Perrysville, Ohio</a> was unveiled on September 15, 1882. 6,000 persons attended the memorial event; some of the attendees are pictured. (Either an early photograph or near-photorealistic drawing)</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copus_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On September 15, 1882,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a group of Perrysville, Ohio residents unveiled the Copus Monument, a <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a> monument<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in memory of the white soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,000 persons attended the event.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, Ohio <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogist</a> Henry Howe described the 1882 event:</p><blockquote><p>Early in the day the people began to arrive at the Copus Hill from every direction; a-foot, on horseback and in every imaginable kind of conveyance, until fully 6,000 had assembled in the forest overlooking the scene of the Copus battle. The day was balmy—one of those pleasant fall days—and the thousands present came with baskets filled ready for the <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">pic-nic</a>. The exercises opened with music by the Mt. Zion band, followed by prayer by Rev. J. A. HAIL, then music, then the address of welcome by the gentleman above named. ... Mrs. Sarah VAIL, daughter of James COPUS, who was present at the time her father and the three soldiers were killed, and who now resides hard by at the age of eighty-four years, was introduced to the multitude. ... at its close a procession of vehicles to the number of about 1,200 was formed and passed by the Copus Monument as it was unveiled. The multitude then proceeded to the Ruffner Monument, when it was also unveiled. Thus the ceremonies of the day ended; a day long to be remembered.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Per the suggestion of local author and poet <a href="/wiki/Rosella_Rice" title="Rosella Rice">Rosella Rice</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> to <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman</a> was prominently added to the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Chapman was not involved in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice is perhaps best known for her prose and poetry describing Chapman; her widely published works contributed to Chapman becoming a mythologized hero of <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">American folklore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copus_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuff1931" class="citation book cs1">Duff, William A. (1931). <i>History of north central Ohio : embracing Richland, Ashland, Wayne, Medina, Lorain, Huron and Knox counties</i>. Topeka: Historical Pub. Co. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14082287">14082287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+north+central+Ohio+%3A+embracing+Richland%2C+Ashland%2C+Wayne%2C+Medina%2C+Lorain%2C+Huron+and+Knox+counties&rft.place=Topeka&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Historical+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14082287&rft.aulast=Duff&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJopling_Lester1928" class="citation book cs1">Jopling Lester, Annie (1928). <i>Ohio State history of the Daughters of the American Revolution</i>. [Greenfield Print. & Pub. Co.] p. 273. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865800761">865800761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+State+history+of+the+Daughters+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=%5BGreenfield+Print.+%26+Pub.+Co.%5D&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865800761&rft.aulast=Jopling+Lester&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFess1937" class="citation book cs1">Fess, Simeon Davidson, ed. (1937). <i>Ohio; a four-volume reference library on the history of a great State</i>. Lewis Pub. Co. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/418516">418516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio%3B+a+four-volume+reference+library+on+the+history+of+a+great+State&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Lewis+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F418516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=12667551&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjI5NDM5MTgwNCwiaWF0IjoxNjU2NzAwMDgyLCJleHAiOjE2NTY3ODY0ODJ9.UhvzXRCIafRzvd5nKYRMB4vJ_wL-VqSgb77wU_mw000">"15 Feb 1976, 35 - News-Journal at Newspapers.com"</a>. <i>Newspapers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=15+Feb+1976%2C+35+-+News-Journal+at+Newspapers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F%3Fclipping_id%3D12667551%26fcfToken%3DeyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjI5NDM5MTgwNCwiaWF0IjoxNjU2NzAwMDgyLCJleHAiOjE2NTY3ODY0ODJ9.UhvzXRCIafRzvd5nKYRMB4vJ_wL-VqSgb77wU_mw000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/hcmc-975-09-019">"Collection: New Jersey Association for helping the Indians records | Archives & Manuscripts"</a>. <i>archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808100502/http://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/hcmc-975-09-019">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu&rft.atitle=Collection%3A+New+Jersey+Association+for+helping+the+Indians+records+%7C+Archives+%26+Manuscripts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu%2Fresources%2Fhcmc-975-09-019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians#:~:text=From%20these%20missionaries,%20historians%20know,Myaamia%20(in%20western%20Ohio).">"American Indians - Ohio History Central"</a>. <i>ohiohistorycentral.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=American+Indians+-+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FAmerican_Indians%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFrom%2520these%2520missionaries%2C%2520historians%2520know%2CMyaamia%2520%28in%2520western%2520Ohio%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12667551/zimmer_massacre/">"Early settlers got along well with Indian tribes"</a>. <i>News-Journal</i>. Mansfield, Ohio. February 15, 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News-Journal&rft.atitle=Early+settlers+got+along+well+with+Indian+tribes&rft.date=1976-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F12667551%2Fzimmer_massacre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1955" class="citation news cs1">Graham, Helen (September 18, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12682896/copus_massacre">"Indians attacked here 143 years ago"</a>. <i>News-Journal</i>. Mansfield, Ohio. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News-Journal&rft.atitle=Indians+attacked+here+143+years+ago&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1955-09-18&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F12682896%2Fcopus_massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knapp1863-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knapp1863_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp1863_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp1863_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp1863_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp1863" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Horace S. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer00knap"><i>A History of the Pioneer and Modern Times of Ashland County: From the Earliest to the Present Date</i></a>. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpioneer00knap/page/525">525</a>–528<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Pioneer+and+Modern+Times+of+Ashland+County%3A+From+the+Earliest+to+the+Present+Date&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=525-528&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Horace+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpioneer00knap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/657915961"><i>Ohio early state and local history</i></a>. [Spahr & Glenn, printers]. 1915. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/657915961">657915961</a> – via Daughters of the American Revolution. Dolly Todd Madison Chapter (Tiffin, Ohio).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+early+state+and+local+history&rft.pub=%5BSpahr+%26+Glenn%2C+printers%5D&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F657915961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F657915961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graham1880-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graham1880_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham1880_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham1880_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham1880_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham1880_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graham1880_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1880" class="citation book cs1">Graham, A. A. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrichlan00grah"><i>History of Richland County, Ohio (Including the Original Boundaries): Its Past and Present</i></a>. Mansfield, Ohio: A . A. Graham & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrichlan00grah/page/277">277</a>–281<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Richland+County%2C+Ohio+%28Including+the+Original+Boundaries%29%3A+Its+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Mansfield%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=277-281&rft.pub=A+.+A.+Graham+%26+Co.&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrichlan00grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baughman1901-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baughman1901_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baughman1901_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1901" class="citation book cs1">Graham, A. A. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centennialbiogra00baug"><i>A Centennial Biographical History of Richland County, Ohio</i></a>. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centennialbiogra00baug/page/84">84</a>–89<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Centennial+Biographical+History+of+Richland+County%2C+Ohio&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=84-89&rft.pub=The+Lewis+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentennialbiogra00baug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1947" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Virginia (September 14, 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/294573999/?terms=copus%2Bmassacre%2Bohio">"Massacre 135 years ago wrote words of horror in loca area's history"</a>. <i>News-Journal</i>. Mansfield, Ohio. p. 25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News-Journal&rft.atitle=Massacre+135+years+ago+wrote+words+of+horror+in+loca+area%27s+history&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1947-09-14&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F294573999%2F%3Fterms%3Dcopus%252Bmassacre%252Bohio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11452586/copus-monument-117-years-ago/">"Copus Monument 117 years ago"</a>. <i>News-Journal</i>. 1929-09-15. p. 28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News-Journal&rft.atitle=Copus+Monument+117+years+ago&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1929-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F11452586%2Fcopus-monument-117-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavin" class="citation web cs1">Cavin, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.times-gazette.com/story/opinion/2013/07/02/conversation-rest-copus-massacre-story/19385358007/">"Conversation The rest of the Copus massacre story"</a>. <i>Ashland Times-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ashland+Times-Gazette&rft.atitle=Conversation+The+rest+of+the+Copus+massacre+story&rft.aulast=Cavin&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.times-gazette.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2F2013%2F07%2F02%2Fconversation-rest-copus-massacre-story%2F19385358007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavin" class="citation web cs1">Cavin, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.times-gazette.com/story/news/2012/11/06/conversation-perrysville-s-rosella-rice/19385406007/">"Conversation: Perrysville's Rosella Rice: A liberated woman before women's lib"</a>. <i>Ashland Times-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ashland+Times-Gazette&rft.atitle=Conversation%3A+Perrysville%27s+Rosella+Rice%3A+A+liberated+woman+before+women%27s+lib&rft.aulast=Cavin&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.times-gazette.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fconversation-perrysville-s-rosella-rice%2F19385406007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1902" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Henry (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RDVAAAAMAAJ&dq=copus+massacre&pg=PA259"><i>Historical Collections of Ohio...: An Encyclopedia of the State: History Both General and Local, Geography with Descriptions of Its Countries, Cities and Villages, Its Agricultural, Manufacturing, Mining and Business Development, Sketches of Eminent and Interesting Characters, Etc., with Notes of a Tour Over it in 1886. Illustrated by about 700 Engravings. Contrasting the Ohio of 1846 with 1886-90</i></a>. state of Ohio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-2583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-2583-7"><bdi>978-0-7884-2583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Collections+of+Ohio...%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+State%3A+History+Both+General+and+Local%2C+Geography+with+Descriptions+of+Its+Countries%2C+Cities+and+Villages%2C+Its+Agricultural%2C+Manufacturing%2C+Mining+and+Business+Development%2C+Sketches+of+Eminent+and+Interesting+Characters%2C+Etc.%2C+with+Notes+of+a+Tour+Over+it+in+1886.+Illustrated+by+about+700+Engravings.+Contrasting+the+Ohio+of+1846+with+1886-90&rft.pub=state+of+Ohio&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-0-7884-2583-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RDVAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dcopus%2Bmassacre%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNwyAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Copus+Monument%22+%22rosella+rice%22&pg=PA95"><i>A Centennial Biographical History of Richland and Ashland Counties, Ohio</i></a>. Ashland and Richland County Chapters of the Ohio Genealogical Society. 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Centennial+Biographical+History+of+Richland+and+Ashland+Counties%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ashland+and+Richland+County+Chapters+of+the+Ohio+Genealogical+Society&rft.date=1901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNwyAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522Copus%2BMonument%2522%2B%2522rosella%2Brice%2522%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeans2012" class="citation book cs1">Means, Howard (2012-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIBMSzSO2WcC&dq=johnny+appleseed+%22rosella+rice%22&pg=PT305"><i>Johnny Appleseed: The Man, the Myth, the American Story</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7826-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-7826-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-7826-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johnny+Appleseed%3A+The+Man%2C+the+Myth%2C+the+American+Story&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-7826-3&rft.aulast=Means&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIBMSzSO2WcC%26dq%3Djohnny%2Bappleseed%2B%2522rosella%2Brice%2522%26pg%3DPT305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2016" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Matthew (2016-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-real-story-behind-johnny-appleseed/">"The Real Story Behind "Johnny Appleseed"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=The+Real+Story+Behind+%22Johnny+Appleseed%22&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fthe-real-story-behind-johnny-appleseed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopus+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>H.Howe's "Historical Collections of Ohio" Volume 1 .pp. 258–259 1907</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copus_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Copus&GSfn=James&GSbyrel=all&GSdy=1812&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=29266891&df=all&">Copus monument at Find A GRAVE</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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