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embankment</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: highway embankment"> <meta name="keywords" content="highway embankment"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="highway embankment"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 297</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: highway embankment</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">297</span> Significant Stressed Zone of Highway Embankment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharifullah%20Ahmed">Sharifullah Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Eng"> P. Eng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Axle Pressure and the Consolidation Pressure decrease with the height of the highway embankment and the depth of subsoil. This reduction of pressure depends on the height and width of the embankment. The depth is defined as the significantly stressed zone at which the pressure is reduced to 0.2 or 20%. The axle pressure is reduced to 7% for embankment height 1-3m and to 0.7% for embankment height 4-12m at the bottom level of Highway Embankment. This observation implies that, the portion of axle pressure transferred to subsoil underlying the embankment is not significant for ESAL factor 4.8. The 70% consolidation to have occurred after the construction of the surface layer of pavement. Considering this ratio of post construction settlement, 70% consolidation pressure (Δσ70) is used in this analysis. The magnitude of influence depth or Significant Stressed Zone (Ds) had been obtained for the range of crest width (at the top level of the embankment) is kept between 5m and 50m and for the range of embankment height from 1.0m to 12.0m considering 70% of consolidation pressure (Δσ70). Significantly stressed zones (Ds) for 70% embankment pressure are found as 2-6.2He for embankment top width 5-50m. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation%20pressure" title="consolidation pressure">consolidation pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation%20settlement" title=" consolidation settlement"> consolidation settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ESAL" title=" ESAL"> ESAL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway%20embankment" title=" highway embankment"> highway embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HS%2020-44" title=" HS 20-44"> HS 20-44</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=significant%20stressed%20zone" title=" significant stressed zone"> significant stressed zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20distribution" title=" stress distribution"> stress distribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152356/significant-stressed-zone-of-highway-embankment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">296</span> Height of Highway Embankment for Tolerable Residual Settlement of Loose Cohesionless Subsoil Overlain by Stronger Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharifullah%20Ahmed">Sharifullah Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Residual settlement of cohesionless or non-plastic soil of different strength underlying highway embankment overlain by stronger soil layer highway embankment is studied. A parametric study is carried out for different height of embankment and for different ESAL factor. The sum of elastic settlements of cohesionless subsoil due to axle induced stress and due to self-weight of pavement layers is termed as the residual settlement. The values of residual settlement (Sr) for different heights of road embankment (He) are obtained and presented as design charts for different SPT Value (N60) and ESAL factor. For rigid pavement and flexible pavement in approach to bridge or culvert, the tolerable residual settlement is 0.100m. This limit is taken as 0.200m for flexible pavement in general sections of highway without approach to bridge or culvert. A simplified guideline is developed for design of highway embankment underlain by very loose to loose cohesionless subsoil overlain by a stronger soil layer for limiting value of the residual settlement. In the current research study range of ESAL factor is 1-10 and range of SPT value (N60) is 1-10. That is found that, ground improvement is not required if the overlying stronger layer is minimum 1.5m and 4.0m for general road section of flexible pavement except bridge or culvert approach and for rigid pavement or flexible pavement in bridge or culvert approach. Tables and charts are included in the prepared guideline to obtain minimum allowable height of highway embankment to limit the residual settlement with in mentioned tolerable limit. Allowable values of the embankment height (He) are obtained corresponding to tolerable or limiting level of the residual settlement of loose subsoil for different SPT value, thickness of stronger layer (d) and ESAL factor. The developed guideline is may be issued to be used in assessment of the necessity of ground improvement in case of cohesionless subsoil underlying highway embankment overlain by stronger subsoil layer for limiting residual settlement. The ground improvement is only to be required if the residual settlement of subsoil is more than tolerable limit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axle%20pressure" title="axle pressure">axle pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalent%20single%20axle%20load" title=" equivalent single axle load"> equivalent single axle load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20improvement" title=" ground improvement"> ground improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway%20embankment" title=" highway embankment"> highway embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tolerable%20residual%20settlement" title=" tolerable residual settlement"> tolerable residual settlement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155761/height-of-highway-embankment-for-tolerable-residual-settlement-of-loose-cohesionless-subsoil-overlain-by-stronger-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155761.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">295</span> Effects of the Slope Embankment Variation on Influence Areas That Causes the Differential Settlement around of Embankment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safitri%20W.%20Nur">Safitri W. Nur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prathisto%20Panuntun%20L.%20Unggul"> Prathisto Panuntun L. Unggul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ivan%20Adi%20Perdana"> M. Ivan Adi Perdana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Dary%20Wira%20Mahadika"> R. Dary Wira Mahadika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> On soft soil areas, high embankment as a preloading needed to improve the bearing capacity of the soil. For sustainable development, the construction of embankment must not disturb the area around of them. So, the influence area must be known before the contractor applied their embankment design. For several cases in Indonesia, the area around of embankment construction is housing resident and other building. So that, the influence area must be identified to avoid the differential settlement occurs on the buildings around of them. Differential settlement causes the building crack. Each building has a limited tolerance for the differential settlement. For concrete buildings, the tolerance is 0,002 – 0,003 m and for steel buildings, the tolerance is 0,006 – 0,008 m. If the differential settlement stands on the range of that value, building crack can be avoided. In fact, the settlement around of embankment is assumed as zero. Because of that, so many problems happen when high embankment applied on soft soil area. This research used the superposition method combined with plaxis analysis to know the influences area around of embankment in some location with the differential characteristic of the soft soil. The undisturbed soil samples take on 55 locations with undisturbed soil samples at some soft soils location in Indonesia. Based on this research, it was concluded that the effects of embankment variation are if more gentle the slope, the influence area will be greater and vice versa. The largest of the influence area with h initial embankment equal to 2 - 6 m with slopes 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8 is 32 m from the edge of the embankment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20settlement" title="differential settlement">differential settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment" title=" embankment"> embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence%20area" title=" influence area"> influence area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope" title=" slope"> slope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20soil" title=" soft soil"> soft soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54292/effects-of-the-slope-embankment-variation-on-influence-areas-that-causes-the-differential-settlement-around-of-embankment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">294</span> Finite Element Simulation of Embankment Bumps at Bridge Approaches, Comparison Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20A.%20Hassona">F. A. Hassona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20D.%20Hashem"> M. D. Hashem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20I.%20Melek"> R. I. Melek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Hakeem"> B. M. Hakeem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A differential settlement at the end of a bridge near the interface between the abutment and the embankment is a persistent problem for highway agencies. The differential settlement produces the common ‘bump at the end of the bridge’. Reduction in steering response, distraction to the driver, added risk and expense to maintenance operation, and reduction in a transportation agency’s public image are all undesirable effects of these uneven and irregular transitions. This paper attempts to simulate the bump at the end of the bridge using PLAXIS finite element 2D program. PLAXIS was used to simulate a laboratory model called Bridge to Embankment Simulator of Transition (B.E.S.T.) device which was built by others to investigate this problem. A total of six numerical simulations were conducted using hardening- soil model with rational assumptions of missing soil parameters to estimate the bump at the end of the bridge. The results show good agreements between the numerical and the laboratory models. Important factors influencing bumps at bridge ends were also addressed in light of the model results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge%20approach%20slabs" title="bridge approach slabs">bridge approach slabs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge%20bump" title=" bridge bump"> bridge bump</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardening-soil" title=" hardening-soil"> hardening-soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLAXIS%202D" title=" PLAXIS 2D"> PLAXIS 2D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settlement" title=" settlement"> settlement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36115/finite-element-simulation-of-embankment-bumps-at-bridge-approaches-comparison-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">293</span> Numerical Analysis of Reinforced Embankment on Algeria Sabkha Subgrade</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Benmebarek">N. Benmebarek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Berrabah"> F. Berrabah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Benmebarek"> S. Benmebarek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is interested by numerical analysis using PLAXIS code of geosynthetic reinforced embankment crossing a section about 11 km on sabkha soil of Chott El Hodna in Algeria. The site observations indicated that the surface soil of this sabkha is very sensitive to moisture and complicated by the presence of locally weak zones. Therefore, serious difficulties were encountered during building the first embankment layer. This paper focuses on the use of geosynthetic to mitigate the difficulty encountered. Due to the absence of an accepted design methods, parametric studies are carried out to assess the effect of basal embankment reinforcement on both the bearing capacity and compaction conditions. The results showed the contribution conditions of geosynthetics to improve the bearing capacity of sabkha soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20embankment" title="reinforced embankment">reinforced embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modelling" title=" numerical modelling"> numerical modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geosynthetics" title=" geosynthetics"> geosynthetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weak%20bearing%20capacity" title=" weak bearing capacity"> weak bearing capacity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18325/numerical-analysis-of-reinforced-embankment-on-algeria-sabkha-subgrade" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18325.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">292</span> Effect of Deep Mixing Columns and Geogrid on Embankment Settlement on the Soft Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhasan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhasan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeideh%20Mohammadi"> Saeideh Mohammadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Embankment settlement on soft clays has always been problematic due to the high compaction and low shear strength of the soil. Deep soil mixing and geosynthetics are two soil improvement methods in such fields. Here, a numerical study is conducted on the embankment performance on the soft ground improved by deep soil mixing columns and geosynthetics based on the data of a real project. For this purpose, the finite element method is used in the Plaxis 2D software. The Soft Soil Creep model considers the creep phenomenon in the soft clay layer while the Mohr-Columb model simulates other soil layers. Results are verified using the data of an experimental embankment built on deep mixing columns. The effect of depth and diameter of deep mixing columns and the stiffness of geogrid on the vertical and horizontal movements of embankment on clay subsoil will be investigated in the following. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLAXIS%202D" title="PLAXIS 2D">PLAXIS 2D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment%20settlement" title=" embankment settlement"> embankment settlement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontal%20movement" title=" horizontal movement"> horizontal movement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20soil%20mixing%20column" title=" deep soil mixing column"> deep soil mixing column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrid" title=" geogrid"> geogrid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129452/effect-of-deep-mixing-columns-and-geogrid-on-embankment-settlement-on-the-soft-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">291</span> Highway Casualty Rate in Nigeria: Implication for Human Capital Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Maji">Ali Maji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Highway development is an important factor for economic growth and development in both developed and developing countries. In Nigeria about two-third of transportation of goods and persons are done through highway network. It was this that made highway investment to enjoy position of relative high priority on the list of government expenditure programmes in Nigeria today. The paper noted that despite expansion of public investment in highway construction and maintenance of them, road traffic accident is increasing rate. This has acted as a drain of human capital which is a key to economic growth and development in Nigeria. In order to avoid this, the paper recommend introduction of Highway Safety Education (HSE) in Nigerian’s education system and investment in train transportation among other as a sure measure for curtailing highway accident. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accident%20rate" title="accident rate">accident rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20way%20development" title=" high way development"> high way development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20capital" title=" human capital"> human capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20development" title=" national development"> national development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40115/highway-casualty-rate-in-nigeria-implication-for-human-capital-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40115.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">290</span> Challenges of Design, Cost and Surveying in Dams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Mohammadi">Ali Mohammadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction of Embankment dams is considered one of the most challenging construction projects, for which several main reasons can be mentioned. Excavation and embankment must be done in a large area, and its design is based on preliminary studies, but at the time of construction, it is possible that excavation does not match with the stability or slope of the rock, or the design is incomplete, and corrections should be made in order to be able to carry out excavation and embankment. Also, the progress of the work depends on the main factors, the lack of each of which can slow down the construction of the dams, and lead to an increase in costs, and control of excavations and embankments and calculations of their volumes are done in this collection. In the following, we will investigate three Embankment dams in Iran that faced these challenges and how they overcame these challenges. KHODA AFARIN on the Aras River between the two countries of IRAN and AZARBAIJAN, SIAH BISHEH PUMPED STORAGE on CHALUS River and GOTVAND on KARUN River are among the most important dams built in Iran. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=section" title="section">section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20transfer" title=" data transfer"> data transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel" title=" tunnel"> tunnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20station" title=" free station"> free station</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167491/challenges-of-design-cost-and-surveying-in-dams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167491.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">289</span> A Solution to Analyze the Geosynthetic Reinforced Piled Embankments Considering Pile-Soil Interaction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feicheng%20Liu">Feicheng Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weiming%20Liao"> Weiming Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianjing%20Zhang"> Jianjing Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A pile-supported embankment with geosynthetic-reinforced mat (PSGR embankment) has been considered as an effective solution to reduce the total and differential settlement of the embankment constructed over soft soil. In this paper, a new simplified method proposed firstly incorporates the load transfer between piles and surrounding soil and the settlement of pile, and also considers arching effect in embankment fill, membrane effect of geosynthetic reinforcement, and subsoil resistance, to evaluate the behavior of PSGR embankment. Subsoil settlement is assumed to consist of two parts:(1) the settlement of subsoil surface between piles equivalent to that of pile caps assuming the geosynthetic reinforcement without deformation yet; (2) the subsoil subsiding along with the geosynthetic deforming, and the deflected geosynthetic being considered as centenary. The force equilibrium, including loads acting on the upper surface of geosynthetic, subsoil resistance, as well as the stress-strain relationship of the geosynthetic reinforcement at the edge of pile cap, is established, thus the expression of subsoil resistance is deduced, and subsequently the tension of geosynthetic and stress concentration ratio between piles can be calculated. The proposed method is validated through observed data from three field tests and also compared with other eight analytical solutions available in the literature. In addition, a sensitive analysis is provided to demonstrate the influence of with/without considering pile-soil interaction for evaluating the performance of PSGR embankment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pile-supported%20embankment" title="pile-supported embankment">pile-supported embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geosynthetic" title=" geosynthetic"> geosynthetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20solution" title=" analytical solution"> analytical solution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20arching%20effect" title=" soil arching effect"> soil arching effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20settlement%20of%20pile" title=" the settlement of pile"> the settlement of pile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitive%20analysis" title=" sensitive analysis"> sensitive analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84705/a-solution-to-analyze-the-geosynthetic-reinforced-piled-embankments-considering-pile-soil-interaction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84705.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">288</span> A Conceptual Framework of Scheduled Waste Management in Highway Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurul%20Nadhirah%20Anuar">Nurul Nadhirah Anuar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Fauzi%20Abdul%20Ghani"> Muhammad Fauzi Abdul Ghani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Scheduled waste management is very important in environmental and health aspects. Despite it is very important, the research study on schedule waste management is very little in the highway industry even though there is a rapid growth of highway operation in the Asian region. It should be noted that there are many unnoticeable wastes in highway industry that should be managed properly. This paper aims to define the scheduled waste, to provide a conceptual framework of the scheduled waste management in highway industry, to highlight the effect of improper management of scheduled waste and to encourage future researchers to identify and share the present practice of scheduled management in their country. The understanding on effective management of scheduled waste will help the operators of highway industry, the academicians, future researchers, and encourage a friendly environment around the world. The study on scheduled waste management in highway industry is very crucial as compared to factories in which the factories are located on specified areas whereas, highway transverse and run along kilometers crossing the various type of environment, residential and schools. Using Environmental Quality (Scheduled Waste) Regulations, 2005 as a guide, this conceptual paper highlight several scheduled wastes produced by highway industry in Malaysia and provide a conceptual framework of scheduled waste management that focused on the highway industry. Understanding on schedule waste management is vital in order to preserve the environment. Besides that, the waste substances are hazardous to human being. Many diseases have been associated with the improper management of scheduled waste such as cancer, throat irritation and respiration problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asia%20region" title="Asia region">Asia region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway%20industry" title=" highway industry"> highway industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheduled%20waste" title=" scheduled waste"> scheduled waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28304/a-conceptual-framework-of-scheduled-waste-management-in-highway-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28304.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">422</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">287</span> Model Tests on Geogrid-Reinforced Sand-Filled Embankments with a Cover Layer under Cyclic Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ma%20Yuan">Ma Yuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Mengxi"> Zhang Mengxi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akbar%20Javadi"> Akbar Javadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Longqing"> Chen Longqing</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The structure of sand-filled embankment with cover layer is treated with tipping clay modified with lime on the outside of the packing, and the geotextile is placed between the stuffing and the clay. The packing is usually river sand, and the improved clay protects the sand core against rainwater erosion. The sand-filled embankment with cover layer has practical problems such as high filling embankment, construction restriction, and steep slope. The reinforcement can be applied to the sand-filled embankment with cover layer to solve the complicated problems such as irregular settlement caused by poor stability of the embankment. At present, the research on the sand-filled embankment with cover layer mainly focuses on the sand properties, construction technology, and slope stability, and there are few studies in the experimental field, the deformation characteristics and stability of reinforced sand-filled embankment need further study. In addition, experimental research is relatively rare when the cyclic load is considered in tests. A subgrade structure of geogrid-reinforced sand-filled embankment with cover layer was proposed. The mechanical characteristics, the deformation properties, reinforced behavior and the ultimate bearing capacity of the embankment structure under cyclic loading were studied. For this structure, the geogrids in the sand and the tipping soil are through the geotextile which is arranged in sections continuously so that the geogrids can cross horizontally. Then, the Unsaturated/saturated Soil Triaxial Test System of Geotechnical Consulting and Testing Systems (GCTS), USA was modified to form the loading device of this test, and strain collector was used to measuring deformation and earth pressure of the embankment. A series of cyclic loading model tests were conducted on the geogrid-reinforced sand-filled embankment with a cover layer under a different number of reinforcement layers, the length of reinforcement and thickness of the cover layer. The settlement of the embankment, the normal cumulative deformation of the slope and the earth pressure were studied under different conditions. Besides cyclic loading model tests, model experiments of embankment subjected cyclic-static loading was carried out to analyze ultimate bearing capacity with different loading. The experiment results showed that the vertical cumulative settlement under long-term cyclic loading increases with the decrease of the number of reinforcement layers, length of the reinforcement arrangement and thickness of the tipping soil. Meanwhile, these three factors also have an influence on the decrease of the normal deformation of the embankment slope. The earth pressure around the loading point is significantly affected by putting geogrid in a model embankment. After cyclic loading, the decline of ultimate bearing capacity of the reinforced embankment can be effectively reduced, which is contrary to the unreinforced embankment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20load%3B%20geogrid%3B%20reinforcement%20behavior%3B%20cumulative%20deformation%3B%20earth%20pressure" title="cyclic load; geogrid; reinforcement behavior; cumulative deformation; earth pressure">cyclic load; geogrid; reinforcement behavior; cumulative deformation; earth pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104870/model-tests-on-geogrid-reinforced-sand-filled-embankments-with-a-cover-layer-under-cyclic-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">286</span> Stability of a Natural Weak Rock Slope under Rapid Water Drawdowns: Interaction between Guadalfeo Viaduct and Rules Reservoir, Granada, Spain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Bautista%20Carrascosa">Sonia Bautista Carrascosa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Renedo%20Sanchez"> Carlos Renedo Sanchez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of a rapid drawdown is a classical scenario to be considered in slope stability under submerged conditions. This situation arises when totally or partially submerged slopes experience a descent of the external water level and is a typical verification to be done in a dam engineering discipline, as reservoir water levels commonly fluctuate noticeably during seasons and due to operational reasons. Although the scenario is well known and predictable in general, site conditions can increase the complexity of its assessment and external factors are not always expected, can cause a reduction in the stability or even a failure in a slope under a rapid drawdown situation. The present paper describes and discusses the interaction between two different infrastructures, a dam and a highway, and the impact on the stability of a natural rock slope overlaid by the north abutment of a viaduct of the A-44 Highway due to the rapid drawdown of the Rules Dam, in the province of Granada (south of Spain). In the year 2011, with both infrastructures, the A-44 Highway and the Rules Dam already constructed, delivered and under operation, some movements start to be recorded in the approximation embankment and north abutment of the Guadalfeo Viaduct, included in the highway and developed to solve the crossing above the tail of the reservoir. The embankment and abutment were founded in a low-angle natural rock slope formed by grey graphic phyllites, distinctly weathered and intensely fractured, with pre-existing fault and weak planes. After the first filling of the reservoir, to a relative level of 243m, three consecutive drawdowns were recorded in the autumns 2010, 2011 and 2012, to relative levels of 234m, 232m and 225m. To understand the effect of these drawdowns in the weak rock mass strength and in its stability, a new geological model was developed, after reviewing all the available ground investigations, updating the geological mapping of the area and supplemented with an additional geotechnical and geophysical investigations survey. Together with all this information, rainfall and reservoir level evolution data have been reviewed in detail to incorporate into the monitoring interpretation. The analysis of the monitoring data and the new geological and geotechnical interpretation, supported by the use of limit equilibrium software Slide2, concludes that the movement follows the same direction as the schistosity of the phyllitic rock mass, coincident as well with the direction of the natural slope, indicating a deep-seated movement of the whole slope towards the reservoir. As part of these conclusions, the solutions considered to reinstate the highway infrastructure to the required FoS will be described, and the geomechanical characterization of these weak rocks discussed, together with the influence of water level variations, not only in the water pressure regime but in its geotechnical behavior, by the modification of the strength parameters and deformability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title="monitoring">monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20slope%20stability" title=" rock slope stability"> rock slope stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20drawdown" title=" water drawdown"> water drawdown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weak%20rock" title=" weak rock"> weak rock</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139668/stability-of-a-natural-weak-rock-slope-under-rapid-water-drawdowns-interaction-between-guadalfeo-viaduct-and-rules-reservoir-granada-spain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">285</span> Prediction of Embankment Fires at Railway Infrastructure Using Machine Learning, Geospatial Data and VIIRS Remote Sensing Imagery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan-Peter%20Mund">Jan-Peter Mund</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Kind"> Christian Kind</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In view of the ongoing climate change and global warming, fires along railways in Germany are occurring more frequently, with sometimes massive consequences for railway operations and affected railroad infrastructure. In the absence of systematic studies within the infrastructure network of German Rail, little is known about the causes of such embankment fires. Since a further increase in these hazards is to be expected in the near future, there is a need for a sound knowledge of triggers and drivers for embankment fires as well as methodical knowledge of prediction tools. Two predictable future trends speak for the increasing relevance of the topic: through the intensification of the use of rail for passenger and freight transport (e.g..: doubling of annual passenger numbers by 2030, compared to 2019), there will be more rail traffic and also more maintenance and construction work on the railways. This research project approach uses satellite data to identify historical embankment fires along rail network infrastructure. The team links data from these fires with infrastructure and weather data and trains a machine-learning model with the aim of predicting fire hazards on sections of the track. Companies reflect on the results and use them on a pilot basis in precautionary measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment%20fires" title="embankment fires">embankment fires</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=railway%20maintenance" title=" railway maintenance"> railway maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VIIRS%20data" title=" VIIRS data"> VIIRS data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160845/prediction-of-embankment-fires-at-railway-infrastructure-using-machine-learning-geospatial-data-and-viirs-remote-sensing-imagery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160845.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">284</span> Effect of Prefabricated Vertical Drain System Properties on Embankment Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhasan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhasan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Namaei"> Ali Namaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents the effect of prefabricated vertical drain system properties on embankment behavior by calculating the settlement, lateral displacement and induced excess pore pressure by numerical method. In order to investigate this behavior, three different prefabricated vertical drains have been simulated under an embankment. The finite element software PLAXIS has been carried out for analyzing the displacements and excess pore pressures. The results showed that the consolidation time and induced excess pore pressure are highly depended to the discharge capacity of the prefabricated vertical drain. The increase in the discharge capacity leads to decrease the consolidation process and the induced excess pore pressure. Moreover, it was seen that the vertical drains spacing does not have any significant effect on the consolidation time. However, the increase in the drains spacing would decrease the system stiffness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20drain" title="vertical drain">vertical drain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prefabricated" title=" prefabricated"> prefabricated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation" title=" consolidation"> consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment" title=" embankment"> embankment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109050/effect-of-prefabricated-vertical-drain-system-properties-on-embankment-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">283</span> Finite Difference Method of the Seismic Analysis of Earth Dam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaoua%20Bouaicha">Alaoua Bouaicha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahim%20Kahlouche"> Fahim Kahlouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhamid%20Benouali"> Abdelhamid Benouali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many embankment dams have suffered failures during earthquakes due to the increase of pore water pressure under seismic loading. After analyzing of the behavior of embankment dams under severe earthquakes, major advances have been attained in the understanding of the seismic action on dams. The present study concerns numerical analysis of the seismic response of earth dams. The procedure uses a nonlinear stress-strain relation incorporated into the code FLAC2D based on the finite difference method. This analysis provides the variation of the pore water pressure and horizontal displacement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Numerical%20Analysis" title=" Numerical Analysis"> Numerical Analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FLAC2D" title=" FLAC2D"> FLAC2D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Displacement" title=" Displacement"> Displacement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Embankment%20Dam" title=" Embankment Dam"> Embankment Dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pore%20Water%20Pressure" title=" Pore Water Pressure"> Pore Water Pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43538/finite-difference-method-of-the-seismic-analysis-of-earth-dam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43538.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">282</span> Dynamic Compaction Assessment for Improving Pasdaran Highway </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Motamadnia">Alireza Motamadnia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roohollah%20Zohdi%20Oliayi"> Roohollah Zohdi Oliayi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%C3%BCmeyra%20Bolakar"> Hümeyra Bolakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmet%20Tortum"> Ahmet Tortum </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dynamic compression as a method of soil improvement in recent decades has been considered by engineers and experts. Three methods mainly, deep dynamic compaction, soil density, dynamic and rapid change have been proposed and implemented to improve subgrade conditions of highway road. Northern highway route in Tabriz (Pasdaran), Iran that was placed on the manual soil was the main concern. Engineering properties of soil have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. Among the three methods rapid dynamic compaction for highway has been suggested to improve the soil subgrade conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manual%20soil" title="manual soil">manual soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subsidence" title=" subsidence"> subsidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improvement" title=" improvement"> improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20compression" title=" dynamic compression "> dynamic compression </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17623/dynamic-compaction-assessment-for-improving-pasdaran-highway" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">601</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">281</span> Comparative Settlement Analysis on the under of Embankment with Empirical Formulas and Settlement Plate Measurement for Reducing Building Crack around of Embankments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safitri%20Nur%20Wulandari">Safitri Nur Wulandari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ivan%20Adi%20Perdana"> M. Ivan Adi Perdana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prathisto%20L.%20Panuntun%20Unggul"> Prathisto L. Panuntun Unggul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Dary%20Wira%20Mahadika"> R. Dary Wira Mahadika</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In road construction on the soft soil, we need a soil improvement method to improve the soil bearing capacity of the land base so that the soil can withstand the traffic loads. Most of the land in Indonesia has a soft soil, where soft soil is a type of clay that has the consistency of very soft to medium stiff, undrained shear strength, Cu <0:25 kg/cm2, or the estimated value of NSPT <5 blows/ft. This study focuses on the analysis of the effect on preloading load (embarkment) to the amount of settlement ratio on the under of embarkment that will impact on the building cracks around of embarkment. The method used in this research is a superposition method for embarkment distribution on 27 locations with undisturbed soil samples at some borehole point in Java and Kalimantan, Indonesia. Then correlating the results of settlement plate monitoring on the field with Asaoka method. The results of settlement plate monitoring taken from an embarkment of Ahmad Yani airport in Semarang on 32 points. Where the value of Cc (index compressible) soil data based on some laboratory test results, while the value of Cc is not tested obtained from empirical formula Ardhana and Mochtar, 1999. From this research, the results of the field monitoring showed almost the same results with an empirical formulation with the standard deviation of 4% where the formulation of the empirical results of this analysis obtained by linear formula. Value empirical linear formula is to determine the effect of compression heap area as high as 4,25 m is 3,1209x + y = 0.0026 for the slope of the embankment 1: 8 for the same analysis with an initial height of embankment on the field. Provided that at the edge of the embankment settlement worth is not equal to 0 but at a quarter of embankment has a settlement ratio average 0.951 and at the edge of embankment has a settlement ratio 0,049. The influence areas around of embankment are approximately 1 meter for slope 1:8 and 7 meters for slope 1:2. So, it can cause the building cracks, to build in sustainable development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20cracks" title="building cracks">building cracks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influence%20area" title=" influence area"> influence area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settlement%20plate" title=" settlement plate"> settlement plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20soil" title=" soft soil"> soft soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical%20formula" title=" empirical formula"> empirical formula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment" title=" embankment"> embankment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54191/comparative-settlement-analysis-on-the-under-of-embankment-with-empirical-formulas-and-settlement-plate-measurement-for-reducing-building-crack-around-of-embankments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">280</span> Full-Scale Test of a Causeway Embankment Supported by Raft-Aggregate Column Foundation on Soft Clay Deposit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tri%20Harianto">Tri Harianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lawalenna%20Samang"> Lawalenna Samang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=St.%20Hijraini%20Nur"> St. Hijraini Nur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arwin"> Arwin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, a port development is constructed in Makassar city, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Makassar city is located in lowland area that dominated by soft marine clay deposit. A two kilometers causeway construction was built which is situated on the soft clay layer. In order to investigate the behavior of causeway embankment, a full-scale test was conducted of high embankment built on a soft clay deposit. The embankment with 3,5 m high was supported by two types of reinforcement such as raft and raft-aggregate column foundation. Since the ground was undergoing consolidation due to the preload, the raft and raft-aggregate column foundations were monitored in order to analyze the vertical ground movement by inducing the settlement of the foundation. In this study, two types of foundation (raft and raft-aggregate column) were tested to observe the effectiveness of raft-aggregate column compare to raft foundation in reducing the settlement. The settlement monitored during the construction stage by using the settlement plates, which is located in the center and toe of the embankment. Measurements were taken every day for each embankment construction stage (4 months). In addition, an analytical calculation was conducted in this study to compare the full-scale test result. The result shows that the raft-aggregate column foundation significantly reduces the settlement by 30% compared to the raft foundation. A raft-aggregate column foundation also reduced the time period of each loading stage. The Good agreement of analytical calculation compared to the full-scale test result also found in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full-scale" title="full-scale">full-scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preloading" title=" preloading"> preloading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raft-aggregate%20column" title=" raft-aggregate column"> raft-aggregate column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20clay" title=" soft clay"> soft clay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57034/full-scale-test-of-a-causeway-embankment-supported-by-raft-aggregate-column-foundation-on-soft-clay-deposit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57034.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">279</span> Measuring Flood Risk concerning with the Flood Protection Embankment in Big Flooding Events of Dhaka Metropolitan Zone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marju%20Ben%20Sayed">Marju Ben Sayed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shigeko%20Haruyama"> Shigeko Haruyama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Among all kinds of natural disaster, the flood is a common feature in rapidly urbanizing Dhaka city. In this research, assessment of flood risk of Dhaka metropolitan area has been investigated by using an integrated approach of GIS, remote sensing and socio-economic data. The purpose of the study is to measure the flooding risk concerning with the flood protection embankment in big flooding events (1988, 1998 and 2004) and urbanization of Dhaka metropolitan zone. In this research, we considered the Dhaka city into two parts; East Dhaka (outside the flood protection embankment) and West Dhaka (inside the flood protection embankment). Using statistical data, we explored the socio-economic status of the study area population by comparing the density of population, land price and income level. We have drawn the cross section profile of the flood protection embankment into three different points for realizing the flooding risk in the study area, especially in the big flooding year (1988, 1998 and 2004). According to the physical condition of the study area, the land use/land cover map has been classified into five classes. Comparing with each land cover unit, historical weather station data and the socio-economic data, the flooding risk has been evaluated. Moreover, we compared between DEM data and each land cover units to find out the relationship with flood. It is expected that, this study could contribute to effective flood forecasting, relief and emergency management for a future flood event in Dhaka city. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use" title="land use">land use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20cover%20change" title=" land cover change"> land cover change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic" title=" socio-economic"> socio-economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhaka%20city" title=" Dhaka city"> Dhaka city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood" title=" flood"> flood</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62846/measuring-flood-risk-concerning-with-the-flood-protection-embankment-in-big-flooding-events-of-dhaka-metropolitan-zone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">278</span> Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Piled Embankments on Soft Clay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20Y.%20Shokry">Mahmoud Y. Shokry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rami%20M.%20El-Sherbiny"> Rami M. El-Sherbiny</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to highlight the role of some parameters that may be of a noticeable impact on numerical analysis/design of embankments. It presents the results of a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis of a monitored earth embankment that was constructed on soft clay formation stabilized by cast in-situ piles using software PLAXIS 3D. A comparison between the predicted and the monitored responses is presented to assess the adequacy of the adopted numerical model. The model was used in the targeted parametric study. Moreover, a comparison was performed between the results of the 3-D analyses and the analytical solutions. This paper concluded that the effect of using mono pile caps led to decrease both the total and differential settlement and increased the efficiency of the piled embankment system. The study of using geogrids revealed that it can contribute in decreasing the settlement and maximizing the part of the embankment load transferred to piles. Moreover, it was found that increasing the stiffness of the geogrids provides higher values of tensile forces and hence has more effective influence on embankment load carried by piles rather than using multi-number of layers with low values of geogrid stiffness. The efficiency of the piled embankments system was also found to be greater when higher embankments are used rather than the low height embankments. The comparison between the numerical 3-D model and the theoretical design methods revealed that many analytical solutions are conservative and non-accurate rather than the 3-D finite element numerical models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title="efficiency">efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment" title=" embankment"> embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geogrids" title=" geogrids"> geogrids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20clay" title=" soft clay"> soft clay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45303/three-dimensional-finite-element-analysis-of-geogrid-reinforced-piled-embankments-on-soft-clay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45303.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">277</span> Design of Raw Water Reservoir on Sandy Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Venkata%20Ramana%20Pamu">Venkata Ramana Pamu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is a case study of a 5310 ML capacity Raw Water Reservoir (RWR), situated in Indian state Rajasthan, which is a part of Rajasthan Rural Water Supply & Fluorosis Mitigation Project. This RWR embankment was constructed by locally available material on natural ground profile. Height of the embankment was varying from 2m to 10m.This is due to existing ground level was varying. Reservoir depth 9m including 1.5m free board and 1V:3H slopes were provided both upstream and downstream side. Proper soil investigation, tests were done and it was confirmed that the existing soil is sandy silt. The existing excavated earth was used as filling material for embankment construction, due to this controlling seepage from upstream to downstream be a challenging task. Slope stability and Seismic analysis of the embankment done by Conventional method for both full reservoir condition and rapid drawdown. Horizontal filter at toe level was provided along with upstream side PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) block and HDPE (High Density poly ethylene) lining as a remedy to control seepage. HDPE lining was also provided at storage area of the reservoir bed level. Mulching was done for downstream side slope protection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raw%20water%20reservoir" title="raw water reservoir">raw water reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seepage" title=" seepage"> seepage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20analysis" title=" seismic analysis"> seismic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20stability" title=" slope stability"> slope stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51993/design-of-raw-water-reservoir-on-sandy-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51993.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">497</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">276</span> Numerical Study on the Cavity-Induced Piping Failure of Embankment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20J.%20Kim">H. J. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20C.%20Park"> G. C. Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20Kim"> K. C. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20H.%20Shin"> J. H. Shin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cavities are frequently found beneath conduits on pile foundations in old embankments. Cavity reduces seepage length significantly and consequently causes piping failure of embankments. Case studies of embankment failures indicate that the relative settlement between ground and pile supported-concrete conduit was the main reason of the cavity. In this paper, an attempt to simulate the cavity-induced piping failure mechanism was made using finite element numerical method. Piping potential is examined by carrying out parametric study for influencing factors such as cavity length, water level, and flow conditions. The concentration of hydraulic gradient adjacent to cavity was found. It is found that the hydraulic gradient close to the cavity exceeds considerably the critical hydraulic gradient causing piping. Piping failure potential due to the existence of cavity is evaluated and contour map for the potential risk of an embankment for piping failure is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavity" title="cavity">cavity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20gradient" title=" hydraulic gradient"> hydraulic gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=levee" title=" levee"> levee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piping" title=" piping"> piping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33770/numerical-study-on-the-cavity-induced-piping-failure-of-embankment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">520</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">275</span> Relationship between Blow Count Number (N) and Shear Wave Velocity (Vs30) from the Specified Embankment Material: A Case Study on Three Selected Earthen Dams</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanapon%20Suklim">Tanapon Suklim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prachaya%20Intaphrom"> Prachaya Intaphrom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noppadol%20Poomvises"> Noppadol Poomvises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anchalee%20Kongsuk"> Anchalee Kongsuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The relationship between shear wave velocity (Vs30) and blow count Number from Standard Penetration Tests (NSPT) was investigated on specified embankment dam to find the solution which can be used to estimate the value of N. Shear wave velocity, Vs30 and blow count number, NSPT were performed at three specified dam sites. At each site, Vs30 measurement was recorded by using seismic survey of MASW technique and NSPT were measured by field Standard Penetration Test. Regression analysis was used to derive statistical relation. The relation is giving a final solution to applicable calculated N-value with other earthen dam. Dam engineer can use the statistical relation to convert field Vs30 to estimated N-value instead of absolute N-value from field Standard Penetration Test. It can be noted that the formulae can be applied only in the earthen dam of specified material. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blow%20count%20number" title="blow count number">blow count number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthen%20dam" title=" earthen dam"> earthen dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment" title=" embankment"> embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20wave%20velocity" title=" shear wave velocity"> shear wave velocity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62428/relationship-between-blow-count-number-n-and-shear-wave-velocity-vs30-from-the-specified-embankment-material-a-case-study-on-three-selected-earthen-dams" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62428.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">274</span> Use of Short Piles for Stabilizing the Side Slope of the Road Embankment along the Canal </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monapat%20Sasingha">Monapat Sasingha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suttisak%20Soralump"> Suttisak Soralump </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research presents the behavior of slope of the road along the canal stabilized by short piles. In this investigation, the centrifuge machine was used, modelling the condition of the water levels in the canal. The centrifuge tests were performed at 35 g. To observe the movement of the soil, visual analysis was performed to evaluate the failure behavior. Conclusively, the use of short piles to stabilize the canal slope proved to be an effective solution. However, the certain amount of settlement was found behind the short pile rows. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=centrifuge%20test" title="centrifuge test">centrifuge test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope%20failure" title=" slope failure"> slope failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment" title=" embankment"> embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability%20of%20slope" title=" stability of slope"> stability of slope</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64172/use-of-short-piles-for-stabilizing-the-side-slope-of-the-road-embankment-along-the-canal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64172.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">273</span> Safety Approach Highway Alignment Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abbas%20Tabatabaei">Seyed Abbas Tabatabaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marjan%20Naderan%20Tahan"> Marjan Naderan Tahan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arman%20Kadkhodai"> Arman Kadkhodai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An efficient optimization approach, called feasible gate (FG), is developed to enhance the computation efficiency and solution quality of the previously developed highway alignment optimization (HAO) model. This approach seeks to realistically represent various user preferences and environmentally sensitive areas and consider them along with geometric design constraints in the optimization process. This is done by avoiding the generation of infeasible solutions that violate various constraints and thus focusing the search on the feasible solutions. The proposed method is simple, but improves significantly the model’s computation time and solution quality. On the other, highway alignment optimization through Feasible Gates, eventuates only economic model by considering minimum design constrains includes minimum reduce of circular curves, minimum length of vertical curves and road maximum gradient. This modelling can reduce passenger comfort and road safety. In most of highway optimization models, by adding penalty function for each constraint, final result handles to satisfy minimum constraint. In this paper, we want to propose a safety-function solution by introducing gift function. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title="safety">safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway%20geometry" title=" highway geometry"> highway geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alignment" title=" alignment"> alignment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6924/safety-approach-highway-alignment-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6924.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">272</span> Development of Risk-Based Dam Safety Framework in Climate Change Condition for Batu Dam, Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wan%20Noorul%20Hafilah%20Binti%20Wan%20Ariffin">Wan Noorul Hafilah Binti Wan Ariffin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dam safety management is the crucial infrastructure as dam failure has a catastrophic effect on the community. Dam safety management is the effective framework of key actions and activities for the dam owner to manage the safety of the dam for its entire life cycle. However, maintaining dam safety is a challenging task as there are changes in current dam states. These changes introduce new risks to the dam's safety, which had not been considered when the dam was designed. A new framework has to be developed to adapt to the changes in the dam risk and make the dams resilient. This study proposes a risk-based decision-making adaptation framework for dam safety management. The research focuses on climate change's impact on hydrological situations as it causes floods and damages the dam structure. The risk analysis framework is adopted to improve the dam management strategies. The proposed study encompasses four phases. To start with, measuring the effect by assessing the impact of climate change on embankment dam, the second phase is to analyze the potential embankment dam failures. The third is analyzing the different components of risks related to the dam and, finally, developing a robust decision-making framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment%20dam" title=" embankment dam"> embankment dam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=failure" title=" failure"> failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk-informed%20decision%20making" title=" risk-informed decision making"> risk-informed decision making</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159553/development-of-risk-based-dam-safety-framework-in-climate-change-condition-for-batu-dam-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">271</span> Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Roadside Soils along Shenyang-Dalian Highway in Liaoning Province, China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Hui">Zhang Hui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wu%20Caiqiu"> Wu Caiqiu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuan%20Xuyin"> Yuan Xuyin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiu%20Jie"> Qiu Jie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Hanpei"> Zhang Hanpei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The heavy metal contaminations were determined with a detailed soil survey in roadside soils along Shenyang-Dalian Highway of Liaoning Province (China) and Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni and Zn were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The average concentration of Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni and Zn in roadside soils was determined to be 43.8, 26.5, 0.119, 32.1, 71.3 mg/kg respectively, and all of the heavy metal contents were higher than the background values. Different heavy metal distribution regularity was found in different land use type of roadside soil, there was an obvious peak of heavy concentration at 25m from road edge in the farmland, while in the forest and orchard soil, all heavy metals gradually decreased with the increase of distance from road edge and conformed to the exponential model. Furthermore, the heavy metal contents of heavy metals except Cd were markedly increased compared with those in 1999 and 2007, and the heavy metals concentrations of Shenyang- Dalian Highway were considered medium or low in comparison with those in other cities around the world. The assessment of heavy metal contamination of roadside soils illustrated a common low pollution for all heavy metal and recommended that more attention should be paid to Pb contamination in roadside soils in Shenyang-Dalian Highway. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metal%20contamination" title="heavy metal contamination">heavy metal contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roadside" title=" roadside"> roadside</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway" title=" highway"> highway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nemerow%20Pollution%20Index" title=" Nemerow Pollution Index"> Nemerow Pollution Index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12506/assessment-of-heavy-metal-contamination-in-roadside-soils-along-shenyang-dalian-highway-in-liaoning-province-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12506.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">270</span> Geotechnical Characteristics of Miocenemarl in the Region of Medea North-South Highway, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Yongli">Y. Yongli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Aissa"> M. H. Aissa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper aims for a geotechnical analysis based on experimental physical and mechanical characteristics of Miocene marl situated at Medea region in Algeria. More than 150 soil samples were taken in the investigation part of the North-South Highway which extends over than 53 km from Chiffa in the North to Berrouaghia in the South of Algeria. The analysis of data in terms of Atterberg limits, plasticity index, and clay content reflects an acceptable correlation justified by a high coefficient of regression which was compared with the previous works in the region. Finally, approximated equations that serve as a guideline for geotechnical design locally have been suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title="correlation">correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geotechnical%20properties" title=" geotechnical properties"> geotechnical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miocene%20marl" title=" miocene marl"> miocene marl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=north-south%20highway" title=" north-south highway"> north-south highway</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48442/geotechnical-characteristics-of-miocenemarl-in-the-region-of-medea-north-south-highway-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">269</span> Numerical Investigation of Embankment Settlement Improved by Method of Preloading by Vertical Drains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhasan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhasan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeideh%20Mohammadi"> Saeideh Mohammadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Time dependent settlement due to loading on soft saturated soils produces many problems such as high consolidation settlements and low consolidation rates. Also, long term consolidation settlement of soft soil underlying the embankment leads to unpredicted settlements and cracks on soil surface. Preloading method is an effective improvement method to solve this problem. Using vertical drains in preloading method is an effective method for improving soft soils. Applying deep soil mixing method on soft soils is another effective method for improving soft soils. There are little studies on using two methods of preloading and deep soil mixing simultaneously. In this paper, the concurrent effect of preloading with deep soil mixing by vertical drains is investigated through a finite element code, Plaxis2D. The influence of parameters such as deep soil mixing columns spacing, existence of vertical drains and distance between them, on settlement and stability factor of safety of embankment embedded on soft soil is investigated in this research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preloading" title="preloading">preloading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20soil" title=" soft soil"> soft soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertical%20drains" title=" vertical drains"> vertical drains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20soil%20mixing" title=" deep soil mixing"> deep soil mixing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consolidation%20settlement" title=" consolidation settlement"> consolidation settlement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100070/numerical-investigation-of-embankment-settlement-improved-by-method-of-preloading-by-vertical-drains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">268</span> Design and Construction Demeanor of a Very High Embankment Using Geosynthetics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariya%20Dayana">Mariya Dayana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Budhmal%20Jain"> Budhmal Jain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kannur International Airport Ltd. (KIAL) is a new Greenfield airport project with airside development on an undulating terrain with an average height of 90m above Mean Sea Level (MSL) and a maximum height of 142m. To accommodate the desired Runway length and Runway End Safety Area (RESA) at both the ends along the proposed alignment, it resulted in 45.5 million cubic meters in cutting and filling. The insufficient availability of land for the construction of free slope embankment at RESA 07 end resulted in the design and construction of Reinforced Soil Slope (RSS) with a maximum slope of 65 degrees. An embankment fill of average 70m height with steep slopes located in high rainfall area is a unique feature of this project. The design and construction was challenging being asymmetrical with curves and bends. The fill was reinforced with high strength Uniaxial geogrids laid perpendicular to the slope. Weld mesh wrapped with coir mat acted as the facia units to protect it against surface failure. Face anchorage were also provided by wrapping the geogrids along the facia units where the slope angle was steeper than 45 degrees. Considering high rainfall received on this table top airport site, extensive drainage system was designed for the high embankment fill. Gabion wall up to 10m height were also designed and constructed along the boundary to accommodate the toe of the RSS fill beside the jeepable track at the base level. The design of RSS fill was done using ReSSA software and verified in PLAXIS 2D modeling. Both slip surface failure and wedge failure cases were considered in static and seismic analysis for local and global failure cases. The site won excavated laterite soil was used as the fill material for the construction. Extensive field and laboratory tests were conducted during the construction of RSS system for quality assurance. This paper represents a case study detailing the design and construction of a very high embankment using geosynthetics for the provision of Runway length and RESA area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=airport" title="airport">airport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embankment" title=" embankment"> embankment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gabion" title=" gabion"> gabion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20strength%20uniaxial%20geogrid" title=" high strength uniaxial geogrid"> high strength uniaxial geogrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kial" title=" kial"> kial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laterite%20soil" title=" laterite soil"> laterite soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plaxis%202d" title=" plaxis 2d"> plaxis 2d</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104286/design-and-construction-demeanor-of-a-very-high-embankment-using-geosynthetics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104286.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway%20embankment&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway%20embankment&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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