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converters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refining_converters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electric furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_furnaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_furnaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other furnaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_furnaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device used to heat, melt, or otherwise process metals</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piec_krepa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Piec_krepa.JPG/220px-Piec_krepa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Piec_krepa.JPG/330px-Piec_krepa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Piec_krepa.JPG/440px-Piec_krepa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption>Industrial furnace from 1907.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>metallurgical furnace</b>, often simply referred to as a <b>furnace</b> when the context is known, is an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">industrial furnace</a> used to <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, melt, or otherwise process <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>. Furnaces have been a central piece of equipment throughout the history of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>; processing metals with heat is even its own engineering specialty known as <a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">pyrometallurgy</a>. </p><p>One important furnace application, especially in <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production, is <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, where metal <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> are <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> under high heat to separate the metal content from mineral <a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a>. The heat energy to fuel a furnace may be supplied directly by fuel <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. Different processes and the unique properties of specific metals and ores have led to many different furnace types.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_blast_furnaces">Air blast furnaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Air blast furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Filling_the_Furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Filling_the_Furnace.jpg/220px-The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Filling_the_Furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Filling_the_Furnace.jpg/330px-The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Filling_the_Furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Filling_the_Furnace.jpg/440px-The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Filling_the_Furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><i>The Manufacture of Iron -- Filling the Furnace</i>, an 1873 <a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">wood engraving</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many furnace designs for smelting combine ore, fuel, and other <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a> like <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a> in a single chamber. Mechanisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> or motorized fans, then drive pressurized blasts of air into the chamber. These blasts make the fuel burn hotter and drive chemical reactions. </p><p>Furnaces of this type include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, used to produce <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>. These can be subdivided into: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_blast" title="Cold blast">Cold blast</a> furnaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a> furnaces</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomery</a>, a precursor to the blast furnace that produces <a href="/wiki/Sponge_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge iron">sponge iron</a> from ore</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Blowing_house" title="Blowing house">blowing house</a>, a traditional furnace for smelting <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Smeltmill" title="Smeltmill">smeltmill</a>, a traditional furnace for smelting <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blowing_in">Blowing in</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Blowing in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even smaller, pre-industrial bloomeries possess significant <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a>. Raising a cold furnace to the necessary temperature for smelting iron requires a significant amount of energy, regardless of modern technology. For this reason, metallurgists will try their best to keep blast furnaces running continuously, and shutting down a furnace is seen as an unfortunate event. </p><p>Conversely, starting up a new furnace, or one that had been temporarily shut down, is often a special occasion. In traditional bloomeries, several rounds of fuel would need to be burnt away before the furnace was ready to accept a charge of ore. In English, this process became known as "blowing in" the furnace, while a furnace that had to be shut down and went cold had been "blown out", terms that are still applied to contemporary blast furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-EggertPennState_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EggertPennState-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reverberatory_furnaces">Reverberatory furnaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reverberatory furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnace</a> still exposes the reaction chamber, where metal or ore is combined with reagents, to a stream of exhaust gases. However, no fuel is directly added to the chamber, and combustion occurs in a separate chamber. Furnaces of this type include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">open hearth furnace</a>, a 19th-20th century <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a> method for refining pig iron into <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Puddling_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Puddling furnace">puddling furnace</a>, a 18th-19th century method for refining pig iron into <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refining_converters">Refining converters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Refining converters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In metallurgy, furnaces used to <a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">refine</a> metals further, particularly iron into steel, are also often called <a href="/wiki/Converting_(metallurgy)" title="Converting (metallurgy)">converters</a>: </p> <ul><li>Steelmaking converters <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic oxygen furnace">basic oxygen furnace</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer converter">Bessemer converter</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Manh%C3%A8s%E2%80%93David_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhès–David converter">Manhès–David converter</a> for refining copper <a href="/wiki/Matte_(metallurgy)" title="Matte (metallurgy)">matte</a> into pure "blister" copper</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electric_furnaces">Electric furnaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electric furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TSLFurnaceHeatup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Modern TLS furnace used in copper smelting during heat up." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TSLFurnaceHeatup.jpg/220px-TSLFurnaceHeatup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TSLFurnaceHeatup.jpg/330px-TSLFurnaceHeatup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TSLFurnaceHeatup.jpg/440px-TSLFurnaceHeatup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Modern TLS furnace used in copper smelting during heat up.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just as other industries have trended towards <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a>, electric furnaces have become prevalent in metallurgy. However, while any furnace can theoretically use an electrical <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating element</a>, process specifics mostly limit this approach to furnaces with lower power demands. </p><p>Instead, electric metallurgical furnaces often apply an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> directly to batches of metal. This is particularly useful for <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> (still relatively pure) <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> metal, or remelting <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a> for <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Foundries" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundries">foundries</a>. The absence of any fuel or exhaust gases also makes these designs versatile for heating all kinds of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such designs include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnaces</a> (EAFs), which apply current to the metal via <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> over an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Flodin_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Flodin furnace">Flodin furnace</a> is an early EAF, specially designed to smelt iron from ore through the direct addition of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_induction_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric induction furnace">Electric induction furnaces</a>, which heat the metal through <a href="/wiki/Eddy_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddy currents">eddy currents</a>, requiring metal mostly free of gangue and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_furnaces">Other furnaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other furnaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other metallurgical furnaces have special design features or uses. One function is heating material short of melting, in order to perform <a href="/wiki/Heat_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat treatment">heat treatment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hot_working" title="Hot working">hot working</a>. Basic furnaces used this way include: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a> is the traditional <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">metalsmith</a>'s hearth for heating metal while <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soaking_pit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soaking pit (page does not exist)">Soaking pits</a> are large heated chambers, typically in-ground, where steel slabs are reheated before <a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">rolling</a></li></ul> <p>Another class of furnaces isolate the material from the surrounding atmosphere and contaminants, enabling advanced heat treatments and other techniques: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muffle_furnace" title="Muffle furnace">Muffle furnaces</a> enclose the material to keep out contaminants and divert any exhaust away from the area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">Autoclaves</a> are reinforced, seal airtight, and can expose material to heat and elevated <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_furnace" title="Vacuum furnace">Vacuum furnaces</a> are similar to autoclaves, but expose the material to a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> instead</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The absence of any additional chemistry is not always an advantage though. For example, smelting iron is still mostly done with blast furnaces, partly because the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> created by burning <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> is also excellent for chemically <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> the iron.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallurgical_furnace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFD1923" class="citation journal cs1">D, C. H. (1923-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/112755a0">"Metallurgical Furnaces"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>112</b> (2821): 755–756. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F112755a0">10.1038/112755a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28751324">28751324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Metallurgical+Furnaces&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2821&rft.pages=755-756&rft.date=1923-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28751324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F112755a0&rft.aulast=D&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F112755a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetallurgical+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EggertPennState-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EggertPennState_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggert2008" class="citation web cs1">Eggert, Gerald (15 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926220330/https://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/essays/howto_blowin.htm">"How to "Blow In" a Newly Built or a Cold Iron Furnace"</a>. Medieval Studies. <i>Medieval Technology and American History</i>. One-Minute Essays. Penn State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/essays/howto_blowin.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Technology+and+American+History&rft.atitle=How+to+%22Blow+In%22+a+Newly+Built+or+a+Cold+Iron+Furnace&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft.aulast=Eggert&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engr.psu.edu%2Fmtah%2Fessays%2Fhowto_blowin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetallurgical+furnace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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talk:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_and_steel_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron production<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">Bloomery</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">sponge iron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_blast" title="Cold blast">Cold blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_iron" title="Anthracite iron">Anthracite iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct reduced iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">Finery forge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">Puddling</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">Furnace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Cupola_furnace" title="Cupola furnace">Cupola furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">Induction furnace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel mill</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Pre-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(furnace)" title="Tatara (furnace)">Tatara furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">Cementation process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Post-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">Open hearth furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking" title="Basic oxygen steelmaking">Basic oxygen process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-slag_remelting" title="Electro-slag remelting">Electro-slag remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_oxygen_decarburization" title="Argon oxygen decarburization">Argon oxygen decarburization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treatment</a> methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_hydrogen_annealing" title="Low hydrogen annealing">Low hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_by_short_circuit" title="Annealing by short circuit">Short circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardening_(metallurgy)" title="Hardening (metallurgy)">Hardening</a> / <br /><a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">Case-hardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausforming" title="Ausforming">Ausforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boriding" title="Boriding">Boriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonitriding" title="Carbonitriding">Carbonitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">Carburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Cryogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritic_nitrocarburizing" title="Ferritic nitrocarburizing">Ferritic nitrocarburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_hardening" title="Induction hardening">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">Nitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quench_polish_quench" title="Quench polish quench">Quench polish quench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">Tempering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austempering" title="Austempering">Austempering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martempering" title="Martempering">Martempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_treatment" title="Cryogenic treatment">Cryogenic treatment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deburring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic deburring">Deburring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashing" title="Cryogenic deflashing">Deflashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Hardening</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_heat_treatment" title="Differential heat treatment">Differential heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">Decarburization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_weld_heat_treatment" title="Post weld heat treatment">Post weld heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">Quenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superplastic_forming" title="Superplastic forming">Superplastic forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">Production by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy" title="Steel industry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Steel industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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