A labor- and cost-effective non-optical semiconductor (Ion Torrent) next-generation sequencing of the SLC12A3 and CLCNKA/B genes in Gitelman’s syndrome patients

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>A labor- and cost-effective non-optical semiconductor (Ion Torrent) next-generation sequencing of the SLC12A3 and CLCNKA/B genes in Gitelman’s syndrome patients | Journal of Human Genetics</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/jhg.rss"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":"original 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Our aim was to develop a next-generation sequencing (NGS) procedure for these genes based on two-tubes multiplex amplification of DNA pools and semiconductor sequencing with the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). We created one pool with DNA from 20 GS patients previously Sanger sequenced for the coding exons of SLC12A3. A total of 13 mutations present in 11 of these patients were used as control variants to validate the NGS procedure. The full coding sequence of SLC12A3, CLCNKB and CLCNKA was amplified in only two Ampliseq tubes and processed and sequenced with the PGM. Large SLC12A3 and CLCNKB deletions were ascertained through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in some patients. With the exception of the SLC12A3 exon 9, all the amplicons were successfully read and 12 of the 13 control variants were detected. The analysis of CLCNKB showed four putative mutations in the GS pool that were further assigned to specific patients. Two patients were heterozygous compounds for a single-nucleotide mutation and a large deletion at SLC12A3 or CLCNKB. We reported a NGS procedure that would facilitate the rapid and cost-effective large-scale screening of the three renal salt-handling genes. 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data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" id="js-enable-context-bar" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> A labor- and cost-effective non-optical semiconductor (<i>Ion Torrent</i>) next-generation sequencing of the <i>SLC12A</i>3 and <i>CLCNKA/B</i> genes in Gitelman’s syndrome patients </div> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/jhg201437.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg 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class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Original Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2014-05-15">15 May 2014</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">A labor- and cost-effective non-optical semiconductor (<i>Ion Torrent</i>) next-generation sequencing of the <i>SLC12A</i>3 and <i>CLCNKA/B</i> genes in Gitelman’s syndrome patients</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Beatriz-Tavira-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Beatriz-Tavira-Aff1" data-author-search="Tavira, Beatriz">Beatriz Tavira</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Juan-G_mez-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Juan-G_mez-Aff1" data-author-search="Gómez, Juan">Juan Gómez</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Fernando-Santos-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Fernando-Santos-Aff2-Aff3" data-author-search="Santos, Fernando">Fernando Santos</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Helena-Gil-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Helena-Gil-Aff2" data-author-search="Gil, Helena">Helena Gil</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Victoria-Alvarez-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Victoria-Alvarez-Aff1" data-author-search="Alvarez, Victoria">Victoria Alvarez</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 6 authors for this article" title="Show all 6 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Eliecer-Coto-Aff1-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Eliecer-Coto-Aff1-Aff3-Aff4" data-author-search="Coto, Eliecer" data-corresp-id="c1">Eliecer Coto<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff3">3</a>,<a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/jhg" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Journal of Human Genetics</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 59</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>376–380 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2014</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">1426 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">14 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">1 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/jhg201437/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/paediatric-kidney-disease" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Paediatric kidney disease</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Gitelman’s syndrome (GS) is a rare recessive disorder caused by mutations in the renal salt-handling genes <i>SLC12A3</i> and <i>CLCNKB</i>. Our aim was to develop a next-generation sequencing (NGS) procedure for these genes based on two-tubes multiplex amplification of DNA pools and semiconductor sequencing with the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). We created one pool with DNA from 20 GS patients previously Sanger sequenced for the coding exons of <i>SLC12A3</i>. A total of 13 mutations present in 11 of these patients were used as control variants to validate the NGS procedure. The full coding sequence of <i>SLC12A3</i>, <i>CLCNKB</i> and <i>CLCNKA</i> was amplified in only two Ampliseq tubes and processed and sequenced with the PGM. Large <i>SLC12A3</i> and <i>CLCNKB</i> deletions were ascertained through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in some patients. With the exception of the <i>SLC12A3</i> exon 9, all the amplicons were successfully read and 12 of the 13 control variants were detected. The analysis of <i>CLCNKB</i> showed four putative mutations in the GS pool that were further assigned to specific patients. Two patients were heterozygous compounds for a single-nucleotide mutation and a large deletion at <i>SLC12A3</i> or <i>CLCNKB</i>. We reported a NGS procedure that would facilitate the rapid and cost-effective large-scale screening of the three renal salt-handling genes. In addition to characterize the mutational spectrum of GS patients, the described procedure would facilitate the rapid and cost-effective screening of these genes at a population scale.</p></div></div></section> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-022-12613-7/MediaObjects/41598_2022_12613_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-12613-7?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-022-12613-7">Proof of concept for multiplex amplicon sequencing for mutation identification using the MinION nanopore sequencer </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">20 May 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-021-01749-7/MediaObjects/41598_2021_1749_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01749-7?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-021-01749-7">Detection of single nucleotide and copy number variants in the Fabry disease-associated <i>GLA</i> gene using nanopore sequencing </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">16 November 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41525-024-00421-z/MediaObjects/41525_2024_421_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41525-024-00421-z?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1038/s41525-024-00421-z">An efficient molecular genetic testing strategy for incontinentia pigmenti based on single-tube long fragment read sequencing </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">29 May 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1744323578, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Gitelman’s syndrome (GS; OMIM 263800) is an autosomal recessive kidney tubular disease. Most of the GS cases have loss-of-function mutations in the <i>SLC12A3</i> gene, which encodes the thiazide-sensitive Na–Cl cotransporter.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Lemmink, H. H., Knoers, N. V., Karolyi, L., van Dijk, H., Niaudet, P., Antignac, C. et al. Novel mutations in the thiazidesensitive NaCl cotransporter gene in patients with Gitelman syndrome with predominant localization to the C-terminal domain. Kidney Int. 54, 720–730 (1998)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e490">1</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Simon, D. B., Nelson-Williams, C., Bia, M. J., Ellison, D., Karet, F. E., Molina, A. M. et al. Gitelman’s variant of Bartter’s syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. Nat. Genet. 12, 24–30 (1996)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e493">2</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Mastroianni, N., Bettinelli, A., Bianchetti, M., Colussi, G., De Fusco, M., Sereni, F. et al. Novel molecular variants of the Na-Cl cotransporter gene are responsible for Gitelman syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 59, 1019–1026 (1996)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e496">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Vargas-Poussou, R., Dahan, K., Kahila, D., Venisse, A., Riveira-Munoz, E., Debaix, H. et al. Spectrum of mutations in Gitelman syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 693–703 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e499">4</a></sup> Mutations in the <i>CLCNKB</i> gene, which encodes the renal chloride channel ClC-Kb might also resemble manifestations of GS in some patients.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Zelikovic, I., Szargel, R., Hawash, A., Labay, V., Hatib, I., Cohen, N. et al. A novel mutation in the chloride channel gene, CLCNKB, as a cause of Gitelman and Bartter syndromes. Kidney Int. 63, 24–32 (2003)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e506">5</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Konrad, M., Vollmer, M., Lemmink, H. H., van den Heuvel, L. P., Jeck, N., Vargas-Poussou, R. et al. Mutations in the chloride channel gene CLCNKB as a cause of classic Bartter syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11, 1449–1459 (2000)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e509">6</a></sup> The Na–Cl cotransporter mediates the sodium and chloride reabsorption in the luminal membrane of the distal convoluted tubule, and its loss of function causes hypokalamic metabolic alkalosis secondary to sodium depletion and subsequent stimulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Guay-Woodford, L. M. Bartter syndrome: unraveling the pathophysiologic enigma. Am. J. Med. 105, 151–161 (1998)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e513">7</a></sup> Patients with GS exhibit a broad spectrum of symptoms, from asymptomatic subjects to severe cases of rhabdomyolysis, tetany and paralysis.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Peters, M., Jeck, N., Reinalter, S., Leonhardt, A., Tönshoff, B., Klaus, G. Gü. et al. Clinical presentation of genetically defined patients with hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies. Am. J. Med. 112, 183–190 (2002)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e518">8</a></sup> No phenotype–genotype correlation has been demonstrated.</p><p>The <i>SLC12A3</i> gene encompasses >100 kb and contains 26 coding exons. With exceptions (as the intron 9+1 G>T in gypsies), the same mutation has been found in only one or few patients.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Vargas-Poussou, R., Dahan, K., Kahila, D., Venisse, A., Riveira-Munoz, E., Debaix, H. et al. Spectrum of mutations in Gitelman syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 693–703 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e528">4</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Coto, E., Rodriguez, J., Jeck, N., Alvarez, V., Stone, R., Loris, C. et al. A new mutation (intron 9 +1 G&gt;T) in the SLC12A3 gene is linked to Gitelman syndrome in Gypsies. Kidney Int. 65, 25–29 (2004)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e531">9</a></sup> In practical terms, this means that the 26 <i>SLC12A3</i> exons (plus 2–5 intron-flanking nucleotides) should be sequenced in most GS patients. In addition, sequencing of the <i>CLCNKB</i> gene needs to be carried out in patients negative for <i>SLC12A3</i> mutations. As a result of the large size of these genes, the Sanger-based sequencing of single exon-amplicons is labor-intensive and expensive and fully justifies the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for the mutation screening of the GS-genes.</p><p>The <i>Ion Torrent</i> Personal Genome Machine (PGM) is a semiconductor (instead of optical) NGS technology.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Rothberg, J. M., Hinz, W., Rearick, T. M., Schultz, J., Mileski, W., Davey, M. et al. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 475, 348–352 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e550">10</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Loman, N. J., Misra, R. V., Dallman, T. J., Constantinidou, C., Gharbia, S. E., Wain, J. et al. Performance comparison of benchtop high-throughput sequencing platforms. Nat. Biotechnol. 30, 434–439 (2012)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e553">11</a></sup> The reported NGS procedures are based on the amplification of DNA fragments from single patients, followed by labeling of the whole amplicons with specific barcode primers and sequencing. Because each fragment can be recognized by the corresponding barcode, several patients can be sequenced in a single array. The amplification and sequencing of DNA pools from several individuals could reduce the cost and effort of handling large sample sets, but the nucleotide variants present in only one individual are diluted by the wild-type allele and this could result in a signal too low to be detected (false negatives).<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Harakalova, M., Nijman, I. J., Medic, J., Mokry, M., Renkens, I., Blankensteijn, J. D. et al. Genomic DNA pooling strategy for next-generation sequencing-based rare variant discovery in abdominal aortic aneurysm regions of interest-challenges and limitations. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 4, 271–280 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e557">12</a></sup></p><p>The purpose of this study was to develop a rapid and cost-effective procedure for sequencing <i>SLC12A3</i>, <i>CLCNKB</i> and <i>CLCNKA</i> (closely linked to <i>CLCNKB</i>) in pooled DNA samples.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Materials and methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Materials and methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Patients and samples preparation</h3><p>This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias. A total of 20 patients diagnosed with GS and previously Sanger sequenced for the 26 <i>SLC12A3-</i>coding exons were recruited through the Paediatric Nephrology Department of Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Tab1">Table 1</a>). In 11 patients, at least one <i>SLC12A3</i> mutation had been identified. In three cases, we confirmed the homozygous state (instead of a single-nucleotide mutation plus a large deletion of one or more exons) by sequencing the two parents (who were heterozygous carriers).</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 <i>SLC12A3</i> mutations in 11 of the 20 Gitelman’s syndrome patients used to create the DNA pool; in nine patients, no <i>SLC12A3</i> mutation had been identified</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/jhg201437/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The DNA from each individual was obtained from leukocytes, resuspended in water and adjusted to 10 ng μl<sup>−1</sup> using Real Time Taqman quantification with RNase P Detection Reagents (Life technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). One pool containing equimolecular quantities of each DNA was created. In this way, assuming equimolecular amounts of the 20 DNAs the frequency of reads for each unique allele (present in only one individual per pool) should be 2.5% (1/40 alleles).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Multiplex Ampliseq amplification</h3><p>A multiplex amplification for the whole-coding sequence plus at least five intronic-flanking nucleotides of <i>SLC12A3</i>, <i>CLCNKA</i> and <i>CLCNKB</i> were designated online (Ion AmpliSeq Designer; <a href="https://www.ampliseq.com">https://www.ampliseq.com</a>). A total of 68 primer-pairs in two tubes (34 different amplicons per tube) were provided by the manufacturer (Life technologies). The amplicons covered 100% of the <i>CLCNKA/B</i> and 99.91% of the <i>SLC12A3-</i>target sequences (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#MOESM267">Supplementary Table 1</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5">Libraries preparation and PGM sequencing</h3><p>The Ampliseq reactions were processed with the Ion Ampliseq Library Kit (Life technologies) followed by Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing. Briefly, 10 ng of the DNA pools were amplified with Ampliseq in two tubes, followed by the digestion of the primer sequences with FuPa reagent (Life technologies), ligation of a specific oligonucleotide (barcode) to each pool, purification by Agencourt AMPure XP reagent (Beckam Coulter, Brea, CA, USA), PCR with the adapters using Platinum PCR SuperMix High Fidelity enzyme (Invitrogen, Life Technologies), purification by Agencourt AMPure XP reagent, quantification (Agilent Bioanalyser Instrument, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA and Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, Life technologies) and dilution of the sample to a final concentration of 20 pM.</p><p>Libraries were amplified using the Ion PGM template OT2 200 Kit (Life technolgies) and the Ion One-Touch instrument (Life Technologies). Template-positive spheres were recovered using Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin C1 beads (Life technolgies) and qualified using the Ion Sphere quality control assay and the Qubit 2.0 fluorometer (Life Technologies). Sphere particles were loaded in a 318 (1 Gb) semiconductor chip, and sequenced using the PGM 200 sequencing kit protocol in the Ion Torrent PGM. We used a 260-flow runs, which support a template read-length of <span class="stix">∼</span>200 bp.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec6">Data analysis</h3><p>Data were processed using the Ion Torrent platform-specific pipeline software Torrent Suite v3.4.2 (Life technologies) to generate sequence reads filtered according to the pipeline software quality-controls and to remove poor signal reads. Reads assembling and variant identification were performed with the Variant Caller v3.4.51874 software using FastQ files containing sequence reads and the Ion Ampliseq Designer BED file software to map the amplicons. Integrative Genome Viewer was used for the analysis of depth coverage, sequences quality and variants identification. The variant caller algorithm was set at threshold frequency of 1% to identify the nucleotide variants.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec7">Sanger sequencing</h3><p>For each putative mutation in the pool, each DNA (used to create the pool) was amplified and sequenced with BigDye chemistry in an ABI3130xl equipment, to identify the individual who was the mutation carrier. Briefly, the exon containing the nucleotide variant was amplified with primers that matched the flanking introns and PCR fragments were purified and sequenced.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8">Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis</h3><p>In patients with only one <i>SLC12A3</i>-mutated allele, we determined the presence of <i>SLC12A3</i> or <i>CLCNKB</i> copy number variants through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assays (Salsa Kit P213, MRC Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec9-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec9">Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec9-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10">NGS of the Gitelman’s pool</h3><p>All the <i>SLC12A3</i> Ampliseq amplicons rendered >2000 reads per base (>50 × coverage for each of the 20 DNAs in the pool), with the exception of one covering part of exon 9 (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Fig1">Figure 1</a>). This amplicon failed in the four pools, and also in a run of four-sample pool performed in the low-capacity (1 Mb) 316 PGM array (data not shown). Thus, we concluded that the lack of sequence reads for this <i>SLC12A3</i> amplicon was intrinsic to the Ampliseq design. In the GS patients pool, we identified several nucleotide variants in the three genes (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#MOESM267">Supplementary Table 2</a>). At a 2.5% allele frequency threshold, six of the nine unique variants were not detected (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Tab2">Table 2</a>). At a 1% threshold, eight were recognized as nucleotide variants, with approximately 50% of the nucleotide reads in each (forward/reverse) strand and no false-positive single-nucleotide variant calls (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#MOESM267">Supplementary Figure 1</a>). The only non-detected control variant was the intron 9 c.1180 +1 G>T mutation, characteristic of the gypsy population. The visual inspection of the binary alignment map (BAN) file showed 0.8% of T-reads, but all on forward strands. The absence of nucleotide reads in reverse strands would thus explain the non-variant caller identification of the intron 9 +1 G>T mutation. Thus, a complete mutational screening of <i>SLC12A3</i> would require the Sanger sequencing of exon 9.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Figure 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/jhg201437/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fjhg.2014.37/MediaObjects/10038_2014_Article_BFjhg201437_Fig1_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fjhg.2014.37/MediaObjects/10038_2014_Article_BFjhg201437_Fig1_HTML.jpg" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="553" height="392"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p>Number of nucleotide reads for the <i>SLC12A3</i> and <i>CLCNKB</i> amplicons in the Gitelman’s syndrome (GS) patients. The × 50 coverage (total reads=2000; mean reads per allele=50) is indicated.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/jhg201437/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Summary of the 13 <i>SLC12A3</i> mutations (control variants) used to validate the next-generation sequencing of DNA pools, indicating the % of each rare variant relative to the total (40 alleles) reads in the array</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/jhg201437/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Two of the 23 <i>CLCNKB</i> and four of the 23 <i>CLCNKA</i> amplicons gave depth coverage values below the standard 50 × (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Fig1">Figure 1</a>). To reduce the risk for false negatives at these amplicons (truth nucleotide changes not recognized by the variant caller), we performed a visual inspection of the aligned reads. In the GS pools, we found several <i>CLCNKB</i> rare likely pathogenic variants that were determined in the 20 patients through Sanger sequencing of the corresponding exons (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Tab3">Table 3</a>). One patient was homozygous for the missense change p.A204T, a mutation previously found in GS patients. One patient was compound heterozygous for this mutation and p.V170M (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#MOESM267">Supplementary Figure 2</a>). In two patients (also <i>SLC12A3</i>-negatives), we only found one putative <i>CLCNKB</i> mutation (p.Y99H and p.E442G). All the <i>CLCNKA</i> variants in the GS pool were known polymorphisms.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Summary of the <i>CLCNKB</i> mutations found in the Gitelman’s syndrome patients</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/jhg201437/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11">In/dels idenfication</h3><p>One of the main limitations of the PGM (and other NGS platforms) is the presence of false-variant calls, mainly in homopolymer regions <span class="stix">⩾</span>four nucleotides and insertion/deletion of few nucleotides. The variant caller identified only two false-negative variants, both in homopolymer tracts of a <i>CLCNKA</i> intron (16354433 A>AT and 16354441 TC>C), and the only in/del control variant (p.K199 fs) was recognized.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec12"><i>SLC12A3</i> and <i>CLCNKB</i> gene rearrangements through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification</h3><p>The multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was performed in the 13 patients in which only one (<i>n</i>=4) or no mutated (<i>n</i>=11) <i>SLC12A3</i> allele was identified. One patient was heterozygous for a deletion of exons 4–5 of <i>SLC12A3</i>, and one patient should be heterozygous for a deletion of all the <i>CLCNKB</i> exons (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#MOESM267">Supplementary Figure 3</a>). The parent positive for the single-nucleotide mutation was negative for the deletion. Thus, the two patients should be heterozygous compound for a deletion and a single-nucleotide mutation (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Tab1">Tables 1</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Tab3">3</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec13-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec13">Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec13-content"><p>NGS is a powerful tool to identify causative mutations in mendelian disorders, particularly useful when dealing with large genes and diseases with several causative genes. NGS has also facilitated the discovery of rare nucleotide variants at a population scale, that could be linked to the risk of common traits such as hypertension, blood lipid profile or type 2 diabetes. For most of the genes, the reported NGS procedures are based on the amplification of short (<200 bp) PCR fragments (amplicons) from single patients. Usually, each fragment is amplified in a single tube, all the amplicons from each patient are pooled and barcoded with an oligonucleotide before the creation of a library that is finally array-sequenced. The addition of a specific barcode makes possible to differentiate the sequences from many patients in a single-sequencing array.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Elliott, A. M., Radecki, J., Moghis, B., Li, X. & Kammesheidt, A. Rapid detection of the ACMG/ACOG-recommended 23 CFTR disease-causing mutations using ion torrent semiconductor sequencing. J. Biomol. Tech. 23, 24–30 (2012)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e1998">13</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Costa, J. L., Sousa, S., Justino, A., Kay, T., Fernandes, S., Cirnes, L. et al. Nonoptical massive parallel DNA sequencing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in a diagnostic setting. Hum. Mutat. 34, 629–635 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2001">14</a></sup> In spite of these advantages for large-scale analysis (compared with the Sanger sequencing), the necessity of multiple PCRs and library preparations is costly in both, labor and money, when a laboratory requires the analysis of large amounts of individuals. A way to reduce these limitations should be the amplification of the target sequences in only two tubes.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Gómez, J., Reguero, J. R., Morís, C., Alvarez, V. & Coto, E. Non optical semi-conductor next generation sequencing of the main cardiac qt-interval duration genes in pooled DNA samples. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 7, 133–137 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2005">15</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Tsogalis, G. J., Peterson, J. D., de Abreu, F. B., Tunkey, C. D., Gallagher, T. L., Strausbaugh, L. D. et al. Routine use of the Ion Torrent AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel for identification of clinically actionable somatic mutations. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 52, 707–714 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2008">16</a></sup> In addition, the amplification of DNA pools from several individuals would avoid the necessity of multiple barcoding reducing the time and cost of large-scale analysis.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Harakalova, M., Nijman, I. J., Medic, J., Mokry, M., Renkens, I., Blankensteijn, J. D. et al. Genomic DNA pooling strategy for next-generation sequencing-based rare variant discovery in abdominal aortic aneurysm regions of interest-challenges and limitations. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 4, 271–280 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2012">12</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Gómez, J., Reguero, J. R., Morís, C., Alvarez, V. & Coto, E. Non optical semi-conductor next generation sequencing of the main cardiac qt-interval duration genes in pooled DNA samples. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 7, 133–137 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2015">15</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Otto, E. A., Ramaswami, G., Janssen, S., Chaki, M., Allen, S. J., Zhou, W. et al. Mutation analysis of 18 nephronophthisis associated ciliopathy disease genes using a DNA pooling and next generation sequencing strategy. J. Med. Genet. 48, 105–116 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2018">17</a></sup> Although rare sequence variants have been successfully identified through NGS of DNA pools, some authors suggested that amplification and barcoding of individual samples should be preferred to avoid false-positives.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Harakalova, M., Nijman, I. J., Medic, J., Mokry, M., Renkens, I., Blankensteijn, J. D. et al. Genomic DNA pooling strategy for next-generation sequencing-based rare variant discovery in abdominal aortic aneurysm regions of interest-challenges and limitations. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 4, 271–280 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2022">12</a></sup> Thus, the ability to detect rare variants in a pool of DNAs is a critical issue that needs to be addressed.</p><p>The <i>Ion Torrent</i> PGM is a semiconductor (instead of optical)-based NGS platform that has been used to identify disease-causing mutations in some mendelian disorders.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Rothberg, J. M., Hinz, W., Rearick, T. M., Schultz, J., Mileski, W., Davey, M. et al. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing. Nature 475, 348–352 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2032">10</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Loman, N. J., Misra, R. V., Dallman, T. J., Constantinidou, C., Gharbia, S. E., Wain, J. et al. Performance comparison of benchtop high-throughput sequencing platforms. Nat. Biotechnol. 30, 434–439 (2012)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2035">11</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Harakalova, M., Nijman, I. J., Medic, J., Mokry, M., Renkens, I., Blankensteijn, J. D. et al. Genomic DNA pooling strategy for next-generation sequencing-based rare variant discovery in abdominal aortic aneurysm regions of interest-challenges and limitations. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 4, 271–280 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2038">12</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Elliott, A. M., Radecki, J., Moghis, B., Li, X. & Kammesheidt, A. Rapid detection of the ACMG/ACOG-recommended 23 CFTR disease-causing mutations using ion torrent semiconductor sequencing. J. Biomol. Tech. 23, 24–30 (2012)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2041">13</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Costa, J. L., Sousa, S., Justino, A., Kay, T., Fernandes, S., Cirnes, L. et al. Nonoptical massive parallel DNA sequencing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in a diagnostic setting. Hum. Mutat. 34, 629–635 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2044">14</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Gómez, J., Reguero, J. R., Morís, C., Alvarez, V. & Coto, E. Non optical semi-conductor next generation sequencing of the main cardiac qt-interval duration genes in pooled DNA samples. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 7, 133–137 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2047">15</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="Li, X., Buckton, A. J., Wilkinson, S. L., John, S., Walsh, R., Novotny, T. et al. Towards clinical molecular diagnosis of inherited cardiac conditions: a comparison of bench-top genome DNA sequencers. PLoS ONE 8, e67744 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2051">18</a></sup> We designated a procedure to amplify the target amplicons of three genes that encoded salt-handling renal channels in only two tubes, and validated the coverage and accuracy of detecting rare variants in one pool of 20 patients. With this protocol, only one barcoded library per pool (instead of 20) should be necessary to identify the nucleotide variants in the 20 individuals. The amplification of many fragments per tube reduces the necessity of amplifying each fragment in a single tube, but at the cost of poor or no amplification for some of the fragments, mainly in GC-rich regions that are difficult to amplify even when the reaction tubes only contains the amplicon-specific primers (instead of a mixture of dozens of primer-pairs). Only one amplicon that encompasses most of the <i>SLC12A3</i> exon 9 did not give nucleotide reads due to amplification failure. In this way, a full screening of the <i>SLC12A3</i> gene would require the Sanger sequencing of exon 9 in each sample.</p><p>With the exception of the intron 9 +1 G>T variant, we identified all the <i>SLC12A3</i> control variants present in the patients used to create the pool, with deep coverages >1%. One of the main limitations of the PGM (and other NGS platforms) is the presence of false-positives mainly in homopolymer regions <span class="stix">⩾</span>four nucleotides and insertion/deletion of few nucleotides.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Loman, N. J., Misra, R. V., Dallman, T. J., Constantinidou, C., Gharbia, S. E., Wain, J. et al. Performance comparison of benchtop high-throughput sequencing platforms. Nat. Biotechnol. 30, 434–439 (2012)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2067">11</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Costa, J. L., Sousa, S., Justino, A., Kay, T., Fernandes, S., Cirnes, L. et al. Nonoptical massive parallel DNA sequencing of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in a diagnostic setting. Hum. Mutat. 34, 629–635 (2013)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2070">14</a></sup> Although the only nucleotide deletion (p.K199 fs) was identified, we cannot exclude that other small in/dels are not identified when large amounts of patients are analyzed.</p><p>The NGS showed four putative <i>CLCNKB</i> mutations in the GS pool. After Sanger sequencing of the 20 patients, we found that the four were in patients negative for <i>SLC12A3</i> mutations. One patient was homozygous for p.A204T, a mutation previously found in GS patients with early-onset symptoms.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Vargas-Poussou, R., Dahan, K., Kahila, D., Venisse, A., Riveira-Munoz, E., Debaix, H. et al. Spectrum of mutations in Gitelman syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 693–703 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2083">4</a></sup> One patient was heterozygous compound for this mutation and p.V170M, an also reported mutation. The identification of the causative mutations in these cases illustrates the usefulness of our procedure to characterize the mutational spectrum of GS by the simultaneous sequencing of the <i>SLC12A</i> and <i>CLCNKB.</i> In patients heterozygous for p.Y99H and p.E442G (two non-reported mutations), a second single-nucleotide mutation was not found. We complemented the NGS with a search for large deletions in the <i>SLC12A</i> and <i>CLCNKB</i> genes, and identified two patients who should be heterozygous compound for <i>SLC12A3</i> intron 21 splice defect andexon 4–5 deletion, and <i>CLCNKB</i> p.E442G and full exon deletion.</p><p>The NGS of DNA pools has been used by some authors for the mutation analysis of inherited disorders.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Otto, E. A., Ramaswami, G., Janssen, S., Chaki, M., Allen, S. J., Zhou, W. et al. Mutation analysis of 18 nephronophthisis associated ciliopathy disease genes using a DNA pooling and next generation sequencing strategy. J. Med. Genet. 48, 105–116 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2110">17</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Mitsui, J., Fukuda, Y., Azuma, K., Tozaki, H., Ishiura, H., Takahashi, Y. et al. Multiplexed resequencing analysis to identify rare variants in pooled DNA with barcode indexing using next-generation sequencer. J. Hum. Genet. 55, 448–455 (2010)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2113">19</a></sup> However, this approach has the risk of amplification failures for a particular DNA in a pool and in this case, the corresponding patient should be wrongly classified as non-mutation carrier. To reduce the risk for false negatives due to amplification failures, the pool was made with high-quality DNAs previously assayed and quantified through Taqman assays. The fact that all the control variants in all the <i>SLC12A3</i> readable amplicons were detected suggested that our approach could be useful for the mutational screening of these genes. In addition, the power to detect rare mutations could be increased by sequencing overlapping population pools, where each individual occurs in two pools.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Missirian, V., Comai, L. & Filkov, V. Statistical mutation calling from sequenced overlapping DNA pools in TILLING experiments. BMC Bioinformatics 12, e287 (2011)." href="/articles/jhg201437#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d12740456e2120">20</a></sup></p><p>Finally, based on our experience we propose a flow chart for the NGS screening of GS patients (<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/jhg201437#Fig2">Figure 2</a>). This could be specially useful to characterize large cohorts of patients without previous genetic study, or patients negative for <i>SLC12A3</i> mutations but not sequenced for <i>CLCNKB</i>. All the putative mutations identified in a pool could be assigned to a specific patient through Sanger sequencing of the corresponding exon. The Sanger-based sequencing of all the coding exons from the two genes would require to amplify 46 fragments and 92 sequence reads (forward and reverse strands) per patient. In our case, a total of 520 PCR fragments and 1040 sequences should be necessary for the 20 patients. All the mutations identified in the pool were in 14 exons (10 in <i>SLC12A3</i> and 4 in <i>CLCNKB</i>) and the number of amplifications and Sanger-sequencing reads could thus be reduced to 280 and 560, respectively. This represents an almost 50% reduction of the cost compared with the Sanger sequencing of all the patients.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Figure 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/jhg201437/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fjhg.2014.37/MediaObjects/10038_2014_Article_BFjhg201437_Fig2_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fjhg.2014.37/MediaObjects/10038_2014_Article_BFjhg201437_Fig2_HTML.jpg" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="409" height="445"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p>Flow chart for the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of a DNA pool to characterize mutations in the <i>SLC12A3</i> and <i>CLCNKB</i>, the main genes implicated in Gitelman’s syndrome.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/jhg201437/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>In conclusion, we report the massive sequencing of three renal salt-handling genes through multiplex amplification of DNA pools and only two tubes per sample. The reported procedure would facilitate the rapid and cost-effective screening of these genes in large cohorts of GS patients.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Lemmink, H. H., Knoers, N. V., Karolyi, L., van Dijk, H., Niaudet, P., Antignac, C. <i>et al</i>. 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Corao and Marta Díaz for technical support. This work was supported by a grant from Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FIS-12/00287; FIS-RD12/0021/0012; FIS PI11/01672). BT is a FICYT-Severo Ochoa predoctoral fellow.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Genética Molecular-Laboratorio de Medicina-Fundación Renal (IRSIN-FRIAT), Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Beatriz Tavira, Juan Gómez, Victoria Alvarez & Eliecer Coto</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Fernando Santos & Helena Gil</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Fernando Santos & Eliecer Coto</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Eliecer Coto</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Beatriz-Tavira-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Beatriz Tavira</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Beatriz%20Tavira" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Tavira, B., Gómez, J., Santos, F. <i>et al.</i> A labor- and cost-effective non-optical semiconductor (<i>Ion Torrent</i>) next-generation sequencing of the <i>SLC12A</i>3 and <i>CLCNKA/B</i> genes in Gitelman’s syndrome patients. <i>J Hum Genet</i> <b>59</b>, 376–380 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2014.37</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/jhg.2014.37?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" 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A labor- and cost-effective non-optical semiconductor (Ion Torrent) next-generation sequencing of the SLC12A3 and CLCNKA/B genes in Gitelman’s syndrome patients | Journal of Human Genetics