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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Byzantine Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Music and dances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Greece_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Byzantine Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Greece_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Byzantine Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Post-Byzantine and Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Greece_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Byzantine Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cuisine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wine_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wine production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Greek people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_and_"Greeklish"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_and_"Greeklish""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Internet and "Greeklish"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_and_"Greeklish"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katharevousa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katharevousa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Katharevousa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katharevousa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Greece_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Byzantine Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy,_Science,_and_Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy,_Science,_and_Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Philosophy, Science, and Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy,_Science,_and_Mathematics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy, Science, and Mathematics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy,_Science,_and_Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Greece_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Byzantine Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Greece_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Greece_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Greece_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Greece_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Public holidays and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Hellenistic Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Byzantine and Modern Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Greece</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Kultur" title="Griechische Kultur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Griechische Kultur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="ثقافة الإغريق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة الإغريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Культура Грэцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Культура Грэцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Cultura de Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura de Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechische_Kultur" title="Griechische Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Griechische Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ελληνικός πολιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελληνικός πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Grecia" title="Cultura de Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo_de_Grekio" title="Kulturo de Grekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo de Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_la_Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Culture de la Grèce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de la Grèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="그리스 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그리스 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Հունաստանի մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունաստանի մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Yunani" title="Budaya Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6r%C3%B6gorsz%C3%A1g_kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1ja" title="Görögország kultúrája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Görögország kultúrája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="د يونان کلتور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د يونان کلتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_da_Gr%C3%A9cia" title="Cultura da Grécia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura da Grécia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Greciei" title="Cultura Greciei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultura Greciei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Культура Греции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Греции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_e_Greqis%C3%AB" title="Kultura e Greqisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura e Greqisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cka_kult%C3%BAra" title="Grécka kultúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grécka kultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Култура Грчке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура Грчке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreikkalainen_kulttuuri" title="Kreikkalainen kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kreikkalainen kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Культура Греції – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура Греції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p" title="Văn hóa Hy Lạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa Hy Lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="希臘文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希臘文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1149548#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/450px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/600px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> is an enduring symbol of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>. It is regarded as one of the world's greatest cultural monuments.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Greece</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/100px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/150px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/200px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Greece">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Greece">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Greece">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient (to 4th century AD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine (4th–15th century)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern (post 11th century)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Greece">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Greece">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Greece">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/16px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/24px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Greece" title="Template:Culture of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Culture of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Cyprus" title="Category:Cyprus">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Culture of Cyprus</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/100px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/150px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/200px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Cyprus">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus">Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linobambaki" title="Linobambaki">Linobambaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Settlers from Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Cyprus">Armenian Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronite Cypriots</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Cyprus">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cyprus" title="Public holidays in Cyprus">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Cyprus">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Cyprus">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Cyprus">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Cyprus">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Cyprus" title="Television in Cyprus">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cyprus" title="Sport in Cyprus">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cyprus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus" title="Flag of Cyprus">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cyprus" title="Coat of arms of Cyprus">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Cyprus">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cyprus" title="Portal:Cyprus">Cyprus portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Cyprus" title="Template:Culture of Cyprus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Cyprus" title="Template talk:Culture of Cyprus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Cyprus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Cyprus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of Greece</b> has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, continuing most notably into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, while influencing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and its successor the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Other cultures and states such as the <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Bavarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">Danish</a> monarchies have also left their influence on modern Greek culture. </p><p>Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> philosophy, and physics. They introduced important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg/220px-Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg/330px-Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg/440px-Knossos_-_North_Portico_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Restored North Entrance with charging bull fresco of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Knossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Knossos">Palace of Knossos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>), with some Minoan colourful columns</figcaption></figure> <p>The first great ancient Greek civilization were the Minoans, a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a> on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>, that flourished from c. 3000 BC to c. 1450 BC and, after a late period of decline, finally ended around 1100 BC during the early <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>. At the height of their power, they built architecture ranging from city houses and <a href="/wiki/Minoan_palaces" title="Minoan palaces">Minoan palaces</a>. Exemplary of this construction was the palace at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, which was composed of two to three levels, had over 500 rooms, and many terraces with <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porticos</a> and stairs. The interior of this palace included monumental reception halls, vast apartments for the queen and bridesmaids, bathtubs with complete sewage and drainage systems, food deposits, shops, theatres, sport arenas, and other amenities. The walls were built of high-quality masonry that was covered with highly decorated <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>. </p><p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean civilization</a> erected palatial structures at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/220px-%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/330px-%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg/440px-%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaestus</a> on the Agoraios Kolonos Hill (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>), circa 449 BC, unknown architect</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, architecture developed into a style that, together with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a>, inspired <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a>. Examples of this style were their <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">temples</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erectheion" class="mw-redirect" title="Erectheion">Erectheion</a> which are both based in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, and theatres. Both temples and theatres used a complex mix of optical illusions and balanced ratios. <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> Ancient Greek temples usually consist of a base with stairs at each edges (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Crepidoma" title="Crepidoma">crepidoma</a></i>), a <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a> (or <i>naos</i>) with a cult statue in it, <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>, one on the front side and another in the back. By the 4th century BC, Greek architects and stonemasons had developed a system of rules for all buildings known as the <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">orders</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a>. They are most easily recognised by their columns (especially by the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>). The Doric column is stout and basic, the Ionic one is slimmer and has four <a href="/wiki/Scroll_(art)" title="Scroll (art)">scrolls</a> (called <i><a href="/wiki/Volute" title="Volute">volutes</a></i>) at the corners of the capital, and the Corinthian column is just like the Ionic one, but the capital is completely different, being decorated with <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a> leafs and four scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_Greece">Byzantine Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Byzantine Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a></div><p>Following the relocation of the capital of the Roman Empire to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 330 AD, and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> some 150 years later, the architects of the Eastern Roman Empire, or the Byzantine Empire, built city walls, palaces, hippodromes, bridges, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueducts</a>, and churches. One of the more famous type of church constructed by the Byzantines was the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>, which was very widespread and received the most development of the churches that were built in the empire. Through modifications and adaptations of local inspiration, the Byzantine style of architecture was used as the main source of inspiration for architectural styles in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Romania, the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc style</a> is highly based on Byzantine architecture, but also has individual Romanian characteristics.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_(nave,_South-West_squinch)_-_Baptism_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_%28nave%2C_South-West_squinch%29_-_Baptism_06.jpg/220px-Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_%28nave%2C_South-West_squinch%29_-_Baptism_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_%28nave%2C_South-West_squinch%29_-_Baptism_06.jpg/330px-Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_%28nave%2C_South-West_squinch%29_-_Baptism_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_%28nave%2C_South-West_squinch%29_-_Baptism_06.jpg/440px-Hosios_Loukas_Katholikon_%28nave%2C_South-West_squinch%29_-_Baptism_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Hosios_Loukas" title="Hosios Loukas">Hosios Loukas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra" title="Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra">Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra</a>, Greece), circa 10th century AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/220px-Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/330px-Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/440px-Church_Theotokos_Gorgoepikoos_and_Agios_Eleytherios_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4226" data-file-height="3539" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Little Metropolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>), 9th–13th century, unknown architect</figcaption></figure> <p>As with the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, which was built in dedication to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> was considered an iconic church of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The temples of both religions differ substantially in terms of their exterior and interior aspect. In Antiquity, the exterior was the most important part of the temple, because in the interior, where the cult statue of the deity to whom the temple was built was kept, only the priest had access. The ceremonies here held outside, and what the worshipers view was the facade of the temple, consisting of columns, with an <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> and two pediments. Meanwhile, Christian liturgies were held in the interior of the churches, the exterior usually having little to no ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byzantine architecture often featured marble columns, <a href="/wiki/Coffer" title="Coffer">coffered</a> ceilings and sumptuous decoration, including the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> with golden backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building material used by Byzantine architects was no longer marble, which was highly appreciated and utilised by the Ancient Greeks, instead opting for mostly stone and brick while using thin <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> sheets for windows.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Greece">Modern Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Modern Greek architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_(Zuschnitt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/220px-Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/330px-Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/440px-Griechische_Nationalbibliothek_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11040" data-file-height="7072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" title="National Library of Greece">National Library of Greece</a> (Athens), 1888, by <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Hansen" title="Theophil Hansen">Theophil Hansen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">independence</a> of Greece and during the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a> was heavily used for both public and private buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th-century architecture of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and other cities of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> is mostly influenced by architects like <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Hansen" title="Theophil Hansen">Theophil Hansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziller" title="Ernst Ziller">Ernst Ziller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagis_Kalkos" title="Panagis Kalkos">Panagis Kalkos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysandros_Kaftanzoglou" title="Lysandros Kaftanzoglou">Lysandros Kaftanzoglou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Metaxas" title="Anastasios Metaxas">Anastasios Metaxas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamatios_Kleanthis" title="Stamatios Kleanthis">Stamatios Kleanthis</a>. Meanwhile, churches in Greece, on the other hand, experienced a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Byzantine">Neo-Byzantine</a> revival. </p><p>In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a>, a manifesto of the modernist movement, was signed and published by <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>. The primary architects of this movement were: Ioannis Despotopoulos, <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Pikionis" title="Dimitris Pikionis">Dimitris Pikionis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patroklos_Karantinos" title="Patroklos Karantinos">Patroklos Karantinos</a> and Takis Zenetos. Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>, the massive construction of <a href="/wiki/Apartment_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment buildings">apartment buildings</a> in major Greek city centres, was a major contributory factor for the Greek economy and the post-war recovery. The first <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> were also constructed during the 1960s and 1970s, such as the <a href="/wiki/OTE_Tower" title="OTE Tower">OTE Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Tower_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Tower 1">Athens Tower Complex</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek cinema">Greek cinema</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympion_Cinema_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Olympion_Cinema_Thessaloniki.jpg/220px-Olympion_Cinema_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Olympion_Cinema_Thessaloniki.jpg/330px-Olympion_Cinema_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Olympion_Cinema_Thessaloniki.jpg/440px-Olympion_Cinema_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Olympion Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Film_Festival" title="Thessaloniki International Film Festival">Thessaloniki International Film Festival</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896, but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914, the <i>Asty Films Company</i> was founded, which started the production of long films in Greece. <i>Golfo</i> (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is the first Greek long movie, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Orestis_Laskos" title="Orestis Laskos">Orestis Laskos</a> directed <i>Daphnis and Chloe</i> (<i>Δάφνις και Χλόη</i>), contained the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a> was honoured with the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Best Supporting Actress</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls_(film)" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i>. </p><p>The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many as the Golden age of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cacoyannis" title="Michael Cacoyannis">Michael Cacoyannis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Sakellarios" title="Alekos Sakellarios">Alekos Sakellarios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melina_Mercouri" title="Melina Mercouri">Melina Mercouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Tsiforos" title="Nikos Tsiforos">Nikos Tsiforos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iakovos Kambanelis">Iakovos Kambanelis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Koundouros" title="Nikos Koundouros">Nikos Koundouros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellie_Lambeti" title="Ellie Lambeti">Ellie Lambeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Papas" title="Irene Papas">Irene Papas</a>, etc. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> elements. Notable films were <i><a href="/wiki/The_Counterfeit_Coin" title="The Counterfeit Coin">The Counterfeit Coin</a></i> (<i>Η κάλπικη λίρα</i>, 1955, directed by <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Tzavellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgos Tzavellas">Giorgos Tzavellas</a>), <i>Bitter Bread</i> (<i>Πικρό Ψωμί</i>, 1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ogre_of_Athens" title="The Ogre of Athens">The Ogre of Athens</a></i> (<i>O Drakos</i>, 1956, directed by <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Koundouros" title="Nikos Koundouros">Nikos Koundouros</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Stella_(1955_film)" title="Stella (1955 film)">Stella</a></i> (1955, directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis). Cacoyannis also directed <i><a href="/wiki/Zorba_the_Greek_(film)" title="Zorba the Greek (film)">Zorba the Greek</a></i> with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. <a href="/wiki/Finos_Film" title="Finos Film">Finos Film</a> also contributed to this period with movies such as <i>Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Auntie_from_Chicago" title="The Auntie from Chicago">The Auntie from Chicago</a></i> (<i>Η Θεία από το Σικάγο</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Maiden%27s_Cheek" title="Maiden's Cheek">Maiden's Cheek</a></i> (<i>Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο</i>), and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s <a href="/wiki/Theo_Angelopoulos" title="Theo Angelopoulos">Theo Angelopoulos</a> directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film <i><a href="/wiki/Eternity_and_a_Day" title="Eternity and a Day">Eternity and a Day</a></i> won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prize_of_the_Ecumenical_Jury" title="Prize of the Ecumenical Jury">Prize of the Ecumenical Jury</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1998_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1998 Cannes Film Festival">1998 Cannes Film Festival</a>. </p><p>There were also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora such as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dances">Music and dances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music and dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greek dances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Greek musical instruments</a></div> <p>Greece has a diverse and highly influential musical tradition, with ancient music influencing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and Byzantine liturgical chants and secular music influencing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_eastern_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle eastern music (page does not exist)">middle eastern music</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Modern Greek music combines these elements, to carry Greeks' interpretation of a wide range of musical forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece_2">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music of ancient Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_kylix_(drinking_cup)_MET_DP102241.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DP102241.jpg/220px-Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DP102241.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DP102241.jpg/330px-Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DP102241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DP102241.jpg/440px-Terracotta_kylix_%28drinking_cup%29_MET_DP102241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> that depicts a man holding a <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>, circa 480 BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of music in Greece begins with the music of ancient Greece, largely structured on the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> and other supporting <a href="/wiki/String_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="String instruments">string instruments</a> of the era. Beyond the well-known structural legacies of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagorean scale</a>, and the related mathematical developments it upheld to define western classical music, relatively little is understood about the precise character of music during this period; we do know, however, that it left, as so often, a strong mark on the culture of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. What has been gleaned about the social role and character of ancient Greek music comes largely from pottery and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Greek art</a>. </p><p>Ancient Greeks believed that dancing was invented by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Religion">gods</a> and therefore associated it with religious ceremony. They believed that the gods offered this gift to select mortals only, who in turn taught dancing to their fellow-men. </p><p>Periodic evidence in ancient texts indicates that dance was held in high regard, in particular for its educational qualities. Dance, along with writing, music, and physical exercise, was fundamental to the commenced in a circle and ended with the dancers facing one another. When not dancing in a circle the dancers held their hands high or waved them to the left and right. They held cymbals (very like the zilia of today) or a kerchief in their hands, and their movements were emphasized by their long sleeves. As they danced, they sang, either set songs or extemporized ones, sometimes in unison, sometimes in refrain, repeating the verse sung by the lead dancer. The onlookers joined in, clapping the rhythm or singing. Professional singers, often the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">musicians</a> themselves, composed lyrics to suit the occasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_Greece_2">Byzantine Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Byzantine Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/240px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/360px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg/480px-Mosaic_of_the_Female_Musicians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Late 4th century AD "Mosaic of the Musicians" with <a href="/wiki/Hydraulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulis">hydraulis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a> from a Byzantine villa in <a href="/wiki/Maryamin,_Hama" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryamin, Hama">Maryamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a> is also of major significance to the history and development of European music, as <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical chants</a> became the foundation and stepping stone for music of the Renaissance (see: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Music">Renaissance Music</a>). It is also certain that Byzantine music included an extensive tradition of instrumental court music and dance; any other picture would be both incongruous with the historically and archaeologically documented opulence of the Eastern Roman Empire. There survive a few but explicit accounts of secular music. A characteristic example is the accounts of pneumatic organs, whose construction was further advanced in the eastern empire prior to their development in the west following the Renaissance. </p><p>Byzantine instruments included the guitar, single, double or multiple flute, sistrum, timpani (drum), psaltirio, Sirigs, lyre, cymbals, keras and kanonaki. </p><p>Popular dances of this period included the <i>Syrtos</i>, <i>Geranos</i>, <i>Mantilia</i>, <i>Saximos</i>, <i>Pyrichios</i>, and <i>Kordakas</i> . Some of these dances have their origins in the ancient period and are still enacted in some form today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Greece_2">Modern Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippoulis_with_Hatzidakis.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Filippoulis_with_Hatzidakis.tif/lossy-page1-160px-Filippoulis_with_Hatzidakis.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Filippoulis_with_Hatzidakis.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Filippoulis_with_Hatzidakis.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Filippoulis_with_Hatzidakis.tif/lossy-page1-320px-Filippoulis_with_Hatzidakis.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manos_Hatzidakis" title="Manos Hatzidakis">Manos Hatzidakis</a> at the left</figcaption></figure> <p>A range of domestically and internationally known composers and performers across the musical spectrum have found success in modern Greece, while traditional <a href="/wiki/Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek music">Greek music</a> is noted as a mixture of influences from indigenous culture with those of west and east. A few <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> as well as medieval Italian elements can be heard in the traditional songs, <i>dhimotiká</i>, as well as in the modern <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">bluesy</a> <a href="/wiki/Rembetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembetika">rembétika</a> music. A well-known Greek musical instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a>. "Bouzouki" is a descriptive Turkish name, but the instrument itself is probably of Greek origin (from the ancient Greek lute known as <a href="/wiki/Pandoura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandoura">pandoura</a>, a kind of guitar, clearly visible in ancient statues, especially female figurines of the "Tanagraies" playing cord instruments). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikis_Theodorakis_Fabrik_070004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mikis_Theodorakis_Fabrik_070004.jpg/160px-Mikis_Theodorakis_Fabrik_070004.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mikis_Theodorakis_Fabrik_070004.jpg/240px-Mikis_Theodorakis_Fabrik_070004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mikis_Theodorakis_Fabrik_070004.jpg/320px-Mikis_Theodorakis_Fabrik_070004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>, popular composer and songwriter, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">bouzouki</a> into the mainstream culture.</figcaption></figure> <p>Famous Greek musicians and composers of modern era include the central figure of 20th-century European modernism <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, a composer, architect and theorist. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Mitropoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitris Mitropoulos">Dimitris Mitropoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manos_Hadjidakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Manos Hadjidakis">Manos Hadjidakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vangelis" title="Vangelis">Vangelis</a> also lead twentieth-century Greek contributions, alongside <a href="/wiki/Demis_Roussos" title="Demis Roussos">Demis Roussos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Mouskouri" title="Nana Mouskouri">Nana Mouskouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanni" title="Yanni">Yanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Moustaki" title="Georges Moustaki">Georges Moustaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleni_Karaindrou" title="Eleni Karaindrou">Eleni Karaindrou</a> and others. </p><p>The birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (<a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Heptanesean or Ionian School</a>, Greek:<i>Επτανησιακή Σχολή</i>) came through the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (notable composers include <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Samaras" title="Spyridon Samaras">Spyridon Samaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Mantzaros" title="Nikolaos Mantzaros">Nikolaos Mantzaros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Carrer" title="Pavlos Carrer">Pavlos Carrer</a>), while <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Kalomiris" title="Manolis Kalomiris">Manolis Kalomiris</a> is considered the founder of the <i>Greek National School</i>. </p><p>Greece is one of the few places in Europe where the day-to-day role of folk dance is sustained. Rather than functioning as a museum piece preserved only for performances and special events, it is a vivid expression of everyday life. Occasions for dance are usually weddings, family celebrations, and paneyeria (Patron Saints' name days). Dance has its place in ceremonial customs that are still preserved in Greek villages, such as dancing the bride during a wedding and dancing the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trousseau" class="extiw" title="wikt:trousseau">trousseau</a> of the bride during the wedding preparations. The <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> and Easter offer more opportunities for family gatherings and dancing. Greek <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">taverns</a> providing live entertainment often include folk dances in their program. </p><p>Regional characteristics have developed over the years because of variances in <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic conditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">land morphology</a> and people's social lives. <i>Kalamatianos</i> and <i>Syrtos</i> are considered Pan-Hellenic dances and are danced all over the world in diaspora communities. Others have also crossed boundaries and are known beyond the regions where they originated; these include the <i>Pentozali</i> from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <i>Hasapiko</i> from Constantinople, <i>Zonaradikos</i> from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <i>Serra</i> from <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontos</a> and <i>Balos</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean islands</a>. </p><p>The avant-garde choreographer, director and dancer <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Papaioannou" title="Dimitris Papaioannou">Dimitris Papaioannou</a> was responsible for the critically successful <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">opening ceremony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Olympic Games</a>, with a conception that reflected the classical influences on modern and experimental Greek dance forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece_3">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were several interconnected traditions of painting in ancient Greece. Due to their technical differences, they underwent somewhat differentiated developments. Not all painting techniques are equally well represented in the archaeological record. The most respected form of art, according to authors like <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, were individual, mobile paintings on wooden boards, technically described as <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel paintings</a>. Also, the tradition of wall painting in Greece goes back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, with the lavish fresco decoration of sites like <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>. </p><p>Much of the figural or architectural sculpture of ancient Greece was painted colourfully. This aspect of Greek stonework is described as <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>πολυχρωμία</i>, <i>πολύ</i> = many and <i>χρώμα</i> = colour). Due to intensive weathering, polychromy on sculpture and architecture has substantially or totally faded in most cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_Greece_3">Byzantine Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Byzantine Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Art">Byzantine Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian art (Byzantine)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_from_Daphni_Monastery_in_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_from_Daphni_Monastery_in_Greece.jpg/200px-Mosaic_from_Daphni_Monastery_in_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_from_Daphni_Monastery_in_Greece.jpg/300px-Mosaic_from_Daphni_Monastery_in_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mosaic_from_Daphni_Monastery_in_Greece.jpg/400px-Mosaic_from_Daphni_Monastery_in_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Daphni_Monastery" title="Daphni Monastery">Daphni Monastery</a> (ca. 1100)</figcaption></figure> <p>Byzantine art is the term created for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> from about the 5th century AD until the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1453. The most salient feature of this new aesthetic was its "abstract," or anti-naturalistic character. If classical art was marked by the attempt to create representations that mimicked reality as closely as possible, Byzantine art seems to have abandoned this attempt in favor of a more symbolic approach. The Byzantine painting concentrated mainly on <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece">Post-Byzantine and Modern Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-Byzantine and Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese School (painting)">Heptanese School (painting)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern Greek art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dormition_El_Greco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dormition_El_Greco.jpg/160px-Dormition_El_Greco.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dormition_El_Greco.jpg/240px-Dormition_El_Greco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dormition_El_Greco.jpg/320px-Dormition_El_Greco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Virgin_(El_Greco)" title="Dormition of the Virgin (El Greco)">Dormition of the Virgin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, an example of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lytras_Nikiforos_Carols.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lytras_Nikiforos_Carols.jpeg/220px-Lytras_Nikiforos_Carols.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lytras_Nikiforos_Carols.jpeg/330px-Lytras_Nikiforos_Carols.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lytras_Nikiforos_Carols.jpeg/440px-Lytras_Nikiforos_Carols.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption><i>Carols</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nikiforos_Lytras" title="Nikiforos Lytras">Nikiforos Lytras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Cretan_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan School">Cretan School</a> describes an important school of icon painting, also known as Post-Byzantine art, which flourished while <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> was under <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> rule during the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, reaching its climax after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>, becoming the central force in Greek painting during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. The Cretan artists developed a particular style of painting under the influence of both Eastern and Western artistic traditions and movements. The most famous product of the school, <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, was the most successful of the many artists who tried to build a career in Western Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese School (painting)">Heptanese School of painting</a> succeeded the Cretan school as the leading school of Greek post-Byzantine painting after Crete fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in 1669. Like the Cretan school it combined Byzantine traditions with an increasing <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> artistic influence, and also saw the first significant depiction of secular subjects. The school was based in the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a>, which were not part of Ottoman Greece, from the middle of the 17th century until the middle of the 19th century. </p><p>Modern Greek painting, after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">independence</a> and the creation of the modern Greek state, began to be developed around the time of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and the Greek artists absorbed many elements from their European colleagues, resulting in the culmination of the distinctive style of Greek Romantic art. Notable painters of the era include <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Gyzis" title="Nikolaos Gyzis">Nikolaos Gyzis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides" title="Georgios Jakobides">Georgios Jakobides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikiphoros_Lytras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikiphoros Lytras">Nikiphoros Lytras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Volanakis" title="Konstantinos Volanakis">Konstantinos Volanakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Vryzakis" title="Theodoros Vryzakis">Theodoros Vryzakis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece_4">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_679_Kore_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ACMA_679_Kore_2.JPG/160px-ACMA_679_Kore_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ACMA_679_Kore_2.JPG/240px-ACMA_679_Kore_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ACMA_679_Kore_2.JPG/320px-ACMA_679_Kore_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Peplos_Kore" title="Peplos Kore">Peplos Kore</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a>. Relics of the <a href="/wiki/Polychromy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychromy">polychromy</a> are visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> was composed almost entirely of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>; with cast bronze becoming the favoured medium for major works by the early 5th century. Both marble and bronze are fortunately easy to form and very durable. <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine">Chryselephantine</a> sculptures, used for temple <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> and luxury works, used <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, most often in <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">leaf form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> for all or parts (faces and hands) of the figure, and probably gems and other materials, but were much less common, and only fragments have survived. By the early 19th century, the systematic excavation of ancient Greek sites had brought forth a plethora of sculptures with traces of notably multicolored surfaces. It was not until published findings by German archaeologist Vinzenz Brinkmann in the late 20th and early 21st century that the painting of ancient Greek sculptures became an established fact. Using high-intensity lamps, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, specially designed cameras, plaster casts, and certain powdered minerals, Brinkmann proved that the entire <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, including the actual structure as well as the statues, had been painted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantine_Greece_4">Byzantine Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Byzantine Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Byzantines inherited the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">early Christian</a> distrust of <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> in religious art, and produced only <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a>, of which very few survivals are anything like life-size, in sharp contrast to the medieval art of the West, where monumental sculpture revived from <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a> onwards. Small ivories were also mostly in relief. </p><p>The so-called "minor arts" were very important in Byzantine art and luxury items, including ivories carved in relief as formal presentation <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">Consular diptychs</a> or caskets such as the <a href="/wiki/Veroli_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Veroli casket">Veroli casket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a>, enamels, jewelry, metalwork, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">figured silks</a> were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era. Many of these were religious in nature, although a large number of objects with secular or non-representational decoration were produced: for example, ivories representing themes from classical mythology. Byzantine ceramics were relatively crude, as pottery was never used at the tables of the rich, who ate off silver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Greece_3">Modern Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82,_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/160px-%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/240px-%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/320px-%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>"Discobolus" statue by <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Dimitriadis" title="Konstantinos Dimitriadis">Konstantinos Dimitriadis</a>, outside the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Kingdom">Greek Kingdom</a> and the western influence of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, sculpture was re-discovered by the Greek artists. Main themes included ancient Greek antiquity, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a> and important figures of Greek history. </p><p>Notable sculptors of the new state were <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Drosis" title="Leonidas Drosis">Leonidas Drosis</a> (his major work was the extensive neo-classical architectural ornament at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazaros_Sochos" title="Lazaros Sochos">Lazaros Sochos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Vitalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgios Vitalis (page does not exist)">Georgios Vitalis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrios_Filippotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimitrios Filippotis (page does not exist)">Dimitrios Filippotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kossos" title="Ioannis Kossos">Ioannis Kossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yannoulis_Chalepas" title="Yannoulis Chalepas">Yannoulis Chalepas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Bonanos" title="Georgios Bonanos">Georgios Bonanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazaros_Fytalis" title="Lazaros Fytalis">Lazaros Fytalis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece_5">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre of ancient Greece</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_the_top_777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_from_the_top_777.jpg/200px-View_from_the_top_777.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_from_the_top_777.jpg/300px-View_from_the_top_777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_from_the_top_777.jpg/400px-View_from_the_top_777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2941" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption>The ancient theatre of <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a> continues to be used for staging ancient Greek plays.</figcaption></figure> <p>Theatre was born in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>, which became a significant cultural, political, and military power during this period, was its centre, where it was <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutionalised</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festival</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, which honoured the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Tragedy</a> (late 6th century BC), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedy</a> (486 BC), and the <a href="/wiki/Satyr_play" title="Satyr play">satyr play</a> were the three <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> to emerge there. Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies and allies in order to promote a common <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>. </p><p>The word τραγῳδία (<i>tragoidia</i>), from which the word "<a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>" is derived, is a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words: τράγος (<i>tragos</i>) or "goat" and ᾠδή (<i><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a></i>) meaning "song", from ἀείδειν (<i>aeidein</i>), "to sing".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This etymology indicates a link with the practices of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">Dionysian cults</a>. It is impossible, however, to know with certainty how these <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">fertility rituals</a> became the basis for tragedy and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Redgeway_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redgeway-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Byzantine period, the theatrical art was heavily declined. According to Marios Ploritis, the only form survived was the folk theatre (<i>Mimos</i> and <i>Pantomimos</i>), despite the hostility of the official state.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, during the Ottoman period, the main theatrical folk art was the <i><a href="/wiki/Karagiozis" title="Karagiozis">Karagiozis</a></i>. The renaissance which led to the modern Greek theatre, took place in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Crete">Venetian Crete</a>. Significant dramatists include <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Vitsentzos Kornaros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Chortatzis" title="Georgios Chortatzis">Georgios Chortatzis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_Greece_4">Modern Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Modern Greek theatre</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PATRAS2006_006_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PATRAS2006_006_edited.jpg/200px-PATRAS2006_006_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PATRAS2006_006_edited.jpg/300px-PATRAS2006_006_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/PATRAS2006_006_edited.jpg/400px-PATRAS2006_006_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollon_Theatre_(Patras)" title="Apollon Theatre (Patras)">Apollon Theatre (Patras)</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziller" title="Ernst Ziller">Ernst Ziller</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern Greek theatre was born after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek independence</a>, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The <a href="/wiki/Nobile_Teatro_di_San_Giacomo_di_Corf%C3%B9" title="Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù">Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù</a> was the first theatre and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Xyndas" title="Spyridon Xyndas">Spyridon Xyndas</a>' <i>The Parliamentary Candidate</i> (based on an exclusively Greek <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a>) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Revues" class="mw-redirect" title="Revues">revues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical comedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operettas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operettas">operettas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnes">nocturnes</a> and notable playwrights included <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Samaras" title="Spyridon Samaras">Spyridon Samaras</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysios_Lavrangas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysios Lavrangas (page does not exist)">Dionysios Lavrangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastos_Sakellaridis" title="Theophrastos Sakellaridis">Theophrastos Sakellaridis</a> and others. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Greece" title="National Theatre of Greece">National Theatre of Greece</a> was founded in 1880. Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Rizos_Rangavis" title="Alexandros Rizos Rangavis">Alexandros Rizos Rangavis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Xenopoulos" title="Gregorios Xenopoulos">Gregorios Xenopoulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelos_Terzakis" title="Angelos Terzakis">Angelos Terzakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantelis_Horn" title="Pantelis Horn">Pantelis Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Sakellarios" title="Alekos Sakellarios">Alekos Sakellarios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iakovos_Kambanelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iakovos Kambanelis">Iakovos Kambanelis</a>, while notable actors include <a href="/wiki/Cybele_Andrianou" title="Cybele Andrianou">Cybele Andrianou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marika_Kotopouli" title="Marika Kotopouli">Marika Kotopouli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimilios_Veakis" title="Aimilios Veakis">Aimilios Veakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orestis_Makris" title="Orestis Makris">Orestis Makris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manos_Katrakis" title="Manos Katrakis">Manos Katrakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Horn" title="Dimitris Horn">Dimitris Horn</a>. Significant directors include <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Rontiris" title="Dimitris Rontiris">Dimitris Rontiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Minotis" title="Alexis Minotis">Alexis Minotis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karolos_Koun" title="Karolos Koun">Karolos Koun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Salad_Choriatiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Salad_Choriatiki.jpg/160px-Greek_Salad_Choriatiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Salad_Choriatiki.jpg/240px-Greek_Salad_Choriatiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Salad_Choriatiki.jpg/320px-Greek_Salad_Choriatiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naxos_Taverna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Naxos_Taverna.jpg/220px-Naxos_Taverna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Naxos_Taverna.jpg/330px-Naxos_Taverna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Naxos_Taverna.jpg/440px-Naxos_Taverna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Greek <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">taverna</a>, integral part of Greek culture and cuisine.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_restina_wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Greek_restina_wine.jpg/180px-Greek_restina_wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Greek_restina_wine.jpg/270px-Greek_restina_wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Greek_restina_wine.jpg/360px-Greek_restina_wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Greek cuisine has a long tradition and its flavors change with the season and its geography.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek cookery, historically a forerunner of Western cuisine, spread its culinary influence – via ancient Rome – throughout Europe and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek cuisine</a> was characterized by its frugality and was founded on the "Mediterranean triad": <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, with meat being rarely eaten and fish being more common.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Archestratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Archestratos">Archestratos</a> in 320 B.C. who wrote the first cookbook in history. Greece has a culinary tradition of some 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine cuisine</a> was similar to the classical cuisine including however new ingredients that were not available before, like caviar, nutmeg and lemons, basil, with fish continuing to be an integral part of the diet. Culinary advice was influenced by the theory of humors, first put forth by the ancient Greek doctor <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Claudius Aelius Galenus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern Greek cuisine has also influences from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> due to the Ottoman and Venetian dominance through the centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine_production">Wine production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wine production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greece is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">producing regions</a> in the world. The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greek wine</a> has been dated to 6,500 years ago<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zeenews.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeenews.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where wine was produced on a household or communal basis. In ancient times, as trade in wine became extensive, it was transported from end to end of the Mediterranean; Greek wine had especially high prestige in Italy under the Roman Empire. In the medieval period, wines exported from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monemvasia" title="Monemvasia">Monemvasia</a> and other Greek ports fetched high prices in northern Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education in Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auth_Campus_from_Bio_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Auth_Campus_from_Bio_roof.jpg/220px-Auth_Campus_from_Bio_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Auth_Campus_from_Bio_roof.jpg/330px-Auth_Campus_from_Bio_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Auth_Campus_from_Bio_roof.jpg/440px-Auth_Campus_from_Bio_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_University_of_Thessaloniki" title="Aristotle University of Thessaloniki">Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</a>, the largest university in Greece and the Balkans</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education in Greece</a> is compulsory for all children 6–15 years old; namely, it includes Primary (Dimotiko) and Lower Secondary (Gymnasio) Education. The school life of the students, however, can start from the age of 2.5 years (pre-school education) in institutions (private and public) called "Vrefonipiakoi Paidikoi Stathmi" (creches). In some Vrefonipiakoi Stathmoi there are also Nipiaka Tmimata (nursery classes) which operate along with the Nipiagogeia (kindergartens). </p><p>Post-compulsory <a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education">Secondary Education</a>, according to the reforms of 1997 and 2006, consists of two main school types: Genika Lykeia (General Upper Secondary Schools) and the Epaggelmatika Lykeia (Vocational Upper Secondary Schools), as well as the Epaggelmatikes Sxoles (Vocational Schools). Musical, Ecclesiastical and Physical Education Gymnasia and Lykeia are also in operation. </p><p>Post-compulsory Secondary Education also includes the <a href="/wiki/Vocational_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational Education">Vocational Training</a> Institutes (IEK), which provide formal but unclassified level of education. These Institutes are not classified as an educational level, because they accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates according to the relevant specializations they provide. Public higher education is divided into Universities and Technological Education Institutes (TEI). Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place at the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students are admitted to the Hellenic Open University upon the completion of the 22 year of age by drawing lots. </p><p>Nea Dimokratia (<a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a>), the Greek conservative right political party, has claimed that it will change the law so that private universities gain recognition. Without official recognition, students who have an EES degree are unable to work in the public sector. <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">PASOK</a> took some action after <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> intervention, namely the creation of a special government agency that certifies the vocational status of certain EES degree holders. However, their academic status still remains a problem. The issue of full recognition is still an issue of debate among Greek politicians. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Entrepreneurship_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Entrepreneurship Development (page does not exist)">Institute of Entrepreneurship Development</a> (iED) is a Greek Non-governmental organization formed for the promotion of innovation and for enhancing the spirit of entrepreneurship intending to link with other European initiatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_people">Greek people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greek people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/220px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/330px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg/440px-Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> also known as Alexander III, king of Macedon, was one of the most successful military commanders in history.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Western literature</a> and of the main branches of <a href="/wiki/Western_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Western learning">Western learning</a> may be traced to the era of Greek greatness that began before 700 BC with the epics of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, the first didactic poet, put into epic verse his descriptions of pastoral life, including practical advice on farming, and allegorical myths. The poets <a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus of Mytilene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anacreon" title="Anacreon">Anacreon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a> wrote of love, war, and death in lyrics of great feeling and beauty. <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> celebrated the Panhellenic athletic festivals in vivid odes. The fables of the slave <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a> have been famous for more than 2,500 years. Three of the world's greatest dramatists were <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, author of the <i>Oresteia</i> trilogy; <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Sophocles#Theban_plays" title="Sophocles">Theban plays</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, author of <i>Medea</i>, <i>The Trojan Women</i>, and <i>The Bacchae</i>. <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, the greatest author of comedies, satirized the mores of his day in a series of brilliant plays. Three great historians were <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, regarded as the father of history, known for <i>The Persian Wars</i>; <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, who generally avoided myth and legend and applied greater standards of historical accuracy in his History of the Peloponnesian War; and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, best known for his account of the Greek retreat from Persia, the <i>Anabasis</i>. Outstanding literary figures of the Hellenistic period were <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>, the chief representative of a newer type of comedy; the poets <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocritus" title="Theocritus">Theocritus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, author of the <i>Argonautica</i>; and <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, who wrote a detailed history of the Mediterranean world. Noteworthy in the Roman period were <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, a writer on geography; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, the father of biography, whose <i>Parallel Lives</i> of famous Greeks and Romans is a chief source of information about great figures of antiquity; <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, a travel writer; and <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>, a satirist. </p><p>The leading philosophers of the period preceding Greece's golden age were <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> investigated ethics and politics. His greatest pupil, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, used Socrates' question-and-answer method of investigating philosophical problems in his famous dialogues. Plato's pupil <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> established the rules of deductive reasoning but also used observation and inductive reasoning, applying himself to the systematic study of almost every form of human endeavor. Outstanding in the Hellenistic period were <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a>, the philosopher of moderation; <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a>, the founder of Stoicism; and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a>, the famous Cynic. The oath of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, the father of medicine, is still recited by newly graduating physicians. <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> evolved the system of geometry that bears his name. <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> discovered the principles of mechanics and hydrostatics. <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> calculated the earth's circumference with remarkable accuracy, and <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> Founded scientific astronomy. <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> was an outstanding physician of ancient times. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/220px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/330px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/440px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="3668" /></a><figcaption>The most famous artist born in Greece was probably Doménikos Theotokópoulos, better known as <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a> (<i>The Greek</i>) in Spain. He did most of his painting there during the late 1500s and early 1600s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sculptor <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> created the statue of Athena and the figure of Zeus in the temple at Olympia and supervised the construction and decoration of the Parthenon. Another renowned sculptor was <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>. </p><p>The legal reforms of Solon served as the basis of Athenian democracy. The Athenian general <a href="/wiki/Miltiades_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Miltiades the Younger">Miltiades the Younger</a> led the victory over the Persians at Marathon in 490 BC, and <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> was chiefly responsible for the victory at Salamis 10 years later. <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>, the virtual ruler of Athens for more than 25 years, added to the political power of that city, inaugurated the construction of the Parthenon and other noteworthy buildings, and encouraged the arts of sculpture and painting. With the decline of Athens, first Sparta and then Thebes, under the great military tactician <a href="/wiki/Epaminondas" title="Epaminondas">Epaminondas</a>, gained the ascendancy; but soon thereafter, two military geniuses, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, gained control over all of Greece and formed a vast empire stretching as far east as India. It was against Philip that <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, the greatest Greek orator, directed his diatribes, the <i>Philippics</i>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_Cavafy,_ca_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Constantine_Cavafy%2C_ca_1900.jpg/160px-Constantine_Cavafy%2C_ca_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Constantine_Cavafy%2C_ca_1900.jpg/240px-Constantine_Cavafy%2C_ca_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Constantine_Cavafy%2C_ca_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Poet <a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine P. Cavafy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most renowned Greek painter during the Renaissance was <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, whose major works, painted in Spain, have influenced many 20th-century artists. An outstanding modern literary figure is <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>, a novelist and poet who composed a vast sequel to Homer's <i>Odyssey</i>. Leading modern poets are <a href="/wiki/Kostis_Palamas" title="Kostis Palamas">Kostis Palamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine P. Cavafy</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/George_Seferis" class="mw-redirect" title="George Seferis">George Seferis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odysseus_Elytis" class="mw-redirect" title="Odysseus Elytis">Odysseus Elytis</a>, winners of the Nobel Prize for literature in 1963 and 1979, respectively. The work of social theorist <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a> is known for its multidisciplinary breadth. Musicians of stature are the composers <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikis_Theodorakis" title="Mikis Theodorakis">Mikis Theodorakis</a>; the conductor <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mitropoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Mitropoulos">Dmitri Mitropoulos</a>; and the soprano <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>. Filmmakers who have won international acclaim are Greek-Americans <a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">John Cassavetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>, and Greeks <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cacoyannis" title="Michael Cacoyannis">Michael Cacoyannis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costa-Gavras" title="Costa-Gavras">Costa-Gavras</a>. Actresses of note are <a href="/wiki/Katina_Paxinou" title="Katina Paxinou">Katina Paxinou</a>; <a href="/wiki/Melina_Mercouri" title="Melina Mercouri">Melina Mercouri</a>, who was appointed minister of culture and science in the Socialist cabinet in 1981; and <a href="/wiki/Irene_Papas" title="Irene Papas">Irene Papas</a>. </p><p>Outstanding Greek public figures in the 20th century include Cretan-born <a href="/wiki/Eleutherios_Venizelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleutherios Venizelos">Eleutherios Venizelos</a>, prominent statesman of the interwar period; <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>, dictator from 1936 until his death; <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Karamanlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Karamanlis">Constantine Karamanlis</a>, prime minister (1955–63, 1974–80) and president (1980–85) of Greece; <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a>, head of the Center Union Party and prime minister (1963–65); and his son <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a>, the PASOK leader who became prime minister in 1981. <a href="/wiki/Costas_Simitis" title="Costas Simitis">Costas Simitis</a> was leader of PASOK and prime minister from 1996 to 2004. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Kostas_Karamanlis" title="Kostas Karamanlis">Kostas Karamanlis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/220px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/330px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/440px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">Ostracon</a> bearing the name of <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos" title="Stoa of Attalos">Museum of the Ancient Agora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek language is the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Republic">Hellenic Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> and has a total of 15 million speakers worldwide. It is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language. It is particularly remarkable in the depth of its continuity, with written records spanning over 3400 years. The earliest preserved form is <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, written in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> script during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> descends from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, which formed from <a href="/wiki/Dialect_leveling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect leveling">dialect leveling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a>. </p><p>Greek has had enormous impact on other languages both directly on the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, and indirectly through its influence on the emerging <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language during the early days of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Signs of this influence, and its many developments, can be seen throughout the family of Western European languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_and_"Greeklish""><span id="Internet_and_.22Greeklish.22"></span>Internet and "Greeklish"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Internet and "Greeklish""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently, the rise of internet-based communication services as well as cell phones have caused a distinctive form of Greek written partially, and sometimes fully in Latin characters to emerge; this is known as <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>, a form that has spread across the Greek diaspora and even to the two countries with majority Greek population, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Katharevousa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></div> <p>Katharévousa (Καθαρεύουσα) is a form of the Greek Language midway between modern and ancient forms set in train during the early nineteenth century by Greek intellectual and revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>, intended to return the Greek language closer to its ancient form. Its influence, in recent years, evolved toward a more formal role, and it came to be used primarily for official purposes such as diplomacy, politics, and other forms of official documentation. It has nevertheless had significant effects on the Greek language as it is still written and spoken today, and both vocabulary and grammatical and syntactical forms have re-entered <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> via Katharevousa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of dialects of the Greek language; the most notable include <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan dialect">Cretan Greek</a> (which is closely related to most <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>' dialects), <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko language</a> spoken in Southern Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, still spoken in the modern prefecture of <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a> and widely noted as a surviving regional dialect of <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homer_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/180px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/270px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Homer_British_Museum.jpg/360px-Homer_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Idealized portrait of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Greece has a remarkably rich and resilient literary tradition, extending over 2800 years and through several eras. The Classical era is that most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Greek_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Literature">Greek Literature</a>, beginning in 800 BCE and maintaining its influence through to the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> period, whereafter the influence of Christianity began to spawn a new development of the Greek written word. The many elements of a millennia-old tradition are reflected in Modern Greek literature, including the works of the Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/Odysseus_Elytis" class="mw-redirect" title="Odysseus Elytis">Odysseus Elytis</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Seferis" class="mw-redirect" title="George Seferis">George Seferis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece_6">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded works in the western literary tradition are the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> poems of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>. Early Greek <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poetry</a>, as represented by poets such as <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, was responsible for defining the lyric <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> as it is understood today in western literature. <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Fables</a></i> in the 6th century BC. These innovations were to have a profound influence not only on Roman poets, most notably <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in his epic poem on the founding of Rome, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aeneid" class="mw-redirect" title="The Aeneid">The Aeneid</a></i>, but one that flourished throughout Europe. </p><p>Classical Greece is also judged the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> introduced the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> and interacting characters to playwriting and in doing so, he effectively invented "drama": his <i><a href="/wiki/Oresteia" title="Oresteia">Oresteia</a></i> trilogy of plays is judged his crowning achievement. Other refiners of playwriting were <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, a comic playwright, defined and shaped the idea of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> as a theatrical form. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> are often attributed with developing the modern study of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> into a field worthy of philosophical, literary, and scientific pursuit. <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> first introduced into study the concept of <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military history</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> entered literature in the dialogues of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, while his pupil <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in his work the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, formulated the first set criteria for <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>. Both these literary figures, in the context of the broader contributions of Greek philosophy in the Classical and Hellenistic eras, were to give rise to idea of <a href="/wiki/Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Science">political Science</a>, the study of political evolution and the critique of governmental systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Greece_5">Byzantine Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Byzantine Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Suda.jpg/160px-Suda.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Suda.jpg/240px-Suda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Suda.jpg/320px-Suda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A page from a 16th-century edition of the 10th century Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a> of the ancient Mediterranean world, the <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The growth of Christianity throughout the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> world in the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, together with the Hellenization of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> of the period, would lead to the formation of a unique literary form, combining Christian, Greek and Oriental influences. In its turn, this would promote developments such as Cretan poetry, the growth of poetic satire in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek East">Greek East</a> and the several pre-eminent historians of the period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Greece_5">Modern Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern Greek literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adamantios_Korais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg/160px-Adamantios_Korais.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg/240px-Adamantios_Korais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Adamantios_Korais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>, major figure of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Greek literature refers to literature written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> from the 11th century, with texts written in a language that is more familiar to the ears of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> today than is the language of the early Byzantine times. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikos_Kazantzakis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nikos_Kazantzakis.jpg/160px-Nikos_Kazantzakis.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nikos_Kazantzakis.jpg/240px-Nikos_Kazantzakis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Nikos_Kazantzakis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>, one of the most prominent modern Greek writers</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Renaissance">Cretan Renaissance</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Erotokritos" title="Erotokritos">Erotokritos</a></i> is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this early period of modern Greek literature, and represents one of its supreme achievements. It is a verse <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a> written around 1600 by <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Vitsentzos Kornaros</a> (1553–1613). The other major representative of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_literature" title="Cretan literature">Cretan literature</a> was <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Chortatzis" title="Georgios Chortatzis">Georgios Chortatzis</a> and his most notable work was <i><a href="/wiki/Erofili" title="Erofili">Erofili</a></i>. Other plays include <i>The Sacrifice of Abraham</i> by <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Kornaros</a>, <i>Panoria</i> and <i>Katsourbos</i> by <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Chortatzis" title="Georgios Chortatzis">Chortatzis</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Rodolinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Rodolinos (page does not exist)">King Rodolinos</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Troilos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Troilos (page does not exist)">Andreas Troilos</a>, <i>Stathis (comedy)</i> and <i>Voskopoula</i> by unknown artists. </p><p>Much later, <a href="/wiki/Diafotismos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diafotismos">Diafotismos</a> was an ideological, philological, linguistic and philosophical movement among 18th century Greeks that translate the ideas and values of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">European Enlightenment</a> into the Greek world. <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a> are two of the most notable figures. In 1819, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korakistika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korakistika (page does not exist)">Korakistika</a></i>, written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iakovakis_Rizos_Neroulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iakovakis Rizos Neroulos (page does not exist)">Iakovakis Rizos Neroulos</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">lampoon</a> against the Greek intellectual <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a> and his linguistic views, who favoured the use of a more conservative form of the Greek language, closer to the ancient. </p><p>The years before the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a> became the center of the <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_School_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese School (literature)">Heptanese School (literature)</a>. Its main characteristics was the Italian influence, romanticism, nationalism and use of <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>. Notable representatives were <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Laskaratos" title="Andreas Laskaratos">Andreas Laskaratos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kalvos" title="Andreas Kalvos">Andreas Kalvos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Valaoritis" title="Aristotelis Valaoritis">Aristotelis Valaoritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Solomos" title="Dionysios Solomos">Dionysios Solomos</a>. </p><p>After the independence the intellectual center was transferred in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. A major figure of this new era was <a href="/wiki/Kostis_Palamas" title="Kostis Palamas">Kostis Palamas</a>, considered "national poet" of Greece. He was the central figure of the Greek literary generation of the 1880s and one of the cofounders of the so-called <a href="/wiki/New_Athenian_School" title="New Athenian School">New Athenian School</a> (or Palamian School). Its main characteristic was the use of <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>. He was also the writer of the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Hymn" title="Olympic Hymn">Olympic Hymn</a>. </p><p>Moving into the twentieth century, the modern Greek literary tradition spans the work of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine P. Cavafy</a>, considered a key figure of twentieth-century poetry, <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a> (whose works and poems aimed to fuse the literature of Ancient and Modern Greece) and <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a>, both of whom won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a> is also considered a dominant figure, with works such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(novel)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (novel)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Recrucified" title="Christ Recrucified">The Greek Passion</a></i> receiving international recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy,_Science,_and_Mathematics"><span id="Philosophy.2C_Science.2C_and_Mathematics"></span>Philosophy, Science, and Mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Philosophy, Science, and Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek world">Greek world</a> is widely regarded as having given birth to scientific thought using observation, thought, and development of a theory without the intervention of a supernatural force. <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> were amongst those contributing significantly to the establishment of this tradition. It is also, and perhaps more commonly in the Western imagination, identified with the dawn of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, as well as a mapping out of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>. Greek developments of mathematics continued well up until the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. In the modern era Greeks continue to contribute to the fields of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece_7">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greek mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchus_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/220px-Aristarchus_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/330px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aristarchus_working.jpg/440px-Aristarchus_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> was the first known individual to propose a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric system</a>, in the 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> in ancient Greece accompanied its literary development. Greek learning had a profound influence on <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> civilizations. The works of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and other Greek philosophers profoundly influenced <a href="/wiki/Classical_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical civilization">Classical</a> thought, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamia">Mesopotamians</a> were very good at maths and at building geometric tombs, but they're not famous for philosophy. Their religious explanations of things are elaborate but unconvincing in philosophical terms. Theocratic societies governed by priestly castes are usually static and monopolize thought. They insist on orthodox explanations and actively discourage independent and unconventional ideas. The Ancient Greeks invented philosophy, but no one knows why. Because of their trade across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, they borrowed myths and mysticism as well as architecture and mathematics from their neighboring civilizations. Some Greek thinkers decided to not accept religious explanations for how the world works, an example being <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a>. They just thought that there just had to be some king of underlying order or logic for the way things are. This will later be given to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and Modern civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, doctors still refer to the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic oath">Hippocratic oath</a>, instituted by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, regarded as foremost in laying the foundations of medicine as a science. <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> built on Hippocrates' theory of the <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">four humours</a>, and his writings became the foundation of medicine in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> for centuries. The physicians <a href="/wiki/Herophilos" title="Herophilos">Herophilos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Aegineta" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Aegineta">Paulus Aegineta</a> were pioneers in the study of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> wrote an extensive treatise on the practice of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>. </p><p>The period of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> (from 800 BC until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, a Greek state in the north) is that most often associated with Greek advances in science. <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales of Miletus</a> is regarded by many as the father of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>; he was the first of the ancient philosophers to seek to explain the physical world in terms of natural rather than <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> causes. <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> often described as the "father of numbers"; it is believed that he had the pioneering insight into the numerical ratios that determine the <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">musical scale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a> is commonly attributed to him. <a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus of Alexandria</a>, in turn, was the "father of <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>". Many parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> are based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> was one of the first scientific <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographers</a>, calculating the <a href="/wiki/Circumference" title="Circumference">circumference</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and conceiving the first <a href="/wiki/Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps">maps</a> based on scientific principles. </p><p>The Hellenistic period, following Alexander's conquests, continued and built upon this knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> is considered the pre-eminent astronomical observer of the ancient world, and was probably the first to develop an accurate method for the prediction of <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a> was the first known <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> to propose a <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric model">heliocentric model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> was more commonly accepted until the seventeenth century. Ptolemy also contributed substantially to <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a> and to the science of <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>. For his part <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> was the first to calculate the value of <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi"><i>π</i></a> and a <a href="/wiki/Geometric_series" title="Geometric series">geometric series</a>, and also the earliest known mathematical <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> discovering the law of <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, as well as conceiving the <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> device known as <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">Archimedes' screw</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Greece_6">Byzantine Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Byzantine Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/140px-Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/210px-Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg/280px-Manuel_Chrysoloras_-_Imagines_philologorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chrysoloras" title="Manuel Chrysoloras">Manuel Chrysoloras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholar in the Renaissance</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benozzo_Gozzoli,_Pletone,_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg/160px-Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg/240px-Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Benozzo_Gozzoli%2C_Pletone%2C_Cappella_dei_Magi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Byzantine period remained largely a period of preservation in terms of classical Greco-Roman texts; there were, however, significant advances made in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical scholarship</a>. Theological <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> also remained an area of study, and there was, while not matching the achievements of preceding ages, a certain increase in the professionalism of study of these subjects, epitomized by the founding of the University of Constantinople. </p><p>Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, the architects of the famous <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, also contributed towards mathematical theories concerning architectural form, and the perceived mathematical harmony needed to create a multi-domed structure. These ideas were to prove a heavy influence on the Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a> in his creation of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Ahmed Mosque">Blue Mosque</a>, also in Constantinople. Tralles in particular produced several treatises on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences">Natural Sciences</a>, as well as his other forays into mathematics such as <a href="/wiki/Conic_Sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Conic Sections">Conic Sections</a>. </p><p>The gradual migration of Greeks from Byzantium to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian</a> city states following the decline of the Byzantine Empire, and the texts they brought with them combined with the academic positions they held<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers.">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>, was a major factor in lighting the first sparks of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Greece_6">Modern Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caratheodory_constantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caratheodory_constantin.jpg/160px-Caratheodory_constantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caratheodory_constantin.jpg/240px-Caratheodory_constantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caratheodory_constantin.jpg/320px-Caratheodory_constantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Constantin Carathéodory</a>, who introduced several <a href="/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s_theorem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Carathéodory's theorem (disambiguation)">mathematical theorems</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greeks continue to contribute to science and technology in the modern world. <a href="/wiki/John_Argyris" title="John Argyris">John Argyris</a>, a mathematician and engineer, was among the creators of the <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Direct_stiffness_method" title="Direct stiffness method">direct stiffness method</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Constantin Carathéodory</a> made significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Real_analysis" title="Real analysis">theory of functions of a real variable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calculus_of_variations" title="Calculus of variations">calculus of variations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)" title="Measure (mathematics)">measure theory</a>, credited with the introduction of several <a href="/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s_theorem_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Carathéodory's theorem (disambiguation)">mathematical theorems</a>. In physics, <a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">John Iliopoulos</a> is known for the prediction of the <a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">charm quark</a> and the proposition of the <a href="/wiki/GIM_mechanism" title="GIM mechanism">GIM mechanism</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fayet%E2%80%93Iliopoulos_D-term" title="Fayet–Iliopoulos D-term">Fayet–Iliopoulos D-term</a> formula, while <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos" title="Dimitri Nanopoulos">Dimitri Nanopoulos</a> is one of the principal developers of the <a href="/wiki/Flipped_SU(5)" title="Flipped SU(5)">Flipped SU(5)</a> model. </p><p>Biologist <a href="/wiki/Fotis_Kafatos" title="Fotis Kafatos">Fotis Kafatos</a> pioneers in the field of molecular <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a>, and he was the founding president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Council" title="European Research Council">European Research Council</a>. In medicine, <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papanikolaou" title="Georgios Papanikolaou">Georgios Papanikolaou</a> contributed heavily to the development of <a href="/wiki/Cervical_screening" title="Cervical screening">cervical screening</a> inventing the <a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a>, which is among the most common methods of cervical screening worldwide. </p><p>Car designer <a href="/wiki/Alec_Issigonis" title="Alec Issigonis">Alec Issigonis</a> designed the groundbreaking and iconic <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a> automobile, while <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dertouzos" title="Michael Dertouzos">Michael Dertouzos</a> was amongst the pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, instrumental in defining the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> and director for 27 years of the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>, which innovated in a variety of areas during his term. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte" title="Nicholas Negroponte">Nicholas Negroponte</a>, is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a> and the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> project aiming to extend Internet access in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Joseph Sifakis</a>, a computer scientist, has won a <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> for his pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_main_facade_Building_of_Parliament_of_Greece_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Detail_main_facade_Building_of_Parliament_of_Greece_Athens.jpg/220px-Detail_main_facade_Building_of_Parliament_of_Greece_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Detail_main_facade_Building_of_Parliament_of_Greece_Athens.jpg/330px-Detail_main_facade_Building_of_Parliament_of_Greece_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Detail_main_facade_Building_of_Parliament_of_Greece_Athens.jpg/440px-Detail_main_facade_Building_of_Parliament_of_Greece_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3836" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption>The building of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Royal_Palace" title="Old Royal Palace">Old Royal Palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greece is a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> with a president assuming a more ceremonial role than in some other republics, and the Prime Minister chosen from the leader of the majority party in the parliament. Greece has a codified <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> and a written Bill of Rights embedded within it. The current Prime Minister is <a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a>. </p><p>The politics of the third <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Republic">Hellenic Republic</a> have been dominated by two main political parties, the self-proclaimed socialists of <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Socialist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic Socialist Movement">PASOK</a> and the conservative <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a>. Until recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> PASOK had dominated the political scene, presiding over favourable growth rates economically but in the eyes of critics failing to deliver where unemployment and structural issues such as market liberalization were concerned. </p><p>New Democracy's election to government in 2004 has led to various initiatives to modernize the country, such as the education university scheme above as well as labour market liberalization. Politically there has been massive opposition to some of these moves owing to a large, well organized workers' movement in Greece, which distrusts the right wing administration and neo-liberal ideas. The population in general appears to accept many of the initiatives, reflected in governmental support; on the economic front many are so far warming to the reforms made by the administration, which have been largely rewarded with above average Eurozone growth rates. New Democracy were re-elected in September 2007. </p><p>A number of other smaller political parties exist. They include the third largest party (<i>the Communist Party</i>), which still commands large support from many rural working areas as well as some of the immigrant population in Greece, as well as the far-right <i>Popular Orthodox Rally</i>, with the latter, while commanding a mere three and a half per cent of votes, seeking to capitalise on opposition in some quarters regarding Turkey's EU accession and any tension in the Aegean. There is also a relatively small, but well organized anarchist movement, though its status in Greece has been somewhat exaggerated by media overseas. </p><p>The political process is energetically and openly participated in by the people of Greece, while public demonstrations are a continual feature of Athenian life; however, there have been criticisms of a governmental failure to sufficiently involve minorities in political debate and hence a sidelining of their opinions. In general, politics is regarded as an acceptable subject to broach on almost every social occasion, and Greeks are often very vocal about their support (or lack of it) for certain policy proposals, or political parties themselves – this is perhaps reflected in what many consider the rather sensationalist <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> on both sides of the political spectrum; although this is a feature of most European tabloids. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_holidays_and_festivals">Public holidays and festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Public holidays and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays in Greece</a></div> <p>According to Greek Law every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. In addition, there are four obligatory, official public holidays: March 25 (<i>Greek Independence Day</i>), <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, August 15 (<i>Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin</i>) and December 25 (<i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i>). Two more days, May 1 (<i><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></i>) and October 28 (<i><a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a></i>), are regulated by law as optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed National Holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven National Holidays each year. </p><p>In addition to the National Holidays, there are Public Holidays that are not celebrated nationwide, but only by a specific professional group or a local community. For example, many municipalities have a "Patron Saint", also called "Name Day", or a "Liberation Day", and at this day it is customary for schools to have a day off. </p><p>Notable festivals include <a href="/wiki/Patras_Carnival" title="Patras Carnival">Patras Carnival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Festival">Athens Festival</a> and various local wine festivals. The city of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> is also home of a number of festivals and events. The <a href="/wiki/International_Thessaloniki_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="International Thessaloniki Film Festival">Thessaloniki International Film Festival</a> is one of the most important film festivals in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion in Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece_8">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Hephaestus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Temple_of_Hephaestus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Hephaestus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Temple_of_Hephaestus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Hephaestus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Temple_of_Hephaestus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Hephaestus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Temple of Hephaestus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> is the best-preserved of all ancient Greek temples.</figcaption></figure> <p>Classical Athens may be suggested to have heralded some of the same religious ideas that would later be promoted by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s invocation of a perfect God, and <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> considered there were rewards for the virtuous in the heavens and punishment for the wicked under the earth; the soul was valued more highly than the material body, and the material world was understood to be imperfect and not fully real (illustrated in <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">allegory of the cave</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Greece">Hellenistic Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>'s conquests spread classical concepts about the divine, the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, and much else across the eastern Mediterranean area. <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a> alike adopted the name "<a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">hades</a>" when writing about "<a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">sheol</a>" in Greek. <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> was the cultural <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which developed in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdoms</a>. By the advent of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the four original <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">patriarchates</a> beyond Rome used Greek as their church language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_and_Modern_Greece">Byzantine and Modern Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Byzantine and Modern Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panagia_Tinos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panagia_Tinos.jpg/220px-Panagia_Tinos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panagia_Tinos.jpg/330px-Panagia_Tinos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Panagia_Tinos.jpg/440px-Panagia_Tinos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Tinos" title="Our Lady of Tinos">Our Lady of Tinos</a></i>, the major Marian shrine in Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, largely because of the importance of Byzantium in Greek history, as well as its role in the revolution, is a major institution in modern Greece. Its roles in society and larger role in overarching Greek culture are very important; a number of Greeks attend Church at least once a month or more and the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> holiday holds special significance. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg/180px-Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg/270px-Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg/360px-Broken_vases_on_Holy_Saturday_in_Corfu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Shards of pottery vases on the street, after being thrown from the windows of nearby houses. A <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> tradition in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> also retains limited political influence through the fact the Greek constitution does not have an explicit separation of Church and State; a debate suggested by more conservative elements of the church in the early 2000s about identification cards and whether religious affiliation might be added to them highlights the friction between state and church on some issues; the proposal unsurprisingly was not accepted. A widely publicised set of corruption scandals in 2004 implicating a small group of senior churchmen also increased national debate on introducing a greater transparency to the church-state relationship. </p><p>Greek Orthodox Churches dot both the villages and towns of Greece and come in a variety of architectural forms, from older Byzantine churches, to more modern white brick churches, to newer cathedral-like structures with evident Byzantine influence. Greece (as well as Cyprus), also polled as, ostensibly, one of the most religious countries in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>; however, while the church has wide respect as a moral and cultural institution, a contrast in religious belief with Protestant northern Europe is more obvious than one with Catholic Mediterranean Europe. </p><p>Greece also has a significant minority of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> (numbering around 100–150,000), with their places of worship guaranteed since the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. The Greek state has fully approved the construction a main mosque for the more recent Muslim community of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> provisions of the Greek constitution. </p><p>Other religious communities living in Greece include <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Greece">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehovah's Witnesses in Greece (page does not exist)">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Armenians</a>, followers of the ancient Greek religion (see <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a>), <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Jews</a> and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athens_archery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Athens_archery.jpg/170px-Athens_archery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Athens_archery.jpg/255px-Athens_archery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Athens_archery.jpg/340px-Athens_archery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Archery matches in <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a> during the 2004 Olympics.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> has risen to prominence in a number of <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sporting areas</a> in recent decades. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> in particular has seen a rapid transformation, with the <a href="/wiki/Greece_national_football_team" title="Greece national football team">Greece national football team</a> winning the <a href="/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 UEFA European Football Championship">2004 UEFA European Football Championship</a>. Many Greek athletes have also achieved significant success and have won world and olympic titles in numerous sports during the years, such as <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, with many of them becoming international stars inside their sports. The successful organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Athens_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens 2004">Athens 2004 Olympic and Paralympic Games</a> led also to the further development of many sports and has led to the creation of many World class sport venues all over Greece and especially in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. Greek athletes have won a total 146 medals for Greece in 15 different <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Olympic sports</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Intercalated_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalated Games">Intercalated Games</a>, an achievement which makes Greece one of the top nations globally, in the world's rankings of medals per capita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Independence_1821.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greek_Independence_1821.svg/200px-Greek_Independence_1821.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greek_Independence_1821.svg/300px-Greek_Independence_1821.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Greek_Independence_1821.svg/400px-Greek_Independence_1821.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Traditional flag used from 1769 to the War of Independence</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of Greece">national colours of Greece</a> are blue and white. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">coat of arms of Greece</a> consists of a white cross on a blue <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> which is surrounded by two <a href="/wiki/Bay_Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Laurel">laurel</a> branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEἙφημερίς_τῆς_Κυβερνήσεως1975Article_2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEἙφημερίς_τῆς_Κυβερνήσεως1975Article_2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag of Greece</a> is also blue and white, as defined by Law 851/1978 <i>Regarding the National Flag</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_851/1978Article_1,_Clause_1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_851/1978Article_1,_Clause_1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It specifies the colour of "cyan" (Greek: κυανό, <i>kyano</i>), meaning "blue", so the shade of blue is ambiguous. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a> and military decoration <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Valour_(Greece)" title="Cross of Valour (Greece)">Cross of Valour</a> both have ribbons in the national colours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPresidency_of_the_Hellenic_Republic:_The_Order_of_the_Redeemer_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPresidency_of_the_Hellenic_Republic:_The_Order_of_the_Redeemer-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since it was first established, the national emblem has undergone many changes in shape and in design. The original Greek national emblem depicted the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a>. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a>, the symbol of rebirth, was added. </p><p>Other recognizable symbols include the (throughout the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>) <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Vergina Sun</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_modern_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in modern Greece">Art in modern Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cinema of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_films" title="List of Greek films">List of Greek films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">List of universities in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Modern Greek folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism#Ancient_Greece" title="Syncretism">Syncretism in Ancient Greece</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myres, John. <i>Herodotus, Father of History</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953. Web. 25 Jun. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Krentz, Ph.D., W. R. Grey Professor of History, Davidson College.<br /> "Greece, Ancient." <i>World Book Advanced.</i> World Book, 2012. Web. 8 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHodge2019" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Susie (2019). <i>The Short Story of Architecture</i>. Laurence King Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3"><bdi>978-1-7862-7370-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Story+of+Architecture&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7862-7370-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._Hurmuziadis1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">George D. Hurmuziadis (1979). <i>Cultura Greciei</i> (in Romanian). 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Laurence King Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7862-7370-3"><bdi>978-1-7862-7370-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Short+Story+of+Architecture&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7862-7370-3&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._Hurmuziadis1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">George D. Hurmuziadis (1979). <i>Cultura Greciei</i> (in Romanian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.24grammata.com&rft.atitle=24+%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1+%2F+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9+%28%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF+%E2%80%93+%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%E2%80%93+%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF-+%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%29+%C2%BB+%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%98%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF+%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24grammata.com%2F%3Fp%3D32749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spices and Seasonings:A Food Technology Handbook – Donna R. Tainter, Anthony T. Grenis, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1972" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1972). <i>The Emergence of Civilization; The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium B.C</i>. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Civilization%3B+The+Cyclades+and+the+Aegean+in+the+Third+Millennium+B.C.&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.focusmm.com/greece/gr_coumn.htm">http://www.focusmm.com/greece/gr_coumn.htm</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726092021/http://www.focusmm.com/greece/gr_coumn.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Historical reference about Ancient Greek cuisine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivitello,_Linda2007" class="citation book cs1">Civitello, Linda (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cuisineculturehi00civi"><i>Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People</i></a></span>. New York: Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cuisineculturehi00civi/page/n89">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74172-5"><bdi>978-0-471-74172-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuisine+and+Culture%3A+A+History+of+Food+and+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-74172-5&rft.au=Civitello%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcuisineculturehi00civi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/16/oldgrapes_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070316120000">Ancient Mashed Grapes Found in Greece</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103133450/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/03/16/oldgrapes_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070316120000">Archived</a> 2008-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Discovery News.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeenews.com-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zeenews.com_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=361797&sid=FTP">Mashed grapes find re-write history of wine</a> Zeenews</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Robinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Dave Robinson, Judy Groves (2007). <i>PHILOSOPHY A Graphic Guide</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.law.uoa.gr/crime-research/simaia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CE%97%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%99%CE%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.law.uoa.gr%2Fcrime-research%2Fsimaia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFἙφημερίς_τῆς_Κυβερνήσεως1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGIc9CeQB02P3dtvSoClrL8Rd1QVOU_cgt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQY22WwgfrVZhu0bps9UDvyjHfGL6LwL_yE7FMYRK_k6o.">"Νόμος ΥΜ' ΑΡΙΘ 48"</a> [Law YM' Number 48]. <i>Ἑφημερίς τῆς Κυβερνήσεως τῆς Ἑλληνικὴς Δημοκρατίας</i> (in Greek). <b>108</b> (A). Εθνικό Τυπογραφείο. 7 June 1975<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E1%BC%99%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82+%CF%84%E1%BF%86%CF%82+%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%84%E1%BF%86%CF%82+%E1%BC%99%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%E1%BD%B4%CF%82+%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.atitle=%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A5%CE%9C%27+%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%99%CE%98+48&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=A&rft.date=1975-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.et.gr%2Fidocs-nph%2Fsearch%2FpdfViewerForm.html%3Fargs%3D5C7QrtC22wGIc9CeQB02P3dtvSoClrL8Rd1QVOU_cgt5MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx9hLslJUqeiQY22WwgfrVZhu0bps9UDvyjHfGL6LwL_yE7FMYRK_k6o.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresidency_of_the_Hellenic_Republic:_The_Order_of_the_Redeemer" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215224934/http://www.presidency.gr/en/tagmaSwthr.htm">"The Order of the Redeemer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Presidency of the Hellenic Republic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.gr/en/tagmaSwthr.htm">the original</a> on 2011-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Redeemer&rft.pub=Presidency+of+the+Hellenic+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.gr%2Fen%2FtagmaSwthr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Thornton_(classicist)" title="Bruce Thornton (classicist)">Bruce Thornton</a>, <i>Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization</i>, Encounter Books, 2002</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hart, Laurie Kain (1999). "Culture, Civilization, and Demarcation at the Northwest Borders of Greece". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 196–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.196">10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Civilization%2C+and+Demarcation+at+the+Northwest+Borders+of+Greece&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=196-220&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.196&rft.issn=0094-0496&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Laurie+Kain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Goldhill" title="Simon Goldhill">Simon Goldhill</a>, <i>Who Needs Greek?: Contests in the Cultural History of Hellenism</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a>, John Heath, <i>Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom</i>, Encounter Books, 2001</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Greece">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pre-1100 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_chronology" title="Helladic chronology">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Antiquity</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1100 BC-330 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Greek_migrations" title="Iron Age Greek migrations">Iron Age migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">Wars of the Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Greek_wars" title="Roman–Greek wars">Roman–Greek wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople#Foundation_of_Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Foundation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greece" title="Medieval Greece">Middle Ages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(330–1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern<br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Greece" title="History of modern Greece">Modern era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(post-1453)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" title="Stato da Màr">Stato da Màr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Candia" title="Kingdom of Candia">Kingdom of Candia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece_(1923%E2%80%931940)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greece (1923–1940)">History of Greece (1923–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Military junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Ancient regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Greece" title="Demographic history of Greece">Demographic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_modern_Greece" title="Demographic history of modern Greece">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_name_changes_in_Greece" title="Geographical name changes in Greece">Geographical name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Greek_countries_and_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic Greek countries and regions">Greek countries and regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Renaissance scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Greek inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" title="Military history of Greece">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Greece" title="Monarchy of Greece">Monarchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Greece" title="List of kings of Greece">Kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">royal family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Greece" title="Category:Borders of Greece">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Greece">Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">co-capital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Greece">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Geographic regions of Greece">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evrytania" title="Evrytania">Evrytania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chania_(regional_unit)" title="Chania (regional unit)">Chania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion_(regional_unit)" title="Heraklion (regional unit)">Heraklion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethymno_(regional_unit)" title="Rethymno (regional unit)">Rethymno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andros" title="Andros">Andros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kea_(island)" title="Kea (island)">Kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythnos" title="Kythnos">Kythnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykonos" title="Mykonos">Mykonos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinos" title="Tinos">Tinos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agathonisi" title="Agathonisi">Agathonisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astypalaia" title="Astypalaia">Astypalaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalki" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalki">Chalki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpathos" title="Karpathos">Karpathos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasos" title="Kasos">Kasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipsoi" title="Leipsoi">Leipsoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symi" title="Symi">Symi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kefalonia">Kefalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama_(regional_unit)" title="Drama (regional unit)">Drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grevena_(regional_unit)" title="Grevena (regional unit)">Grevena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastoria_(regional_unit)" title="Kastoria (regional unit)">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavala_(regional_unit)" title="Kavala (regional unit)">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis_(regional_unit)" title="Kilkis (regional unit)">Kilkis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozani_(regional_unit)" title="Kozani (regional unit)">Kozani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)" title="Pella (regional unit)">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)" title="Serres (regional unit)">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)" title="Thessaloniki (regional unit)">Thessaloniki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(regional_unit)" title="Arcadia (regional unit)">Arcadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinthia" title="Corinthia">Corinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elis_(regional_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elis (regional unit)">Elis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karditsa_(regional_unit)" title="Karditsa (regional unit)">Karditsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larissa_(regional_unit)" title="Larissa (regional unit)">Larissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikala_(regional_unit)" title="Trikala (regional unit)">Trikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sporades" title="Sporades">Sporades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evros_(regional_unit)" title="Evros (regional unit)">Evros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(regional_unit)" title="Rhodope (regional unit)">Rhodope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthi_(regional_unit)" title="Xanthi (regional unit)">Xanthi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_Greece" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of Greece">Canyons and gorges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Greece" title="List of caves in Greece">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Greece" title="Geology of Greece">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Greece" title="List of islands of Greece">Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Greece" title="List of mountains in Greece">Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Greece" title="Category:Peninsulas of Greece">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plains_of_Greece" title="Category:Plains of Greece">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Greece" title="List of volcanoes in Greece">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coasts_of_Greece" title="Category:Coasts of Greece">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Greece" title="List of lakes of Greece">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Greece" title="List of rivers of Greece">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Environment" title="Geography of Greece">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Greece" title="Climate of Greece">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Greece" title="Category:Natural disasters in Greece">Natural disasters</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Greece" title="List of earthquakes in Greece">earthquakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Greece" title="List of ecoregions in Greece">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Greece" title="Environmental issues in Greece">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Greece" title="Category:Forests of Greece">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Greece" title="List of mammals of Greece">Mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Greece" title="List of birds of Greece">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Greece" title="National parks of Greece">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Greece" title="Category:Protected areas of Greece">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Greece" title="Constitution of Greece">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional amendments (<a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_1986" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2001" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2001">2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_constitutional_amendment_of_2008" title="Greek constitutional amendment of 2008">2008</a>, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" title="Constitutional history of Greece">Constitutions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1822" title="Greek Constitution of 1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1827" title="Greek Constitution of 1827">1827</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1844" title="Greek Constitution of 1844">1844</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1864" title="Greek Constitution of 1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1911" title="Greek Constitution of 1911">1911</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Special_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Special Court">Supreme Special Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Greece" title="Cabinet of Greece">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Mansion,_Athens" title="Presidential Mansion, Athens">Presidential Mansion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maximos_Mansion" title="Maximos Mansion">Maximos Mansion</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_(Greece)" title="Conference of Presidents (Greece)">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament">Speaker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Committees_(Greece)" title="Parliamentary Committees (Greece)">Parliamentary Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Hellenic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Hellenic Parliament">Presidium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">Parataxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_of_Greece" title="List of parliamentary constituencies of Greece">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Greece" title="List of political parties in Greece">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Greece">Judicial system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Greece)" title="Council of State (Greece)">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_(Greece)" title="Court of Audit (Greece)">Court of Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Civil_and_Criminal_Court_of_Greece" title="Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Police" title="Hellenic Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Greece" title="Capital punishment in Greece">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greece" title="Crime in Greece">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_mafia" title="Greek mafia">Greek mafia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment_in_Greece" title="Life imprisonment in Greece">Life imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Greece" title="Terrorism in Greece">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Coast_Guard" title="Hellenic Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_European_Union" title="Category:Greece and the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language_naming_dispute" title="Macedonian language naming dispute">Language naming dispute</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_NATO" title="Category:Greece and NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greece_and_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Greece and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Greece">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_alliances_involving_Greece" title="Category:Military alliances involving Greece">Alliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_military_ranks" title="Greek military ranks">Military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidential_Guard_(Greece)" title="Presidential Guard (Greece)">Presidential Guard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Greece)" title="National Guard (Greece)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Athens)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Athens)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Greece" title="Cannabis in Greece">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece" title="List of universities in Greece">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Greece">Healthcare</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Greece" title="List of hospitals in Greece">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Greece" title="Obesity in Greece">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Greece" title="Smoking in Greece">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Greece" title="Human rights in Greece">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Greece" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Greece">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Greece">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Greece" title="Prostitution in Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_scandals_in_Greece" title="Category:Political scandals in Greece">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Europe#Greece" title="Racism in Europe">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchism_in_Greece" title="Category:Monarchism in Greece">Monarchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism_in_Greece" title="Category:Fascism in Greece">Fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Liberalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Republicanism_in_Greece" title="Category:Republicanism in Greece">Republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenocentrism" title="Hellenocentrism">Hellenocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Social Movements">New Social Movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Environmentalism_in_Greece" title="Category:Environmentalism in Greece">Environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Greece" title="Category:Pacifism in Greece">Pacifism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Socialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Laocracy" title="Laocracy">Laocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Trotskyism_in_Greece" title="Category:Trotskyism in Greece">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">Municipalities and communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">Administrative regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">Regional units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_administrations_of_Greece" title="Decentralized administrations of Greece">Decentralized administrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Greece" title="Agriculture in Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Greece" title="List of airports in Greece">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Stock Exchange">Athens Stock Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_listed_on_the_Athens_Stock_Exchange" title="List of companies listed on the Athens Stock Exchange">companies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Greece" title="Banking in Greece">Banking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_brands" title="Category:Greek brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greece" title="List of companies of Greece">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_power_companies_in_Greece" title="List of electric power companies in Greece">electric power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Debt crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_withdrawal_from_the_eurozone" title="Greek withdrawal from the eurozone">Grexit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_drachma" title="Modern drachma">Drachma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">renewable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Greece">nuclear</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_euro_coins" title="Greek euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Greece and the International Monetary Fund">Greece and the International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiki_agora" title="Laiki agora">Laiki agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Greece" title="List of ports in Greece">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_pensions_in_Greece" title="Public pensions in Greece">Public pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Greece" title="Rail transport in Greece">Railways</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Greece" title="History of rail transport in Greece">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Greece" title="International rankings of Greece">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Greece">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">Shipping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Merchant_Marine" title="Greek Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of Greek subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_International_Fair" title="Thessaloniki International Fair">Thessaloniki International Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Greece" title="Transport in Greece">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio%E2%80%93Antirrio_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio–Antirrio bridge">Rio–Antirrio bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens_Metro" title="Athens Metro">Athens Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki_Metro" title="Thessaloniki Metro">Thessaloniki Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Greece" title="Water supply and sanitation in Greece">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greece" title="Demographics of Greece">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Greece" title="Name of Greece">names of Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">the Greeks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Greece" title="Immigration to Greece">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Greece" title="Minorities in Greece">Minorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece" title="Muslim minority of Greece">Muslim minority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Greece">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Roma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastenaria" title="Anastenaria">Anastenaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Monday" title="Clean Monday">Clean Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Concept of kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_cap" title="Mariner's cap">Mariner's cap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perizoma_(loincloth)" title="Perizoma (loincloth)">Perizoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Vraka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Party" title="Eastern Party">Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_festival" title="Greek festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_folklore" title="Modern Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Greek East and Latin West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greektown" title="Greektown">Greektown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Hospitality</a></li> <li>Carols (<a href="/wiki/Kalanta_Christougenon" title="Kalanta Christougenon">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_New_Year" title="Kalanta of the New Year">New Year's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanta_of_the_Theophany" title="Kalanta of the Theophany">Theophany's</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas" title="Mangas">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountza" title="Mountza">Mountza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Hellenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_smashing" title="Plate smashing">Plate smashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Greece" title="Public holidays in Greece">Public holidays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celebration_of_the_Greek_Revolution" title="Celebration of the Greek Revolution">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohi_Day" title="Ohi Day">Ohi Day</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotic_songs" title="Souliotic songs">Souliotic songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiknopempti" title="Tsiknopempti">Tsiknopempti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry_beads" title="Worry beads">Worry beads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_architecture" title="Modern Greek architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greece" title="List of castles in Greece">Castles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heptanese_school_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanese school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_art" title="Modern Greek art">Modern art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">19th century</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Ancient</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Religious art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Breads (<a href="/wiki/Daktyla" title="Daktyla">Daktyla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kritsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritsini">Kritsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagana_(bread)" title="Lagana (bread)">Lagana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paximadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paximadi">Paximadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsoureki" title="Tsoureki">Tsoureki</a>)</li> <li>Desserts (<a href="/wiki/Diples" title="Diples">Diples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulourakia" title="Koulourakia">Koulourakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kourabiedes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kourabiedes">Kourabiedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Loukoumades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melomakarona" class="mw-redirect" title="Melomakarona">Melomakarona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteli">Pasteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_sweets" title="Spoon sweets">Spoon sweets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilopita" title="Vasilopita">Vasilopita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_dishes" title="List of Greek dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li>Drinks (<a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakomelo" title="Rakomelo">Rakomelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sideritis" title="Sideritis">Sideritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Protected_Designations_of_Origin_cheeses" title="List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses">Cheeses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthotyros" title="Anthotyros">Anthotyros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta" title="Feta">Feta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graviera" title="Graviera">Graviera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasseri" title="Kasseri">Kasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kefalotyri" title="Kefalotyri">Kefalotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis" title="Ladotyri Mytilinis">Ladotyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manouri" title="Manouri">Manouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovone" title="Metsovone">Metsovone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizithra" title="Mizithra">Mizithra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filo" title="Filo">Filo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amygdalopita" title="Amygdalopita">Amygdalopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougatsa" title="Bougatsa">Bougatsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktoboureko" title="Galaktoboureko">Galaktoboureko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karydopita" title="Karydopita">Karydopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanakopita" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanakopita">Spanakopita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiropita" title="Tiropita">Tiropita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_salad" title="Greek salad">Greek salad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dakos" title="Dakos">Dakos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li>Pasta (<a href="/wiki/Gogges" title="Gogges">Gogges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flomaria" title="Flomaria">Flomaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilopites" title="Hilopites">Hilopites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_restaurant" title="Greek restaurant">Restaurants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kafenio" title="Kafenio">Kafenio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taverna" title="Taverna">Taverna</a>)</li> <li>Sauces (<a href="/wiki/Skordalia" title="Skordalia">Skordalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirokafteri" title="Tirokafteri">Tirokafteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souvlaki" title="Souvlaki">Souvlaki</a></li> <li>Varieties (<a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Ionian islands">Heptanesean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian cuisine (Greek)">Macedonian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Wine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agiorgitiko" title="Agiorgitiko">Agiorgitiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidini" title="Aidini">Aidini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrtiko" title="Assyrtiko">Assyrtiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athiri" title="Athiri">Athiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotsifali" title="Kotsifali">Kotsifali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian wine">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnio" title="Limnio">Limnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavrodafni" title="Mavrodafni">Mavrodafni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandilaria" title="Mandilaria">Mandilaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagousia" title="Malagousia">Malagousia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvasia" title="Malvasia">Malvasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschofilero" title="Moschofilero">Moschofilero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">Retsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robola" title="Robola">Robola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savatiano" title="Savatiano">Savatiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilana" title="Vilana">Vilana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinomavro" title="Xinomavro">Xinomavro</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece#Minority_languages" title="Languages of Greece">Minority languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Words for love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Greece" title="Internet in Greece">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Greece" title="List of newspapers in Greece">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece" title="Television in Greece">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Greece">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dances</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ai_Georgis" title="Ai Georgis">Ai Georgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angaliastos" title="Angaliastos">Angaliastos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballos" title="Ballos">Ballos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisounis" title="Fisounis">Fisounis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Geranos">Geranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeli" title="Kangeli">Kangeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kastorianos" title="Kastorianos">Kastorianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerkiraikos" title="Kerkiraikos">Kerkiraikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koftos" title="Koftos">Koftos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leventikos" title="Leventikos">Leventikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniatikos" title="Maniatikos">Maniatikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metsovitikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsovitikos">Metsovitikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ntames" title="Ntames">Ntames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palamakia" title="Palamakia">Palamakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partalos" title="Partalos">Partalos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentozali" title="Pentozali">Pentozali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proskinitos" title="Proskinitos">Proskinitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhichios" title="Pyrrhichios">Pyrrhichios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rougatsiarikos" title="Rougatsiarikos">Rougatsiarikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trata_(dance)" title="Trata (dance)">Trata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakonikos" title="Tsakonikos">Tsakonikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsamikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsamikos">Tsamikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zervos" title="Zervos">Zervos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ntekhno" title="Éntekhno">Éntekhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Folk music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Music_of_Crete" title="Music of Crete">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Epirus">Epirote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Heptanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Heptanese">Heptanesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Music of Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Peloponnese" title="Music of the Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks#Music" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thessaly" title="Music of Thessaly">Thessalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thrace" title="Music of Thrace">Thracian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Hip Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (music)">Ionian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skyladiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyladiko">Skyladiko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_musical_instruments" title="Greek musical instruments">Musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Askomandoura" title="Askomandoura">Askomandoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">Aulos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouzouki" title="Bouzouki">Bouzouki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_lyra" title="Byzantine lyra">Byzantine lyra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_lyra" title="Macedonian lyra">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politiki_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiki lyra">Politiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontian_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian lyra">Pontic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crotala" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotala">Crotala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floghera" title="Floghera">Floghera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaida">Gaida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laouto" title="Laouto">Laouto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">Pan flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phorminx" title="Phorminx">Phorminx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpinx" title="Salpinx">Salpinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Santouri">Santouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souravli" title="Souravli">Souravli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambouras" title="Tambouras">Tambouras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trigono" title="Trigono">Trigono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsampouna" title="Tsampouna">Tsampouna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(hand_drum)" title="Tympanum (hand drum)">Tympano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilia" title="Zilia">Zilia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek rock">Rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Punk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a> and lore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Origins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Modern Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerico" title="Aerico">Aerico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Greece" title="Category:Buddhism in Greece">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greece" title="Catholic Church in Greece">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosoulites" title="Drosoulites">Drosoulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> (Timeline: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(33%E2%80%93717)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (33–717)">Antiquity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(717%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (717–1204)">Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1204%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1204–1453)">Late Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Early Modern Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1821%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1821–1924)">19th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1924%E2%80%931974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1924–1974)">Early 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1974%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1974–2008)">Late 20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(from_2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (from 2008)">Contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_fairy_tales" title="Category:Greek fairy tales">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gello" title="Gello">Gello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church">Flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Greece" title="Hinduism in Greece">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertimos" title="Hypertimos">Hypertimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_in_Greece" title="Category:Judaism in Greece">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormo" title="Mormo">Mormo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primordial deities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon" title="Bellerophon">Bellerephon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Greece" title="Protestantism in Greece">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychai" title="Psychai">Psychai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">Thymiaterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_days_in_Greece" title="Name days in Greece">Name days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrykolakas" title="Vrykolakas">Vrykolakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_shrine" title="Wayside shrine">Wayside shrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Greece" title="Baseball in Greece">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Greece" title="Basketball in Greece">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Greece" title="Cricket in Greece">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Greece" title="Football in Greece">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockey_in_Greece" title="Hockey in Greece">Hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Greece" title="Ice hockey in Greece">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics" title="Greece at the Olympics">Modern Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Greece" title="Rugby league in Greece">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Greece" title="National colours of Greece">national colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_flags" title="List of Greek flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_i_thanatos" title="Eleftheria i thanatos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Greece" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Greece">Orders and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Greece">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Greece" title="Category:Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&oldid=1255289252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Greece&oldid=1255289252</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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