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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Public+hospital" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Public+hospital" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repercussions_of_accumulated_uncompensated_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repercussions_of_accumulated_uncompensated_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Repercussions of accumulated uncompensated care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repercussions_of_accumulated_uncompensated_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Zambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_public" title="Hôpital public – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hôpital public" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%A6%BD_%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90" title="공립 병원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공립 병원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_sakit_negeri" title="Rumah sakit negeri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumah sakit negeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_awam" title="Hospital awam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hospital awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%8B%E7%97%85%E9%99%A2" title="公立病院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公立病院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2" title="公立医院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公立医院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hospital owned and fully funded by government</div> <p> A <b>public hospital</b>, or <b>government hospital</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> which is <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> owned and is predominantly funded by the government and operates predominantly off the money that is collected from taxpayers to fund healthcare initiatives. In almost all the developed countries but the United States of America, and in most of the developing countries, this type of hospital provides medical care almost free of charge to patients, covering expenses and wages by government reimbursement. </p><p>The level of government owning the hospital may be local, municipal, state, regional, or national, and eligibility for service, not just for emergencies, may be available to non-citizen residents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brazil" title="Healthcare in Brazil">Healthcare in Brazil</a></div> <p>The Brazilian health system is a mix composed of public hospitals, non-profit philanthropic hospitals, and <a href="/wiki/Private_hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Private hospitals">private hospitals</a>. The majority of the low- and medium-income population uses services provided by public hospitals run by either the state or the municipality. Since the inception of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">1988 Federal Constitution</a>, health care is a universal right for everyone living in Brazil: citizens, permanent residents, and foreigners. To provide this service, the Brazilian government created a national public health insurance system called SUS (<a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">Sistema Unico de Saúde</a>, Unified Health System) in which all publicly funded hospitals (public and philanthropic entities) receive payments based on the number of patients and procedures performed. The construction and operation of hospitals and health clinics are also a responsibility of the government. </p><p>The system provides universal coverage to all patients, including <a href="/wiki/Emergency_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency care">emergency care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">preventive medicine</a>, diagnostic procedures, surgeries (except cosmetic procedures) and medicine necessary to treat their condition. However, given budget constraints, these services are often unavailable in the majority of the country with the exception of major metropolitan regions, and even in those cities access to complex procedures may be delayed because of long lines. Despite this scenario, some patients were able to successfully sue the government for full SUS coverage for procedures performed in non-public facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, new legislation has been enacted forbidding private hospitals to refuse treatment to patients with insufficient funds in case of life-threatening emergencies. The law also determines that the healthcare costs in this situation are to be paid by the SUS. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 8.3% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, i.e. $1,318 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Canada">Health in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare in Canada</a></div> <p>In Canada all hospitals are funded through <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">Medicare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">publicly funded</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health insurance system</a> and operated by the provincial governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Medicare_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medicare-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospitals in Canada treat all Canadian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, or social status. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 10.4% of GDP, i.e. $4,641 <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_health_expenditure_per_capita" title="List of countries by total health expenditure per capita">per capita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hospital funding in Canada follows provincial health plans and hospitals are required by law to operate within their budgets. Provincial health plans aim to cover wide area of medical services and procedures, from hospital records to nutritional care. On average physician services receive approximately 15% of provincial health funding, while hospitals get around 35%. </p><p>Even though hospitals are mostly funded by taxpayers, some hospitals, as well as medical research facilities, receive charitable donations. Besides this, there is increasing trend of privatisation of some hospital services if those services go beyond provincial health budgets. That is usually done in a form of "outsourcing". Hospitals are inclined to outsource any service that is not related to the basic patient care. That includes hospital security, maintenance of information systems, catering service, record keeping. Those services are increasingly provided by private sector. Companies like Data General, Johnson Controls, Versa are main providers of outsourced hospital services in Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_hospitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of public hospitals in the United States">List of public hospitals in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenTaubHospitalHoustonTX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BenTaubHospitalHoustonTX.JPG/220px-BenTaubHospitalHoustonTX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BenTaubHospitalHoustonTX.JPG/330px-BenTaubHospitalHoustonTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BenTaubHospitalHoustonTX.JPG/440px-BenTaubHospitalHoustonTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ben_Taub_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Taub General Hospital">Ben Taub General Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, two thirds of all urban hospitals are non-profit. The remaining third is split between for-profit and public, public hospitals not necessarily being <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_hospital" title="Non-profit hospital">not-for-profit hospital corporations</a>. The urban public hospitals are often associated with medical schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest public hospital system in the U.S. is <a href="/wiki/NYC_Health_%2B_Hospitals" title="NYC Health + Hospitals">NYC Health + Hospitals</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 17.1% of GDP, i.e. $9,403 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The safety-net role of public hospitals has evolved since the 1700s when the first U.S. public hospital sheltered and provided medical healthcare to the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the late 20th century, public hospitals represented the "poor house" that undertook social welfare roles. The "poor house" also provided secondary medical care, specifically during epidemics. For this reason, these "poor houses" were later known as "pest" houses. Following this phase was the "practitioner period" during which, the then welfare oriented urban public hospitals changed their focus to medical care and formalized nursing care. This new phase was highlighted by the private physicians providing care to patients outside their private practices into inpatient hospital settings. To put into practice the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a> published in 1910, public hospitals later benefited from the best medical care technology to hire full-time staff members,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instruct medical and nursing students during the "academic period".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The privatization of public hospitals was often contemplated during this period and stalled once an infectious disease outbreak such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> in 1918, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in the early 1900s, and the <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">polio</a> epidemic in the 1950s hit the U.S.. At this time, with the goal to improve people's health and welfare by allowing for effective health planning and the creation of neighborhood health centers, health policies like the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> were enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and Medicaid Act in 1965 that gave poor people in the U.S., access to inpatient and outpatient medical care<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from public hospitals after racial segregation ended in the South. With their mandate to care for low income patients, the public hospital started engaging in leadership roles in the communities they care for since the 1980s. </p><p>There was a 14% decrease in public hospitals in the United States from 2008 to 2018, compared to 4% of the total number of hospitals. In 2021 there were 965 public hospitals in the United States, compared to 5,198 hospitals total.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repercussions_of_accumulated_uncompensated_care">Repercussions of accumulated uncompensated care</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Repercussions of accumulated uncompensated care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_coverage_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance coverage in the United States">Health insurance coverage in the United States</a></div> <p>In the U.S., public hospitals receive significant funding from local, state, and/or federal governments. Currently, many urban public hospitals in the U.S. playing the role of <a href="/wiki/Safety_net_hospital" title="Safety net hospital">safety-net hospitals</a>, which do not turn away the under insured and uninsured, may charge <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, and private insurers for the care of patients. Public hospitals, especially in urban areas, have a high concentration of uncompensated care and graduate medical education as compared to all other American hospitals. 23% of emergency care, 63% of burn care and 40% of trauma care are handled by public hospitals in the cities of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many public hospitals also develop programs for illness prevention with the goal of reducing the cost of care for low-income patients and the hospital, involving Community Health Needs Assessment and identifying and addressing the social, economic, environmental, and individual behavioral determinants of health.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For-profit hospitals were more likely to provide profitable medical services and less likely to provide medical services that were relatively unprofitable. Government or public hospitals were more likely to offer relatively unprofitable medical services. Not-for-profit hospitals often fell in the middle between public and for-profit hospitals in the types of medical services they provided. For-profit hospitals were quicker to respond to changes in profitability of medical services than the other two types of hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public hospitals in America are closing at a much faster rate than hospitals overall. The number of public hospitals in major suburbs declined 27% (134 to 98) from 1996 to 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much research has proven the increase in uninsured and Medicaid enrollment entwined to unmet needs for disproportionate share subsidies to be associated with the challenges faced by public hospitals to maintain their financial viability as they compete with the private sector for paying patients. Since the creation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, 15 million of the 48 million previously uninsured receive Medicaid. It is projected that this number will grow to about 33 million by 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provision of good quality ambulatory specialty care for these uninsured and Medicaid enrolled patients has particularly been a challenge for many urban public hospitals. This accounts for many factors ranging from a shortage of specialists who are more likely to practice in the more profitable sectors than in the safety-net, to the lack of clinical space. To overcome this challenge, some public hospitals have adopted disease prevention methods, the increase of specialty providers and clinics, deployment of nurse practitioners and physician assistants in specialty clinics, asynchronous electronic consultations, <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">telehealth</a>, the integration of <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary Care Providers</a> (PCP) in the specialty clinics, and referral by PCP's to specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, public healthcare was mandatory and private hospitals became public, state run hospitals. Each person was taken care of by the community, both for his or her job and for his or her health. Medicine focused mainly on primary care and basic prevention. The reception structures corresponded to Western dispensaries or hospitals. Because of the welfare state, both hospitals and dispensaries were public. Patients did not pay for the care they receive. However, in hospitals there were differences in the quality of care between managers, their families, deserving workers and other patients. Epidemic prevention posts was set up in 1954 throughout the country and made it possible to eradicate many epidemics. Large-scale vaccination campaigns and the strengthening of medical care in impoverished rural areas made it possible to prevent many diseases. Life expectancy rose from 35 years in 1949 to 65.86 years in 1978. </p><p>The 1979 reform of the health system reduced public funding for hospitals from 90% to 15%. Hospitals must be 85% self-financing. As a result, patients have to pay for their health care. Thus, many people can no longer afford to go to hospital for treatment. In 2005, 75% of the rural inhabitants and 45% of the urban inhabitants stated that they could not afford to go to hospital for economic reasons. Urbanization and the abandonment of the countryside mean that 80% of medical resources are located in cities. In 2009, health expenditure represented 4.96% of GDP, or 72.1 euros per capita. Public funding represents 24.7% of total health expenditure. In comparison, public funding in the United States is 50% and it is nearly 80% in Japan and European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS crisis in 2003</a>, the Chinese authorities have undertaken health system reforms and health insurance revival. In 2006, the objectives of the health reform were defined as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li>Improving access to health insurance coverage</li> <li>Improving the provision of quality care</li> <li>Developing community-based care by training general practitioners in particular</li> <li>Monitoring the safety and access to basic medicines</li> <li>Modernizing public hospitals</li></ul></div> <p>Since 2009, an investment plan of 850 billion yuans (over 92 billion euros) was devoted to this reform.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to improve public hospitals, several recommendations were published in February 2010: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 31em;"> <ul><li>Generalisation of consultation by appointment</li> <li>Reduction in prepayment on admission to hospital and reimbursement by social security on discharge</li> <li>Improved claims management</li> <li>Improved efficiency of emergency services</li> <li>Implementation of protocols for the management of certain diseases (cancers, etc.).</li> <li>Reduction in length of stay</li> <li>Improved coordination within the hospital</li> <li>Accelerating the computerization of hospitals</li></ul></div> <p>In February 2010, sixteen hospitals in sixteen different cities were designated to test this comprehensive reform. </p><p>In November 2010, the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Council of State Affairs</a> encouraged the development of private institutions to pluralize the offering of care. To this end, it introduced tax and other benefits to encourage compliance with quality standards, laws and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2018 one private hospital network had 8,000 hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "American financial firms like <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_Capital" title="Sequoia Capital">Sequoia Capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> have invested billions of dollars" in this network. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health in China reached 5.5% of GDP, i.e. $731 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, public hospitals (called Government Hospitals) provide health care free at the point of use for any Indian citizen or legal resident. These are usually individual state funded. However, hospitals funded by the central (federal) government also exist. State hospitals are run by the state (local) government and may be dispensaries, peripheral(Public) health centers, rural hospital, district hospitals or medical college hospitals (hospitals with affiliated medical college). In many states (like <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>) the hospital bill is entirely funded by the state government with patient not having to pay anything for treatment. However, other hospitals will charge nominal amounts for admission to special rooms and for medical and surgical consumables. The reliability and approachability of doctors and staff in private hospitals have resulted in preference of people from the public to private health centers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However state owned hospitals in India are known for high patient load. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 4.7% of GDP, i.e. $267 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, public hospitals are operated and funded by each individual state's health department. The federal government also contributes funding. Services in public hospitals for all Australian citizens and permanent residents are fully subsidized by the federal government's <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Healthcare">Universal Healthcare</a> program. Hospitals in Australia treat all Australian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, or social status. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Department">Emergency Departments</a> are almost exclusively found in public hospitals. Private hospitals rarely operate emergency departments, and patients treated at these private facilities are billed for care. Some costs, however (<i>pathology, X-ray</i>) may qualify for billing under Medicare. </p><p>Where patients hold private <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>, after initial treatment by a public hospital's emergency department, the patient has the option of being transferred to a private hospital. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 9.4% of GDP, i.e. $4,357 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Europe" title="Healthcare in Europe">Healthcare in Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salpetriere_Mazarin_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Salpetriere_Mazarin_Entrance.jpg/220px-Salpetriere_Mazarin_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Salpetriere_Mazarin_Entrance.jpg/330px-Salpetriere_Mazarin_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Salpetriere_Mazarin_Entrance.jpg/440px-Salpetriere_Mazarin_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital">Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital</a> is one of Europe's largest hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-BioTeam®_Paris_Region_February_2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioTeam®_Paris_Region_February_2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also France's largest hospital.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_France" title="Health in France">Health in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care in France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_France" title="List of hospitals in France">List of hospitals in France</a></div> <p>In France, there are public and private hospitals. Public hospitals are managed by a board of directors and have their own budget. Since there is social insurance for everyone in France, people almost do not have to pay for medical interventions. So, the purpose of public hospital in France is to heal everyone, participate in public health actions, participate in university teaching and research, ... It must guarantee equal access for all to health care. </p><p>All services provided by public hospitals in France can be grouped in 4 categories: </p> <ul><li>Health care,</li> <li>Prevention,</li> <li>Education and training,</li> <li>Research.</li></ul> <p>Public hospital is mainly financed by employees contributions and health insurance, all of which is public money. </p><p>Some important laws and reforms made public hospitals what it is nowadays in France : </p> <ul><li>1996 reform : Creation of « regional hospitalization agencies » to plan and control;Inclusion of users representatives on the board of directors.</li> <li>2005 reform : Creation of an executive council;Simplification of the internal organization, highlighting « business areas » with a greater autonomy;Replacement of the budget by a statement of estimates of revenues and expenditures Establishment of procedures in case of financial problems.</li> <li>2009 reform : Modification of the governance of public health care institutions by setting up a director with a board of directors and a supervisory board;No more executive council.</li></ul> <p>Administrative organization: </p> <ul><li>The Director is the legal representative of the public health care institution. He has important responsibilities and is mainly responsible for the day-to-day management of the hospital, under the supervision of the supervisory board;</li> <li>The board of directors is chaired by the director. There are between 7 and 9 members. It advises the director and must be consulted on certain decisions;</li> <li>The supervisory board, with only 9 members, supervises the activity of the institution and adopts certain decisions;</li> <li>The « Medical Board » is the body representing the medical and pharmaceutical staff of the institution. It is consulted on the principal projects and plays an evaluation role;</li> <li>The « technical committee » is the body of representing of the non-medical staff;</li> <li>The « Health, safety and working conditions » committee.</li></ul> <p>In 2020, with the coronavirus crisis, we can see a health crisis. Indeed, between 2006 and 2016, 64 000 beds had been removed. There was also a « wage freeze » and budgetary constraints. It has been a problem during the coronavirus crisis because public hospitals have been needed more than ever, with not enough beds to cope with the huge number of sick people. </p><p>University-affiliated hospital (CHU in French) : It is a public hospital that is working with a university. Their purpose is to teach medicine to students, and to practice research. They have been created in 1958 in France. The creation of university hospital centres has led to the emergence of a mixed hospital and university status for employees (doctors, ...). They are attached to a hospital department and a university department, usually within a research laboratory. Among this staff, there are : professors, university lecturers, doctors, clinic managers, ... </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 11.5% of GDP, i.e. $4,508 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German healthcare system consists of public hospitals (55 percent of total hospitals), voluntary charitable hospitals (38 percent of total hospitals) and private hospitals (7 percent of total hospitals). In Germany, public hospitals are run by local or federal state authorities. These include Germany's university hospitals. Hospital costs will be taken care of by insurance companies for all people who are covered by public health insurance. On the other hand, clients which are covered by private insurance have to pay additional fees. Children under 18 years of age do not have to pay any costs. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 11.3% of GDP, i.e. $5,182 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the health system is organised by the National Health Service (SSN, Servizio Sanitario Nazionale) but the management of the health care system is done at the regional level by Regional Health Agencies working with Local Health Authorities (ASL, Azienda Sanitaria Locale). The SSN provides health coverage that allows access to basic medical care (general medicine, paediatrics, dental care, hospitalization, and some medicines). </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 9.2% of GDP, i.e. $3,239 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are private and public hospitals. Hospitals contracted by the SSN allow the patient's care to be paid for. Italian hospitals are classified into 3 categories according to their specialities and their capacity to handle emergencies: </p> <ul><li>Basic hospitals: limited number of specialties, population area between 80,000 and 150,000 inhabitants.</li> <li>Level 1 hospitals: high number of specialties, population area between 150,000 and 300,000 inhabitants.</li> <li>Level 2 hospitals: high speciality university hospitals and scientific research institutes, population area between 600 000 and 1.2 million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norway, all public hospitals are funded from the national budget<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and run by four Regional Health Authorities (RHA) owned by the Ministry of Health and Care Services. In addition to the public hospitals, a few privately owned health clinics are operating. The four Regional Health Authorities are: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway_Regional_Health_Authority" title="Northern Norway Regional Health Authority">Northern Norway Regional Health Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Norway_Regional_Health_Authority" title="Central Norway Regional Health Authority">Central Norway Regional Health Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_Regional_Health_Authority" title="Western Norway Regional Health Authority">Western Norway Regional Health Authority</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Eastern_Norway_Regional_Health_Authority" title="Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority">Southern and Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All citizens are eligible for treatment free of charge in the public hospital system. According to The Patients' Rights Act,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all citizens have the right to Free Hospital Choices.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 9.7% of GDP, i.e. $6,347 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Portugal, three systems work together to provide health care. The National Universal Health Service, health subsystems and health insurance plans. The National Universal Health Service is a universal system funded through taxation. Adhesion to a health insurance is done through the professional network or voluntarily. </p><p>Primary care is provided in public health centres. To receive care in hospital you must have a prescription for a general practitioner except in case of emergency. Hospitals provide secondary and tertiary care as well as emergencies. Portugues hospitals are classified into five groups: </p><p>- Group I: Hospitals providing some internal medicine and surgery services and some specialities like oncology, hematology. This depends on the type of population and the framework set by the Central Administration of the Health System. </p><p>- Group II: Hospitals providing some internal medicine and surgery services and some specialities that are not able in Group I's hospitals. </p><p>- Group III: Hospitals providing all internal medicine and surgery services and all specialities that are not able in Group II's hospitals. </p><p>- Group IV: Hospitals specialized in oncology, internal medicine, rehabilitation, psychiatry and mental health. </p><p>The lack of coordination between hospitals and primary care centres and the fact that many people went directly to the emergency room. without going to a general practitioner before, have led to the creation of local health units that include one or more hospitals as well as primary centres. These units were created according to geographical location, the balance of specialties and the availability of emergency services.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 9.5% of GDP, i.e. $2,690 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish public health system is universal: anyone in need of medical care can apply for it, even those who are not affiliated to the Spanish Social Security and who, in case of need, can go to the emergency room for treatment. People without Social Security and without the European Health Insurance Card must pay for health care. The Spanish national healthcare system covers almost every Spanish. It is financed by taxes, so that Spanish do not have to pay directly for it. </p><p>Hospital treatment can be provided in different types of hospitals: </p><p>- General hospitals from the national health system: they provide care in different specialties (internal medicine, general medicine, paediatrics, radiology, orthopaedics, obstetrics and gynaecology, etc.). </p><p>- Regional hospitals: they provide tertiary treatment or very specialized care which require advanced technologies. They are located in urban zones. </p><p>- National reference centres specialized in specific pathologies. </p><p>- Private hospitals under contract.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 9.0% of GDP, i.e. $2,966 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, public hospitals provide health care free at the point of use for the patient, excluding outpatient prescriptions. Private health care is used by less than 8 percent of the population. The UK system is known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) and has been funded from general taxation since 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 9.1% of GDP, i.e. $3,377 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa has private and public hospitals. Public hospitals are funded by the Department of Health. The majority of the patients use public hospitals in which patients pay a nominal fee, roughly $3–5. The patients point of entry usually is through primary health care (Clinics) usually run by nurses. The next level of care would be district hospitals which have General Practitioners and basic radiographs. The next level of care would be Regional hospitals which have general practitioners, specialists and ICU's, and CT SCANS. The highest level of care is Tertiary which includes super specialists, MRI scans, and nuclear medicine scans. </p><p>Private patients either have healthcare insurance, known as medical aid, or have to pay the full amount privately if uninsured. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), in 2014, total expenditure on health reached 8.8% of GDP, i.e. $1,148 per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zambia">Zambia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Zambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"In the main hospital" in <i>Lusaka, Zambia</i> "a surgeon makes about $24,000 a year;" by comparison, "the median salary of a surgeon in New Jersey is $216,000."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_hospital&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trf-4.jusbrasil.com.br/jurisprudencia/17506771/apelacao-civel-ac-8092-rs-20027108008092-4-trf4">"ADMINISTRATIVO. RESSARCIMENTO DE DESPESAS MÉDICAS PARTICULARES. IMPOSSIBILIDADE DE ATENDIMENTO PELO SUS. LEGITIMIDADE PASSIVA. NÃO COMPROVAÇÃO DA CARÊNCIA DE RECURSOS FINANCEIROS DO PACIENTE. 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class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/countries/prt/en/">"Portugal"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fprt%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/systemes-de-sante/espagne.html">"Le système de santé espagnol"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+syst%C3%A8me+de+sant%C3%A9+espagnol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleiss.fr%2Fdocs%2Fsystemes-de-sante%2Fespagne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/countries/esp/en/">"Spain"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fesp%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201919/cmselect/cmniaf/300/30004.htm">"Parliament: Publications, CMselect, revised 2019"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament%3A+Publications%2C+CMselect%2C+revised+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201919%2Fcmselect%2Fcmniaf%2F300%2F30004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/countries/gbr/en/">"Great Britain"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fgbr%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/countries/zaf/en">"South Africa"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fzaf%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_McAllester2012" class="citation news cs1">Matt McAllester (7 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/11/magazine/america-is-stealing-foreign-doctors.html">"America Is Stealing the World's Doctors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=America+Is+Stealing+the+World%27s+Doctors&rft.date=2012-03-07&rft.au=Matt+McAllester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F11%2Fmagazine%2Famerica-is-stealing-foreign-doctors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_about_hospitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hospital_articles" title="Template talk:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_about_hospitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles about <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_hospitals" title="History of hospitals">History of hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital_network" title="Hospital network">Hospital network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals" title="Category:Hospitals">Category:Hospitals</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common hospital<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_accreditation" title="Hospital accreditation">Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">Bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_care_unit" title="Coronary care unit">Coronary care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_emergency_codes" title="Hospital emergency codes">Emergency codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration#Hospital_administrators" title="Health administration">Hospital administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_information_system" title="Hospital information system">Hospital information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_museum" title="Hospital museum">Hospital museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">Intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnist" title="Nocturnist">Nocturnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call_room" title="On-call room">On-call room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_theater" title="Operating theater">Operating theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orderly" title="Orderly">Orderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients#Outpatients_and_inpatients" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital ward">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaic forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepeion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepeion">Asclepeion</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a> (Islamic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_hospital" title="Cottage hospital">Cottage hospital</a> (England)</li> <li>Hôtel-Dieu (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_community_of_ancient_Rome#Imperial" title="Medical community of ancient Rome">Valetudinaria</a> (Roman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> lying in houses (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenodochium" title="Xenodochium">Xenodochium</a> (Middle Ages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic service area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_hospital" title="Base hospital">Base hospital</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_hospital" title="Community hospital">Community hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="General hospital">General hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_hospital" title="Regional hospital">Regional hospital</a> or <a href="/wiki/District_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="District hospital">District hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_hospital" title="Municipal hospital">Municipal hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complexity of services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_hospital" title="Day hospital">Day hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_hospital" title="Secondary hospital">Secondary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">Tertiary referral hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty hospital">Specialty hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unique physical traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_train" title="Hospital train">Hospital train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile hospital">Mobile hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hospital" title="Underground hospital">Underground hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Hospital" title="Virtual Hospital">Virtual Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited class of patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_hospital" title="Military hospital">Military hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_support_hospital" title="Combat support hospital">Combat support hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prison_hospitals" title="Category:Prison hospitals">Prison hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Veterans_Affairs_medical_facilities" title="List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities">Veterans medical facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_hospitals" title="Category:Women's hospitals">Women's hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_hospital" title="Charitable hospital">Charitable hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_hospital" title="For-profit hospital">For-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_hospital" title="Non-profit hospital">Non-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_hospital" title="State hospital">State hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_hospital" title="Private hospital">Private hospital</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_hospital" title="Voluntary hospital">Voluntary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_hospitals" title="Category:Defunct hospitals">Defunct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Condition treated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cancer_hospitals" title="Category:Cancer hospitals">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">Children's hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eye_hospitals" title="Category:Eye hospitals">Eye hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever_hospital" title="Fever hospital">Fever hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">Leper colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_hospital" title="Lock hospital">Lock hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternity_hospital" title="Maternity hospital">Maternity hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospital" title="Rehabilitation hospital">Rehabilitation hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Veterinary_hospitals" title="Category:Veterinary hospitals">Verterinary hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Century established</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_5th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_6th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_7th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_8th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_9th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_10th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_11th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_12th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_13th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_14th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_15th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_16th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_17th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_18th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_20th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_21st_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Lists of hospitals in: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Africa" title="Lists of hospitals in Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Asia" title="Lists of hospitals in Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Europe" title="Lists of hospitals in Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_North_America" title="Lists of hospitals in North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Oceania" title="Lists of hospitals in Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_South_America" title="Lists of hospitals in South America">South America</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img 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