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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landscape_and_the_sublime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_and_the_sublime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Landscape and the sublime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_and_the_sublime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loneliness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loneliness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Loneliness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loneliness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germanic folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Critical opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caspar David Friedrich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="كاسبر ديفيد فريدريك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاسبر ديفيد فريدريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96" title="কাসপার ডাভিড ফ্রিডরিখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাসপার ডাভিড ফ্রিডরিখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Каспар Давід Фрыдрых – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каспар Давід Фрыдрых" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Каспар Давід Фрыдрых – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каспар Давід Фрыдрых" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Каспар Давид Фридрих – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каспар Давид Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87" title="Κάσπαρ Ντάβιντ Φρίντριχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάσπαρ Ντάβιντ Φρίντριχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="کاسپار داوید فریدریش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاسپار داوید فریدریش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4_%EB%8B%A4%EB%B9%84%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88" title="카스파르 다비트 프리드리히 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카스파르 다비트 프리드리히" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD" title="Կասպար Դավիդ Ֆրիդրիխ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կասպար Դավիդ Ֆրիդրիխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96" title="डेविड फ्रीडरिख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेविड फ्रीडरिख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A" title="קספר דויד פרידריך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קספר דויד פרידריך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="კასპარ დავიდ ფრიდრიხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კასპარ დავიდ ფრიდრიხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspars_D%C4%81vids_Fr%C4%ABdrihs" title="Kaspars Dāvids Frīdrihs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaspars Dāvids Frīdrihs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparas_Davidas_Frydrichas" title="Kasparas Davidas Frydrichas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kasparas Davidas Frydrichas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Каспар Давид Фридрих – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Каспар Давид Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="كاسبر ديفيد فريدريك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاسبر ديفيد فريدريك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92" title="カスパー・ダーヴィト・フリードリヒ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カスパー・ダーヴィト・フリードリヒ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਕੈਸਪਰ ਡੇਵਿਡ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਸਪਰ ਡੇਵਿਡ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Фридрих, Каспар Давид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фридрих, Каспар Давид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspar_David_Fridrih" title="Kaspar David Fridrih – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kaspar David Fridrih" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="காஸ்பர் டேவிட் பிரடெரிக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காஸ்பர் டேவிட் பிரடெரிக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85" title="Каспар Давид Фрідріх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каспар Давид Фрідріх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Caspar David Friedrich" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C" title="卡斯帕·弗里德里希 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡斯帕·弗里德里希" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C" title="卡斯巴·費德里希 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡斯巴·費德里希" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German Romantic landscape painter (1774–1840)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_portrait_of_Friedrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_portrait_of_Friedrich.jpg/220px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_portrait_of_Friedrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_portrait_of_Friedrich.jpg/330px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_portrait_of_Friedrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_portrait_of_Friedrich.jpg/440px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_portrait_of_Friedrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of Caspar David Friedrich</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen" title="Gerhard von Kügelgen">Gerhard von Kügelgen</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1810–1820</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Caspar David Friedrich</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌkaspaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˌdaːvɪt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfʁiːdʁɪç]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6e\/De-Caspar_David_Friedrich.ogg\/De-Caspar_David_Friedrich.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Caspar David Friedrich.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/De-Caspar_David_Friedrich.ogg/De-Caspar_David_Friedrich.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Caspar_David_Friedrich.ogg" title="File:De-Caspar David Friedrich.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape</a> painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation, whose often symbolic, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classical</a> work, conveys a subjective, emotional response to the natural world. Friedrich's paintings often set contemplative human figures <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouetted</a> against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> ruins. Art historian Christopher John Murray described their presence, in diminished perspective, amid expansive landscapes, as reducing the figures to a scale that directs "the viewer's gaze towards their metaphysical dimension".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2004338_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2004338-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich was born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in what was at the time <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>. He studied in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> 1794-1798, before settling in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. He came of age during a period when, across Europe, a growing disillusionment with materialistic society was giving rise to a new appreciation of spirituality. This shift in ideals was often expressed through a reevaluation of the natural world, as artists such as Friedrich, <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> sought to depict nature as a "divine creation, to be set against the artifice of human civilization".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan20047_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan20047-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich's work brought him renown early in his career. Contemporaries such as the French sculptor <a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a> spoke of him as having discovered "the tragedy of landscape". His work nevertheless fell from favour during his later years, and he died in obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974205–210_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974205–210-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Germany moved towards modernisation in the late 19th century, a new sense of urgency characterised its art, and Friedrich's contemplative depictions of stillness came to be seen as products of a bygone age. </p><p>The early 20th century brought a renewed appreciation of his art, beginning in 1906 with an exhibition of thirty-two of his paintings in Berlin. His work influenced <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> artists and later <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialists</a>. The rise of Nazism in the early 1930s saw a resurgence in Friedrich's popularity, but this was followed by a sharp decline as his paintings were, by association with the Nazi movement, seen as promoting <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a>. </p><p>In the late 1970s Friedrich regained his reputation as an icon of the German Romantic movement and a painter of international importance. His work has been brought together in a major exhibition in Germany in 2024 under the title "Infinitive Landscapes", which refers to the philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher, who was important to Friedrich and whose mathematics of infinity found its way into Friedrich's geometrically constructed paintings as hyperbolas and the golden ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2025, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York will also show a 75 piece exhibition on Caspar David Friedrich under the title "Caspar David Friedrich: The Soul of Nature." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_and_family">Early years and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich,_Caspar_David_-_Landscape_with_pavilion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Friedrich%2C_Caspar_David_-_Landscape_with_pavilion.jpg/220px-Friedrich%2C_Caspar_David_-_Landscape_with_pavilion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Friedrich%2C_Caspar_David_-_Landscape_with_pavilion.jpg/330px-Friedrich%2C_Caspar_David_-_Landscape_with_pavilion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Friedrich%2C_Caspar_David_-_Landscape_with_pavilion.jpg/440px-Friedrich%2C_Caspar_David_-_Landscape_with_pavilion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption><i>Landscape with Pavilion</i> (1797). This early work shows typical themes: ragged landscape, closed gate, building of uncertain purpose.</figcaption></figure> <p>Caspar David Friedrich was born on 5 September 1774, in <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth of ten children, he was raised in the strict <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> creed of his father Adolf Gottlieb Friedrich, a <a href="/wiki/History_of_candle_making" title="History of candle making">candle-maker</a> and soap boiler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan20047_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan20047-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of the family's financial circumstances are contradictory; while some sources indicate the children were privately tutored, others record that they were raised in relative poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200317_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200317-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became familiar with death from an early age. His mother, Sophie, died in 1781 when he was seven.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, his sister Elisabeth died,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200418_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200418-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a second sister, Maria, succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Typhus_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhus fever">typhus</a> in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200317_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200317-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguably the greatest tragedy of his childhood happened in 1787 when his brother Johann Christoffer died: at the age of thirteen, Caspar David witnessed his younger brother fall through the ice of a frozen lake, and drown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19788_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel19788-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some accounts suggest that Johann Christoffer perished while trying to rescue Caspar David, who was also in danger on the ice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoime1990512_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoime1990512-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich,_Selvportr%C3%A6t,_1800,_KKSgb5006,_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%2C_Selvportr%C3%A6t%2C_1800%2C_KKSgb5006%2C_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/180px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%2C_Selvportr%C3%A6t%2C_1800%2C_KKSgb5006%2C_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%2C_Selvportr%C3%A6t%2C_1800%2C_KKSgb5006%2C_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/270px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%2C_Selvportr%C3%A6t%2C_1800%2C_KKSgb5006%2C_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%2C_Selvportr%C3%A6t%2C_1800%2C_KKSgb5006%2C_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/360px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%2C_Selvportr%C3%A6t%2C_1800%2C_KKSgb5006%2C_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption><i>Self-portrait</i> (1800) is a chalk drawing of the artist at 26, completed while he was studying at the Royal Academy in Copenhagen. <a href="/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst" class="mw-redirect" title="Statens Museum for Kunst">Royal Museum of Fine Arts</a>, Copenhagen</figcaption></figure> <p>Friedrich began his formal study of art in 1790 as a private student of artist Johann Gottfried Quistorp at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a> in his home city, at which the art department is now named <i>Caspar-David-Friedrich-Institut</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his honour. Quistorp took his students on outdoor drawing excursions; as a result, Friedrich was encouraged to sketch from life at an early age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Quistorp, Friedrich met and was subsequently influenced by the theologian <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Gotthard_Kosegarten" title="Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten">Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten</a>, who taught that nature was a revelation of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quistorp introduced Friedrich to the work of the German 17th-century artist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Elsheimer" title="Adam Elsheimer">Adam Elsheimer</a>, whose works often included religious subjects dominated by landscape, and nocturnal subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19787_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel19787-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period he also studied literature and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> with Swedish professor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thorild" title="Thomas Thorild">Thomas Thorild</a>. Four years later Friedrich entered the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts">Academy of Copenhagen</a>, where he began his education by making copies of casts from antique sculptures before proceeding to drawing from life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200426_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200426-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Living in Copenhagen afforded the young painter access to the <a href="/wiki/Statens_Museum_for_Kunst" class="mw-redirect" title="Statens Museum for Kunst">Royal Picture Gallery's</a> collection of 17th-century Dutch landscape painting. At the academy he studied under teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_Lorentzen" title="Christian August Lorentzen">Christian August Lorentzen</a> and the landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Jens_Juel_(painter)" title="Jens Juel (painter)">Jens Juel</a>. These artists were inspired by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i> movement and represented a midpoint between the dramatic intensity and expressive manner of the budding Romantic aesthetic and the waning <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism#In_architecture_and_in_the_decorative_and_visual_arts" title="Neoclassicism">neo-classical</a> ideal. Mood was paramount, and influence was drawn from such sources as the Icelandic legend of <a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a>, the poems of <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200429_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200429-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_Dresden">Move to Dresden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Move to Dresden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friedrich settled permanently in Dresden in 1798. During this early period, he experimented in <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a> with <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etchings</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200448_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200448-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and designs for <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcuts</a> which his furniture-maker brother cut. By 1804 he had produced 18 etchings and four woodcuts; they were apparently made in small numbers and only distributed to friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffithsCarey1994206_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithsCarey1994206-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these forays into other media, he gravitated toward working primarily with <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">ink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepia_(color)" title="Sepia (color)">sepias</a>. With the exception of a few early pieces, such as <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LandscapewithTempleinRuin1797.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:LandscapewithTempleinRuin1797.jpg">Landscape with Temple in Ruins</a></i> (1797), he did not work extensively with <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oils</a> until his reputation was more established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200441_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200441-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landscapes were his preferred subject, inspired by frequent trips, beginning in 1801, to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic coast">Baltic coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Krkono%C5%A1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Krkonoše">Krkonoše</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz Mountains">Harz Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mostly based on the landscapes of northern Germany, his paintings depict woods, hills, harbors, morning mists and other light effects based on a close observation of nature. These works were modeled on sketches and studies of scenic spots, such as the cliffs on <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, the surroundings of Dresden and the river <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>. He executed his studies almost exclusively in pencil, even providing topographical information, yet the subtle atmospheric effects characteristic of Friedrich's mid-period paintings were rendered from memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999106_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999106-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects took their strength from the depiction of light, and of the illumination of sun and moon on clouds and water: optical phenomena peculiar to the Baltic coast that had never before been painted with such an emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199914_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199914-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Kreuz_im_Gebirge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Kreuz_im_Gebirge.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Kreuz_im_Gebirge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Kreuz_im_Gebirge.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Kreuz_im_Gebirge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Kreuz_im_Gebirge.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Kreuz_im_Gebirge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cross_in_the_Mountains_(Tetschen_Altar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross in the Mountains (Tetschen Altar)">Cross in the Mountains (Tetschen Altar)</a></i> (1808). 115 × 110.5 cm. <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Galerie_Neue_Meister" title="Galerie Neue Meister">Galerie Neue Meister</a></span></span>, Dresden. Friedrich's first major work, the piece breaks with the traditional representation of <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_in_the_arts" title="Crucifixion in the arts">crucifixion</a> in altarpieces by depicting the scene as a landscape.</figcaption></figure> <p>His reputation as an artist was established when he won a prize in 1805 at the Weimar competition organised by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>. At the time, the Weimar competition tended to draw mediocre and now-forgotten artists presenting derivative mixtures of neo-classical and pseudo-Greek styles. The poor quality of the entries began to prove damaging to Goethe's reputation, so when Friedrich entered two sepia drawings—<i>Procession at Dawn</i> and <i>Fisher-Folk by the Sea</i>—the poet responded enthusiastically and wrote, "We must praise the artist's resourcefulness in this picture fairly. The drawing is well done, the procession is ingenious and appropriate ... his treatment combines a great deal of firmness, diligence and neatness ... the ingenious watercolour ... is also worthy of praise."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel197843–44_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel197843–44-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich completed the first of his major paintings in 1808, at the age of 34. <i><a href="/wiki/Cross_in_the_Mountains_(Tetschen_Altar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross in the Mountains (Tetschen Altar)">Cross in the Mountains</a></i>, today known as the <i>Tetschen Altar</i>, is an <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpiece</a> panel said to have been commissioned for a family chapel in <a href="/wiki/D%C4%9B%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Děčín">Tetschen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoerner200256–61_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoerner200256–61-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel depicts a cross in profile at the top of a mountain, alone, and surrounded by pine trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoerner200247_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoerner200247-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the altarpiece was generally coldly received, it was Friedrich's first painting to receive wide publicity. The artist's friends publicly defended the work, while art critic <a href="/wiki/Basilius_von_Ramdohr" title="Basilius von Ramdohr">Basilius von Ramdohr</a> published a long article challenging Friedrich's use of landscape in a religious context. He rejected the idea that landscape painting could convey explicit meaning, writing that it would be "a veritable presumption, if landscape painting were to sneak into the church and creep onto the altar".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan19807_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan19807-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedrich responded with a programme describing his intentions in 1809, comparing the rays of the evening sun to the light of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Holy Father</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999116_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement marked the only time Friedrich recorded a detailed interpretation of his own work, and the painting was among the few commissions the artist ever received.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel197855–56_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel197855–56-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocky_Landscape_in_the_Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rocky_Landscape_in_the_Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/220px-Rocky_Landscape_in_the_Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rocky_Landscape_in_the_Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/330px-Rocky_Landscape_in_the_Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rocky_Landscape_in_the_Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/440px-Rocky_Landscape_in_the_Elbe_Sandstone_Mountains_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4461" data-file-height="5880" /></a><figcaption><i>Rocky Landscape in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains</i> (1822–1823)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the purchase of two of his paintings by the Prussian Crown Prince, Friedrich was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Berlin Academy</a> in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1980101_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1980101-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in 1816, he sought to distance himself from Prussian authority and applied that June for Saxon citizenship. The move was not expected; the Saxon government was pro-French, while Friedrich's paintings were seen as generally patriotic and distinctly anti-French. Nevertheless, with the aid of his Dresden-based friend Graf Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Friedrich attained citizenship, and in 1818, membership in the Saxon Academy with a yearly dividend of 150 <a href="/wiki/Thalers" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalers">thalers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004165–166_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004165–166-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he had hoped to receive a full professorship, it was never awarded him as, according to the German Library of Information, "it was felt that his painting was too personal, his point of view too individual to serve as a fruitful example to students."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz194038–40_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz194038–40-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politics too may have played a role in stalling his career: Friedrich's decidedly Germanic subjects and costuming frequently clashed with the era's prevailing pro-French attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004184–185_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004184–185-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg/180px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg/270px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg/360px-Caspar_David_Friedrich%27s_Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="3257" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen" title="Chalk Cliffs on Rügen">Chalk Cliffs on Rügen</a></i> (1818). 90.5 × 71 cm. Museum Oskar Reinhart am Stadtgarten, <a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a>, Switzerland. Friedrich married Christiane Caroline Bommer in 1818, and on their honeymoon they visited relatives in <a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg" title="Neubrandenburg">Neubrandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>. This painting celebrates the couple's union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004203_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004203-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 January 1818, Friedrich married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Friedrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline Friedrich (page does not exist)">Caroline Bommer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Friedrich" class="extiw" title="de:Caroline Friedrich">de</a>]</span>, the twenty-five-year-old daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyer</a> from Dresden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1980101_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1980101-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had three children, with their first, Emma, arriving in 1820. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Friedrich_(painter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Friedrich (painter) (page does not exist)">Gustav Adolf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Friedrich_(Maler)" class="extiw" title="de:Adolf Friedrich (Maler)">de</a>]</span>, their third child, was named after Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, and became a notable painter in his own right. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">Physiologist</a> and painter <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Carus" title="Carl Gustav Carus">Carl Gustav Carus</a> notes in his biographical essays that marriage did not impact significantly on either Friedrich's life or personality, yet his canvasses from this period, including <i><a href="/wiki/Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen" title="Chalk Cliffs on Rügen">Chalk Cliffs on Rügen</a></i>—painted after his honeymoon—display a new sense of levity, while his palette is brighter and less austere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197441–45_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197441–45-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human figures appear with increasing frequency in the paintings of this period, which Siegel interprets as a reflection that "the importance of human life, particularly his family, now occupies his thoughts more and more, and his friends, his wife, and his townspeople appear as frequent subjects in his art."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1978114_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1978114-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around this time, he found support from two sources in Russia. In 1820, the Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nikolai Pavlovich</a>, at the behest of his wife <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Alexandra Feodorovna</a>, visited Friedrich's studio and returned to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> with a number of his paintings, an exchange that began a patronage that continued for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long thereafter, the poet <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Vasily Zhukovsky</a>, tutor to the Grand Duke's son (later <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Tsar Alexander II</a>), met Friedrich in 1821 and found in him a kindred spirit. For decades Zhukovsky helped Friedrich both by purchasing his work himself and by recommending his art to the royal family; his assistance toward the end of Friedrich's career proved invaluable to the ailing and impoverished artist. Zhukovsky remarked that his friend's paintings "please us by their precision, each of them awakening a memory in our mind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan198066_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan198066-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Philipp Otto Runge</a>, another leading German painter of the Romantic period. He was also a friend of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Kersting" title="Georg Friedrich Kersting">Georg Friedrich Kersting</a>, and painted him at work in his unadorned studio, and of the Norwegian painter <a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Clausen_Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Christian Clausen Dahl">Johan Christian Clausen Dahl</a> (1788–1857). Dahl was close to Friedrich during the artist's final years, and he expressed dismay that to the art-buying public, Friedrich's pictures were only "curiosities".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmied199548_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmied199548-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the poet Zhukovsky appreciated Friedrich's psychological themes, Dahl praised the descriptive quality of Friedrich's landscapes, commenting that "artists and connoisseurs saw in Friedrich's art only a kind of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>, because they themselves were only looking out for the mystic ... They did not see Friedrich's faithful and conscientious study of nature in everything he represented".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan198066_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan198066-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i> (1818), <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Kunsthalle Hamburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Friedrich's reputation steadily declined over the final fifteen years of his life. As the ideals of early Romanticism passed from fashion, he came to be viewed as an eccentric and melancholy character, out of touch with the times. Gradually his patrons fell away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004263_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004263-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1820, he was living as a recluse and was described by friends as the "most solitary of the solitary".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz194038–40_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz194038–40-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his life he lived in relative poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became isolated and spent long periods of the day and night walking alone through woods and fields, often beginning his strolls before sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He suffered his first <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in June 1835, which left him with minor limb paralysis and greatly reduced his ability to paint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmied199544_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmied199544-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, he was unable to work in oil; instead he was limited to watercolour, sepia and reworking older compositions. Although his vision remained strong, he had lost the full strength of his hand. Yet he was able to produce a final 'black painting', <i>Seashore by Moonlight</i> (1835–1836), described by Vaughan as the "darkest of all his shorelines, in which richness of tonality compensates for the lack of his former finesse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004300–302_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004300–302-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols of death appeared in his work from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004263_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004263-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after his stroke, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Russian royal family</a> purchased a number of his earlier works, and the proceeds allowed him to travel to <a href="/wiki/Teplice" title="Teplice">Teplitz</a>—in today's Czech Republic—to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004302_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004302-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mid-1830s, Friedrich began a series of portraits and he returned to observing himself in nature. As the art historian <a href="/wiki/William_Vaughan_(art_historian)" title="William Vaughan (art historian)">William Vaughan</a> observed, however, "He can see himself as a man greatly changed. He is no longer the upright, supportive figure that appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Men_Contemplating_the_Moon" title="Two Men Contemplating the Moon">Two Men Contemplating the Moon</a></i> in 1819. He is old and stiff ... he moves with a stoop".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004295–296_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004295–296-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1838, he was capable of working in a small format only. He and his family were living in poverty and grew increasingly dependent for support on the charity of friends.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_de_cimeti%C3%A8re_(1825)_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_(Galerie_Neue_Meister,_Dresden).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Entr%C3%A9e_de_cimeti%C3%A8re_%281825%29_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_%28Galerie_Neue_Meister%2C_Dresden%29.jpg/170px-Entr%C3%A9e_de_cimeti%C3%A8re_%281825%29_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_%28Galerie_Neue_Meister%2C_Dresden%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Entr%C3%A9e_de_cimeti%C3%A8re_%281825%29_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_%28Galerie_Neue_Meister%2C_Dresden%29.jpg/255px-Entr%C3%A9e_de_cimeti%C3%A8re_%281825%29_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_%28Galerie_Neue_Meister%2C_Dresden%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Entr%C3%A9e_de_cimeti%C3%A8re_%281825%29_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_%28Galerie_Neue_Meister%2C_Dresden%29.jpg/340px-Entr%C3%A9e_de_cimeti%C3%A8re_%281825%29_-_Caspar_David_Friedrich_%28Galerie_Neue_Meister%2C_Dresden%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><i>Cemetery Entrance</i>, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Galerie_Neue_Meister" title="Galerie Neue Meister">Galerie Neue Meister</a></span></span>, Dresden</figcaption></figure> <p>Friedrich died in Dresden on 7 May 1840, and was buried in Dresden's Trinitatis-Friedhof (Trinity Cemetery) east of the city centre (the entrance to which he had painted some 15 years earlier). His simple flat gravestone lies north-west of the central roundel within the main avenue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His wife Caroline died impoverished seven years later, in 1847. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By this time his reputation and fame had waned, and his passing was little noticed within the artistic community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz194038–40_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz194038–40-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His artwork had certainly been acknowledged during his lifetime, but not widely. While the close study of landscape and an emphasis on the spiritual elements of nature were commonplace in contemporary art, his interpretations were highly original and personal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan198065_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan198065-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1838, his work no longer sold or received attention from critics; the Romantic movement had moved away from the early idealism that the artist had helped found.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Carus" title="Carl Gustav Carus">Carl Gustav Carus</a> later wrote a series of articles which paid tribute to Friedrich's transformation of the conventions of landscape painting. However, Carus' articles placed Friedrich firmly in his time, and did not place the artist within a continuing tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004309_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004309-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one of his paintings had been reproduced as a print, and that was produced in very few copies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffithsCarey199427,_207_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithsCarey199427,_207-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_and_the_sublime">Landscape and the sublime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landscape and the sublime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>What the newer landscape artists see in a circle of a hundred degrees in Nature they press together unmercifully into an angle of vision of only forty-five degrees. And furthermore, what is in Nature separated by large spaces, is compressed into a cramped space and overfills and oversatiates the eye, creating an unfavorable and disquieting effect on the viewer.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Caspar David Friedrich<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1984452–464_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1984452–464-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The visualisation and portrayal of landscape in an entirely new manner was Friedrich's key innovation. He sought not just to explore the blissful enjoyment of a beautiful view, as in the classic conception, but rather to examine an instant of <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublimity</a>, a reunion with the spiritual self through the contemplation of nature. Friedrich was instrumental in transforming landscape in art from a backdrop subordinated to human drama to a self-contained emotive subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1984452–464_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1984452–464-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedrich's paintings commonly employed the <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCckenfigur" title="Rückenfigur">Rückenfigur</a></i>—a person seen from behind, contemplating the view. The viewer is encouraged to place himself in the position of the <i>Rückenfigur</i>, by which means he experiences the sublime potential of nature, understanding that the scene is as perceived and idealised by a human.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrettejohn200554–56_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrettejohn200554–56-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Abtei_im_Eichwald_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Abtei_im_Eichwald_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Abtei_im_Eichwald_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Abtei_im_Eichwald_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Abtei_im_Eichwald_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Abtei_im_Eichwald_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Abtei_im_Eichwald_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abbey_in_the_Oakwood" title="The Abbey in the Oakwood">The Abbey in the Oakwood</a></i> (1808–1810). 110.4 × 171 cm. <a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a>, Berlin. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Boime" title="Albert Boime">Albert Boime</a> writes, "Like a scene from a horror movie, it brings to bear on the subject all the Gothic clichés of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoime1990601_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoime1990601-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Friedrich created the idea of a landscape full of romantic feeling—<i>die romantische Stimmungslandschaft</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeenken1938171–175_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeenken1938171–175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His art details a wide range of geographical features, such as rock coasts, forests and mountain scenes, and often used landscape to express religious themes. During his time, most of the best-known paintings were viewed as expressions of a religious <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "The artist should paint not only what he sees before him, but also what he sees within him. If, however, he sees nothing within him, then he should also refrain from painting that which he sees before him. Otherwise, his pictures will be like those <a href="/wiki/Folding_screen" title="Folding screen">folding screens</a> behind which one expects to find only the sick or the dead."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan19747–8_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan19747–8-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expansive skies, storms, mist, forests, ruins and crosses bearing witness to the presence of God are frequent elements in Friedrich's landscapes. Though death finds symbolic expression in boats that move away from shore—a <a href="/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a>-like motif—and in the poplar tree, it is referenced more directly in paintings like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Abbey_in_the_Oakwood" title="The Abbey in the Oakwood">The Abbey in the Oakwood</a></i> (1808–1810), in which monks carry a coffin past an open grave, toward a cross, and through the portal of a church in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan1972620–630_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan1972620–630-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was one of the first artists to portray winter landscapes in which the land is rendered as stark and dead. Friedrich's winter scenes are solemn and still—according to the art historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich painted winter scenes in which "no man has yet set his foot. The theme of nearly all the older winter pictures had been less winter itself than life in winter. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was thought impossible to leave out such motifs as the crowd of skaters, the wanderer ... It was Friedrich who first felt the wholly detached and distinctive features of a natural life. Instead of many tones, he sought the one; and so, in his landscape, he subordinated the composite chord into one single basic note".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeenken1938171–175_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeenken1938171–175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Das_Eismeer_-_Hamburger_Kunsthalle_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2375" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_of_Ice" title="The Sea of Ice">The Sea of Ice</a></i> (1823–1824), <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Kunsthalle Hamburg</a>. This scene has been described as "a stunning composition of near and distant forms in an <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> image".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarisey199314_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarisey199314-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bare oak trees and tree stumps, such as those in <i><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_The_Tree_of_Crows.jpg" title="File:Caspar David Friedrich The Tree of Crows.jpg">Raven Tree</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1822</span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Men_Contemplating_the_Moon" title="Two Men Contemplating the Moon">Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1824</span>), and <i>Willow Bush under a Setting Sun</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1835</span>), are recurring elements of his paintings, and usually symbolise death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999114,_117–119_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999114,_117–119-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countering the sense of despair are Friedrich's symbols for redemption: the cross and the clearing sky promise <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">eternal life</a>, and the slender moon suggests hope and the growing closeness of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan1972620–630_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan1972620–630-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his paintings of the sea, anchors often appear on the shore, also indicating a spiritual hope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1974_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1974-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Abbey in the Oakwood</i>, the movement of the monks away from the open grave and toward the cross and the horizon imparts Friedrich's message that the final destination of man's life lies beyond the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197484_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197484-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Man_and_Woman_Contemplating_the_Moon_-_WGA08271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Man_and_Woman_Contemplating_the_Moon_-_WGA08271.jpg/220px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Man_and_Woman_Contemplating_the_Moon_-_WGA08271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Man_and_Woman_Contemplating_the_Moon_-_WGA08271.jpg/330px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Man_and_Woman_Contemplating_the_Moon_-_WGA08271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Man_and_Woman_Contemplating_the_Moon_-_WGA08271.jpg/440px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Man_and_Woman_Contemplating_the_Moon_-_WGA08271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Men_Contemplating_the_Moon" title="Two Men Contemplating the Moon">Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1824</span>). 34 × 44 cm. <a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a>, Berlin. A couple gaze longingly at nature. Dressed in "Old German" clothes, according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a>, they are "scarcely different in tone or modelling from the deep dramas of nature around them".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>With dawn and dusk constituting prominent themes of his landscapes, Friedrich's own later years were characterised by a growing pessimism. His work becomes darker, revealing a fearsome monumentality. <i>The Wreck of the Hope</i>—also known as <i>The Polar Sea</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_of_Ice" title="The Sea of Ice">The Sea of Ice</a></i> (1823–1824)—perhaps best summarises Friedrich's ideas and aims at this point, though in such a radical way that the painting was not well received. Completed in 1824, it depicted a grim subject, a shipwreck in the Arctic Ocean; "the image he produced, with its grinding slabs of <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a>-colored <a href="/wiki/Drift_ice" title="Drift ice">floe</a> ice chewing up a wooden ship, goes beyond documentary into allegory: the frail bark of human aspiration crushed by the world's immense and glacial indifference."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich's written commentary on aesthetics was limited to a collection of <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> set down in 1830, in which he explained the need for the artist to match natural observation with an introspective scrutiny of his own personality. His best-known remark advises the artist to "close your bodily eye so that you may see your picture first with the spiritual eye. Then bring to the light of day that which you have seen in the darkness so that it may react upon others from the outside inwards."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan198068_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan198068-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loneliness_and_death">Loneliness and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Loneliness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Johann_Baehr_-_Bildnis_des_Malers_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Carl_Johann_Baehr_-_Bildnis_des_Malers_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg/220px-Carl_Johann_Baehr_-_Bildnis_des_Malers_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Carl_Johann_Baehr_-_Bildnis_des_Malers_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg/330px-Carl_Johann_Baehr_-_Bildnis_des_Malers_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Carl_Johann_Baehr_-_Bildnis_des_Malers_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg/440px-Carl_Johann_Baehr_-_Bildnis_des_Malers_Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1681" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Caspar David Friedrich</i>, by Carl Johann Baehr (1836). New Masters Gallery, Dresden</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Friedrich's life and art have at times been perceived by some to have been marked with an overwhelming sense of loneliness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1978121_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1978121-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art historians and some of his contemporaries attribute such interpretations to the losses suffered during his youth to the bleak outlook of his adulthood,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197411_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197411-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Friedrich's pale and withdrawn appearance helped reinforce the popular notion of the "taciturn man from the North".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan198064_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan198064-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich suffered depressive episodes in 1799, 1803–1805, c. 1813, in 1816 and between 1824 and 1826. There are noticeable thematic shifts in the works he produced during these episodes, which see the emergence of such motifs and symbols as vultures, owls, graveyards and ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlenburgCarsten2005112_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlenburgCarsten2005112-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1826 these motifs became a permanent feature of his output, while his use of colour became more dark and muted. Carus wrote in 1829 that Friedrich "is surrounded by a thick, gloomy cloud of spiritual uncertainty", though the noted art historian and curator Hubertus Gassner disagrees with such notions, seeing in Friedrich's work a positive and life-affirming subtext inspired by <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_folklore">Germanic folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germanic folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting Friedrich's patriotism and resentment during the 1813 French occupation of the dominion of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, motifs from <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a> became increasingly prominent in his work. An anti-French German nationalist, Friedrich used motifs from his native landscape to celebrate Germanic culture, customs and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">mythology</a>. He was impressed by the anti-<a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleonic</a> poetry of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Ernst Moritz Arndt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_K%C3%B6rner_(author)" title="Theodor Körner (author)">Theodor Körner</a>, and the patriotic literature of <a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Adam Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moved by the deaths of three friends killed in battle against France, as well as by Kleist's 1808 drama <i>Die Hermannsschlacht</i>, Friedrich undertook a number of paintings in which he intended to convey political symbols solely by means of the landscape—a first in the history of art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1974_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1974-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Caspar David Friedrich 021.jpg">Old Heroes' Graves</a></i> (1812), a dilapidated monument inscribed "<a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>" invokes the Germanic chieftain, a symbol of nationalism, while the four tombs of fallen heroes are slightly ajar, freeing their spirits for eternity. Two French soldiers appear as small figures before a cave, lower and deep in a grotto surrounded by rock, as if farther from heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1974_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1974-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second political painting, <i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_068.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Caspar David Friedrich 068.jpg">Fir Forest with the French Dragoon and the Raven</a></i> (c. 1813), depicts a lost French soldier dwarfed by a dense forest, while on a tree stump a raven is perched—a prophet of doom, symbolizing the anticipated defeat of France.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_by_Christian_Gottlieb_Kuhn_1807,_Albertinum,_Dresden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Caspar_David_Friedrich_by_Christian_Gottlieb_Kuhn_1807%2C_Albertinum%2C_Dresden.jpg/150px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_by_Christian_Gottlieb_Kuhn_1807%2C_Albertinum%2C_Dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Caspar_David_Friedrich_by_Christian_Gottlieb_Kuhn_1807%2C_Albertinum%2C_Dresden.jpg/225px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_by_Christian_Gottlieb_Kuhn_1807%2C_Albertinum%2C_Dresden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Caspar_David_Friedrich_by_Christian_Gottlieb_Kuhn_1807%2C_Albertinum%2C_Dresden.jpg/300px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_by_Christian_Gottlieb_Kuhn_1807%2C_Albertinum%2C_Dresden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption><i>Caspar David Friedrich</i>, by Christian Gottlieb Kuhn (1807), <a href="/wiki/Albertinum" title="Albertinum">Albertinum</a>, Dresden</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alongside other Romantic painters, Friedrich helped position <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a> as a major genre within Western art. Of his contemporaries, Friedrich's style most influenced the painting of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Johan Christian Dahl</a> (1788–1857). Among later generations, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a> (1827–1901) was strongly influenced by his work, and the substantial presence of Friedrich's works in Russian collections influenced many Russian painters, in particular <a href="/wiki/Arkhip_Kuindzhi" title="Arkhip Kuindzhi">Arkhip Kuindzhi</a> (c. 1842–1910) and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin" title="Ivan Shishkin">Ivan Shishkin</a> (1832–1898). Friedrich's spirituality anticipated American painters such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pinkham_Ryder" title="Albert Pinkham Ryder">Albert Pinkham Ryder</a> (1847–1917), <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Albert_Blakelock" title="Ralph Albert Blakelock">Ralph Blakelock</a> (1847–1919), the painters of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">New England Luminists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lonely_Ones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Lonely_Ones.jpg/220px-The_Lonely_Ones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Lonely_Ones.jpg/330px-The_Lonely_Ones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/The_Lonely_Ones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, <i>The Lonely Ones</i> (1899). Woodcut. <a href="/wiki/Munch_Museum" title="Munch Museum">Munch Museum</a>, Oslo</figcaption></figure> <p>At the turn of the 20th century, Friedrich was rediscovered by the Norwegian art historian <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Aubert_(art_historian)" title="Andreas Aubert (art historian)">Andreas Aubert</a> (1851–1913), whose writing initiated modern Friedrich scholarship,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolist</a> painters, who valued his visionary and allegorical landscapes. The Norwegian Symbolist <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a> (1863–1944) would have seen Friedrich's work during a visit to Berlin in the 1880s. Munch's 1899 print <i>The Lonely Ones</i> echoes Friedrich's <i>Rückenfigur (back figure)</i>, although in Munch's work the focus has shifted away from the broad landscape and toward the sense of dislocation between the two melancholy figures in the foreground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004318_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004318-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich's modern revival gained momentum in 1906, when thirty-two of his works were featured in an exhibition in Berlin of Romantic-era art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200396_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200396-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His landscapes exercised a strong influence on the work of German artist <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> (1891–1976), and as a result other <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">Surrealists</a> came to view Friedrich as a precursor to their movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, the Belgian painter <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> (1898–1967) paid tribute in his work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Human Condition (painting)">The Human Condition</a></i>, which directly echoes motifs from Friedrich's art in its questioning of perception and the role of the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004320_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004320-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few years later, the Surrealist journal <i><a href="/wiki/Minotaure" title="Minotaure">Minotaure</a></i> included Friedrich in a 1939 article by the critic Marie Landsberger, thereby exposing his work to a far wider circle of artists. The influence of <i>The Wreck of Hope</i> (or <i>The Sea of Ice</i>) is evident in the 1940–41 painting <i><a href="/wiki/Totes_Meer" title="Totes Meer">Totes Meer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a> (1889–1946), a fervent admirer of Ernst.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECausey1980315_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECausey1980315-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedrich's work has been cited as an inspiration by other major 20th-century artists, including <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a> (1903–1970),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004331_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004331-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a> (b. 1932),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElger2009173–78_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElger2009173–78-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Graubner" title="Gotthard Graubner">Gotthard Graubner</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchütz199149–53_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchütz199149–53-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a> (b. 1945).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedrich's Romantic paintings have also been singled out by writer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> (1906–89), who, standing before <i>Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon</i>, said "This was the source of <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i>, you know."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Totes_Meer_(Dead_Sea)_1940-1_Paul_Nash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Totes_Meer_%28Dead_Sea%29_1940-1_Paul_Nash.jpg/220px-Totes_Meer_%28Dead_Sea%29_1940-1_Paul_Nash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Totes_Meer_%28Dead_Sea%29_1940-1_Paul_Nash.jpg/330px-Totes_Meer_%28Dead_Sea%29_1940-1_Paul_Nash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Totes_Meer_%28Dead_Sea%29_1940-1_Paul_Nash.jpg/440px-Totes_Meer_%28Dead_Sea%29_1940-1_Paul_Nash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Totes_Meer" title="Totes Meer">Totes Meer</a></i> (<i>Sea of the Dead</i>), 1940–41. 101.6 x 152.4 cm. <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>. Nash's work depicts a graveyard of crashed German planes comparable to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_of_Ice" title="The Sea of Ice">The Sea of Ice</a></i> (above).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECausey1980315_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECausey1980315-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1961 article "The Abstract Sublime", originally published in <i><a href="/wiki/ARTnews" title="ARTnews">ARTnews</a></i>, the art historian Robert Rosenblum drew comparisons between the Romantic landscape paintings of both Friedrich and Turner with the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionist">Abstract Expressionist</a> paintings of Mark Rothko. Rosenblum specifically describes Friedrich's 1809 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk_by_the_Sea" title="The Monk by the Sea">The Monk by the Sea</a></i>, Turner's <i>The Evening Star</i><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rothko's 1954 <i>Light, Earth and Blue</i><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as revealing affinities of vision and feeling. According to Rosenblum, "Rothko, like Friedrich and Turner, places us on the threshold of those shapeless infinities discussed by the aestheticians of the Sublime. The tiny monk in the Friedrich and the fisher in the Turner establish a poignant contrast between the infinite vastness of a pantheistic God and the infinite smallness of His creatures. In the abstract language of Rothko, such literal detail—a bridge of empathy between the real spectator and the presentation of a transcendental landscape—is no longer necessary; we ourselves are the monk before the sea, standing silently and contemplatively before these huge and soundless pictures as if we were looking at a sunset or a moonlit night."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_opinion">Critical opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Critical opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1890, and especially after his friends had died, Friedrich's work lay in near-oblivion for decades. Yet, by 1890, the symbolism in his work began to ring true with the artistic mood of the day, especially in central Europe. However, despite a renewed interest and an acknowledgment of his originality, his lack of regard for "painterly effect" and thinly rendered surfaces jarred with the theories of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1991626–628_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1991626–628-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shishkin_na_severe_dikom1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shishkin_na_severe_dikom1.jpg/170px-Shishkin_na_severe_dikom1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shishkin_na_severe_dikom1.jpg/255px-Shishkin_na_severe_dikom1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shishkin_na_severe_dikom1.jpg/340px-Shishkin_na_severe_dikom1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin" title="Ivan Shishkin">Ivan Shishkin</a>, <i>In the Wild North</i> (1891). 161 x 118 cm. Kyiv National Art Gallery</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1930s, Friedrich's work was used in the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> ideology,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004219–224_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004219–224-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which attempted to fit the Romantic artist within the nationalistic <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blut und Boden</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForster-Hahn1976113–116_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster-Hahn1976113–116-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took decades for Friedrich's reputation to recover from this association with Nazism. His reliance on symbolism and the fact that his work fell outside the narrow definitions of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> contributed to his fall from favour. In 1949, art historian <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a> wrote that Friedrich "worked in the frigid technique of his time, which could hardly inspire a school of modern painting", and suggested that the artist was trying to express in painting what is best left to poetry. Clark's dismissal of Friedrich reflected the damage the artist's reputation sustained during the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark200772_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark200772-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedrich's reputation suffered further damage when his imagery was adopted by a number of Hollywood directors, including <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, built on the work of such German cinema masters as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a>, within the horror and fantasy genres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325–326_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325–326-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rehabilitation was slow, but enhanced through the writings of such critics and scholars as <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hofmann_(art_historian)" title="Werner Hofmann (art historian)">Werner Hofmann</a>, Helmut Börsch-Supan and Sigrid Hinz, who successfully rebutted the political associations ascribed to his work, developed a <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">catalogue raisonné</a></i>, and placed Friedrich within a purely art-historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1970s, he was again being exhibited in major international galleries and found favour with a new generation of critics and art historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004329_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004329-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, his international reputation is well established. He is a national icon in his native Germany, and highly regarded by art historians and connoisseurs across the Western World. He is generally viewed as a figure of great psychological complexity, and according to Vaughan, "a believer who struggled with doubt, a celebrator of beauty haunted by darkness. In the end, he transcends interpretation, reaching across cultures through the compelling appeal of his imagery. He has truly emerged as a butterfly—hopefully one that will never again disappear from our sight".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004332_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004332-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="List of works by Caspar David Friedrich">List of works by Caspar David Friedrich</a></div> <p>Friedrich was a prolific artist who produced more than 500 attributed works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19783_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel19783-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with the Romantic ideals of his time, he intended his paintings to function as pure aesthetic statements, so he was cautious that the titles given to his work were not overly descriptive or evocative. It is likely that some of today's more literal titles, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stages_of_Life" title="The Stages of Life">The Stages of Life</a></i>, were not given by the artist himself, but were instead adopted during one of the revivals of interest in Friedrich. Complications arise when dating Friedrich's work, in part because he often did not directly name or date his canvases. He kept a carefully detailed notebook on his output, however, which has been used by scholars to tie paintings to their completion dates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19783_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel19783-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Heroes' Graves (1812), 49.5 × 70.5 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. A dilapidated monument inscribed "Arminius" invokes the Germanic chieftain, a symbol of nationalism. Two French soldiers appear as small figures before a cave, lower and deep in a grotto surrounded by rock, as if farther from heaven.[56]"><img alt="Old Heroes' Graves (1812), 49.5 × 70.5 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. A dilapidated monument inscribed "Arminius" invokes the Germanic chieftain, a symbol of nationalism. Two French soldiers appear as small figures before a cave, lower and deep in a grotto surrounded by rock, as if farther from heaven.[56]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg/200px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg/300px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg/400px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Old Heroes' Graves</i> (1812), 49.5 × 70.5 cm. <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Kunsthalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. A dilapidated monument inscribed "<a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>" invokes the Germanic chieftain, a symbol of nationalism. Two French soldiers appear as small figures before a cave, lower and deep in a grotto surrounded by rock, as if farther from heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1974_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1974-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_(Schloss_Carlottenburg,_Neuer_Pavillon).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cross Beside The Baltic (1815), 45 × 33.5 cm. Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin. This painting marked a move away from depictions in broad daylight, to return to nocturnal scenes, twilight and a deeper poignancy of mood.[92]"><img alt="The Cross Beside The Baltic (1815), 45 × 33.5 cm. Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin. This painting marked a move away from depictions in broad daylight, to return to nocturnal scenes, twilight and a deeper poignancy of mood.[92]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg/139px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg/209px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg/279px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Kreuz_an_der_Ostsee_%28Schloss_Carlottenburg%2C_Neuer_Pavillon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="3294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Cross Beside The Baltic</i> (1815), 45 × 33.5 cm. <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlottenburg Palace">Schloss Charlottenburg</a>, Berlin. This painting marked a move away from depictions in broad daylight, to return to nocturnal scenes, twilight and a deeper poignancy of mood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004279_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004279-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moonrise over the Sea (1822). 55 × 71 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. From the early 1820s, human figures appear with increasing frequency in his paintings.[32]"><img alt="Moonrise over the Sea (1822). 55 × 71 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. From the early 1820s, human figures appear with increasing frequency in his paintings.[32]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Mondaufgang_am_Meer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_over_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonrise over the Sea">Moonrise over the Sea</a></i> (1822). 55 × 71 cm. <a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a>, Berlin. From the early 1820s, human figures appear with increasing frequency in his paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1978114_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1978114-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Graveyard_under_Snow_-_Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graveyard under Snow (1826). 31 × 25 cm. Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig. Friedrich sketched memorial monuments and sculptures for mausoleums, reflecting his obsession with death and the afterlife. He also created some of the funerary art in Dresden's cemeteries.[93]"><img alt="Graveyard under Snow (1826). 31 × 25 cm. Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig. Friedrich sketched memorial monuments and sculptures for mausoleums, reflecting his obsession with death and the afterlife. He also created some of the funerary art in Dresden's cemeteries.[93]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Graveyard_under_Snow_-_Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.jpg/160px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Graveyard_under_Snow_-_Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Graveyard_under_Snow_-_Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.jpg/241px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Graveyard_under_Snow_-_Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Graveyard_under_Snow_-_Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.jpg/321px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Graveyard_under_Snow_-_Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Graveyard under Snow</i> (1826). 31 × 25 cm. <a href="/wiki/Museum_der_bildenden_K%C3%BCnste" title="Museum der bildenden Künste">Museum der bildenden Künste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. Friedrich sketched memorial monuments and sculptures for mausoleums, reflecting his obsession with death and the afterlife. He also created some of the funerary art in Dresden's cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200345_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200345-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_Tree_in_the_Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Oak Tree in the Snow (1829). 71 × 48 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Friedrich was one of the first artists to portray winter landscapes as stark and dead. His winter scenes are solemn and still—according to the art historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich painted winter scenes in which "no man has yet set his foot".[50]"><img alt="The Oak Tree in the Snow (1829). 71 × 48 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Friedrich was one of the first artists to portray winter landscapes as stark and dead. His winter scenes are solemn and still—according to the art historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich painted winter scenes in which "no man has yet set his foot".[50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oak_Tree_in_the_Snow.jpg/138px-Oak_Tree_in_the_Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oak_Tree_in_the_Snow.jpg/208px-Oak_Tree_in_the_Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oak_Tree_in_the_Snow.jpg/277px-Oak_Tree_in_the_Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="2137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Oak Tree in the Snow</i> (1829). 71 × 48 cm. <a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a>, Berlin. Friedrich was one of the first artists to portray winter landscapes as stark and dead. His winter scenes are solemn and still—according to the art historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich painted winter scenes in which "no man has yet set his foot".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeenken1938171–175_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeenken1938171–175-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stages of Life (1835). Museum der Bildenden Künste, Leipzig. The Stages of Life is a meditation on the artist's mortality, depicting five ships at various distances. The foreground similarly shows five figures at different stages of life.[94]"><img alt="The Stages of Life (1835). Museum der Bildenden Künste, Leipzig. The Stages of Life is a meditation on the artist's mortality, depicting five ships at various distances. The foreground similarly shows five figures at different stages of life.[94]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_013.jpg/200px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_013.jpg/300px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Caspar_David_Friedrich_013.jpg/400px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stages_of_Life" title="The Stages of Life">The Stages of Life</a></i> (1835). Museum der Bildenden Künste, Leipzig. <i>The Stages of Life</i> is a meditation on the artist's mortality, depicting five ships at various distances. The foreground similarly shows five figures at different stages of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200312_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200312-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Giant Mountains (1830–1835). 72 × 102 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Friedrich sought to explore the blissful enjoyment of a landscape as a reunion with the spiritual self through the contemplation of nature.[95]"><img alt="The Giant Mountains (1830–1835). 72 × 102 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Friedrich sought to explore the blissful enjoyment of a landscape as a reunion with the spiritual self through the contemplation of nature.[95]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Caspar_David_Friedrich_016.jpg/200px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Caspar_David_Friedrich_016.jpg/300px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Caspar_David_Friedrich_016.jpg/400px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Giant Mountains</i> (1830–1835). 72 × 102 cm. <a href="/wiki/Alte_Nationalgalerie" title="Alte Nationalgalerie">Alte Nationalgalerie</a>, Berlin. Friedrich sought to explore the blissful enjoyment of a landscape as a reunion with the spiritual self through the contemplation of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel197862_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel197862-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_K%C3%BCste_bei_Mondschein.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seashore by Moonlight (1835–1836). 134 × 169 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. His final "black painting", it is described by William Vaughan as the "darkest of all his shorelines."[40]"><img alt="Seashore by Moonlight (1835–1836). 134 × 169 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. His final "black painting", it is described by William Vaughan as the "darkest of all his shorelines."[40]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_K%C3%BCste_bei_Mondschein.jpg/200px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_K%C3%BCste_bei_Mondschein.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_K%C3%BCste_bei_Mondschein.jpg/300px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_K%C3%BCste_bei_Mondschein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_K%C3%BCste_bei_Mondschein.jpg/400px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_K%C3%BCste_bei_Mondschein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Seashore by Moonlight</i> (1835–1836). 134 × 169 cm. <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthalle Hamburg">Kunsthalle</a>, Hamburg. His final "black painting", it is described by William Vaughan as the "darkest of all his shorelines."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004302_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004302-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pomerania had been divided between Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> since 1648, and at the time of Caspar David's birth, it was still part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> occupied the territory 1807 - 1810, and in 1815 all of Pomerania passed to <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The family was raised by their housekeeper and nurse, "Mutter Heide", who had a warm relationship with all of the Friedrich children.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French sculptor <a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a>, who visited Friedrich in 1834, was moved by the devotional issues explored in the artist's canvasses. He exclaimed to Carus in 1834, "Friedrich...The only landscape painter so far to succeed in stirring up all the forces of my soul, the painter who has created a new genre: the tragedy of the landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrewe2006133_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewe2006133-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His letters, however, contain humour and self-irony, while the natural philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gotthilf_Heinrich_von_Schubert" title="Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert">Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert</a> wrote that Friedrich "was indeed a strange mixture of temperament, his moods ranging from the gravest seriousness to the gayest humour ... But anyone who knew only this side of Friedrich's personality, namely his deep melancholic seriousness, only knew half the man. I have met few people who have such a gift for telling jokes and such a sense of fun as he did, providing that he was in the company of people he liked." Quoted in <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197416_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197416-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleist was the first member of the Romantic movement to discuss Friedrich in print. See: Siegel, Linda</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The scene is an allusion to Act V, scene 3 of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Hermannsschlacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Hermannsschlacht">Die Hermannsschlacht</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel197887–88_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel197887–88-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1974_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1974-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hofmann_(art_historian)" title="Werner Hofmann (art historian)">Werner Hofmann</a>, both Graubner and Friedrich created an aesthetics of monotony as a counterpart to the aesthetics of variety that was predominant before the nineteenth century. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1975/52/kissenkunst-zerrissene-realitaet/seite-2">"Kissenkunst, zerrissene Realität", <i>Die Zeit</i>, 19 December 1975.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2004338-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2004338_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray2004">Murray 2004</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan20047-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan20047_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan20047_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974205–210-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974205–210_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1974">Miller 1974</a>, pp. 205–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/caspar-david-friedrich/">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-art-world/the-man-who-could-paint-loneliness">"The Man Who Could Paint Loneliness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> accessed 4 July 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199912_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999">Johnston, Leppien & Monrad 1999</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200317-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200317_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200317_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200418-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200418_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel19788-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19788_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegel1978">Siegel 1978</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoime1990512-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoime1990512_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoime1990">Boime 1990</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdfi.de/">"Caspar-David-Friedrich-Institut"</a>. <i>Universität Greifswald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424110238/http://www.cdfi.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Greifswald&rft.atitle=Caspar-David-Friedrich-Institut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdfi.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel19787-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19787_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegel1978">Siegel 1978</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200426-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200426_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200429-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200429_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200448-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200448_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffithsCarey1994206-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffithsCarey1994206_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffithsCarey1994">Griffiths & Carey 1994</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan200441-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan200441_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199945_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999">Johnston, Leppien & Monrad 1999</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999106-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999106_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999">Johnston, Leppien & Monrad 1999</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199914-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstonLeppienMonrad199914_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004203_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197441–45-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBörsch-Supan197441–45_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBörsch-Supan1974">Börsch-Supan 1974</a>, pp. 41–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel1978114-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1978114_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel1978114_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegel1978">Siegel 1978</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">Updike, John</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1991/mar/07/innerlichkeit-and-eigentumlichkeit/">Innerlichkeit and Eigentümlichkeit</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, Volume 38, Number 5, 7 March 1991. Retrieved on 22 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan198066-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan198066_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan198066_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan1980">Vaughan 1980</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmied199548-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmied199548_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmied1995">Schmied 1995</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004263-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004263_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004263_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRewaldMonrad2001" class="citation book cs1">Rewald, Sabine; Monrad, Kasper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMMZy-c7QcYC"><i>Caspar David Friedrich: Moonwatchers</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-004-2"><bdi>978-1-58839-004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich%3A+Moonwatchers&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-004-2&rft.aulast=Rewald&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.au=Monrad%2C+Kasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMMZy-c7QcYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmied199544-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmied199544_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmied1995">Schmied 1995</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004300–302-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004300–302_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, pp. 300–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004302-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004302_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004302_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004295–296-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004295–296_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guillaud, 128. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=495">Glimpses of Mystery In a Sea of Fog. Essen's Folkwang Museum reinterprets Caspar David Friedrich</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209010756/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=495">Archived</a> 9 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The Atlantic Times</i> (Germany), May 2006. Retrieved on 27 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel197887–88-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel197887–88_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegel1978">Siegel 1978</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1964" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Suzanne Latt (1964). <i>The Relationship of the American Luminists to Caspar David Friedrich</i>. New York: Columbia University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23758262">23758262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+of+the+American+Luminists+to+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23758262&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Latt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004318-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004318_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200396-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200396_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004320-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004320_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECausey1980315-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECausey1980315_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECausey1980315_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCausey1980">Causey 1980</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004331-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004331_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElger2009173–78-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElger2009173–78_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElger2009">Elger 2009</a>, pp. 173–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/friedrich_richter/">From Caspar David Friedrich to Gerhard Richter: German Paintings from Dresden</a>". <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a>, 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchütz199149–53-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchütz199149–53_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchütz1991">Schütz 1991</a>, pp. 49–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaaseVowinckelvon_Wiese1983" class="citation book cs1">Haase, Amine; Vowinckel, Andreas; von Wiese, Stephan (1983). <i>Michael Buthe & Marcel Odenbach</i>. Walter Phillips Gallery. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Buthe+%26+Marcel+Odenbach&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Walter+Phillips+Gallery&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Haase&rft.aufirst=Amine&rft.au=Vowinckel%2C+Andreas&rft.au=von+Wiese%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlteveer2008" class="citation web cs1">Alteveer, Ian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kief/hd_kief.htm">"Anselm Kiefer (Born 1945)"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Anselm+Kiefer+%28Born+1945%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Alteveer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fkief%2Fhd_kief.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span> Altveer mentions a specific photograph by Kiefer inspired by <i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach,_Cristin2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%ADn_Leach" title="Cristín Leach">Leach, Cristin</a> (24 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helnwein.com/press/selected_articles/article_3595-Old-romantics-tug-at-the-heart">"Old Romantics Tug at the Heart"</a>. <i>The Sunday Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210200640/http://www.helnwein-museum.com/article3453.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span> – via Helnwein Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Old+Romantics+Tug+at+the+Heart&rft.date=2004-10-24&rft.au=Leach%2C+Cristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helnwein.com%2Fpress%2Fselected_articles%2Farticle_3595-Old-romantics-tug-at-the-heart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reproduction of Turner's <i>The Evening Star</i>. <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/joseph-mallord-william-turner-the-evening-star">The Evening Star: Joseph Mallord William Turner</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery, London">National Gallery, London</a>. Retrieved on 21 August 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also, Geldzahler (1969), 353. Reproduction of the Rothko can be found here <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201080419/http://www.angel-art-house.com/oil_paintings_artists/r/RothkoMark/Light_Earth_and_Blue_1954.htm">"Light Earth and Blue 1954 Rothko,Mark oil painting reproduction, hand-painted oil painting for sale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angel-art-house.com/oil_paintings_artists/r/RothkoMark/Light_Earth_and_Blue_1954.htm">the original</a> on 1 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light+Earth+and+Blue+1954+Rothko%2CMark+oil+painting+reproduction%2C+hand-painted+oil+painting+for+sale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angel-art-house.com%2Foil_paintings_artists%2Fr%2FRothkoMark%2FLight_Earth_and_Blue_1954.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblum1969" class="citation book cs1">Rosenblum, Robert (1969). "The Abstract Sublime". In Geldzahler, Henry (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorkpaintings00geld"><i>New York Painting and Sculpture: 1940–1970</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/71-87179">71-87179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Abstract+Sublime&rft.btitle=New+York+Painting+and+Sculpture%3A+1940%E2%80%931970&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F71-87179&rft.aulast=Rosenblum&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorkpaintings00geld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1991626–628-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1991626–628_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan1991">Vaughan 1991</a>, pp. 626–628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004219–224-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004219–224_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, pp. 219–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForster-Hahn1976113–116-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForster-Hahn1976113–116_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForster-Hahn1976">Forster-Hahn 1976</a>, pp. 113–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark200772-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark200772_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2007">Clark 2007</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325–326-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325–326_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, pp. 325–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004325_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004329-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004329_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004332-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004332_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel19783-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19783_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel19783_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegel1978">Siegel 1978</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004279-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan2004279_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan2004">Vaughan 2004</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200345-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200345_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf200312-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf200312_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf2003">Wolf 2003</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegel197862-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegel197862_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegel1978">Siegel 1978</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i>Academic American Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 3. Los Angeles: Grolier. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717-22024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717-22024-3"><bdi>978-0717-22024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Academic+American+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0717-22024-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeenken1938" class="citation journal cs1">Beenken, Hermann (1938). "Caspar David Friedrich". <i>The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</i>. <b>72</b> (421): <span class="nowrap">171–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/867281">867281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=421&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F867281%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beenken&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoime1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Boime" title="Albert Boime">Boime, Albert</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artinageofbonapa0056boim"><i>Art in an Age of Bonapartism, 1800–1815: A Social History of Modern Art</i></a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06335-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06335-5"><bdi>978-0-226-06335-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+in+an+Age+of+Bonapartism%2C+1800%E2%80%931815%3A+A+Social+History+of+Modern+Art&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06335-5&rft.aulast=Boime&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartinageofbonapa0056boim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBörsch-Supan1972" class="citation journal cs1">Börsch-Supan, Helmut (1972). "Caspar David Friedrich's Landscapes with Self-Portraits". <i>The Burlington Magazine</i>. <b>114</b> (834): <span class="nowrap">620–</span>630. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/877126">877126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich%27s+Landscapes+with+Self-Portraits&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=834&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E620-%3C%2Fspan%3E630&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F877126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6rsch-Supan&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBörsch-Supan1974" class="citation book cs1">Börsch-Supan, Helmut (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caspardavidfried0000bors/"><i>Caspar David Friedrich</i></a></span>. Twohig, Sarah (tr.). New York: George Braziller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8076-0747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8076-0747-3"><bdi>978-0-8076-0747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=George+Braziller&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8076-0747-3&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6rsch-Supan&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaspardavidfried0000bors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCausey1980" class="citation book cs1">Causey, Andrew (1980). <i>Paul Nash</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-7348-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1981-7348-9"><bdi>978-0-1981-7348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Nash&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-1981-7348-9&rft.aulast=Causey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Clark, Kenneth</a> (2007). <i>Landscape into Art</i>. London: Gibb Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2824-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-2824-8"><bdi>978-1-4067-2824-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+into+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gibb+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-2824-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlenburgCarsten2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Dahlenburg" title="Birgit Dahlenburg">Dahlenburg, Birgit</a>; Carsten, Spitzer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Glx9t1aWvzQC&pg=PA112">"Major Depression and Stroke in Caspar David Friedrich"</a>. In Bogousslavsky, Julien; Boller, François (eds.). <i>Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists</i>. Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience. Vol. 19. Basel: S. Karger AG. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000085609">10.1159/000085609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-7914-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-7914-8"><bdi>978-3-8055-7914-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Major+Depression+and+Stroke+in+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Neurological+Disorders+in+Famous+Artists&rft.place=Basel&rft.series=Frontiers+of+Neurology+and+Neuroscience&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.pub=S.+Karger+AG&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000085609&rft.isbn=978-3-8055-7914-8&rft.aulast=Dahlenburg&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft.au=Carsten%2C+Spitzer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGlx9t1aWvzQC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElger2009" class="citation book cs1">Elger, Dietmar (2009). <i>Gerhard Richter: A Life in Painting</i>. Chicago: University of Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2262-0323-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2262-0323-2"><bdi>978-0-2262-0323-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerhard+Richter%3A+A+Life+in+Painting&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-2262-0323-2&rft.aulast=Elger&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster-Hahn1976" class="citation journal cs1">Forster-Hahn, Françoise (March 1976). "Recent Scholarship on Caspar David Friedrich". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3049469">10.2307/3049469</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3049469">3049469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Recent+Scholarship+on+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3049469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3049469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Forster-Hahn&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrave2017" class="citation book cs1">Grave, Johannes (2017). <i>Caspar David Friedrich</i> (2nd ed.). London/New York: Prestel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-8357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-8357-6"><bdi>978-3-7913-8357-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-8357-6&rft.aulast=Grave&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grewe, Cordula (May 2006). "Heaven on Earth: Cordula Grewe on Caspar David Friedrich". <i>Artforum International</i>. <b>44</b> (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artforum+International&rft.atitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+Cordula+Grewe+on+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Grewe&rft.aufirst=Cordula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsCarey1994" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Antony; Carey, Francis (1994). <i>German Printmaking in the Age of Goethe</i>. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1659-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1659-4"><bdi>978-0-7141-1659-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Printmaking+in+the+Age+of+Goethe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1659-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft.au=Carey%2C+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaudGuillaud1985" class="citation cs2">Guillaud, Maurice; Guillaud, Jacqueline, eds. (1985), <i>Caspar David Friedrich, line and transparency – Exhibition catalogue, Centre Culturel du Marais, Paris</i>, New York: Rizzoli International Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-5408-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-5408-6"><bdi>0-8478-5408-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich%2C+line+and+transparency+%E2%80%93+Exhibition+catalogue%2C+Centre+Culturel+du+Marais%2C+Paris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rizzoli+International+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8478-5408-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonLeppienMonrad1999" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Catherine; Leppien, Helmut R.; Monrad, Kasper (1999). <i>Baltic Light: Early Open-Air Painting in Denmark and North Germany</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8166-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8166-4"><bdi>978-0-3000-8166-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltic+Light%3A+Early+Open-Air+Painting+in+Denmark+and+North+Germany&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-8166-4&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Leppien%2C+Helmut+R.&rft.au=Monrad%2C+Kasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoerner2002" class="citation book cs1">Koerner, Joseph Leo (2002). <i>Caspar David Friedrich and the Subject of Landscape</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-439-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich+and+the+Subject+of+Landscape&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-439-7&rft.aulast=Koerner&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarisey1993" class="citation book cs1">Larisey, Peter (1993). <i>Light for a Cold Land: Lawren Harris's Life and Work</i>. Toronto: Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5500-2188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5500-2188-2"><bdi>978-1-5500-2188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+for+a+Cold+Land%3A+Lawren+Harris%27s+Life+and+Work&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-5500-2188-2&rft.aulast=Larisey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1974" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Philip B. (1974). "Anxiety and Abstraction: Kleist and Brentano on Caspar David Friedrich". <i>Art Journal</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043249.1974.10793215">10.1080/00043249.1974.10793215</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/775782">775782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Anxiety+and+Abstraction%3A+Kleist+and+Brentano+on+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043249.1974.10793215&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F775782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1984" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Timothy (September 1984). "Caspar David Friedrich's <i>Der Watzmann</i>: German Romantic Landscape Painting and Historical Geology". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>66</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1984.10788189">10.1080/00043079.1984.10788189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3050447">3050447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich%27s+Der+Watzmann%3A+German+Romantic+Landscape+Painting+and+Historical+Geology&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1984-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.1984.10788189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3050447%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2004" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Christopher John (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofro002unse_v8y9"><i>Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850</i></a></span>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-422-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-422-5"><bdi>1-57958-422-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Romantic+Era%2C+1760%E2%80%931850&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57958-422-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofro002unse_v8y9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrettejohn2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Prettejohn" title="Elizabeth Prettejohn">Prettejohn, Elizabeth</a> (2005). <i>Beauty & Art, 1750–2000</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1928-0160-9"><bdi>978-0-1928-0160-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beauty+%26+Art%2C+1750%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1928-0160-9&rft.aulast=Prettejohn&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmied1995" class="citation book cs1">Schmied, Wieland (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caspardavidfried00schm"><i>Caspar David Friedrich</i></a>. New York: H.N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3327-9"><bdi>978-0-8109-3327-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.N.+Abrams&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3327-9&rft.aulast=Schmied&rft.aufirst=Wieland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaspardavidfried00schm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1940" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Matthias (1940). <i>Caspar David Friedrich: His Life and Work</i>. German Library of Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=German+Library+of+Information&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Schütz, Sabine (1991). "Color-Space Bodies: The Art of Gotthard Graubner". <i><a href="/wiki/Arts_Magazine" title="Arts Magazine">Arts Magazine</a></i>. <b>65</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Magazine&rft.atitle=Color-Space+Bodies%3A+The+Art+of+Gotthard+Graubner&rft.volume=65&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1974" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel, Linda (1974). "Synaesthesia and the Paintings of Caspar David Friedrich". <i>The Art Journal</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">196–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043249.1974.10793214">10.1080/00043249.1974.10793214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/775782">775782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=Synaesthesia+and+the+Paintings+of+Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043249.1974.10793214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F775782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1978" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Linda (1978). <i>Caspar David Friedrich and the Age of German Romanticism</i>. Boston: Branden Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-1659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8283-1659-0"><bdi>978-0-8283-1659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich+and+the+Age+of+German+Romanticism&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Branden+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8283-1659-0&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1972" class="citation cs2">Vaughan, William (1972), <i>Caspar David Friedrich, 1774–1840: Romantic Landscape Painting in Dresden – Catalogue of an Exhibition Held at the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>, London, 6 September – 16 October 1972</i>, London: Tate Gallery, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900874-36-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-900874-36-8"><bdi>0-900874-36-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich%2C+1774%E2%80%931840%3A+Romantic+Landscape+Painting+in+Dresden+%E2%80%93+Catalogue+of+an+Exhibition+Held+at+the+Tate+Gallery%2C+London%2C+6+September+%E2%80%93+16+October+1972&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tate+Gallery&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-900874-36-8&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1980" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, William (1980). <i>German Romantic Painting</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-2387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-2387-9"><bdi>978-0-3000-2387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Romantic+Painting&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-2387-9&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughan, William (1991). "Reviewed Works: 'The Romantic Vision of Caspar David Friedrich' + 'Painting and Drawings from the USSR' by Sabine Rewald'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Burlington Magazine</i>. <b>133</b> (1062). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/884854">884854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Works%3A+%27The+Romantic+Vision+of+Caspar+David+Friedrich%27+%2B+%27Painting+and+Drawings+from+the+USSR%27+by+Sabine+Rewald%27&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1062&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F884854%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, William (2004). <i>Friedrich</i>. Oxford: Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4060-4"><bdi>978-0-7148-4060-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-4060-4&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Norbert (2003). <i>Caspar David Friedrich</i>. Köln: Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2293-7"><bdi>978-3-8228-2293-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caspar+David+Friedrich&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-2293-7&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaspar+David+Friedrich" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/friedrich-the-lone-tree.html">Friedrich's The Lone Tree</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/friedrich-woman-at-a-window.html">Friedrich's Woman at a Window</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/friedrichs-a-walk-at-dusk.html">Friedrich's A Walk at Dusk</a>, <br />all from <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdfriedrich.de/en/">250 Years Caspar David Friedrich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211013532/http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_En/04/2003/hm4_2_046.html">Hermitage Museum Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caspardavidfriedrich.org">CasparDavidFriedrich.org</a> – 89 paintings by Caspar David Friedrich</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209051558/http://www.hamburger-kunsthalle.de/friedrich/html/en_biographie.html">Biographical timeline, Hamburg Kunsthalle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021407/http://www.kunstpedia.com/articles/caspar-david-friedrich-and-the-german-romantic-landscape.html">Caspar David Friedrich and the German romantic landscape</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/71300"><i>German masters of the nineteenth century: paintings and drawings from the Federal Republic of Germany</i></a>, full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Caspar David Friedrich (no. 29–36)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caspar_David_Friedrich105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Template:Caspar David Friedrich"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Template talk:Caspar David Friedrich"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caspar David Friedrich"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caspar_David_Friedrich105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caspar David Friedrich</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="List of works by Caspar David Friedrich">List of works</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cairn_in_Snow" title="Cairn in Snow">Cairn in Snow</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cross_in_the_Mountains" title="Cross in the Mountains">Cross in the Mountains</a></i> (1808)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk_by_the_Sea" title="The Monk by the Sea">The Monk by the Sea</a></i> (1808–1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abbey_in_the_Oakwood" title="The Abbey in the Oakwood">The Abbey in the Oakwood</a></i> (1809–10)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Landscape_with_Rainbow" title="Mountain Landscape with Rainbow">Mountain Landscape with Rainbow</a></i> (1809–10)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_on_the_Riesengebirge" title="Morning on the Riesengebirge">Morning on the Riesengebirge</a></i> (1810–11)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tombs_of_the_Old_Heroes" title="The Tombs of the Old Heroes">The Tombs of the Old Heroes</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg_(painting)" title="Neubrandenburg (painting)">Neubrandenburg</a></i> (c. 1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Men_by_the_Sea" title="Two Men by the Sea">Two Men by the Sea</a></i> (1817)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gazebo_(painting)" title="The Gazebo (painting)">The Gazebo</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chalk_Cliffs_on_R%C3%BCgen" title="Chalk Cliffs on Rügen">Chalk Cliffs on Rügen</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seaside_by_Moonlight" title="Seaside by Moonlight">Seaside by Moonlight</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Port_of_Greifswald" title="The Port of Greifswald">The Port of Greifswald</a></i> (1818–1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Men_Contemplating_the_Moon" title="Two Men Contemplating the Moon">Two Men Contemplating the Moon; Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon</a></i> (1820s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evening_(painting)" title="Evening (painting)">Evening</a></i> (1821)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/River_Bank_in_Fog" title="River Bank in Fog">River Bank in Fog</a></i> (1821)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Tree" title="The Lonely Tree">The Lonely Tree</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_by_the_Sea" title="Moonrise by the Sea">Moonrise by the Sea</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tree_of_Crows" title="The Tree of Crows">The Tree of Crows</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_at_a_Window" title="Woman at a Window">Woman at a Window</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hutten%27s_Grave" title="Hutten's Grave">Hutten's Grave</a></i> (1823)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_of_Ice" title="The Sea of Ice">The Sea of Ice</a></i> (1823–24)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Watzmann" title="The Watzmann">The Watzmann</a></i> (1824–25)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabin_in_the_Snow" title="Cabin in the Snow">Cabin in the Snow</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ships_in_Harbour,_Evening" title="Ships in Harbour, Evening">Ships in Harbour, Evening</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_of_Juno_in_Agrigento" title="The Temple of Juno in Agrigento">The Temple of Juno in Agrigento</a></i> (1828–1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Enclosure" title="The Great Enclosure">The Great Enclosure</a></i> (1831)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_Eldena_Abbey_in_the_Riesengebirge" title="Ruins of Eldena Abbey in the Riesengebirge">Ruins of Eldena Abbey in the Riesengebirge</a></i> (1830–1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neubrandenburg_Burning" title="Neubrandenburg Burning">Neubrandenburg Burning</a></i> (1830–1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_(Friedrich)" title="Sunset (Friedrich)">Sunset</a></i> (1830–1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stages_of_Life" title="The Stages of Life">The Stages of Life</a></i> (1835)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_with_the_Spider%27s_Web" title="The Woman with the Spider's Web">The Woman with the Spider's Web</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_a_Raven_at_an_Abyss" title="Woman with a Raven at an Abyss">Woman with a Raven at an Abyss</a></i> (c. 1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Sleeping_on_a_Grave" title="Boy Sleeping on a Grave">Boy Sleeping on a Grave</a></i> (c. 1803)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich_in_his_Studio" title="Caspar David Friedrich in his Studio">Caspar David Friedrich in his Studio</a></i> (1811/1819 paintings)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boundaries_of_Time:_Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Boundaries of Time: Caspar David Friedrich">Boundaries of Time: Caspar David Friedrich</a></i> (1986 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_of_Silence" title="The Magic of Silence">The Magic of Silence</a></i> (2023 biography)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrm6pxHq9qwXPKjg3t9Xd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118535889">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059754">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12300916t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12300916t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620688">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35104582">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011018087&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX947693">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068772513">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90062766">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Friedrich, Caspar David, 1774-1840"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000155691&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000095731&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=196000">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2022C8968">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn2446l855q3p7m">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810567464005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/134714">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007303632005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058604989906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01814801?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500116242">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1eed464d-5e84-4859-9a99-065260458d90">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/29498">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/351378a6-1d4f-4478-9fae-ee1a11abfbfc">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=54424">ADK</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/friedrich-caspar-david">Städel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118535889">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/827798">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118535889.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118535889">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031876129">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60p1kqj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&oldid=1273155785">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspar_David_Friedrich&oldid=1273155785</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55fd9d4764-l699j","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.424","walltime":"1.657","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11392,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":227398,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18279,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":198000,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1409.889 1 -total"," 24.35% 343.313 102 Template:Sfn"," 12.40% 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news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Friedrich, Caspar David\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Romanticism\"] = 1,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 102,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-8qh72","timestamp":"20250214040441","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Caspar David 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