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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Early terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 1972 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Later terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later life and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Shirley_Chisholm_Legacy_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Shirley_Chisholm_Legacy_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Shirley_Chisholm_Legacy_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Political </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honors and awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honors and awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 American honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Other recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Shirley Chisholm</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85" title="شيرلي تشيشولم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيرلي تشيشولم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="شرلی چیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شرلی چیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholmov%C3%A1" title="Shirley Chisholmová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Shirley Chisholmová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="شرلی چیزم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرلی چیزم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%9C%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B9%98%EC%A0%90" title="셜리 치점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셜리 치점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Շիրլի Չիսհոլմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շիրլի Չիսհոլմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="שירלי צ'יזהולם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שירלי צ'יזהולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შირლი ჩისჰოლმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შირლი ჩისჰოლმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="ഷെർലി ചിസ്ഹോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷെർലി ചിസ്ഹോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85" title="شيرلى تشيشولم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيرلى تشيشولم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%82%B6%E3%83%A0" title="シャーリー・チザム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャーリー・チザム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC,_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чисхолм, Ширли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чисхолм, Ширли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%D9%85" title="شێرلی چیسھۆڵم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرلی چیسھۆڵم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ширли Чизом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ширли Чизом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Shirley Chisholm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC,_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Чисхолм, Ширли – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чисхолм, Ширли" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Ширлі Чисголм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ширлі Чисголм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1924–2005)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Shirley Chisholm</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirley_Chisholm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shirley_Chisholm.jpg/220px-Shirley_Chisholm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shirley_Chisholm.jpg/330px-Shirley_Chisholm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shirley_Chisholm.jpg/440px-Shirley_Chisholm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="4492" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Chisholm in 1972</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_Vice_Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman of the United States House of Representatives">Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="New York's 12th congressional district">12th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edna_F._Kelly" title="Edna F. Kelly">Edna Kelly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">Major Owens</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1965 – December 31, 1968</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Jones_(judge)" title="Thomas R. Jones (judge)">Thomas Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Fortune" title="Thomas R. Fortune">Thomas R. Fortune</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">17th district (1965) 45th district (1966) 55th district (1967–1968)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Shirley Anita St. Hill</div> (1924-11-30)November 30, 1924 <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 2005(2005-01-01) (aged 80) <a href="/wiki/Ormond_Beach,_Florida" title="Ormond Beach, Florida">Ormond Beach, Florida</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_(Buffalo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)">Forest Lawn Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Conrad Chisholm</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1949; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1977)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Arthur Hardwick Jr.</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1977; died 1986)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Shirley Anita Chisholm (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtʃɪzəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">CHIZ-əm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> St. Hill; November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician who, in 1968, became the first black woman to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> Chisholm represented <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="New York's 12th congressional district">New York's 12th congressional district</a>, a district centered in <a href="/wiki/Bedford%E2%80%93Stuyvesant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford–Stuyvesant">Bedford–Stuyvesant</a>, Brooklyn<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">In 1972</a>, she became the first black candidate for a major-party nomination for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> and the first woman to run for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s presidential nomination. Throughout her career, she was known for taking "a resolute stand against economic, social, and political injustices,"<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> as well as being a strong supporter of black civil rights and women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Born in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, she spent ages five through nine in <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, and she always considered herself a <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadian American">Barbadian American</a>. She excelled at school and earned her college degree in the United States. She started working in early childhood education, and she became involved in local Democratic Party politics in the 1950s. In 1964, overcoming some resistance because she was a woman, she was elected to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a>. Four years later, she was elected to Congress, where she led the expansion of food and nutrition programs for the poor and rose to party leadership. She retired from Congress in 1983 and taught at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> while continuing her political organizing. Although nominated for the ambassadorship to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1993, health issues caused her to withdraw. In 2015, Chisholm was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Shirley Anita St. Hill was born to immigrant parents on November 30, 1924, in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York City. She was of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Afro-Guyanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Afro-Barbadian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-birth-11">[10]</a> She had three younger sisters,<a href="#cite_note-fls-72-12">[11]</a> two born within three years of her and one later.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-7-8-13">[12]</a> Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a><a href="#cite_note-NYPassengerList-1923-04-10-14">[13]</a> before moving to <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-7-8-13">[12]</a> He arrived in New York City via <a href="/wiki/Antilla,_Cuba" title="Antilla, Cuba">Antilla, Cuba</a>, in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-NYPassengerList-1923-04-10-14">[13]</a> Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Barbados" title="Christ Church, Barbados">Christ Church, Barbados</a> and arrived in New York City in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-NYPassengerList-1921-03-08-15">[14]</a> Charles St. Hill was a laborer who worked in a factory that made burlap bags and as a baker's helper. Ruby St. Hill was a skilled seamstress and domestic worker who experienced the difficulty of working outside the home while simultaneously raising her children.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-winslow-9-17">[16]</a> As a consequence, in November 1929, when Shirley turned five, she and her two sisters were sent to Barbados on the <a href="/wiki/MS_Vulcania" title="MS Vulcania">MS Vulcania</a> to live with their maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-9-17">[16]</a> Shirley later said, "Granny gave me strength, dignity, and love. I learned from an early age that I was somebody. I didn't need the black revolution to teach me that."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-lesher-18">[17]</a> Shirley and her sisters lived on their grandmother's farm in the Vauxhall village in Christ Church, where Shirley attended a one-room schoolhouse.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> She returned to the United States in 1934, arriving in New York on May 19 aboard the <a href="/wiki/SS_Nerissa_(1926)" title="SS Nerissa (1926)">SS Nerissa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYPassengerList-1934-05-19-20">[19]</a> As a result of her time in Barbados, Shirley spoke with a <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">West Indian accent</a> throughout her life.<a href="#cite_note-fls-72-12">[11]</a> In her 1970 autobiography, Unbought and Unbossed, she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason."<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In addition, she belonged to the Quaker Brethren sect found in the West Indies, and religion became important to her; however, later in life, she attended services in a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> church.<a href="#cite_note-ac-spelman-22">[21]</a> As a result of her time on the island, and despite her U.S. birth, she always would consider herself a <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian American</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Beginning in 1939, she attended <a href="/wiki/Girls%27_High_School" title="Girls' High School">Girls' High School</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bedford%E2%80%93Stuyvesant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford–Stuyvesant">Bedford–Stuyvesant</a> neighborhood of Brooklyn, a highly regarded, integrated school that attracted girls from throughout Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-Chisolm-24">[23]</a> She did well academically at Girls' High and was chosen to be vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Arista_(honor_society)" title="Arista (honor society)">Junior Arista</a> honor society.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-21-25">[24]</a> She was accepted at and offered scholarships to <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, but the family could not afford the room-and-board costs to go to either school; instead, she selected <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a>, where there was no charge for tuition and she could live at home and commute to the school.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-21-25">[24]</a> She earned her <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> from Brooklyn College in 1946, majoring in sociology and minoring in Spanish<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> (a language that she would employ at times during her political career).<a href="#cite_note-bbc-2016-27">[26]</a> She won prizes for her debating skills<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> and graduated cum laude.<a href="#cite_note-lat-retire-28">[27]</a> During her time at Brooklyn College, she was a member of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">Delta Sigma Theta</a> sorority and the Harriet Tubman Society.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> As a member of the Harriet Tubman Society, she advocated for inclusion (specifically in terms of the integration of black soldiers in the military during World War II), the addition of courses that focused on African-American history and the involvement of more women in the student government.<a href="#cite_note-mosesm-30">[29]</a> However, this was not her first introduction to activism or politics. Growing up, she was surrounded by politics, as her father was an avid supporter of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>'s and a dedicated supporter of the rights of trade union members.<a href="#cite_note-mosesm-30">[29]</a> She saw her community advocate for its rights as she witnessed the Barbados workers' and anti-colonial independence movements.<a href="#cite_note-mosesm-30">[29]</a> She met Conrad O. Chisholm in the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-usa-obit-31">[30]</a> He had migrated to the United States from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1946, and he later became a private investigator who specialized in negligence-based lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-ap-husband-32">[31]</a> They married in 1949 in a large West Indian-style wedding.<a href="#cite_note-ap-husband-32">[31]</a> She subsequently suffered two miscarriages, and, to their disappointment, the couple would have no children;<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> although, in the view of scholar Julie Gallagher, it is possible that her career goals played a role in this outcome as well.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 395  After graduating from college, Chisholm began working as a teacher's aide at the Mt. Calvary Child Care Center in Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-26-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 395  She would work at the center in a teaching role from 1946 to 1953.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-26-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> Meanwhile, she was furthering her education,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> attending classes at night and earning her <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> in childhood education from <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers College">Teachers College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-26-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> From 1953 to 1954, she was director of the Friend in Need Nursery,<a href="#cite_note-winslow-28-36">[35]</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville, Brooklyn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> and then, from 1954 to 1959, she was director of the Hamilton-Madison Child Care Center,<a href="#cite_note-winslow-28-36">[35]</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> At the latter, there were 130 children between the ages of three and seven, and 24 employees reported to her.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-28-36">[35]</a> From 1959 to 1964, she was an educational consultant for the Division of Day Care in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> There, she was in charge of supervising ten day-care centers as well as starting up new ones.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> She became an authority on early education and child-welfare issues.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> Chisholm entered the world of politics in 1953, when she joined Wesley "Mac" Holder's effort to elect Lewis Flagg Jr. to the bench as the first black judge in Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 395  The Flagg election group later transformed into the Bedford–Stuyvesant Political League (BSPL).<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 395  The BSPL pushed candidates to support civil rights, fought against racial discrimination in housing, and sought to improve economic opportunities and services in Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 395  Chisholm eventually left the group around 1958 after clashing with Holder over Chisholm's push to give female members of the group more input in decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 395–396  She also worked as a volunteer for white-dominated political clubs in Brooklyn, like the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fls-722-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> With the Political League, she was part of a committee that chose the recipient of its annual Brotherhood Award.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> She also was a representative of the Brooklyn branch of the National Association of College Women.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Furthermore, within the political organizations that she joined, Chisholm sought to make meaningful changes to the structure and make-up of the organizations, specifically the Brooklyn Democratic Clubs, which resulted in her being able to recruit more people of color into the 17th District Club and, thus, local politics.<a href="#cite_note-mosesm-30">[29]</a> In 1960, Chisholm joined a new organization, the Unity Democratic Club (UDC), led by former Flagg campaign member <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Jones_(judge)" title="Thomas R. Jones (judge)">Thomas R. Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 396  The UDC's membership was mostly middle class, racially integrated, and included women in leadership positions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 396  Chisholm campaigned for Jones, who lost the election for an assembly seat in 1960, but ran again two years later and won, becoming Brooklyn's second black assemblyman.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 396–397  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_legislator">State legislator</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State legislator">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:27%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Young woman, what are you doing out here in this cold? Did you get your husband's breakfast this morning? Did you straighten up your house? What are you doing running for office? This is something for men." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Chisholm relating what an older African-American man told her at a Brooklyn housing project in 1964 when she was collecting signatures for her nominating petition for state assembly. She calmly explained her experience and commitment to the community, and he ended up signing the petition.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></cite> </div> After Jones accepted a judicial appointment rather than seek reelection, Chisholm sought to run for his seat in the New York state assembly in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 397  Chisholm faced resistance based on her sex, with the UDC hesitant to support a female candidate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 397  Chisholm chose to appeal directly to women, including using her role as Brooklyn branch president of Key Women of America to mobilize female voters.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 398  Chisholm won the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> primary in June 1964.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 398  She then won the seat in December with over 18,000 votes over Republican and Liberal Party candidates, neither of whom received more than 1,900 votes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 398  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirley_Chisholm_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Shirley_Chisholm_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Shirley_Chisholm_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Shirley_Chisholm_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Shirley_Chisholm_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Shirley_Chisholm_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Shirley_Chisholm_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>Chisholm reviewing political statistics in 1965</figcaption></figure> Chisholm was a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> from 1965 to 1968, sitting in the <a href="/wiki/175th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="175th New York State Legislature">175th</a>, <a href="/wiki/176th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="176th New York State Legislature">176th</a> and <a href="/wiki/177th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="177th New York State Legislature">177th New York State Legislatures</a>. By May 1965, she had already been honored in a "Salute to Women Doers" affair in New York.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> One of her early activities in the Assembly was to argue against the state's <a href="/wiki/Literacy_test" title="Literacy test">literacy test</a> requiring English, holding that just because a person "functions better in his native language is no sign a person is illiterate".<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> By early 1966, she was a leader in a push by the statewide Council of Elected Negro Democrats for black representation on key committees in the Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Her successes in the legislature included getting <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment benefits</a> extended to domestic workers.<a href="#cite_note-afro-hunter-46">[45]</a> She also sponsored the introduction of a SEEK program (Search for Education, Elevation and Knowledge) to the state, which provided disadvantaged students with the chance to enter college while receiving intensive <a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">remedial education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afro-hunter-46">[45]</a> In August 1968, she was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committeewoman</a> from New York State.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-first-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_election">Initial election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Initial election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:27%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Ladies and gentlemen, this is fighting Shirley Chisholm coming through." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Announcement made from a sound truck that drove up to housing projects in Brooklyn during her 1968 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2019-belongs-48">[47]</a></cite> </div> In 1968, Chisholm ran for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="New York's 12th congressional district">New York's 12th congressional district</a>, which, as part of a court-mandated reapportionment plan, had been significantly redrawn to focus on Bedford–Stuyvesant and was thus expected to result in Brooklyn's first black member of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-nyt022668-49">[48]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a> had, in 1945, become the first black member of Congress from New York City as a whole.) As a result of the redrawing, the white incumbent in the former 12th, Representative <a href="/wiki/Edna_F._Kelly" title="Edna F. Kelly">Edna F. Kelly</a>, sought reelection in a different district.<a href="#cite_note-nyt061968-50">[49]</a> Chisholm announced her candidacy around January 1968 and established some early organizational support.<a href="#cite_note-nyt022668-49">[48]</a> Her campaign slogan was "Unbought and unbossed".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-first-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In the June 18 Democratic primary, Chisholm defeated two other black opponents, State Senator William S. Thompson and labor official Dollie Robertson.<a href="#cite_note-nyt061968-50">[49]</a> In the general election, she staged an upset victory<a href="#cite_note-fls-72-12">[11]</a> over <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a>, the former director of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, who was running as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal Party</a> candidate with Republican support, winning by an approximately two-to-one margin.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-first-47">[46]</a> Chisholm thereby became the first black woman elected to Congress,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-first-47">[46]</a> and she was the only woman in the first-year class that year.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_terms">Early terms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early terms">edit</a>]</div> Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">John W. McCormack</a> assigned Chisholm to serve on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Agriculture" title="United States House Committee on Agriculture">House Agriculture Committee</a>. Given her urban district, she felt the placement was irrelevant to her constituents.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> When Chisholm confided to Rebbe <a href="/wiki/Menachem_M._Schneerson" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem M. Schneerson">Menachem M. Schneerson</a> that she was upset and insulted by her assignment, Schneerson suggested that she use the surplus food to help the poor and hungry. Chisholm subsequently met <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> and worked to expand the <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">food-stamp program</a>. She later played a critical role in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/WIC_program" title="WIC program">Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC)</a>. Chisholm would credit Schneerson for the fact that so many "poor babies [now] have milk and poor children have food".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Chisholm was then also placed on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> Soon after, she voted for <a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a> as <a href="/wiki/House_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Majority Leader">House Majority Leader</a> over <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a>. As a reward for her support, Boggs assigned her to the much-prized <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Education_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Education and Labor">Education and Labor Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-usa-obit-31">[30]</a> which was her preferred committee.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> She was the third-highest-ranking member of this committee when she retired from Congress. Initially, Chisholm only hired women for her office; half of them were black.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> In later years, she did hire some men for both her Washington office and the one in her Brooklyn district.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Chisholm said that she had faced much more discrimination during her New York legislative career because she was a woman than for her race.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBCfoundingmembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/240px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/360px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/480px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Chisholm (seated, second from right) with fellow founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> In 1971, Chisholm served as a founding member of both the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus" title="National Women's Political Caucus">National Women's Political Caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fls-72-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-obit-55">[54]</a> In January 1971, Chisholm was one of 74 U.S. representatives to co-sponsor the House version of the Health Security Act, a bipartisan universal healthcare bill that supported the creation of a government health insurance program to cover every person in America.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In May 1971, Chisholm and fellow New York Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a> introduced a bill to provide $10 billion in federal funds for child-care services by 1975.<a href="#cite_note-nyt051871-57">[56]</a> A less expensive version introduced by Senator <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt051871-57">[56]</a> eventually passed the House and Senate as the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Child_Development_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Child Development Bill">Comprehensive Child Development Bill</a>, but it was vetoed in December 1971 by President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, who said that it was too expensive and would undermine the institution of the family.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972_presidential_campaign">1972 presidential campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1972 presidential campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white image of an African-American woman (Shirley Chisholm) wearing a white sweater and glasses, talking. Above the image reads "Bring U.S. Together" and below the image reads "Vote Chisholm 1972 unbought and unbossed"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg/220px-Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg/330px-Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg/440px-Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Shirley Chisholm 1972 presidential campaign poster</figcaption></figure> Chisholm began exploring her candidacy in July 1971 and formally announced her presidential bid on January 25, 1972,<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_United_States" title="Baptists in the United States">Baptist</a> church in her district in Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-fls-72-12">[11]</a> There, she called for a "bloodless revolution" at the forthcoming Democratic nominating convention for the <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 U.S. presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fls-72-12">[11]</a> Chisholm became the first African American to run for a major party's nomination for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, making her also the first woman ever to run for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1972">Democratic Party's presidential nomination</a> (U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a> having previously run for the 1964 Republican presidential nomination).<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> In her presidential announcement, Chisholm described herself as representative of the people and offered a new articulation of American identity: "I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud. I am not the candidate of the women's movement of this country, although I am a woman and equally proud of that. I am the candidate of the people and my presence before you symbolizes a new era in American political history."<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Her campaign was underfunded, only spending $300,000 in total.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> She also struggled to be regarded as a serious candidate instead of as a symbolic political figure;<a href="#cite_note-usa-obit-31">[30]</a> the Democratic political establishment ignored her, and her black male colleagues provided little support.<a href="#cite_note-spi-2008-60">[59]</a> She later said, "When I ran for the Congress, when I ran for president, I met more discrimination as a woman than for being black. Men are men."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> In particular, she expressed frustration about the "black matriarch thing", saying, "They think I am trying to take power from them. The black man must step forward, but that doesn't mean the black woman must step back."<a href="#cite_note-fls-72-12">[11]</a> Her husband, however, was fully supportive of her candidacy and said, "I have no hangups about a woman running for president."<a href="#cite_note-ap-husband-32">[31]</a> Security was also a concern, as, during the campaign, three confirmed threats were made against her life; Conrad Chisholm served as her bodyguard until <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> protection was given to her in May 1972.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Chisholm skipped the initial March 7 New Hampshire contest, instead focusing on the March 14 Florida primary, which she thought would be receptive due to its "blacks, youth, and a strong women's movement".<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> But, due to organizational difficulties and Congressional responsibilities, she only made two campaign trips there and ended with 3.5 percent of the vote for a seventh-place finish.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> Chisholm had difficulties gaining ballot access, but campaigned or received votes in primaries in fourteen states.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> Her largest number of votes came in the June 6 California primary, where she received 157,435 votes for 4.4 percent and a fourth-place finish, while her best percentage in a competitive primary came in the May 6 North Carolina contest, where she got 7.5 percent for a third-place finish.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> Overall, she won 28 delegates during the primaries process itself.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Chisholm's base of support was ethnically diverse and included the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a>. <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a> attempted to run as Chisholm delegates in New York.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> Altogether, during the primary season, she received 430,703 votes, which was 2.7 percent of the total of nearly 16 million cast and represented seventh place among the Democratic contenders.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> In June, Chisholm became the first woman to appear in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">United States presidential debate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a>, there were still efforts taking place by the campaign of former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> to stop the nomination of Senator <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> for president. After that failed and McGovern's nomination was assured, as a symbolic gesture, Humphrey released his black delegates to Chisholm.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> This, combined with defections from disenchanted delegates from other candidates, as well as the delegates that she had won in the primaries, gave her a total of 152 first-ballot votes for the presidential nomination during the July 12 roll call.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a> (Her precise total was 151.95.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a>) Her largest support overall came from Ohio, with 23 delegates (slightly more than half of them white),<a href="#cite_note-afro-petit-66">[65]</a> even though she had not been on the ballot in the May 2 primary there.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> Her total gave her fourth place in the roll-call tally, behind McGovern's winning total of 1,728 delegates.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> Chisholm said that she ran for office "in spite of hopeless odds ... to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo".<a href="#cite_note-usa-obit-31">[30]</a> It is sometimes stated that Chisholm won a primary in 1972, or won three states overall, with New Jersey, Louisiana and Mississippi being so identified.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> None of these fit the usual definition of winning a plurality of the contested popular vote or delegate allocations at the time of a state primary, caucus or state convention. In the June 6 New Jersey primary, there was a complex ballot that featured both a delegate-selection vote and a non-binding, non-delegate-producing "beauty contest" presidential preference vote.<a href="#cite_note-nyt060772-68">[67]</a> In the delegate-selection vote, Democratic front-runner McGovern defeated his main rival at that point, Humphrey, and won the large share of available delegates.<a href="#cite_note-nyt060772-68">[67]</a> Of the Democratic candidates, only Chisholm and former North Carolina governor <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a> were on the statewide preference ballot.<a href="#cite_note-nyt060772-68">[67]</a> Sanford had withdrawn from the contest three weeks earlier.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In that non-binding preference tally, which the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> described as "meaningless",<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Chisholm received the majority of votes:<a href="#cite_note-nyt060772-68">[67]</a> 51,433, which was 66.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> During the actual balloting at the national convention, Chisholm received votes from only 4 of New Jersey's 109 delegates, with 89 going to McGovern.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> In the May 13 Louisiana caucuses, there was a battle between forces of McGovern and Alabama governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>; nearly all of the delegates chosen were those who identified as uncommitted, many of them black.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Leading up to the convention, McGovern was thought to control 20 of Louisiana's 44 delegates, with most of the rest uncommitted.<a href="#cite_note-ap-south-del-72">[71]</a> During the actual roll call at the national convention, Louisiana passed at first, then cast 18.5 of its 44 votes for Chisholm, with the next-best finishers being McGovern and Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a> with 10.25 each.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-afro-petit-66">[65]</a> As one delegate explained, "Our strategy was to give Shirley our votes for sentimental reasons on the first ballot. However, if our votes would have made the difference, we would have gone with McGovern."<a href="#cite_note-afro-petit-66">[65]</a> In Mississippi, there were two rival party factions that each selected delegates at their own state conventions and caucuses: "regulars", representing the mostly white state Democratic Party, and "loyalists", representing many blacks and white liberals.<a href="#cite_note-ap-south-del-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-miss-73">[72]</a> Each slate professed to be largely uncommitted, but the regulars were thought to favor Wallace and the loyalists McGovern.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-miss-73">[72]</a> By the time of the national convention, the loyalists were seated following a credentials challenge, and their delegates were characterized as mostly supporting McGovern, with some support for Humphrey.<a href="#cite_note-ap-south-del-72">[71]</a> During the convention, some McGovern delegates became angry about what they saw as statements from McGovern that backed away from his commitment to end U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia, and cast protest votes for Chisholm as a result.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> During the actual balloting, Mississippi went in the first half of the roll call, and cast 12 of its 25 votes for Chisholm, with McGovern coming next with 10 votes.<a href="#cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">[61]</a> During the campaign, the German filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilienthal" title="Peter Lilienthal">Peter Lilienthal</a> shot the documentary film Shirley Chisholm for President for the German television channel <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_terms">Later terms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later terms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirely_Chisholm_at_the_1984_DNC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Shirely_Chisholm_at_the_1984_DNC.jpg/220px-Shirely_Chisholm_at_the_1984_DNC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Shirely_Chisholm_at_the_1984_DNC.jpg/330px-Shirely_Chisholm_at_the_1984_DNC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Shirely_Chisholm_at_the_1984_DNC.jpg/440px-Shirely_Chisholm_at_the_1984_DNC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Chisholm at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 Democratic National Convention</a></figcaption></figure> Chisholm created controversy when she visited rival and ideological opposite <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> in the hospital soon after his shooting in May 1972, during the presidential primary campaign. Several years later, when Chisholm worked on a bill to give <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a> the right to a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, Wallace helped gain votes from enough Southern congressmen to push the legislation through the House.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> From 1977 to 1981, during the <a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th Congress</a>, Chisholm served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Democratic_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Democratic Caucus">Secretary of the Democratic Caucus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Throughout her tenure in Congress, Chisholm worked to improve opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner-city</a> residents.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 393, 402–403  She supported spending increases for education, health care and other social services.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 403  She was very concerned with instances of discrimination against women, especially those against impoverished women.<a href="#cite_note-lat-retire-28">[27]</a> She also focused on <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title_in_the_United_States" title="Aboriginal title in the United States">land rights for Native Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lat-retire-28">[27]</a> In the area of national security and foreign policy, Chisholm worked for the revocation of <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_of_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Security Act of 1950">Internal Security Act of 1950</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> She opposed the American involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the expansion of weapon developments.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 403–404  She was a vocal opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">U.S. military draft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 403–404  During the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> administration, she called for better treatment of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitian</a> refugees.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> She was a forceful advocate for the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, believing that the initial value of passing it would be in the social and psychological effects that it would have more than any economic or legal impact.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> She did not want the amendment modified to incorporate a provision that would permit laws that purportedly protected the health and safety of women, saying such a modification would continue a traditional avenue of discrimination against women.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Regarding a specific argument made along these lines, that the amendment would require women to be subject to the draft, Chisholm was unperturbed, saying that if there was a draft, women could serve, and that some larger, stronger women might perform better in infantry roles than some smaller, weaker men.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> At the same time, Chisholm was aware of how much of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-wave feminism in the United States">second-wave feminism in the United States</a> focused on the concerns of middle-class white women, such as the adoption of the term "<a href="/wiki/Ms." title="Ms.">Ms.</a>"<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 410  At the 1973 convention of the National Women's Political Caucus, Chisholm said that "women of color" were faced with "<a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">double discrimination</a>" that especially affected them economically, and that the women's movement needed to make changes to reflect better such women and their concerns.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 410–411  Scholar Julie Gallagher has written that Chisholm's pressure in this regard did make some difference in the focus of the women's movement later in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[33]</a>: 411  Chisholm's first marriage ended in a divorce, which was granted on February 4, 1977, in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wire-2nd-83">[82]</a> Later that year, on November 26,<a href="#cite_note-wire-2nd-83">[82]</a> she married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Hardwick_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Hardwick Jr. (page does not exist)">Arthur Hardwick Jr.</a>, a former New York State Assemblyman whom Chisholm had known when they both served in that body and who was now a <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, liquor-store owner.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> The ceremony was held in a Buffalo-area hotel.<a href="#cite_note-wire-2nd-83">[82]</a> She indicated that while her legal name was now Hardwick, she would continue to use Chisholm in politics.<a href="#cite_note-wire-2nd-83">[82]</a> She began spending some of her time in Buffalo, which brought some political criticism that she was being inattentive to her district.<a href="#cite_note-Winslow-147-84">[83]</a> By the mid- to late-1970s, there was growing dissatisfaction with Chisholm among some liberals in New York state and city politics, who felt that Chisholm too often sided with Democratic party bosses over liberal, black or feminist challengers.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-143-144-85">[84]</a> Instances of her doing this included supporting the incumbent conservative Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_J._Rooney_(politician)" title="John J. Rooney (politician)">John J. Rooney</a> over the liberal antiwar activist <a href="/wiki/Allard_Lowenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Allard Lowenstein">Allard Lowenstein</a> in a 1972 congressional primary; failing to support <a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a>'s primary campaigns for U.S. senator in 1976 and New York mayor in 1977; failing to support the young feminist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">Elizabeth Holtzman</a>'s successful primary challenge to the aging congressional incumbent <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Emanuel Celler</a> in 1972; and remaining neutral during longtime African-American civil rights leader and elected official <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a>'s bid in the 1977 mayoral primary, followed by endorsing <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a> in a runoff.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-145-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-season-87">[86]</a> This dissatisfaction was exemplified by a long 1978 piece published in <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>, titled "Chisholm's Compromises: Politics and the Art of Self-Interest" and written by former UDC ally <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Cooper" title="Andrew W. Cooper">Andrew W. Cooper</a> and Voice investigative reporter <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Barrett" title="Wayne Barrett">Wayne Barrett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-143-144-85">[84]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/The_Amsterdam_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The Amsterdam News">The Amsterdam News</a> ran an editorial about the "Chisholm problem".<a href="#cite_note-wapo-season-87">[86]</a> Chisholm defended herself by saying that she was selecting those candidates who could best protect the interests of, and produce government benefits for, her constituents, but critics said that her behavior put the lie to the "unbossed" part of her slogan.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-143-144-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-season-87">[86]</a> To her biographer Barbara Winslow, Chisholm, being black and a woman, had no natural political base, and she was likely siding with the Democratic machine in order to give herself a secure spot from which to speak out on the provocative progressive messages that she wanted to put forth.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-145-86">[85]</a> A later analysis in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> framed the matter by saying that, despite the celebrity stemming from her presidential campaign, "Chisholm has been a lonely politician. Her unpredictability has led to an isolation that has been augmented by her pride and paranoia."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-season-87">[86]</a> Hardwick was badly injured in an April 1979 automobile accident.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-season-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-retire-28">[27]</a> Desiring to take care of her husband, and also dissatisfied with the course of liberal politics in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Revolution">Reagan Revolution</a>, Chisholm decided to leave Congress.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> The possibility that she would be challenged in a Democratic primary election may have also been a factor in her decision.<a href="#cite_note-Winslow-147-84">[83]</a> She announced her retirement in February 1982, saying that she looked forward to "a more private life". She further expressed that the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> was "not responsive to our constituency. The constituency is going to be more voluble and demanding, and I find myself in a position where I can't help them."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-retire-88">[87]</a> She also lamented the tactics of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>, which she said made potent use of the media and the symbols of family, morality and the national flag to quiet dissatisfaction in the people.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-retire-88">[87]</a> But, overall, Chisholm felt that press reports had overemphasized her political dissatisfaction in her retirement calculus; fundamentally, she said in September 1982, "I've been so obsessed with politics and the desire to help my people all these years, I've never had time to think about my personal life. I think the accident was an instrument, God's way of making me reassess my life."<a href="#cite_note-lat-retire-28">[27]</a> She said she never intended to spend her whole career in politics and looked forward to a return to teaching.<a href="#cite_note-lat-retire-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Towns,_Shirley_Chisholm,_Gwen_Towns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ed_Towns%2C_Shirley_Chisholm%2C_Gwen_Towns.jpg/300px-Ed_Towns%2C_Shirley_Chisholm%2C_Gwen_Towns.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ed_Towns%2C_Shirley_Chisholm%2C_Gwen_Towns.jpg/450px-Ed_Towns%2C_Shirley_Chisholm%2C_Gwen_Towns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Ed_Towns%2C_Shirley_Chisholm%2C_Gwen_Towns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Shirley Chisholm (center) with Representative <a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">Edolphus Towns</a> (left) and his wife, Gwen Towns (right)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?185555-1/shirley-chisholm-memorial-service">Shirley Chisholm Memorial Service, Congressional Black Caucus, February 15, 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a><a href="#cite_note-cspanMemorial-89">[88]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> After leaving Congress in January 1983, Chisholm made her home in <a href="/wiki/Williamsville,_New_York" title="Williamsville, New York">Williamsville, New York</a>, a suburb of Buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-nyt080382-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm-83-91">[90]</a> Wanting to resume her career in education, she had hoped to be named a college president, in particular of <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers_College" title="Medgar Evers College">Medgar Evers College</a> in Brooklyn or of <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a> in Manhattan, but past political opponents were influential in the selection processes and she received neither post.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-150-151-92">[91]</a> Similarly, a move to make her <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Schools_Chancellor" title="New York City Schools Chancellor">New York City Schools Chancellor</a> was blocked by teachers-union head, and longtime foe, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Shanker" title="Albert Shanker">Albert Shanker</a>, and she withdrew from consideration for that position.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-150-151-92">[91]</a> However, she was offered a dozen possible teaching positions at colleges.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-150-151-92">[91]</a> She accepted being named to the Purington Chair at the all-women <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> in Massachusetts, a position that she held for the next four years.<a href="#cite_note-mhc-obit-93">[92]</a> She was not a member of any particular department, but was able to teach classes in a variety of areas;<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> those previously holding the professorship included <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arna_Bontemps" title="Arna Bontemps">Arna Bontemps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt080382-90">[89]</a> When questioned why she would want to teach at an institution with mostly affluent whites as students, she replied that she enjoyed the challenge of exposing them to both her feminist viewpoint and her background and experiences.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In addition, during this time, she spent the Spring 1985 semester as a visiting professor at the historically black women's <a href="/wiki/Spelman_College" title="Spelman College">Spelman College</a> in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-ac-spelman-22">[21]</a> At Spelman, she taught classes titled "Congress, Power and Politics", where she sought to engage students in questions about representative government, and "History of the Black Woman in America".<a href="#cite_note-ac-spelman-22">[21]</a> In 1984, Chisholm and <a href="/wiki/C._Delores_Tucker" title="C. Delores Tucker">C. Delores Tucker</a> co-founded an organization initially known as the National Black Women's Political Caucus. This was established during the vice presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a>. African-American women from various political organizations convened to set forth a political agenda emphasizing the needs of women of African descent. Chisholm was chosen as its first chair.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Creation of the group represented a split with an earlier organization, the National Black Women's Political Leadership Caucus, which had been co-founded by Tucker in 1971. Following a protest by the earlier group, the new one changed its name to the National Political Congress of Black Women,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> later simplified to the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Black_Women" title="National Congress of Black Women">National Congress of Black Women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> During those years, she continued to give speeches at colleges, by her own count visiting over 150 campuses since becoming nationally known.<a href="#cite_note-csm-83-91">[90]</a> She told students to avoid polarization and intolerance: "If you don't accept others who are different, it means nothing that you've learned calculus."<a href="#cite_note-csm-83-91">[90]</a> Continuing to be involved politically, she traveled to visit different minority groups and urge them to become a strong force at the local level.<a href="#cite_note-csm-83-91">[90]</a> She campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Jesse Jackson 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a> presidential campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In 1990, Chisholm, along with 15 other black women and men, formed <a href="/wiki/African-American_Women_for_Reproductive_Freedom" title="African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom">African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-101">[100]</a> Her husband, Arthur Hardwick, died in August 1986.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Chisholm moved to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> In 1993, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> nominated her to be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Jamaica">United States Ambassador to Jamaica</a>, but she could not serve due to poor health, and the nomination was withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In that same year, she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirley_Chisholm%27s_niche_at_Birchwood_Mausoleum,_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery,_Buffalo,_New_York_-_20210120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shirley_Chisholm%27s_niche_at_Birchwood_Mausoleum%2C_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210120.jpg/300px-Shirley_Chisholm%27s_niche_at_Birchwood_Mausoleum%2C_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210120.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shirley_Chisholm%27s_niche_at_Birchwood_Mausoleum%2C_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210120.jpg/450px-Shirley_Chisholm%27s_niche_at_Birchwood_Mausoleum%2C_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shirley_Chisholm%27s_niche_at_Birchwood_Mausoleum%2C_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210120.jpg/600px-Shirley_Chisholm%27s_niche_at_Birchwood_Mausoleum%2C_Forest_Lawn_Cemetery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York_-_20210120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>The inscription on Chisholm's mausoleum, including her campaign slogan, "Unbought and Unbossed"</figcaption></figure> Chisholm died on January 1, 2005, at her home in <a href="/wiki/Ormond_Beach,_Florida" title="Ormond Beach, Florida">Ormond Beach, Florida</a>;<a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-16">[15]</a> her health had been in decline after she had suffered a series of small <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a> the previous summer.<a href="#cite_note-usa-obit-31">[30]</a> At her funeral, held in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Coast,_Florida" title="Palm Coast, Florida">Palm Coast, Florida</a>, the minister said that Chisholm had brought about change because "she showed up, she stood up and she spoke up."<a href="#cite_note-economist-obit-105">[104]</a> She is buried in the Birchwood Mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_(Buffalo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Cemetery (Buffalo)">Forest Lawn Cemetery</a> in Buffalo, where the legend inscribed on her vault reads: "Unbought and Unbossed".<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> In February 2005, Shirley Chisholm '72: Unbought and Unbossed, a documentary film,<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> aired on U.S. public television. It chronicled Chisholm's 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination. It was directed and produced by independent African-American filmmaker Shola Lynch. The film was featured at the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a> in 2004. On April 9, 2006, the film was announced as a winner of a <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In 2014, the first biography of Chisholm for an adult audience was published, Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, by Brooklyn College history professor Barbara Winslow, who was also the founder and first director of the Shirley Chisholm Project. Until then, only several juvenile biographies had appeared.<a href="#cite_note-winslow-153-109">[108]</a> Chisholm's speech "For the Equal Rights Amendment", given in 1970, is listed as number 91 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).<a href="#cite_note-americanrhetoric1-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monuments">edit</a>]</div> The Shirley Chisholm Project on Brooklyn Women's Activism (formerly known as the Shirley Chisholm Center for Research) exists at Brooklyn College to promote research projects and programs on women and to preserve Chisholm's legacy.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The Chisholm Project also houses an archive as part of the Chisholm Papers in the college library Special Collections.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In January 2018, Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> announced his intent to build the <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm_State_Park" title="Shirley Chisholm State Park">Shirley Chisholm State Park</a>, a 407-acre (165 ha) <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks" title="List of New York state parks">state park</a> along 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of the Jamaica Bay coastline, adjoining the Pennsylvania Avenue and Fountain Avenue landfills south of <a href="/wiki/Spring_Creek_Park" title="Spring Creek Park">Spring Creek Park</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Center_(Brooklyn)" title="Gateway Center (Brooklyn)">Gateway Center</a> section. The state park was dedicated to Chisholm that September.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The park opened to the public on July 2, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In April 2023, the Vauxhall Primary School in Christ Church, Barbados, which was built in 1976 to replace the school where Chisholm received her elementary education, was renamed the Shirley Chisholm Primary School. The renaming ceremony was attended by Chisholm's relatives, and a plaque was unveiled by Barbados Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a>, the island's first female premier. The school's Shirley Chisholm Memorial Garden contains a bust of Chisholm and a colorful mural showcasing her achievements.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> A memorial monument of Chisholm is planned for the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect Park</a> in Brooklyn by <a href="/wiki/Parkside_Avenue_station" title="Parkside Avenue station">Parkside Avenue station</a>, designed by artists <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Williams_(artist)" title="Amanda Williams (artist)">Amanda Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olalekan_Jeyifous" title="Olalekan Jeyifous">Olalekan Jeyifous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> After four years of delays and revisions, the project gained approval from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Public_Design_Commission" title="New York City Public Design Commission">New York City Public Design Commission</a> during 2023.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Shirley_Chisholm_Legacy_Project">The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project">edit</a>]</div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechisholmlegacyproject.org">The Shirley Chisholm Legacy Project</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Patterson" title="Jacqueline Patterson">Jacqueline Patterson</a>, aims to advance <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">climate justice</a> for black communities through the <a href="/wiki/Just_Transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Transition">Just Transition</a> Framework. This initiative links frontline black leaders, especially women, with the necessary resources to drive systemic change from harmful <a href="/wiki/Extractivism" title="Extractivism">extractive</a> practices to an economy that acknowledges the principles of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable living</a>. The project aims to address the interconnected challenges of environmental issues, poverty, racial discrimination and gender inequality.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political">edit</a>]</div> Chisholm's legacy came into renewed prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2008">2008 Democratic presidential primaries</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> staged their historic "firsts" battle – where the victor would either be the first major-party African-American nominee, or the first female nominee – with at least one observer crediting Chisholm's 1972 campaign as having paved the way for both of them.<a href="#cite_note-spi-2008-60">[59]</a> Chisholm has been a major influence on other <a href="/wiki/Black_women_in_American_politics" title="Black women in American politics">women of color in politics</a>, among them California Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Barbara Lee</a>, who stated in a 2017 interview that Chisholm had a profound impact on her career.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Lee had worked for Chisholm's 1972 presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-2016-27">[26]</a> By the time of the 50th anniversary of Chisholm entering Congress, The New York Times was headlining "2019 Belongs to Shirley Chisholm", saying that "Chisholm was a one-woman precursor to modern progressive politics" and that she was "enjoying a resurgence of interest 14 years after her death".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2019-belongs-48">[47]</a> Chisholm has also inspired Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> who recognized Chisholm's presidential campaign by using similar typography and red-and-yellow color scheme in her own <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign">2020 presidential campaign</a>'s promotional materials and logo.<a href="#cite_note-cbsnews1-124">[123]</a> Harris launched her presidential campaign 47 years to the day after Chisholm's presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Actress <a href="/wiki/Uzo_Aduba" title="Uzo Aduba">Uzo Aduba</a> portrayed Chisholm in the <a href="/wiki/FX_on_Hulu" class="mw-redirect" title="FX on Hulu">FX on Hulu</a> miniseries <a href="/wiki/Mrs._America_(miniseries)" title="Mrs. America (miniseries)">Mrs. America</a>, released in April 2020, for which she won an <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Limited_or_Anthology_Series_or_Movie" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie">Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Danai_Gurira" title="Danai Gurira">Danai Gurira</a> was cast as Shirley Chisholm in The Fighting Shirley Chisholm, directed by <a href="/wiki/Cherien_Dabis" title="Cherien Dabis">Cherien Dabis</a>, about her 1972 run for president.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> However, as of 2024, the film had not appeared,<a href="#cite_note-hr-shirley-131">[130]</a> and it was still considered to be in development.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Another film, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_(2024_film)" title="Shirley (2024 film)">Shirley</a>, was announced in February 2021, with <a href="/wiki/Regina_King" title="Regina King">Regina King</a> as Chisholm and <a href="/wiki/John_Ridley" title="John Ridley">John Ridley</a> directing.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Also announced in the cast were <a href="/wiki/Lance_Reddick" title="Lance Reddick">Lance Reddick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Hedges" title="Lucas Hedges">Lucas Hedges</a>, Amirah Vahn, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Holland" title="André Holland">André Holland</a>, Christina Jackson, Michael Cherrie, <a href="/wiki/Dorian_Missick" title="Dorian Missick">Dorian Missick</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._Earl_Brown" title="W. Earl Brown">W. Earl Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Howard" title="Terrence Howard">Terrence Howard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Shirley was released on <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> in March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-hr-shirley-131">[130]</a> Chisholm was also heavily featured in <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>'s 2023 satirical television series <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World,_Part_II" title="History of the World, Part II">History of the World, Part II</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Sykes" title="Wanda Sykes">Wanda Sykes</a>. Segments throughout the series loosely detailed Chisholm's presidential bid stylized as episodes of Shirley!, a fictional 1970s sitcom. The episodes "starred" other members of Chisholm's family and friends, including Conrad Chisholm (<a href="/wiki/Colton_Dunn" title="Colton Dunn">Colton Dunn</a>), <a href="/wiki/Florynce_Kennedy" title="Florynce Kennedy">Florynce Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kym_Whitley" title="Kym Whitley">Kym Whitley</a>) and Ruby Seale (<a href="/wiki/Marla_Gibbs" title="Marla Gibbs">Marla Gibbs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honors and awards">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_honors">American honors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: American honors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (posthumously awarded) by <a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="President Barack Obama">President Barack Obama</a> at a ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Helsel112415-136">[135]</a> – November 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenix_Award_winners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Phoenix Award winners">William L. Dawson Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus_Foundation" title="Congressional Black Caucus Foundation">Congressional Black Caucus Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a>– 1982</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1974, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by <a href="/wiki/Aquinas_College_(Michigan)" title="Aquinas College (Michigan)">Aquinas College</a> and was their commencement speaker.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li> <li>In 1975, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></li> <li>In 1981, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></li> <li>In 1996, Chisholm was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree by <a href="/wiki/Stetson_University" title="Stetson University">Stetson University</a>, in Deland, Florida.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_recognition">Other recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other recognition">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1991, Chisholm was the commencement speaker at <a href="/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="East Stroudsburg University">East Stroudsburg University</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania">East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania</a>, where she received the first-ever conferred honorary doctorate from the university. An annual ESU student award was created in her honor.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></li> <li>In 1993, she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li> <li>In 2002, scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> included Shirley Chisholm on his list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>.</li> <li>On January 31, 2014, the Shirley Chisholm <a href="/wiki/Forever_Stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Forever Stamp">Forever Stamp</a> was issued.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> It is the 37th stamp in the Black Heritage series of U.S. stamps.</li> <li>The Shirley Chisholm Living-Learning Community at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley, Massachusetts</a> is a residential hall floor in which students of African descent can choose to live.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> Chisholm wrote two autobiographies: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1970" class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Shirley (1970). Unbought and Unbossed. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-10932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-10932-8"><bdi>978-0-395-10932-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbought+and+Unbossed&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-395-10932-8&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm2010" class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Shirley (2010). Scott Simpson (ed.). Unbought and Unbossed: Expanded 40th Anniversary Edition. Take Root Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9800590-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9800590-2-1"><bdi>978-0-9800590-2-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbought+and+Unbossed%3A+Expanded+40th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pub=Take+Root+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9800590-2-1&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1973" class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Shirley (1973). The Good Fight. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010764-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-010764-2"><bdi>978-0-06-010764-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Fight&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-06-010764-2&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">List of African-American United States representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_City" title="Politics of New York City">Politics of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the United States House of Representatives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> At various times, the district also included parts of the surrounding neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushwick">Bushwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_New_York,_Brooklyn" title="East New York, Brooklyn">East New York</a>. For her final two terms in office, the district stretched as far north as <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Creek" title="Newtown Creek">Newtown Creek</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Freeman-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_1-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Freeman" title="Jo Freeman">Freeman, Jo</a> (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111182057/http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/chisholm.htm">"Shirley Chisholm's 1972 Presidential Campaign"</a>. University of Illinois at Chicago Women's History Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/orgs/cwluherstory/jofreeman/polhistory/chisholm.htm">the original</a> on November 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Illinois+at+Chicago+Women%27s+History+Project&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm%27s+1972+Presidential+Campaign&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uic.edu%2Forgs%2Fcwluherstory%2Fjofreeman%2Fpolhistory%2Fchisholm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2022" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Zinga A. (2022). "Beyond the Symbolism: Shirley Chisholm, Black Feminism, and Women's Politics". In Giles KN; Rachel Jessica Daniel; <a href="/wiki/Laura_L._Lovett" title="Laura L. Lovett">Laura L Lovett</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069487.003.0014">It's Our Movement Now: Black Women's Politics and the 1977 National Women's Conference</a>. University Press of Florida. pp. 175–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5744%2Fflorida%2F9780813069487.003.0014">10.5744/florida/9780813069487.003.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-6948-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-6948-7"><bdi>978-0-8130-6948-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Symbolism%3A+Shirley+Chisholm%2C+Black+Feminism%2C+and+Women%27s+Politics&rft.btitle=It%27s+Our+Movement+Now%3A+Black+Women%27s+Politics+and+the+1977+National+Women%27s+Conference&rft.pages=175-184&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5744%2Fflorida%2F9780813069487.003.0014&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-6948-7&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Zinga+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5744%2Fflorida%2F9780813069487.003.0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurwood2015" class="citation journal cs1">Curwood, Anastasia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/meridians.13.1.204">"Black Feminism on Capitol Hill: Shirley Chisholm and Movement Politics, 1968–1984"</a>. Meridians. 13 (1): 204–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fmeridians.13.1.204">10.2979/meridians.13.1.204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1536-6936">1536-6936</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/meridians.13.1.204">10.2979/meridians.13.1.204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142146607">142146607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meridians&rft.atitle=Black+Feminism+on+Capitol+Hill%3A+Shirley+Chisholm+and+Movement+Politics%2C+1968%E2%80%931984&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=204-232&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1536-6936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142146607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fmeridians.13.1.204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fmeridians.13.1.204&rft.aulast=Curwood&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fmeridians.13.1.204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow2018" class="citation book cs1">Winslow, Barbara (April 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429961670">Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change, 1926–2005</a> (1 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429493126">10.4324/9780429493126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-49312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-49312-6"><bdi>978-0-429-49312-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259517966">259517966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shirley+Chisholm%3A+Catalyst+for+Change%2C+1926%E2%80%932005&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259517966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429493126&rft.isbn=978-0-429-49312-6&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9780429961670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuild2020" class="citation cs2">Guild, Joshua (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814733127.003.0015">"11 To Make That Someday Come: Shirley Chisholm's Radical Politics of Possibility"</a>, Want to Start a Revolution?, New York University Press, pp. 248–270, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814733127.003.0015">10.18574/nyu/9780814733127.003.0015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3312-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3312-7</bdi></a>, retrieved August 22, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Want+to+Start+a+Revolution%3F&rft.atitle=11+To+Make+That+Someday+Come%3A+Shirley+Chisholm%27s+Radical+Politics+of+Possibility&rft.pages=248-270&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814733127.003.0015&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3312-7&rft.aulast=Guild&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814733127.003.0015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidenmuller1970" class="citation web cs1">Eidenmuller, Michael E. (August 10, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/shirleychisholmequalrights.htm">"Shirley Chisholm – For the Equal Rights Amendment (Aug 10, 1970)"</a>. American Rhetoric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021062145/http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/shirleychisholmequalrights.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm+%E2%80%93+For+the+Equal+Rights+Amendment+%28Aug+10%2C+1970%29&rft.date=1970-08-10&rft.aulast=Eidenmuller&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrhetoric.com%2Fspeeches%2Fshirleychisholmequalrights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/shirley-chisholm-for-the-equal-rights-amendment-speech-text/">"Shirley Chisholm, "For the Equal Rights Amendment," Speech Text"</a>. Voices of Democracy. Retrieved August 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voices+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm%2C+%22For+the+Equal+Rights+Amendment%2C%22+Speech+Text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoicesofdemocracy.umd.edu%2Fshirley-chisholm-for-the-equal-rights-amendment-speech-text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurwood2023" class="citation book cs1">Curwood, Anastasia C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/109689">Shirley Chisholm: Champion of Black Feminist Power Politics</a>. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook.109689">10.1353/book.109689</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-7119-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-7119-2"><bdi>978-1-4696-7119-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259517966">259517966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shirley+Chisholm%3A+Champion+of+Black+Feminist+Power+Politics&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259517966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbook.109689&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-7119-2&rft.aulast=Curwood&rft.aufirst=Anastasia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F109689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1983" class="citation journal cs1">Chisholm, Shirley (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41067044">"Racism and Anti-Feminism"</a>. The Black Scholar. 14 (5): 2–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00064246.1983.11414282">10.1080/00064246.1983.11414282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-4246">0006-4246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41067044">41067044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Black+Scholar&rft.atitle=Racism+and+Anti-Feminism&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0006-4246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41067044%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00064246.1983.11414282&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41067044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-11"><a href="#cite_ref-birth_11-0">^</a> Brooks-Bertram and Nevergold, Uncrowned Queens, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-fls-72-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fls-72_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fls-72_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fls-72_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fls-72_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fls-72_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fls-72_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fls-72_12-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran1972" class="citation news cs1">Moran, Sheila (April 8, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936">"Shirley Chisholm's running no matter what it costs her"</a>. The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. Associated Press. p. 16A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018110021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2020. 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Associated Press. p. A4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027065442/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43782-2005Jan3.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pioneering+Politician%2C+Candidate+Dies&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=2005-01-03&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Coralie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA43782-2005Jan3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd Congress, First Session, Volume 117-Part 1; January 21, 1971 to February 1, 1971 (Pages 3 to 1338), Page 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt051871-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt051871_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt051871_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/18/81941495.pdf">"Mrs. Chisholm, Mrs. Abzug Introduce Child Care Bill"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. Associated Press. May 18, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044401/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/05/18/81941495.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Chisholm%2C+Mrs.+Abzug+Introduce+Child+Care+Bill&rft.date=1971-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1971%2F05%2F18%2F81941495.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal1971" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Jack (December 10, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/12/10/90705630.pdf">"President Vetoes Child Care Plan As Irresponsible"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044400/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/12/10/90705630.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=President+Vetoes+Child+Care+Plan+As+Irresponsible&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1971-12-10&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1971%2F12%2F10%2F90705630.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equalityarchive.com/history/the-first-black-woman-presidential-candidate/">"The First Black Woman Presidential Candidate | Equality Archive"</a>. Equality Archive. October 21, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117063302/http://equalityarchive.com/history/the-first-black-woman-presidential-candidate/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equality+Archive&rft.atitle=The+First+Black+Woman+Presidential+Candidate+%7C+Equality+Archive&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fequalityarchive.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-first-black-woman-presidential-candidate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spi-2008-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spi-2008_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spi-2008_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClack2008" class="citation news cs1">Clack, Gary (February 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/opinion/352939_chisholm28.html">"Shirley Chisholm broke ground before Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044401/https://www.seattlepi.com/local/opinion/article/Shirley-Chisholm-broke-ground-before-Barack-Obama-1265680.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm+broke+ground+before+Barack+Obama+and+Hillary+Clinton&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft.aulast=Clack&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fopinion%2F352939_chisholm28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-cq-pres-elec-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq-pres-elec_62-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Presidential Elections 1789–2008 (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2005. pp. 366–369 (primaries), 652–653 (convention).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Elections+1789%E2%80%932008&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=366-369+%28primaries%29%2C+652-653+%28convention%29&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> House resolution 97, Recognizing Contributions, Achievements, and Dedicated Work of Shirley Anita Chisholm, [Congressional Record: June 12, 2001 (House). Page H3019-H3025] From the Congressional Record Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:cr12jn01-85] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/women-democratic-primary-debates-will-make-history-here-s-how-ncna1020381">"Opinion"</a>. NBC News. June 23, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629012614/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/women-democratic-primary-debates-will-make-history-here-s-how-ncna1020381">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Opinion&rft.date=2019-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fthink%2Fopinion%2Fwomen-democratic-primary-debates-will-make-history-here-s-how-ncna1020381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney1972" class="citation news cs1">Delaney, Paul (July 11, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/07/11/81897334.pdf">"Humphrey Blacks to Vote For Mrs. Chisholm First"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044435/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/07/11/81897334.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Humphrey+Blacks+to+Vote+For+Mrs.+Chisholm+First&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1972-07-11&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1972%2F07%2F11%2F81897334.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afro-petit-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afro-petit_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afro-petit_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afro-petit_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetit1972" class="citation news cs1">Petit, Michael D. (July 22, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19720722&id=q2UmAAAAIBAJ&pg=3200,134322">"Delegates were ready to switch to save day"</a>. The Afro-American. Baltimore. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044400/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19720722&id=q2UmAAAAIBAJ&pg=3200%2C134322">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Afro-American&rft.atitle=Delegates+were+ready+to+switch+to+save+day&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1972-07-22&rft.aulast=Petit&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2211%26dat%3D19720722%26id%3Dq2UmAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3200%2C134322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/shirley-chisholm-made-the-democratic-party-of-today-possible/">this 2016 piece</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2012/09/09/shirley_chisholm_the_democrats_forgotten_hero/">this 2012 piece</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt060772-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt060772_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt060772_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt060772_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt060772_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1972" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Ronald (June 7, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/07/83446893.pdf">"Dakotan Beats Humphrey By a Big Margin in Jersey"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109011016/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/07/83446893.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dakotan+Beats+Humphrey+By+a+Big+Margin+in+Jersey&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1972-06-07&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1972%2F06%2F07%2F83446893.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720515&id=UmlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=7133,1487123">"Sanford Is Withdrawing From N.J."</a> The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. May 13, 1972. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010021753/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720515&id=UmlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=7133%2C1487123">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-News&rft.atitle=Sanford+Is+Withdrawing+From+N.J.&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1972-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1665%26dat%3D19720515%26id%3DUmlPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7133%2C1487123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMears1972" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mears" title="Walter Mears">Mears, Walter R.</a> (June 7, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19720607&id=ujY0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=eeEIAAAAIBAJ&pg=604,2214425">"McGovern Leads In California"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangor_Daily_News" title="Bangor Daily News">Bangor Daily News</a>. Associated Press. pp. 1, 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=McGovern+Leads+In+California&rft.pages=1%2C+3&rft.date=1972-06-07&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2457%26dat%3D19720607%26id%3DujY0AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DeeEIAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D604%2C2214425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19720514&id=M6hbAAAAIBAJ&pg=2876,2910644">"Wallace Gets 29 Tennessee Delegates"</a>. The News and Courier. Charleston, South Carolina. Associated Press. May 14, 1972. p. 4D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Wallace+Gets+29+Tennessee+Delegates&rft.pages=4D&rft.date=1972-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2506%26dat%3D19720514%26id%3DM6hbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2876%2C2910644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-south-del-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ap-south-del_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap-south-del_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap-south-del_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaze1972" class="citation news cs1">Chaze, William L. (July 8, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720708&id=g0AaAAAAIBAJ&pg=7116,603474">"Southern Delegates Aren't Solid"</a>. The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029122003/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19720708&id=g0AaAAAAIBAJ&pg=7116,603474">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-News&rft.atitle=Southern+Delegates+Aren%27t+Solid&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1972-07-08&rft.aulast=Chaze&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1665%26dat%3D19720708%26id%3Dg0AaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7116%2C603474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-miss-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-miss_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-miss_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1972" class="citation news cs1">Reed, Roy (June 4, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/04/103476620.pdf">"Democratic Factions in Mississippi Urged to Settle Delegate Fight"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. p. 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044401/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/04/103476620.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Democratic+Factions+in+Mississippi+Urged+to+Settle+Delegate+Fight&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1972-06-04&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1972%2F06%2F04%2F103476620.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins1972" class="citation news cs1">Watkins, Wesley (July 13, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/22176226/?terms=shirley%2Bchisholm%2Bdelegates%2Bmississippi">"Seniority seen as key to party merger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Delta_Democrat-Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Democrat-Times">Delta Democrat-Times</a>. Greenville, Mississippi. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115633/http://www.newspapers.com/image/22176226/?terms=shirley%2Bchisholm%2Bdelegates%2Bmississippi">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delta+Democrat-Times&rft.atitle=Seniority+seen+as+key+to+party+merger&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1972-07-13&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F22176226%2F%3Fterms%3Dshirley%252Bchisholm%252Bdelegates%252Bmississippi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmportal.de/film/shirley-chisholm-for-president_5a535790bad54d8db9a153fa3fc92a93">"Shirley Chisholm for President"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Filmportal.de" title="Filmportal.de">filmportal.de</a>. 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The Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920101154/http://www.csmonitor.com/1983/1213/121310.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2015. 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College Street Journal. Mount Holyoke College. January 28, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/012805/chisholm.shtml">the original</a> on March 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm%3A+Activist%2C+Professor%2C+and+Congresswoman&rft.date=2005-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Foffices%2Fcomm%2Fcsj%2F012805%2Fchisholm.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=348&dat=19821115&id=nuwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4588,2321676">"Professor"</a>. Rome News-Tribune. Associated Press. November 15, 1982. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028002313/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=348&dat=19821115&id=nuwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4588,2321676">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rome+News-Tribune&rft.atitle=Professor&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1982-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D348%26dat%3D19821115%26id%3DnuwtAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4588%2C2321676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/08/06/womanpower/ebcdc10d-39bf-467a-b1aa-c607abdd8116/">"WOMANPOWER"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. August 6, 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102756/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/08/06/womanpower/ebcdc10d-39bf-467a-b1aa-c607abdd8116/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=WOMANPOWER&rft.date=1984-08-06&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1984%2F08%2F06%2Fwomanpower%2Febcdc10d-39bf-467a-b1aa-c607abdd8116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meyer, Jimmy Elaine Wilkinson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56KH2aisL_UC&q=%22Black+Women%27s+Political+Caucus%22&pg=PA369">"National Black Women's Political Leadership Caucus"</a>. In Mjagkij, Nina (ed.). Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations. Routledge. pp. 368–369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135581231" title="Special:BookSources/1135581231"><bdi>1135581231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Black+Women%27s+Political+Leadership+Caucus&rft.btitle=Organizing+Black+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Associations&rft.pages=368-369&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1135581231&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Jimmy+Elaine+Wilkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56KH2aisL_UC%26q%3D%2522Black%2BWomen%2527s%2BPolitical%2BCaucus%2522%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeitelberg2021" class="citation web cs1">Feitelberg, Rosemary (August 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/national-congress-of-black-women-b-michael-1234893015/">"National Congress of Black Women to Honor B Michael"</a>. WWD. Retrieved December 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWD&rft.atitle=National+Congress+of+Black+Women+to+Honor+B+Michael&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Feitelberg&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwd.com%2Ffashion-news%2Ffashion-scoops%2Fnational-congress-of-black-women-b-michael-1234893015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalcongressbw-hmc.org/about">"ABOUT"</a>. ncbwhmc. Retrieved December 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncbwhmc&rft.atitle=ABOUT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalcongressbw-hmc.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg1988" class="citation news cs1">Sandberg, Betsy (February 18, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19880218&id=XREhAAAAIBAJ&pg=793,4324248">"Shirley Chisholm Sees Pat Robertson as Threat to Minorities, Women"</a>. Schenectady Gazette. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819031704/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19880218&id=XREhAAAAIBAJ&pg=793,4324248">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schenectady+Gazette&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm+Sees+Pat+Robertson+as+Threat+to+Minorities%2C+Women&rft.pages=39&rft.date=1988-02-18&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1917%26dat%3D19880218%26id%3DXREhAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D793%2C4324248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullen-DuPont2000-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Cullen-DuPont2000_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathryn_Cullen-DuPont2000" class="citation book cs1">Kathryn Cullen-DuPont (August 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC">Encyclopedia of women's history in America</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4100-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-4100-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022224949/https://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+women%27s+history+in+America&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2000-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4100-8&rft.au=Kathryn+Cullen-DuPont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIro7MtiFuYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90757546/">"Obituaries: Arthur Hardwick Jr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. August 21, 1986. p. C13 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Arthur+Hardwick+Jr.&rft.pages=C13&rft.date=1986-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F90757546%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47201">"Statement on the Withdrawal of the Nomination of Shirley Chisholm To Be Ambassador to Jamaica"</a>. The White House. October 13, 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225170250/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=47201">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+the+Withdrawal+of+the+Nomination+of+Shirley+Chisholm+To+Be+Ambassador+to+Jamaica&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=1993-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D47201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> National Women's Hall of Fame, Women of the Hall – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020604100412/http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=39">Shirley Chisholm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-obit-105"><a href="#cite_ref-economist-obit_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/obituary/2005/02/02/shirley-chisholm">"Shirley Chisholm"</a>. The Economist. February 2, 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229195337/https://www.economist.com/obituary/2005/02/02/shirley-chisholm">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fobituary%2F2005%2F02%2F02%2Fshirley-chisholm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaumer2021" class="citation web cs1">Nussbaumer, Newell (October 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalorising.com/2021/10/request-for-proposals-shirley-chisholm-statue-to-be-built-and-installed-at-forest-lawn/">"Request for Proposals: Shirley Chisholm statue to be built, and installed at Forest Lawn"</a>. Buffalo Rising. 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IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009082331/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0388835/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Chisholm+%2772%3A+Unbought+%26+Unbossed+%282004%29&rft.date=2004-01-18&rft.au=Steve+Skafte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0388835%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/p.o.v.-chisholm-72-unbought-unbossed">65th Annual Peabody Awards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314070526/http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/p.o.v.-chisholm-72-unbought-unbossed">Archived</a> March 14, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-winslow-153-109"><a href="#cite_ref-winslow-153_109-0">^</a> Winslow, Shirley Chisholm, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-americanrhetoric1-110"><a href="#cite_ref-americanrhetoric1_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidenmuller2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Eidenmuller, Michael E. 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Retrieved October 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Rhetoric&rft.atitle=Top+100+Speeches+of+the+20th+Century+by+Rank&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.aulast=Eidenmuller&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrhetoric.com%2Ftop100speechesall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/socialsciences/interdisciplinary/undergraduate/womens/chisholmcenter.php">"Shirley Chisholm Center for Research on Women"</a>. Brooklyn College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328150945/http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/socialsciences/interdisciplinary/undergraduate/womens/chisholmcenter.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2014. 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Brooklyn College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328150718/http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/web/academics/schools/socialsciences/interdisciplinary/undergraduate/womens/chisholmproject.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shirley+Chisholm+Project+on+Brooklyn+Women%27s+Activism+Content&rft.pub=Brooklyn+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fweb%2Facademics%2Fschools%2Fsocialsciences%2Finterdisciplinary%2Fundergraduate%2Fwomens%2Fchisholmproject.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chisholmproject.com/">"The Shirley Chisholm Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133654/http://chisholmproject.com/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2018. 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Retrieved September 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living-Learning+Communities+%7C+Mount+Holyoke+College&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Freslife%2Fliving-learning-communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks-BertramNevergold2009" class="citation book cs1">Brooks-Bertram, Peggy; Nevergold, Barbara A. (2009). Uncrowned Queens, Volume 3: African American Women Community Builders of Western New York. In Commemoration of the Centennial of the Niagara Movement. Buffalo, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9722977-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9722977-2-1"><bdi>978-0-9722977-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncrowned+Queens%2C+Volume+3%3A+African+American+Women+Community+Builders+of+Western+New+York&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.series=In+Commemoration+of+the+Centennial+of+the+Niagara+Movement&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9722977-2-1&rft.aulast=Brooks-Bertram&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft.au=Nevergold%2C+Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurwood2023" class="citation book cs1">Curwood, Anastasia C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/109689">Shirley Chisholm: Champion of Black Feminist Power Politics</a>. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook.109689">10.1353/book.109689</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-7119-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-7119-2"><bdi>978-1-4696-7119-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259517966">259517966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shirley+Chisholm%3A+Champion+of+Black+Feminist+Power+Politics&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259517966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbook.109689&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-7119-2&rft.aulast=Curwood&rft.aufirst=Anastasia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F109689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow2014" class="citation book cs1">Winslow, Barbara (2014). Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change. Lives of American Women. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4769-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4769-1"><bdi>978-0-8133-4769-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shirley+Chisholm%3A+Catalyst+for+Change&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.series=Lives+of+American+Women&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4769-1&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> This article incorporates material from the <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> article "<a href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" class="extiw" title="citizendium:Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a>", which is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a> but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Ellen (2016). The Highest Glass Ceiling: Women's Quest for the American Presidency. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088931" title="Special:BookSources/9780674088931"><bdi>9780674088931</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015045620">2015045620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Highest+Glass+Ceiling%3A+Women%27s+Quest+for+the+American+Presidency&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015045620&rft.isbn=9780674088931&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2018" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Ron (2018). Boss of Black Brooklyn: The Life and Times of Bertram L. Baker. Bronx, New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823280995" title="Special:BookSources/9780823280995"><bdi>9780823280995</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1073190427">1073190427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boss+of+Black+Brooklyn%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Bertram+L.+Baker&rft.place=Bronx%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1073190427&rft.isbn=9780823280995&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Chisholm&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Shirley_Chisholm" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2525">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=bc_arch_find">Finding Aid for the Shirley Chisholm '72 Collection</a> held by the Brooklyn College Library Archives and Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3JCX3WxBik">Video of Shirley Chisholm declaring presidential bid, January 25, 1972</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionaryproject.com/chisholmshirley">Shirley Chisholm's oral history</a> Video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/shirley-chisholm">Shirley Chisholm at the National Women's History Museum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressC000371" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000371">"Shirley Chisholm (id: C000371)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Shirley+Chisholm+%28id%3A+C000371%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DC000371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShirley+Chisholm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/shirleychisholmequalrights.htm">Chisholm speech on the Equal Rights Amendment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov2005/chisholm/">Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed PBS American Documentary | POV</a> documentary by Shola Lynch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmm.com/filmcatalog/pages/c768.shtml/">Chisholm '72 – Unbought & Unbossed Women Make Movies</a> documentary by Shola Lynch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080330234114/http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=111">Feature on Shirley Chisholm</a>, with writing from Gloria Steinem and video clips from Chisholm '72 Unbought & Unbossed, by the <a href="/wiki/International_Museum_of_Women" title="International Museum of Women">International Museum of Women</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Jones_(judge)" title="Thomas R. Jones (judge)">Thomas Jones</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">King</a>'s 17th district 1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Constituency abolished </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New constituency </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> from the 45th district 1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Max_M._Turshen" title="Max M. Turshen">Max Turshen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_H._Marker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert H. Marker (page does not exist)">Herbert Marker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> from the 55th district 1967–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Fortune" title="Thomas R. Fortune">Thomas Fortune</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edna_F._Kelly" title="Edna F. Kelly">Edna Kelly</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="New York's 12th congressional district">New York's 12th congressional district</a> 1969–1983 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">Major Owens</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_Vice_Chairman_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus Vice Chairman of the United States House of Representatives">Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus</a> 1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Template talk:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1972 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1968)_1972_United_States_presidential_election_(1976_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">← 1968</a>) <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/John_M._Ashbrook" title="John M. Ashbrook">John M. Ashbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_McCloskey" title="Pete McCloskey">Pete McCloskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> <ul><li>replacing <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Vance Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hays" title="Wayne Hays">Wayne Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">Wilbur Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Yorty" title="Sam Yorty">Sam Yorty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1972">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz </a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">John Hospers</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tonie_Nathan" title="Tonie Nathan">Tonie Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Hobson" title="Julius Hobson">Julius Hobson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/E._Harold_Munn" title="E. Harold Munn">E. Harold Munn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Louis Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Jenness" title="Linda Jenness">Linda Jenness</a> <ul><li>Alternate nominee: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reed" title="Evelyn Reed">Evelyn Reed</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pulley" title="Andrew Pulley">Andrew Pulley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Candidates: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Green_(ufologist)" title="Gabriel Green (ufologist)">Gabriel Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1972 elections: <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1972 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1972 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_91st–97th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_91st–97th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a>'s delegation(s) to the 91st–97th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">C. Goodell</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Rooney_(politician)" title="John J. Rooney (politician)">J. Rooney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">A. Powell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Farbstein" title="Leonard Farbstein">L. Farbstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Robison" title="Howard W. Robison">H. Robison</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_J._Dulski" title="Thaddeus J. Dulski">T. Dulski</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Halpern" title="Seymour Halpern">S. Halpern</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pirnie" title="Alexander Pirnie">A. Pirnie</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gilbert" title="Jacob H. Gilbert">J. Gilbert</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">H. Carey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carleton_J._King" title="Carleton J. King">C. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Fitts_Ryan" title="William Fitts Ryan">W. Ryan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_R._Grover_Jr." title="James R. Grover Jr.">J. Grover</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ogden_Reid" title="Ogden Reid">O. Reid</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_D._McCarthy" title="Richard D. McCarthy">R. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Smith_III" title="Henry P. Smith III">H. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Brasco" title="Frank J. Brasco">F. Brasco</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_E._Button" title="Daniel E. Button">D. Button</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertram_L._Podell" title="Bertram L. Podell">B. Podell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_F._Hastings" title="James F. Hastings">J. Hastings</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Allard_K._Lowenstein" title="Allard K. Lowenstein">A. Lowenstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Martin_B._McKneally" title="Martin B. McKneally">M. McKneally</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">J. Buckley</a> (C)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Rooney_(politician)" title="John J. Rooney (politician)">J. Rooney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Robison" title="Howard W. Robison">H. Robison</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_J._Dulski" title="Thaddeus J. Dulski">T. Dulski</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Halpern" title="Seymour Halpern">S. Halpern</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pirnie" title="Alexander Pirnie">A. Pirnie</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">H. Carey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carleton_J._King" title="Carleton J. King">C. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Fitts_Ryan" title="William Fitts Ryan">W. Ryan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_R._Grover_Jr." title="James R. Grover Jr.">J. Grover</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌▌<a href="/wiki/Ogden_Reid" title="Ogden Reid">O. Reid</a> (R/D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Smith_III" title="Henry P. Smith III">H. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Brasco" title="Frank J. Brasco">F. Brasco</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertram_L._Podell" title="Bertram L. Podell">B. Podell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_G._Dow" title="John G. Dow">J. Dow</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_F._Hastings" title="James F. Hastings">J. Hastings</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">B. Abzug</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_H._Terry" title="John H. Terry">J. Terry</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">J. Buckley</a> (C)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Rooney_(politician)" title="John J. Rooney (politician)">J. Rooney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Robison" title="Howard W. Robison">H. Robison</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_J._Dulski" title="Thaddeus J. Dulski">T. Dulski</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">H. Carey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carleton_J._King" title="Carleton J. King">C. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_R._Grover_Jr." title="James R. Grover Jr.">J. Grover</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ogden_Reid" title="Ogden Reid">O. Reid</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Smith_III" title="Henry P. Smith III">H. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Brasco" title="Frank J. Brasco">F. Brasco</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertram_L._Podell" title="Bertram L. Podell">B. Podell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_F._Hastings" title="James F. Hastings">J. Hastings</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">B. Abzug</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Angelo_D._Roncallo" title="Angelo D. Roncallo">A. Roncallo</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Walsh" title="William F. Walsh">B. Walsh</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">J. Buckley</a> (C)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_F._Hastings" title="James F. Hastings">J. Hastings</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">B. Abzug</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Walsh" title="William F. Walsh">B. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Ambro" title="Jerome Ambro">J. Ambro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pattison" title="Edward W. Pattison">E. Pattison</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Walsh" title="William F. Walsh">B. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Ambro" title="Jerome Ambro">J. Ambro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pattison" title="Edward W. Pattison">E. Pattison</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bruce_F._Caputo" title="Bruce F. Caputo">B. Caputo</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">B. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Ambro" title="Jerome Ambro">J. Ambro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Lee" title="Gary A. Lee">G. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Lee" title="Gary A. Lee">G. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_W._Carman" title="Gregory W. Carman">G. Carman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LeBoutillier" title="John LeBoutillier">J. LeBoutillier</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_C._Wortley" title="George C. Wortley">G. Wortley</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state)</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239657#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239657#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590008405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000371">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118853708.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083006427">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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