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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Numbers (spreadsheet)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(programmatuur)" title="Numbers (programmatuur) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Numbers (programmatuur)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers" title="Numbers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Numbers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(Software)" title="Numbers (Software) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Numbers (Software)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(software)" title="Numbers (software) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Numbers (software)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(logiciel)" title="Numbers (logiciel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Numbers (logiciel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%98%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8)" title="넘버스 (스프레드시트) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="넘버스 (스프레드시트)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers" title="Numbers – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Numbers" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(software)" title="Numbers (software) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Numbers (software)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers" title="Numbers – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Numbers" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(software)" title="Numbers (software) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Numbers (software)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2)" title="Numbers (ソフトウェア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Numbers (ソフトウェア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(programvare)" title="Numbers (programvare) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Numbers (programvare)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(programa)" title="Numbers (programa) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Numbers (programa)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWork#Numbers" title="IWork – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IWork" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers" title="Numbers – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Numbers" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_(kalkylprogram)" title="Numbers (kalkylprogram) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Numbers (kalkylprogram)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Numbers</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NumbersIcon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/NumbersIcon.png/100px-NumbersIcon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/NumbersIcon.png/150px-NumbersIcon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/NumbersIcon.png/200px-NumbersIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Numbers_iOS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Numbers_iOS.svg/82px-Numbers_iOS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Numbers_iOS.svg/123px-Numbers_iOS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Numbers_iOS.svg/164px-Numbers_iOS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="802" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo on macOS (left) and iOS (right)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IWork_Numbers_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/IWork_Numbers_screenshot.png/220px-IWork_Numbers_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/IWork_Numbers_screenshot.png/330px-IWork_Numbers_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/IWork_Numbers_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="239" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Numbers 12 on <a href="/wiki/MacOS_11_Big_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS 11 Big Sur">macOS 11 Big Sur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">14.0 / April 2, 2024<span class="noprint">; 7 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-04-02</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS 12.3</a> or later</li><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">iOS 15.4</a> or later</li><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">iPadOS 15.4</a> or later</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/numbers">www<wbr />.apple<wbr />.com<wbr />/numbers</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Numbers</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> application developed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> productivity suite alongside <a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers is available for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a> or newer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers 1.0 on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">Mac OS X</a> was announced on August 7, 2007, making it the newest application in the <a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> suite. The <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> version was released on January 27, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The app was later updated to support <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">iPod Touch</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Mac_Worldwide_Quarterly_Sales.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Apple_Mac_Worldwide_Quarterly_Sales.webp/220px-Apple_Mac_Worldwide_Quarterly_Sales.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Apple_Mac_Worldwide_Quarterly_Sales.webp/330px-Apple_Mac_Worldwide_Quarterly_Sales.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Apple_Mac_Worldwide_Quarterly_Sales.webp/440px-Apple_Mac_Worldwide_Quarterly_Sales.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4171" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Column_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Column chart">Column</a> <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">chart</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a> worldwide quarterly sales, made with Numbers</figcaption></figure> <p>Numbers uses a free-form "canvas" approach that demotes <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">tables</a> to one of many different media types placed on a page. Other media, like <a href="/wiki/Charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charts">charts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a>, and text, are treated as peers. In comparison, traditional spreadsheets like <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> use the table as the primary container, with other media placed within the table. Numbers also includes features from the seminal <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Improv" title="Lotus Improv">Lotus Improv</a>, notably the use of formulas based on ranges rather than cells. However, it implements these using traditional spreadsheet concepts, as opposed to Improv's use of <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidimensional database">multidimensional databases</a>. </p><p>Numbers also includes numerous stylistic improvements to improve the visual appearance of spreadsheets. At its introductory demonstration, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> pitched a more usable interface and better control over the appearance and presentation of tables of data. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_model">Basic model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numbers works in a fashion somewhat different from traditional spreadsheets like <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a>. In the traditional model, the table is the <a href="/wiki/First-class_type" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class type">first-class</a> citizen of the system, acting as both the primary interface for work and as the container for other types of media like <a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">charts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a>. In effect, the spreadsheet and the table are the same. In contrast, Numbers uses a separate "canvas" as its basic container object and tables are among the many objects that can be placed within the canvas.<sup id="cite_ref-canvas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canvas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This difference is not simply a case of <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a>. To provide a large workspace, conventional spreadsheets extend a table in X and Y to form a very large grid — ideally infinite, but normally limited to some smaller dimension. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these cells, selected by the user, hold <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>. Data is manipulated using formulas, which are placed in other cells in the same sheet and output their results back into the formula cell's display. The rest of the sheet is "sparse", and currently unused.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheets often grow very complex with input data, intermediate values from formulas, and output areas, separated by blank areas. To manage this complexity, Excel allows one to hide data that is not of interest,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often intermediate values. <a href="/wiki/Quattro_Pro" title="Quattro Pro">Quattro Pro</a> commonly introduced the idea of multiple sheets in a single book, allowing further subdivision of the data; Excel implements this as a set of tabs along the bottom of the workbook. </p><p>In contrast, Numbers does not have an underlying spreadsheet in the traditional sense but uses multiple individual tables for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-canvas_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canvas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tables are an X and Y collection of cells, like a sheet, but extend only to the limits of the data they hold. Each section of data or output from formulas can be combined into an existing table or placed into a new table. Tables can be collected by the user onto single or multiple canvases. Whereas a typical Excel sheet has data strewn across it, a Numbers canvas could build the same output through smaller individual tables encompassing the same data.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulas_and_functions">Formulas and functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formulas and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numbers_new_untitled_document.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Numbers_new_untitled_document.png/220px-Numbers_new_untitled_document.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Numbers_new_untitled_document.png/330px-Numbers_new_untitled_document.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/Numbers_new_untitled_document.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>A newly created Numbers document is styled to indicate suggested header areas in column A and row 1. Note that the table stops in the lower right of the screen, which can be resized with the widget in the corner.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numbers_with_named_range_formula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Numbers_with_named_range_formula.png/220px-Numbers_with_named_range_formula.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Numbers_with_named_range_formula.png/330px-Numbers_with_named_range_formula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b1/Numbers_with_named_range_formula.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>After adding data and headers, Numbers has automatically created named ranges over the data. The ranges were used to create a formula that has populated column D. Note that the same formula can be used for the entire column — the row number is not required.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numbers_document_with_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Numbers_document_with_chart.png/220px-Numbers_document_with_chart.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Numbers_document_with_chart.png/330px-Numbers_document_with_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Numbers_document_with_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>The table has been resized to show only the used area, moved into the center of the canvas, and styled. A chart has been added above the table. The pane in the upper left shows an object tree, with the "canvas" objects being shown in a hierarchy of each sheet, every sheet can be collapsed or expanded to show the canvas object contained within that sheet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Consider a simple spreadsheet used to calculate the average value of all car sales in a month for a given year. The sheet might contain the month number or name in column A, the number of cars sold in column B, and the total income in column C. The user wishes to complete the task of "calculating the average income per car sold by dividing the total income by the number of cars sold and putting the resulting average in column D". From the user's perspective, the values in the cells have semantic content, they are "cars sold" and "total income" and they want to manipulate this to produce an output value, "average price". </p><p>In traditional spreadsheets, the semantic value of the numbers is lost. The number in cell B2 is not "the number of cars sold in January", but simply "the value in cell B2". The formula for calculating the average is based on the manipulation of the cells, in the form <code>=C2/B2</code>. As the spreadsheet is unaware of the user's desire for D to be an output column, the user copies that formula into all of the cells in D. However, as the formula refers to data on different rows, it must be modified as it is copied into the cells in D, changing it to refer to the correct row. For instance, the formula in D4 would read <code>=C4/B4</code>. Excel automates this later task by using a relative referencing system that works as long as the cells retain their location relative to the formula. However, this system requires Excel to track any changes to the layout of the sheet and adjust the formulas, a process that is far from foolproof.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the development of <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Improv" title="Lotus Improv">Improv</a>, the Lotus team discovered that these sorts of formulas were both difficult to use and resistant to future changes in the spreadsheet layout.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their solution was to make the user explicitly define the semantic content of the sheets — that the B column contained "cars sold". These data ranges were known as "categories". Formulas were written by referring to these categories by name, creating a new category that could be (if desired) placed in the sheet for display. Using the car example, the formula in Improv would be <code>average per car = total income / cars sold</code>. Changes to the layout of the sheet would not affect the formulas; the data remains defined no matter where it is moved. It also meant that formulas calculating intermediate values did not have to be placed in the sheet and normally did not take up room. The downside to Improv's approach is that it demanded more information from the user up-front and was considered less suitable for "quick and dirty" calculations or basic list building.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numbers uses a hybrid approach to the creation of formulas, supporting the use of named data like Improv, but implementing them in-sheet like Excel. In basic operation, Numbers can be used just like Excel; data can be typed anywhere, and formulas can be created by referring to the data by its cell. However, if the user types a header into the table, something one normally does as a matter of course, Numbers uses this to automatically construct a named range for the cells on that row or column. For instance, if the user types "month" into A1 and then types the names "January", "February", etc. into the cells below it, Numbers constructs a named range for the cells A2 through A13 and gives it the name "month". The same is true when the user types in the figures for "sales" and "income". The user can then write the averaging formula in a category-like text format, <code>= total income / cars sold</code>. The formula will find the appropriate data and calculate the results independent of the row.<sup id="cite_ref-formula_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formula-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Improv, this formula does not refer to the physical location of the data in the sheet, so the sheet can be dramatically modified without causing the formula to fail.<sup id="cite_ref-formula_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formula-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to Improv, formulas can be represented as icons in Numbers, allowing them to be dragged about the sheets. One noteworthy example of this is a sidebar that contains the sum, average, and other basic calculations for the current selection in the active table. These serve a function similar to the sum that appears at the bottom of the window in Microsoft Excel. However, the user can drag one of the function icons from the sidebar into the sheet to make the calculation appear in that location.<sup id="cite_ref-formula_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formula-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another nod to Improv, the Formula List shows all of the formulas in the spreadsheet in a separate area and allows edits in place or easy navigation to their use in the sheets. </p><p>Numbers '09 contains 262 built-in functions that can be used in formulas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with Excel 2007's 338 functions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the functions in Numbers are identical to those in Excel; missing ones tend to be related to statistics, although this area was greatly improved in Numbers '09.<sup id="cite_ref-macworld_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macworld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numbers '09 includes a system for categorizing data similar to <a href="/wiki/Pivot_table" title="Pivot table">pivot tables</a>. Pivots were introduced in Improv and were manipulated by dragging the category headers,<sup id="cite_ref-macworld_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macworld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing the user to quickly rotate rows into columns or vice versa. Although Numbers has similar draggable objects representing formulas, they are not used for this feature and direct manipulation is missing. Instead, Numbers places pop-up menus in the column headers allowing the user to collapse multiple rows into totals (sums, averages, etc.) based on data that is common across rows. This is similar functionality to a pivot table but lacks the ease of re-arrangement of the Improv model and other advanced features. Numbers 5.2, released on September 17, 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further improves on these features by adding Smart Categories, allowing the user to "quickly organize and summarize tables to gain new insights".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pivot tables were later added to Numbers 11.2 on September 28, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_and_display">Layout and display</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Layout and display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Numbers uses the canvas as the basis for the document, media is not tied to the tables; one could build a Numbers canvas that contains a collection of photographs but no tables. In typical use, one or more tables are placed on the canvas and sized and styled to show only the data of interest. Charts and labels are commonly positioned around the tables. Other media, like photographs or illustrations, can be added as well.<sup id="cite_ref-tables_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tables-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other products in the <a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> suite, Numbers includes a variety of styles and layouts designed by professional illustrators. Opening an Excel sheet in Numbers results in a display with smooth fonts, a clean layout, and color selections. These can then be modified, optionally using one of the supplied templates, and saved out to Excel format again with these styles intact. Numbers also allows sheets to be <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emailed</a> in Excel format in a single step or shared through Numbers for <a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_features">Other features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Table-centric workflow enabling lists to be structured with <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">headers</a> and summaries.</li> <li>Checkbox, slider, and pulldown list cells.</li> <li>Drag-and-drop of functions from a sidebar into cells.</li> <li>A Print Preview which allows editing while previewing.</li> <li>Imports from Microsoft Excel. This lacks certain Excel features, including <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">Visual Basic for Applications</a> (also absent in the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2008_for_Mac" title="Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac">2008 version of Office for Mac</a>, although it was reintroduced for the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_for_Mac_2011" title="Microsoft Office for Mac 2011">2011 version</a>) and pivot tables (added in ver 11.2).</li> <li>Exports to Microsoft Excel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numbers has been well received in the press, notably for its text-based formulas, clean look, and ease of use.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a> has given it high marks, especially newer versions, awarding Numbers '09 four mice out of five. They did point out several common issues, especially problems exporting to Excel and the inability to "lock" cells to prevent them from moving when the table is scrolled.<sup id="cite_ref-macworld_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macworld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numbers for the iPhone and iPad have received similar favorable reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, version 3.0 of Numbers created an outpouring of complaints due to the loss of important business features,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Apple support community showing a 10 to 1 ratio of dissatisfied users with the newer version of Numbers. Versions 4 and 5 of the software put many of these features back and added many new features and functionalities.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their review of Version 5, MacWorld concluded that "Numbers 5 for Mac advances the app, making it more useful for more purposes with less effort, but it’s still a shadow of full-feature business spreadsheet programs."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_spreadsheet_software" title="Comparison of spreadsheet software">Comparison of spreadsheet software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote (presentation software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages (word processor)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For reasons that are not mentioned in the documentation, canvases are referred to as "sheets" within the program.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numbers can handle up to 1,000,000 rows by 1,000 columns per table,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> versus the latest versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#Number_of_rows_and_columns" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel from Office 2010 onwards</a> having a maximum of 1,048,576 rows by 16,384 columns. Excel has changed its maximum size many times, originally 16,384 rows by 128 columns, while other programs of the same era often compared themselves by increasing this, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Informix_Wingz" title="Informix Wingz">WingZ</a> was 32,768 by 32,768 for instance.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFApple" class="citation web cs1">Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/guide/numbers-iphone/tan700f60676/ios">"What's new in Numbers for iPhone"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+new+in+Numbers+for+iPhone&rft.au=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fguide%2Fnumbers-iphone%2Ftan700f60676%2Fios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/iwork/">"iWork"</a>. <i>Apple</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple&rft.atitle=iWork&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fiwork%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidbits.com/watchlist/pages-7-2-numbers-5-2-and-keynote-8-2-for-mac/">"Pages 7.2, Numbers 5.2, and Keynote 8.2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tidbits" title="Tidbits">Tidbits</a></i>. September 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tidbits&rft.atitle=Pages+7.2%2C+Numbers+5.2%2C+and+Keynote+8.2&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidbits.com%2Fwatchlist%2Fpages-7-2-numbers-5-2-and-keynote-8-2-for-mac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722203758/https://www.apple.com/ipad/features/numbers.html">"Apple - iPad - Innovative spreadsheets in just a few taps"</a>. Apple Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/ipad/features/numbers.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+-+iPad+-+Innovative+spreadsheets+in+just+a+few+taps&rft.pub=Apple+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fipad%2Ffeatures%2Fnumbers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canvas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canvas_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canvas_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/numbers">"Numbers"</a>. <i>Apple</i>. <q>Numbers starts you off with a blank canvas instead of an endless grid, so you have the freedom to move everything around your canvas at will and organize your data any way you choose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple&rft.atitle=Numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnumbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211084">"About working with large data sets in Numbers"</a>. <i>Apple Support</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Support&rft.atitle=About+working+with+large+data+sets+in+Numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fen-us%2FHT211084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef Stoer and Roland Bulirsch, "Introduction to Numerical Analysis (3rd ed.)", Springer-Verlag, 2002, p. 610</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingstrom2009" class="citation web cs1">Ringstrom, David (April 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accountingweb.com/topic/technology/tricks-hiding-and-unhiding-excel-rows-and-columns">"Tricks for hiding and unhiding Excel rows and columns"</a>. <i>accountingWEB</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=accountingWEB&rft.atitle=Tricks+for+hiding+and+unhiding+Excel+rows+and+columns&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft.aulast=Ringstrom&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accountingweb.com%2Ftopic%2Ftechnology%2Ftricks-hiding-and-unhiding-excel-rows-and-columns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2009" class="citation web cs1">Jobling, Hugo (February 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trustedreviews.com/Apple-iWork--09_Software_review_iwork-09-numbers_Page-3#tr-review-summary">"Apple iWork '09"</a>. <i>Trusted Reviews</i>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trusted+Reviews&rft.atitle=Apple+iWork+%2709&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trustedreviews.com%2FApple-iWork--09_Software_review_iwork-09-numbers_Page-3%23tr-review-summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFedries2004" class="citation web cs1">McFedries, Paul (August 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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October 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+support+community&rft.atitle=What+has+been+lost+in+Numbers+3.0&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscussions.apple.com%2Fthread%2F5470448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT207244">"What's new in Numbers for Mac"</a>. <i>Apple Support Pages</i>. May 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Support+Pages&rft.atitle=What%27s+new+in+Numbers+for+Mac&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fen-ca%2FHT207244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleishman2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Fleishman, Glenn (April 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/3267605/business-software/numbers-5-for-mac-review.html">"Numbers 5 for Mac review: Inching closer to being a more full-featured spreadsheet app"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Numbers+5+for+Mac+review%3A+Inching+closer+to+being+a+more+full-featured+spreadsheet+app&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.aulast=Fleishman&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F3267605%2Fbusiness-software%2Fnumbers-5-for-mac-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANumbers+%28spreadsheet%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numbers_(spreadsheet)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_software" title="Template:Apple software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_software" title="Template talk:Apple software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_by_Apple" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Software by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" 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title="Apple Qmaster">Apple Qmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_(software)" title="Color (software)">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Studio_Pro" title="DVD Studio Pro">DVD Studio Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Studio" title="Final Cut Studio">Final Cut Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Tools" title="Cinema Tools">Cinema Tools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Studio" title="Logic Studio">Logic Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacProject" title="MacProject">MacProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacTerminal" title="MacTerminal">MacTerminal</a></li> <li><a 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text" href="https://sourcetable.com">AI Spreadsheet.</a> Sourcetable Inc., 2024. 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