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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_and_group_messaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_and_group_messaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Private and group messaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_and_group_messaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Calling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Games and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Payments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphical_messengers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphical_messengers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Graphical messengers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphical_messengers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_IM_and_mobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_IM_and_mobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Integrated IM and mobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_IM_and_mobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interoperability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interoperability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interoperability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interoperability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interoperability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interoperability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_open_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_open_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Attempted open standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_open_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>History and agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Technical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_IM_on_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_IM_on_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects of IM on communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_IM_on_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects of IM on communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_IM_on_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workplace_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Workplace communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Business application</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_application-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Business application subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Business_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_archiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_archiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Security and archiving</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security_and_archiving-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security and archiving subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security_and_archiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Message_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Message_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Message history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Message_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_and_spying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_and_spying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tracking and spying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_and_spying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compliance_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compliance_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Compliance risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compliance_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_user_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_user_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current user base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_user_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Instant messaging</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تراسل فوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تراسل فوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensaxer%C3%ADa_nel_intre" title="Mensaxería nel intre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mensaxería nel intre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani_mesajla%C5%9Fma" title="Ani mesajlaşma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ani mesajlaşma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাৎক্ষণিক বার্তাপ্রদান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাৎক্ষণিক বার্তাপ্রদান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-s%C3%AE_thong-s%C3%ACn" title="Chek-sî thong-sìn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-sî thong-sìn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Месэнджар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Месэнджар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Незабавни съобщения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Незабавни съобщения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missatgeria_instant%C3%A0nia" title="Missatgeria instantània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Missatgeria instantània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Instant messaging" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negesau_ennyd" title="Negesau ennyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Negesau ennyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Instant messaging" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_Messaging" title="Instant Messaging – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Instant Messaging" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiirsuhtlus" title="Kiirsuhtlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiirsuhtlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Πρόγραμμα ανταλλαγής αμέσων μηνυμάτων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα ανταλλαγής αμέσων μηνυμάτων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensajer%C3%ADa_instant%C3%A1nea" title="Mensajería instantánea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mensajería instantánea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujmesa%C4%9Dilo" title="Tujmesaĝilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tujmesaĝilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-bateko_mezularitza" title="Bat-bateko mezularitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bat-bateko mezularitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پیام‌رسانی فوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیام‌رسانی فوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messagerie_instantan%C3%A9e" title="Messagerie instantanée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Messagerie instantanée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensaxer%C3%ADa_instant%C3%A1nea" title="Mensaxería instantánea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mensaxería instantánea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A9%94%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%80" title="인스턴트 메신저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인스턴트 메신저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B1" title="Ակնթարթային ուղերձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակնթարթային ուղերձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="त्वरित संदेश प्रेषण (इंस्टेंट मेसेजिंग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्वरित संदेश प्रेषण (इंस्टेंट मेसेजिंग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanje_trenuta%C4%8Dnih_poruka" title="Slanje trenutačnih poruka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slanje trenutačnih poruka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpesanan_instan" title="Perpesanan instan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpesanan instan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messageria_instantanee" title="Messageria instantanee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Messageria instantanee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messaggistica_istantanea" title="Messaggistica istantanea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Messaggistica istantanea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מסרים מיידיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסרים מיידיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paguneman_instan" title="Paguneman instan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paguneman instan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Лездік хабар алмасу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лездік хабар алмасу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujumbe_papo" title="Ujumbe papo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujumbe papo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneto_pokalbi%C5%B3_programa" title="Interneto pokalbių programa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Interneto pokalbių programa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azonnali_%C3%BCzenetk%C3%BCld%C5%91_alkalmaz%C3%A1s" title="Azonnali üzenetküldő alkalmazás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Azonnali üzenetküldő alkalmazás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="इन्स्टंट मेसेजिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इन्स्टंट मेसेजिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Шуурхай зурвас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шуурхай зурвас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Instant messaging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8" title="インスタントメッセージ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インスタントメッセージ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direktemelding" title="Direktemelding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Direktemelding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynmelding" title="Lynmelding – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lynmelding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messatjari%C3%A1_instantan%C3%A8a" title="Messatjariá instantanèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Messatjariá instantanèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezkor_xabar_almashish" title="Tezkor xabar almashish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tezkor xabar almashish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%BC%DA%A9_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%85" title="چټک پیغام سیسټم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چټک پیغام سیسټم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikator_internetowy" title="Komunikator internetowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunikator internetowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensageiro_instant%C3%A2neo" title="Mensageiro instantâneo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mensageiro instantâneo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesagerie_instantanee" title="Mesagerie instantanee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mesagerie instantanee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaylla_qillqanakuy" title="Chaylla qillqanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaylla qillqanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Система мгновенного обмена сообщениями – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система мгновенного обмена сообщениями" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messageria_istant%C3%A0nea" title="Messageria istantànea – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Messageria istantànea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missagg%C3%ACstica_stantania" title="Missaggìstica stantania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Missaggìstica stantania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ක්‍ෂණික පණිවුඩකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍ෂණික පණිවුඩකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Instant messaging" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BDchle_spr%C3%A1vy" title="Rýchle správy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rýchle správy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="نامەنادرنی خێرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نامەنادرنی خێرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Размена тренутних порука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Размена тренутних порука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaviestint%C3%A4" title="Pikaviestintä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pikaviestintä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snabbmeddelanden" title="Snabbmeddelanden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snabbmeddelanden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Белдергеч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Белдергеч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5" title="ระบบส่งข้อความทันที – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบส่งข้อความทันที" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Пайёмрасонии фаврӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пайёмрасонии фаврӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anl%C4%B1k_mesajla%C5%9Fma" title="Anlık mesajlaşma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anlık mesajlaşma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Миттєві повідомлення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Миттєві повідомлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فوری پیام رسانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوری پیام رسانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gossip-chat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gossip-chat.png/220px-Gossip-chat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gossip-chat.png/330px-Gossip-chat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gossip-chat.png/440px-Gossip-chat.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>A classic example of instant messaging on a desktop computer: the left window of this software showing a list of contacts ("<a href="/wiki/Buddy_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy list">buddy list</a>") and the right window an active IM conversation</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Online_N%27ko_classroom_via_WhatsApp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Online_N%27ko_classroom_via_WhatsApp_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Online_N%27ko_classroom_via_WhatsApp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Online_N%27ko_classroom_via_WhatsApp_%28cropped%29.jpg/329px-Online_N%27ko_classroom_via_WhatsApp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Online_N%27ko_classroom_via_WhatsApp_%28cropped%29.jpg/439px-Online_N%27ko_classroom_via_WhatsApp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>An example of instant messaging on mobile, featuring the exchange of pictures and audio on top of text</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Instant messaging</b> (<b>IM</b>) technology is a type of <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication" title="Synchronous computer-mediated communication">synchronous computer-mediated communication</a> involving the immediate (<a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a>) transmission of messages between two or more parties over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>. Originally involving simple <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text message</a> exchanges, modern IM <a href="/wiki/Application_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Application (computing)">applications</a> and services (also called "social messengers", "messaging apps", "chat apps" or "chat clients") tend to also feature the exchange of multimedia, <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP (voice calling)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video chat</a> capabilities. </p><p>Instant messaging systems facilitate connections between specified known users<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (often using a contact list also known as a "buddy list" or "friend list") or in <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat rooms</a>, and can be standalone apps or integrated into a wider <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platform, or in a website where it can for instance be used for <a href="/wiki/Conversational_commerce" title="Conversational commerce">conversational commerce</a>. Originally the term "instant messaging" was distinguished from "<a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>" by being run on a computer network instead of a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular phone">cellular/mobile</a> network, being able to write longer messages, real-time communication, <a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">presence</a> ("status"), and being free (only cost of access instead of per <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> message sent).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instant messaging was pioneered in the early Internet era; the <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> protocol was the earliest to achieve wide adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a> was among the first closed and commercialized instant messengers, and several rival services appeared afterwards as it became a popular use of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with its first introduction in 2005, <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBerry Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</a> became the first popular example of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile</a>-based IM, combining features of traditional IM and mobile <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instant messaging remains very popular today; IM apps are the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> apps: in 2018 for instance there were 980 million <a href="/wiki/Monthly_active_users" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly active users">monthly active users</a> of <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> and 1.3 billion monthly users of <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, the largest IM network. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication" title="Synchronous computer-mediated communication">Synchronous computer-mediated communication</a></div> <p>Instant messaging (IM), sometimes also called "messaging" or "<a href="/wiki/Texting" class="mw-redirect" title="Texting">texting</a>", consists of computer-based human communication between two users (<a href="/wiki/Private_message" title="Private message">private messaging</a>) or more (<a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat room</a> or "group") in real-time, allowing immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. This is in direct contrast to <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, where conversations are not in real-time, and the perceived quasi-<a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchrony</a> of the communications by the users<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although many systems allow users to send offline messages that the other user receives when logging in). </p><p>Earlier IM networks were limited to text-based communication, not dissimilar to mobile <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>. As technology has moved forward, IM has expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice calling</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a> using <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a>, file transfer,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> location sharing, image and video transfer, voice notes, and other features.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IM is conducted over the Internet or other types of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networks</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (direct <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> transmission) or <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a> (when all clients have to first connect to the central server). Major IM services are controlled by their corresponding companies and usually follow the client–server model.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Instant Messenger" is a <a href="/wiki/Service_mark" title="Service mark">service mark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a> and may not be used in software not affiliated with <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, in April 2007, the instant messaging client formerly named <a href="/wiki/Gaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaim">Gaim</a> (or gaim) announced that they would be renamed "<a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clients">Clients</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Instant_messaging" title="Special:EditPage/Instant messaging">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instant_messengers_protocols.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Instant_messengers_protocols.svg/220px-Instant_messengers_protocols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Instant_messengers_protocols.svg/330px-Instant_messengers_protocols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Instant_messengers_protocols.svg/440px-Instant_messengers_protocols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Instant messengers by protocol, as of 2019</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of instant messaging clients">Comparison of instant messaging clients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_messaging_platforms" title="Comparison of user features of messaging platforms">Comparison of user features of messaging platforms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_LAN_messengers" title="Comparison of LAN messengers">Comparison of LAN messengers</a></div> <p>Modern IM services generally provide their own client, either a separately installed piece of software, or a <a href="/wiki/Browser-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser-based">browser-based</a> client. They are normally centralised networks run by the servers of the platform's operators, unlike <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> protocols like <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a>. These usually only work within the same IM network, although some allow limited function with other services (see <a href="#Interoperability">#Interoperability</a>). Third party client software applications exist that will connect with most of the major IM services. There is the class of instant messengers that uses the <a href="/wiki/Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">serverless</a> model, which doesn't require servers, and the IM network consists only of clients. There are several serverless messengers: <a href="/wiki/RetroShare" class="mw-redirect" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring (software)">Ring</a>. See also: <a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a>. </p><p>Some examples of popular IM services today include <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> <a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ Messenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_(application)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line (application)">Line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The popularity of certain apps greatly differ between different countries. Certain apps have emphasis on certain uses - for example <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> focuses on <a href="/wiki/Video_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Video calling">video calling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a> focuses on messaging and file sharing for work teams, and Snapchat focuses on image messages. Some social networking services offer messaging services as a component of their overall platform, such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger_chatbots" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger chatbots">Facebook Messenger</a>, who also own <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>. Others have a direct IM function as an additional adjunct component of their <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking platform">social networking platforms</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clubhouse_(app)" title="Clubhouse (app)">Clubhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>; this also includes for example <a href="/wiki/Dating_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating website">dating websites</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/OkCupid" title="OkCupid">OkCupid</a> or <a href="/wiki/PlentyofFish" class="mw-redirect" title="PlentyofFish">Plenty of Fish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">online gaming</a> chat platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Instant_messaging" title="Special:EditPage/Instant messaging">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pidgin_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pidgin_screenshot.png/170px-Pidgin_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pidgin_screenshot.png/255px-Pidgin_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Pidgin_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Buddy_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy list">buddy list</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_and_group_messaging">Private and group messaging</h4></div> <p>Private chat allows private conversation with another person or a group. The privacy aspect can also be enhanced in a number of ways such as <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end to end encryption</a> by default. <a href="/wiki/Chatroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatroom">Public and group chat</a> features allow users to communicate with multiple people at a time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calling">Calling</h4></div> <p>Many major IM services and applications offer a call feature for user-to-user voice calls, conference calls, and voice messages. The call functionality is useful for professionals who utilize the application for work purposes and as a hands-free method. <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> is also possible by some. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Games_and_entertainment">Games and entertainment</h4></div> <p>Some IM applications include in-app games for entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo! Messenger</a> for example introduced these where users could play a game and viewed by friends in real-time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Messenger</a> featured a <a href="/wiki/Games_and_applications_for_Windows_Live_Messenger" title="Games and applications for Windows Live Messenger">number of playable games</a> within the interface. Facebook's <a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a> has had a built in option to play games with people in a chat, including games like <a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackjack" title="Blackjack">Blackjack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a> features multiple games built inside the "activities" tab in <a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">voice channels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Payments">Payments</h4></div> <p>A relatively new feature to the world of instant messaging, peer-to-peer payments are available to do both financial tasks on top of communication. The lack of a service fee also makes these advantageous to financial applications. IM services such as <a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Facebook Messenger</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> '<a href="/wiki/Super-app" title="Super-app">super-app</a>' for example offer a payment feature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1212047051">.mw-parser-output .release-timeline{padding:.75em 1em;font-size:85%;line-height:.9;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0 1px;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline>caption{padding:.4em .4em .2em;font-size:112.5%}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-subtitle{padding-top:.3em;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline td,.mw-parser-output .release-timeline th{border:none;padding:.4em;background:none;font:inherit;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline td{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline th{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-first{padding:.4em .4em .2em}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-next,.mw-parser-output .release-timeline .rt-last{padding:.2em .4em}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .release-timeline{float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .rt-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:.5em 1.4em .5em 0}.mw-parser-output .release-timeline caption{white-space:nowrap}}</style><table class="release-timeline wikitable"><caption>Release years of<br />notable instant messengers</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">1988</th><td>Internet Relay Chat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">1989–1995</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">1996</th><td>ICQ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">1997</th><td>AIM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">1998</th><td>Yahoo! Messenger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">1999</th><td>XMPP<br />MSN Messenger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">2000–2002</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">2003</th><td>Xfire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">2004–2008</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">2009</th><td>WhatsApp</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">2010</th><td>Kik Messenger</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">2011</th><td>Facebook Messenger<br />Snapchat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #228B22">2012</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">2013</th><td>Telegram</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">2014</th><td>Signal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="border-right:1.4em solid #0BDA51">2015</th><td>Discord</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_systems">Early systems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLATO-Talkomatic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PLATO-Talkomatic.png/220px-PLATO-Talkomatic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PLATO-Talkomatic.png/330px-PLATO-Talkomatic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PLATO-Talkomatic.png/440px-PLATO-Talkomatic.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>2014 recreation screenshot of the original Talkomatic program, released in 1973, on the PLATO system (on an orange plasma display)</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the term dates from the 1990s, instant messaging predates the Internet, first appearing on <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> like <a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System</a> (CTSS) and Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (<a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the mid-1960s. Initially, some of these systems were used as notification systems for services like printing, but quickly were used to facilitate communication with other users logged into the same machine. CTSS facilitated communication via text message for up to 30 people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parallel to instant messaging were early <a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">online chat</a> facilities, the earliest of which was <a href="/wiki/Talkomatic" title="Talkomatic">Talkomatic</a> (1973) on the <a href="/wiki/PLATO_(computer_system)" title="PLATO (computer system)">PLATO</a> system, which allowed 5 people to chat simultaneously on a 512 x 512 plasma display (5 lines of text + 1 status line per person). During the <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a> (BBS) phenomenon that peaked during the 1980s, some systems incorporated chat features which were similar to instant messaging; Freelancin' Roundtable was one prime example. The first<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such general-availability commercial online chat service (as opposed to PLATO, which was educational) was the CompuServe <a href="/wiki/CB_Simulator" title="CB Simulator">CB Simulator</a> in 1980,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created by <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> executive Alexander "Sandy" Trevor in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>. </p><p>As networks developed, the protocols spread with the networks. Some of these used a <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> protocol (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a>, ntalk and ytalk), while others required peers to connect to a server (see <a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">talker</a> and <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr Notification Service</a> (still in use at some institutions) was invented at MIT's <a href="/wiki/Project_Athena" title="Project Athena">Project Athena</a> in the 1980s to allow service providers to locate and send messages to users. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png/220px-Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png/330px-Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png/440px-Unix_talk_screenshot_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Command-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line">Command-line</a> Unix "<a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">talk</a>", using a split screen <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early instant messaging programs were primarily <a href="/wiki/Real-time_text" title="Real-time text">real-time text</a>, where characters appeared as they were typed. This includes the Unix <a href="/wiki/Talk_(software)" title="Talk (software)">"talk"</a> command line program, which was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some BBS chat programs (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Celerity_BBS" title="Celerity BBS">Celerity BBS</a>) also used a similar interface. Modern implementations of real-time text also exist in instant messengers, such as AOL's Real-Time IM<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an optional feature.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter half of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Link" title="Quantum Link">Quantum Link</a> online service for <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> computers offered user-to-user messages between concurrently connected customers, which they called "On-Line Messages" (or OLM for short), and later "FlashMail." Quantum Link later became <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a> and made <a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AOL Instant Messenger</a> (AIM, discussed later). While the Quantum Link client software ran on a <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, using only the Commodore's <a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a> text-graphics, the screen was visually divided into sections and OLMs would appear as a yellow bar saying "Message From:" and the name of the sender along with the message across the top of whatever the user was already doing, and presented a list of options for responding.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it could be considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI), albeit much more primitive than the later <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> based GUI IM software. OLMs were what Q-Link called "Plus Services" meaning they charged an extra per-minute fee on top of the monthly Q-Link access costs. </p><p>Development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC) protocol began in 1989, and this would become the Internet's first widespread instant messaging standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_messengers">Graphical messengers</h3></div> <p>Modern, Internet-wide, <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>-based messaging clients as they are known today, began to take off in the mid-1990s with <a href="/wiki/PowWow_(chat_program)" title="PowWow (chat program)">PowWow</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AOL Instant Messenger</a> (AIM). Similar functionality was offered by <a href="/wiki/CU-SeeMe" title="CU-SeeMe">CU-SeeMe</a> in 1992; though primarily an audio/video chat link, users could also send textual messages to each other. <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> later acquired <a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_(company)" title="Mirabilis (company)">Mirabilis</a>, the authors of ICQ; establishing dominance in the instant messaging market.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later ICQ (then owned by AOL) was awarded two patents for instant messaging by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._patent_office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. patent office">U.S. patent office</a>. Meanwhile, other companies developed their own software; (<a href="/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)" title="Excite (web portal)">Excite</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">Microsoft (MSN)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubique_(company)" title="Ubique (company)">Ubique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>), each with its own <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary protocol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_client" class="mw-redirect" title="Software client">client</a>; users therefore had to run multiple client applications if they wished to use more than one of these networks. However, the open protocol IRC continued to be popular by the millenium, and its most popular graphical app was <a href="/wiki/MIRC" title="MIRC">mIRC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While instant messaging was mainly in use for consumer recreational purposes, in 1998 <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> launched their <a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Sametime" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Lotus Sametime">Lotus Sametime</a> instant messenger software, the first popular example of enterprise-grade instant messaging.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source application</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Open standards">open standards</a>-based protocol called <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol</a> (XMPP) was launched, initially branded as <i>Jabber</i>. XMPP servers could act as gateways to other IM protocols, reducing the need to run multiple clients.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Video_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Video calling">Video calling</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> also started taking off during this time. Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/NetMeeting" class="mw-redirect" title="NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a>, which was focused on business "<a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">web conferencing</a>", was one of the earliest; the company then launched <a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Windows Messenger</a>, coming preloaded on <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>, featuring video capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yahoo! Messenger added video capabilities in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2005 such features were built-in also in AIM, <a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Messenger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were a reported 100 million users of instant messaging in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2003, AIM was the globally most popular instant messenger with 195 million users and exchanges of 1.6 billion messages daily.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2006, AIM controlled 52 percent of the instant messaging market, but rapidly declined shortly thereafter as the company struggled to compete with other services.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_IM_and_mobile">Integrated IM and mobile</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facebook_chat_screenshot_(English).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Facebook_chat_screenshot_%28English%29.png/150px-Facebook_chat_screenshot_%28English%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Facebook_chat_screenshot_%28English%29.png/225px-Facebook_chat_screenshot_%28English%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Facebook_chat_screenshot_%28English%29.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Chat">Facebook Chat</a>, example of IM through a wider social network that became popular in the late 2000s</figcaption></figure> <p>Instant messaging integrated in other services started picking up pace in the late 2000s. <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a>, the then-largest <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>, launched <a href="/wiki/Myspace_IM" title="Myspace IM">Myspace IM</a> in 2006, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gtalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gtalk">Gtalk</a>, which was integrated into its <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">webmail</a> interface. <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Chat">Facebook Chat</a> launched in 2008, providing IM to users of the social network.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, traditional instant messaging was in sharp decline in favor of these new messaging features on wider social networks, which at the time were not normally called IM.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a>'s userbase had declined by more than half throughout the year 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standalone instant messenger services were revived, evolving into becoming primarily being used on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile</a> due to the increasing use of Internet-enabled <a href="/wiki/Cell_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phones">cell phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>. Often called "chat apps", to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular</a>-based <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a> "<a href="/wiki/Texting" class="mw-redirect" title="Texting">texting</a>" services, these newer services were specially designed to be run on mobile platforms, as opposed to older services like AIM and MSN; <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBerry Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</a>, released in 2005, was one of the influential pioneers of mobile IM,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to other companies launching services with proprietary protocols, such as <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mobile instant messaging surpassed SMS in global message volume by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While SMS relied on traditional paid telephone services, IM apps on mobile were available for free or a minor data charge.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older IM services were eventually shut, including AIM<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yahoo! Messenger, and also <a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Live Messenger">Windows Live Messenger</a>, which merged into <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> in 2013. In 2014, it was reported that instant messaging had more users than social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently, rising use of instant messaging at workplaces led to the creation of new services (<a href="/wiki/Enterprise_application_integration" title="Enterprise application integration">enterprise application integration</a> (EAI)) often integrated with other enterprise applications such as workflow systems, for example in <a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Skype for Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the launch of <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a> in 2015 has marked a notable new example of traditional IM originally designed for desktops.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interoperability">Interoperability</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pidgin_Screenshot_Ubuntu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pidgin_Screenshot_Ubuntu.png/200px-Pidgin_Screenshot_Ubuntu.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Pidgin_Screenshot_Ubuntu.png/300px-Pidgin_Screenshot_Ubuntu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Pidgin_Screenshot_Ubuntu.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Pidgin's tabbed chat window in Linux</figcaption></figure> <p>Most IM protocols are <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary</a> and are not designed to be <a href="/wiki/Interoperable" class="mw-redirect" title="Interoperable">interoperable</a> with others, meaning that many IM networks have been incompatible and users have been unable to reach users on other networks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, fragmentation of IM services means that a typical user is likely to have to use more networks than ever, including the need to <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a> the apps and signing up, to stay in touch with all their contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there had been attempts for solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multi-protocol clients can use any of the IM protocols by using additional local libraries for each protocol. Examples of multi-protocol instant messenger software include <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a>. These third-party clients have often been unable to keep up due to proprietary protocol restrictions and getting locked out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in 2015 <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> started banning users who were using unofficial clients.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major IM providers usually cite the need for formal agreements, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> concerns as reasons for making changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_open_standards">Attempted open standards</h3></div> <p>There have been several attempts in the past to create a unified standard for instant messaging, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">Session Initiation Protocol</a> (SIP) and <a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions</a> (SIMPLE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Exchange">Application Exchange</a> (APEX),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol">Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol</a> (IMPP),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol</a> (XMPP), based on <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Instant Messaging and Presence Service">Instant Messaging and Presence Service</a> (IMPS), developed specifically for mobile devices.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_agreements">History and agreements</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Critics say AOL's slowness in embracing interoperability has caused setbacks to other companies trying to grow their businesses. AOL has said it supports the development of an interoperable system for all IM networks but has cited privacy and security concerns as the reasons it's taking its time. Competitors have labeled that argument a "smoke screen." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Evan Hansen, <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>, January 2001<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In the early 2000s when instant messaging was quickly growing, most attempts at producing a unified standard for the-then major IM providers (<a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>) had failed. There was a "bitter row" between AOL and its rivals regarding the opening up of their networks.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, U.S. regulatory <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) proposed, and supported by Microsoft chairman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, that AOL providing interoperability of its <a href="/wiki/AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a> instant messengers with Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Messenger</a> was a condition for the forecoming <a href="/wiki/AOL_Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Time Warner">AOL-Time Warner merger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However in 2004, Microsoft, Yahoo! and AOL agreed to a deal in which Microsoft's enterprise IM server <a href="/wiki/Live_Communications_Server_2005" title="Live Communications Server 2005">Live Communications Server 2005</a> would have the possibility to talk to their rival counterparts and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 13, 2005, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that their IM networks would soon be interoperable, using SIP/SIMPLE. This was finally rolled out to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Live Messenger">Windows Live Messenger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Messenger">Yahoo! Messenger</a> users in July 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in December 2005 by the AOL and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> strategic partnership deal, it was announced that AIM and ICQ users would be able to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Google Talk</a> users.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this feature took until December 2007 to roll out.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> provided the best example of open protocol interoperability, having had gateways that connected to Google Talk, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sametime" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Sametime">Lotus Sametime</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a> had been developed by telecommunication companies as an instant messaging protocol to replace <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>, under a unified standard. In 2022, the European Union passed the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act" title="Digital Markets Act">Digital Markets Act</a>, which largely came into effect in early 2023. Among other things, the legislation mandates certain interoperability between the largest IM platforms in use in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in March 2024, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> opened up its WhatsApp and <a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a> networks to be interoperable.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical">Technical</h3></div> <p>There are two ways to combine the many disparate protocols: </p> <ul><li>Combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM <i><a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client application</a></i>.</li> <li>Combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM <i>server</i> application. This approach moves the task of communicating with the other services to the server. Clients need not know or care about other IM protocols. For example, <a href="/wiki/Live_Communications_Server_2005" title="Live Communications Server 2005">LCS 2005</a> Public IM Connectivity. This approach is popular in <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> servers; however, the so-called transport projects suffer the same <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> difficulties as any other project involved with closed protocols or formats.</li></ul> <p>Some approaches allow organizations to deploy their own, private instant messaging network by enabling them to restrict access to the <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> (often with the IM network entirely behind their <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a>) and administer user permissions. Other corporate messaging systems allow registered users to also connect from outside the corporation LAN, by using an encrypted, firewall-friendly, HTTPS-based protocol. Usually, a dedicated corporate IM server has several advantages, such as pre-populated contact lists, integrated authentication, and better security and privacy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_IM_on_communication">Effects of IM on communication</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging#Social_effects" title="Text messaging">Text messaging § Social effects</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_communication">Workplace communication</h3></div> <p>Instant messaging has changed how people communicate in the workplace. Enterprise messaging applications like <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a>, <a href="/wiki/TeleMessage" title="TeleMessage">TeleMessage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teamnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamnote">Teamnote</a> and Yammer allow companies to enforce policies on how employees message at work and ensure secure storage of sensitive data.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They allow employees to separate work information from their personal emails and texts. </p><p>Messaging applications may make workplace communication efficient, but they can also have consequences on productivity. A study at Slack showed on average, people spend 10 hours a day on Slack, which is about 67% more time than they spend using <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instant messaging is implemented in many <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">video-conferencing</a> tools. A study of chat use during work-related videoconferencing found that chat during meetings allows participants to communicate without interrupting the meeting, plan action around common resources, and enables greater inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also found that chat can cause distractions and information asymmetries between participants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LolTextMessage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LolTextMessage.jpg/220px-LolTextMessage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/LolTextMessage.jpg/330px-LolTextMessage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/LolTextMessage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>'lol', a popular example of slang on instant messaging and texting</figcaption></figure> <p>Users sometimes make use of <a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">internet slang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging#Effect_on_language" title="Text messaging">text speak</a> to abbreviate common words or expressions to quicken conversations or reduce keystrokes. The language has become widespread, with well-known expressions such as '<a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">lol</a>' translated over to face-to-face language. </p><p>Emotions are often expressed in shorthand, such as the abbreviation <a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">LOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">BRB and TTYL</a>; respectively laugh(ing) out loud, be right back, and talk to you later. Some, however, attempt to be more accurate with <a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">emotional expression</a> over IM. Real time reactions such as (<i>chortle</i>) (<i>snort</i>) (<i>guffaw</i>) or (<i>eye-roll</i>) have been popular at one point. Also there are certain standards that are being introduced into mainstream conversations including, '#' indicates the use of sarcasm in a statement and '*' which indicates a spelling mistake and/or grammatical error in the prior message, followed by a correction.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_application">Business application</h2></div> <p>Instant messaging products can usually be categorised into two types: Enterprise Instant Messaging (EIM)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Consumer Instant Messaging (CIM).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enterprise solutions use an internal IM server, however this is not always feasible, particularly for smaller businesses with limited budgets. The second option, using a CIM provides the advantage of being inexpensive to implement and has little need for investing in new hardware or server software. IM is increasingly becoming a feature of <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a> rather than a stand-alone application.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Instant messaging has proven to be similar to personal computers, email, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, in that its adoption for use as a business communications medium was driven primarily by individual employees using consumer software at work, rather than by formal mandate or provisioning by corporate information technology departments. Tens of millions of the consumer IM accounts in use are being used for business purposes by employees of companies and other organizations. The adoption of IM across corporate networks outside of the control of IT organizations creates risks and liabilities for companies who do not effectively manage and support IM use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> IM was initially shunned by the corporate world partly due to security concerns, but by 2003 may had started embracing these new services.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3></div> <p>In response to the demand for business-grade IM and the need to ensure security and legal compliance, a new type of instant messaging, called "Enterprise Instant Messaging" ("EIM") was created when <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a> launched IBM Lotus Sametime in 1998. Microsoft followed suit shortly thereafter with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange</a> Instant Messaging, later created a new platform called <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Live_Communications_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office Live Communications Server">Microsoft Office Live Communications Server</a>, and released <a href="/wiki/Office_Communications_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Office Communications Server">Office Communications Server</a> 2007 in October 2007. <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> also jumped into the market with its <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Beehive" title="Oracle Beehive">Oracle Beehive</a> unified collaboration software.<sup id="cite_ref-Oracle_Beehive_offers_enterprise_instant_messaging_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oracle_Beehive_offers_enterprise_instant_messaging-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both IBM Lotus and Microsoft have introduced federation between their EIM systems and some of the public IM networks so that employees may use one interface to both their internal EIM system and their contacts on AOL, MSN, and Yahoo. As of 2010, leading EIM platforms include <a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Sametime" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Lotus Sametime">IBM Lotus Sametime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Communications_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office Communications Server">Microsoft Office Communications Server</a>, <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">Jabber</a> XCP and Cisco Unified Presence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (July 2016)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Industry-focused EIM platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Reuters_Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuters Messaging">Reuters Messaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg Messaging</a> also provide IM abilities to financial services companies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (July 2016)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_and_archiving">Security and archiving</h2></div> <p>Crackers (malicious or <a href="/wiki/Black_hat_(computer_security)" title="Black hat (computer security)">black hat</a> hackers) have consistently used IM networks as vectors for delivering <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attempts, <a href="/wiki/Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">drive-by URLs</a>, and virus-laden file attachments, with over 1100 discrete attacks listed by the IM Security Center<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2004–2007. Hackers use two methods of delivering malicious code through IM: delivery of viruses, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan horses</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> within an infected file, and the use of "socially engineered" text with a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">web address</a> that entices the recipient to click on a URL connecting him or her to a website that then downloads malicious code.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IM connections sometimes occur in <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>, making them vulnerable to eavesdropping. Also, IM client software often requires the user to expose open <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> ports to the world, raising the threat posed by potential security vulnerabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2000s, a new class of IT security provider emerged to provide remedies for the risks and liabilities faced by corporations who chose to use IM for business communications. The IM security providers created new products to be installed in corporate networks for the purpose of archiving, content-scanning, and security-scanning IM traffic moving in and out of the corporation. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/E-mail_filtering" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail filtering">e-mail filtering</a> vendors, the IM security providers focus on the risks and liabilities described above.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With rapid adoption of IM in the workplace, demand for IM security products began to grow in the mid-2000s. By 2007, the preferred platform for the purchase of security software had become the "<a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">computer appliance</a>", according to IDC, who estimated that by 2008, 80% of <a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">network security</a> products would be delivered via an appliance.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2014 however, the level of safety offered by instant messengers was still extremely poor. According to a scorecard made by the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, only 7 out of 39 instant messengers received a perfect score, whereas the most popular instant messengers at the time only attained a score of 2 out of 7.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of studies have shown that IM services are quite vulnerable for providing user privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, cybersecurity researchers discovered that numerous malicious "mods" exist of the <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> instant messenger, which are freely available for download from <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Message_history">Message history</h3></div> <p>Instant messages are often logged in a local message history, making it similar to the persistent nature of emails. IM networks may store messages with either local-based device storage (e.g. <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a> etc. software) or cloud-based server storage provided by the service (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a>, Google <a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Meet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Chat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a> etc.). Although cloud based storage is advertised to offer <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a> messages, it poses an increased risk that the IM provider may have access to the decryption keys and view the user's saved messages.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This requires users to trust IM servers and providers because messages can generally be accessed by the company. Companies may be compelled to reveal their user's communication, and companies can also suspend user accounts for any reason.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_and_spying">Tracking and spying</h3></div> <p>News reports from 2013 revealed that the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> is not only collecting emails and IM messages but also tracking relationships between senders and receivers of those chats and emails in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> collection.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metadata refers to the data concerned about the chat or email as opposed to contents of messages. It may be used to collect valuable information.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, Matthew Campbell and Michael Hurley filed a <a href="/wiki/Class-action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-action lawsuit">class-action lawsuit</a> against <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Inc">Facebook</a> for breaching the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They alleged that the information in their supposedly private messages was being read and used to generate profit, specifically "for purposes including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> and user profiling". </p><p>In corporate use of IM, organizational offerings have become very sophisticated in their security and logging measures. Typically, an employee or organization member must be granted a login and suitable permissions to use the messaging system. This creating of a specific account for each user allows the organization to identify, track and record all use of their messenger system on their servers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encryption">Encryption</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a> is the primary method that instant messaging apps use to protect user's data privacy and security. For corporate use, encryption and conversation archiving are usually regarded as important features due to security concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a bunch of open source encrypting messengers.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IM does hold potential advantages over <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a>. SMS messages are not encrypted, making them insecure, as the content of each SMS message is visible to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">mobile carriers</a> and governments and can be intercepted by a third party,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may leak <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> (such as phone numbers),<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or be spoofed and the sender of the message can be edited to impersonate another person.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current instant messaging networks that use <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> include <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>, <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wire_(software)" title="Wire (software)">Wire</a> and <a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications that have been criticized for lacking or poor encryption methods include <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confide" title="Confide">Confide</a>, as both are prone to error or not having encryption enabled by default.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compliance_risks">Compliance risks</h3></div> <p>In addition to the malicious code threat, the use of instant messaging at work also creates a risk of non-compliance to laws and regulations governing use of electronic communications in businesses. In the United States alone there are over 10,000 laws and regulations related to electronic messaging and records retention.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The better-known of these include the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">HIPAA</a>, and SEC 17a-3. </p><p>Clarification from the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority" title="Financial Industry Regulatory Authority">Financial Industry Regulatory Authority</a> (FINRA) was issued to member firms in the financial services industry in December, 2007, noting that "electronic communications", "email", and "electronic correspondence" may be used interchangeably and can include such forms of electronic messaging as <i>instant messaging</i> and <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a>, effective December 1, 2006, created a new category for electronic records which may be requested during <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discovery</a> in legal proceedings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most nations also regulate use of electronic messaging and electronic records retention in similar fashion as the United States. The most common regulations related to IM at work involve the need to produce archived business communications to satisfy government or judicial requests under law. Many instant messaging communications fall into the category of business communications that must be archived and retrievable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_user_base">Current user base</h2></div> <p>As of March 2022, the most used instant messaging apps and services worldwide include: <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a> with 100 million, <a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a> with 217 million, <a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a> with 260 million, <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> with 700 million, <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> with 1.2 billion, <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a> with 1.3 billion, and <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> with 2.0 billion users.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 25 countries in the world where WhatsApp messenger is not the market leader in IM, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Philippines, and China.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IM apps have varying levels of adoption in different countries. As of April 2022:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> is the most popular instant messaging network in several countries in South America, Western Europe, Africa, Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> is the most popular instant messaging network in North America, Northern Europe, some Central Europe countries, and Oceania.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> is the most popular instant messaging app in several Eastern Europe countries, and the second preferred option after WhatsApp in several countries in Western Europe, Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, Central and South America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rakuten" title="Rakuten">Rakuten</a> has a strong presence in Central and Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Ukraine, Russia). It is also moderately successful in Philippines and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a> by <a href="/wiki/Naver_Corporation" title="Naver Corporation">Naver Corporation</a> is used widely in some countries in Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Thailand).</li> <li>Instant messaging apps and services that are predominately used in only one country include: <a href="/wiki/KakaoTalk" title="KakaoTalk">KakaoTalk</a> in South Korea, <a href="/wiki/Zalo" title="Zalo">Zalo</a> in Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> in China, and <a href="/wiki/Imo.im" title="Imo.im">imo</a> in Qatar.</li> <li>While not the dominant app for one-to-one messaging in any country, <a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a> is commonly used among online communities due to its ability to support chats with a large amount of members, topic-based channels, and cloud-based storage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms">Terms</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_awareness" title="Ambient awareness">Ambient awareness</a> – Term used to describe a form of peripheral social awareness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a> – System for exchanging messages between computing systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">Mass collaboration</a> – Many people working on a single project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message-oriented_middleware" title="Message-oriented middleware">Message-oriented middleware</a> – Type of software or hardware infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_messaging" title="Operator messaging">Operator messaging</a> – Messaging answer service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> – Virtual online communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> – Act of typing and sending a brief, digital message</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> – Text messaging service component</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_communications" title="Unified communications">Unified communications</a> – Business and marketing concept / <a href="/wiki/Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Messaging">Messaging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_cross-platform_instant_messaging_clients" title="Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients">Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols" title="Comparison of instant messaging protocols">Comparison of instant messaging protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_messaging_platforms" title="Comparison of user features of messaging platforms">Comparison of user features of messaging platforms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_Shikara" class="mw-redirect" title="Code Shikara">Code Shikara</a> – Family of malware worms that spreads through instant messaging<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Viber+expands+foothold+in+the+Philippines+in+2021&rft.date=2021-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2021%2F12%2F18%2Fviber-expands-foothold-in-the-philippines-in-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant+messaging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e.vnexpress.net/news/trend/when-chatting-apps-can-be-overwhelming-4504110.html">"When chatting apps can be overwhelming"</a>. <i>VnExpress International</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VnExpress+International&rft.atitle=When+chatting+apps+can+be+overwhelming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe.vnexpress.net%2Fnews%2Ftrend%2Fwhen-chatting-apps-can-be-overwhelming-4504110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstant+messaging" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Instant_messaging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Instant_messaging" title="Template:Instant messaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instant_messaging" title="Template talk:Instant messaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Instant_messaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Instant messaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Instant_messaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant messaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols<br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols" title="Comparison of instant messaging protocols">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Data_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Data Protocol">DDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol">IMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTProto" class="mw-redirect" title="MTProto">MTProto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Session_Relay_Protocol" title="Message Session Relay Protocol">MSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIMPLE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">WFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">OSCAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOC_protocol" title="TOC protocol">TOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_protocol" title="Skype protocol">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(software)" title="Band (software)">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiP_(software)" title="BiP (software)">BiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DingTalk" title="DingTalk">DingTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Google Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Google Meet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Google Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilded" title="Guilded">Guilded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HipChat" title="HipChat">HipChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGap" title="IGap">iGap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo.im" title="Imo.im">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC#Networks" title="IRC">IRC Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KakaoTalk" title="KakaoTalk">KakaoTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kik_Messenger" title="Kik Messenger">Kik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lark_(software)" title="Lark (software)">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libon_(service)" title="Libon (service)">Libon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattermost" title="Mattermost">Mattermost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Palace_(computer_program)" title="The Palace (computer program)">The Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_Live" title="Tango Live">Tango Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textfree" title="Textfree">Textfree/Pinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threema" title="Threema">Threema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger_service" title="Windows Messenger service">Windows Messenger service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications" title="Zoom Video Communications">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulip" title="Zulip">Zulip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clients<br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_cross-platform_instant_messaging_clients" title="Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu Hi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadu-Gadu" title="Gadu-Gadu">Gadu-Gadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Sametime" title="HCL Sametime">HCL Sametime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMVU" title="IMVU">IMVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_(software)" title="Wire (software)">Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayttm" title="Ayttm">Ayttm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBuddy" title="EBuddy">eBuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_NG" title="Miranda NG">Miranda NG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbuzz" title="Nimbuzz">Nimbuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finch_(software)" title="Finch (software)">Finch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Internet_Pager" title="Quiet Internet Pager">QIP 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Skype for Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Telepathy" title="KDE Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP (Jabber)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversations_(software)" title="Conversations (software)">Conversations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajim" title="Gajim">Gajim</a></li> <li>Monal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Psi (instant messaging client)">Psi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(XMPP_client)" title="Spark (XMPP client)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkabber" title="Tkabber">Tkabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xabber" title="Xabber">Xabber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_instant_messaging_platforms" title="List of defunct instant messaging platforms">List of defunct instant messaging platforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backchannel" title="Backchannel">Backchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_log" title="Chat log">Chat log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit (software)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_messaging_platforms" title="Comparison of user features of messaging platforms">Comparison of user features of messaging platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_list" title="Contact list">Contact list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FirstClass" title="FirstClass">FirstClass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(messaging_service)" title="Flock (messaging service)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuze_(company)" title="Fuze (company)">Fuze Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall.com">Hall.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">Presence information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glip" class="mw-redirect" title="Glip">RingCentral Glip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_message_(instant_messaging)" title="Status message (instant messaging)">Status message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Report" title="U-Report">U-Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Engage" title="Viva Engage">Viva Engage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer-mediated_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template talk:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer-mediated_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Online discussion">Online discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_software" title="Communication software">Communication software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">Social network service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">Electronic mailing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textboard" title="Textboard">Textboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">Bulletin board system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guestbook" title="Guestbook">Online guestbook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous conferencing">Synchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_conferencing" title="Data conferencing">Data conferencing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">Talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">Voice chat in online gaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Web chat">Web chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_syndication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_syndication" title="Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_syndication" title="Template talk:Web syndication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_syndication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_syndication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">Web syndication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>History</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">Blogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_podcasting" title="History of podcasting">Podcasting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vlog#History" title="Vlog">Vlogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_web_syndication_technology" title="History of web syndication technology">Web syndication technology</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_blog" title="Art blog">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edublog" title="Edublog">Edublog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_blogging" title="Food blogging">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_blog" title="Health blog">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blawg" class="mw-redirect" title="Blawg">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelog" title="Lifelog">Lifelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoblog" title="Photoblog">Photoblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_blog" title="Police blog">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Political_impact" title="Blog">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_diary" title="Project diary">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_blog" title="Reverse blog">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel blog">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Warblog">Warblog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">Feed URI scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">Linkback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_(blogging)" title="Ping (blogging)">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingback" title="Pingback">Pingback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refback" title="Refback">Refback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackback" title="Trackback">Trackback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (Internet)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_enclosure" title="RSS enclosure">RSS enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedSync#Examples" title="FeedSync">Synchronization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_feed" title="Data feed">Data feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photofeed" title="Photofeed">Photofeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_feed" title="Product feed">Product feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">Web feed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeoRSS" title="GeoRSS">GeoRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_RSS" title="Media RSS">MRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_TV" title="RSS TV">RSS TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">Inter-process communication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livemark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livemark (page does not exist)">Livemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_editor" title="RSS editor">RSS editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_tracking" title="RSS tracking">RSS tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPML" title="OPML">OPML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_Advisory_Board" title="RSS Advisory Board">RSS Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBEL" title="XBEL">XBEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOXO_(microformat)" title="XOXO (microformat)">XOXO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_podcasts" title="Category:Audio podcasts">Audio podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced podcast">Enhanced podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilecast">Mobilecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screencast" title="Screencast">Screencast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Slidecasting">Slidecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocast" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocast">Videocast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_blog" title="Anonymous blog">Anonymous blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Types" title="Blog">Collaborative blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveblogging" title="Liveblogging">Liveblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Mobile blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motovlog" title="Motovlog">Motovlogging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog carnival">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog_fiction" title="Blog fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_diary" title="Online diary">Online diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideblog" title="Sideblog">Sideblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micromedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_feed_aggregators" title="Comparison of feed aggregators">Aggregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_aggregator" title="Poll aggregator">Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_aggregator" title="Video aggregator">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">AtomPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML">NewsML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NewsML_1" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML-G2" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML-G2">G2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Social communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Slice" title="Web Slice">Web Slice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">Blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escribitionist" title="Escribitionist">Escribitionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_blogging" title="Glossary of blogging">Glossary of blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">Pay per click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_style" title="Posting style">Posting style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slashdot_effect" title="Slashdot effect">Slashdot effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Spam in blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uses_of_podcasting" title="Uses of podcasting">Uses of podcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile<br />networks</a>,<br />protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><b>Digital</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="Mobile ticketing">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment<br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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