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skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Estadistika rootpage-Estadistika skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pumunta sa nilalaman</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pangunahing pagpipilian</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Estadistika" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Estadistika" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Estadistika" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Estadistika" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Buod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Buod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_pamamaraang_estadistikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_pamamaraang_estadistikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mga pamamaraang estadistikal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mga_pamamaraang_estadistikal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Mga pamamaraang estadistikal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mga_pamamaraang_estadistikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_pag-aaral_eksperimental_at_obserbasyonal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_pag-aaral_eksperimental_at_obserbasyonal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mga pag-aaral eksperimental at obserbasyonal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_pag-aaral_eksperimental_at_obserbasyonal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_eskperimento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_eskperimento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Mga eskperimento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_eskperimento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pag-aaral_obserbasyonal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pag-aaral_obserbasyonal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Pag-aaral obserbasyonal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pag-aaral_obserbasyonal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_lebel_ng_sukat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_lebel_ng_sukat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mga lebel ng sukat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_lebel_ng_sukat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_mahalagang_terminong_ginagamit_sa_estadistika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_mahalagang_terminong_ginagamit_sa_estadistika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mga mahalagang terminong ginagamit sa estadistika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_mahalagang_terminong_ginagamit_sa_estadistika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hipotesis_na_null" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hipotesis_na_null"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Hipotesis na null</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hipotesis_na_null-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagkakamali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagkakamali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Pagkakamali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagkakamali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimasyon_ng_interbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimasyon_ng_interbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Estimasyon ng interbal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimasyon_ng_interbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kahalagahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kahalagahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Kahalagahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kahalagahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_halimbawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_halimbawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mga halimbawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_halimbawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagkukwentang_estadistikal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagkukwentang_estadistikal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pagkukwentang estadistikal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagkukwentang_estadistikal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan_ng_agham_pang-estadistika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan_ng_agham_pang-estadistika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kasaysayan ng agham pang-estadistika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan_ng_agham_pang-estadistika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mga sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Estadistika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 154 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 (na) wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5_(%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%89%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5)" title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዝርዝር ሂሳብ (እስታቲስቲክስ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="إحصاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحصاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰিসংখ্যা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিসংখ্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C4%97st%C4%97ka" title="Statėstėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Statėstėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыстыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Статыстыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikis" title="Statistikis – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Statistikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পরিসংখ্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিসংখ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadegouriezh" title="Stadegouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadegouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistica" title="Estadistica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Estadistica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئامار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئامار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystadegaeth" title="Ystadegaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ystadegaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0statistik" title="İstatistik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İstatistik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA" title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަފާސް ހިސާބު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Στατιστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στατιστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Statistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica" title="Estadística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estadística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistika" title="Estatistika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatistika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%ADstica" title="Estaística – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estaística" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آمار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilastotiede" title="Tilastotiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tilastotiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiga" title="Statistiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Statistiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Hagfrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hagfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistique" title="Statistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiche" title="Statistiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Statistiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistyk" title="Statistyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Statistyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistic" title="Staitistic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staitistic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staitistearachd" title="Staitistearachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Staitistearachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrekokuaa" title="Papyrekokuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papyrekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staydraa" title="Staydraa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Staydraa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumuhana" title="Kumuhana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kumuhana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סטטיסטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטטיסטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सांख्यिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांख्यिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankrraa" title="Aankrraa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aankrraa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistik" title="Estatistik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estatistik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisztika" title="Statisztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Statisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիճակագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիճակագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiko" title="Statistiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Statistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Tölfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%93%AF%E1%91%A6%E1%93%AF%E1%93%AF%E1%96%95%E1%96%91%E1%95%90%E1%93%97%E1%92%8B%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%B9%E1%93%AF%E1%94%85%E1%93%B1%E1%91%8E%E1%94%85%E1%93%B4%E1%91%A6" title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓯᖕᖑᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐹᓯᔅᓱᑎᔅᓴᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="統計学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統計学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistix" title="Statistix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Statistix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addadan_(tussna)" title="Addadan (tussna) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addadan (tussna)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%C9%A3_%C3%B1%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%C9%A9l%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Samaɣ ñʊʊ tɩlʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%ED%95%99" title="통계학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통계학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar" title="Amar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystek" title="Statystek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Statystek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistika" title="Estadistika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estadistika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Statistica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtatistiek" title="Sjtatistiek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtatistiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistega" title="Statistega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Statistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຖິຕິສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika_(mokslas)" title="Statistika (mokslas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Statistika (mokslas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥിതിഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संख्याशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संख्याशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkaan" title="Perangkaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perangkaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ADstica" title="Statística – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Statística" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာရင်းအင်း ပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तथ्याङ्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तथ्याङ्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistiek" title="Statistiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statistiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistikk" title="Statistikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatistica" title="Estatistica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estatistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinannoo" title="Xiinannoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinannoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପରିସଂଖ୍ୟାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਕੜਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetistiks" title="Stetistiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Stetistiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statystyka" title="Statystyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statystyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="سرشمیرنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سرشمیرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstica" title="Estatística – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estatística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khipukamay" title="Khipukamay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khipukamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic%C4%83" title="Statistică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Штатістіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Штатістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstica" title="Statìstica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateestics" title="Stateestics – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stateestics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماريات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شماريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="සංඛ්‍යානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඛ්‍යානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Statistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tatistika" title="Štatistika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štatistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwimu" title="Takwimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Takwimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="புள்ளியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புள்ளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat%C3%ADstika" title="Estatístika – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Estatístika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Омор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Омор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถิติศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถิติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0statistik" title="İstatistik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstatistik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статистика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Статистика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شماریات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شماریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Statistika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%ACstega" title="Statìstega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Statìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistik" title="Statistik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Statistik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%91ng_k%C3%AA" title="Thống kê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thống kê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadistik%C3%A1" title="Estadistiká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estadistiká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="统计学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატისტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტატისტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="סטאטיסטיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטאטיסטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csir%C3%B2_Statistiki" title="Ìsirò Statistiki – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsirò Statistiki" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="统计学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3ng-k%C3%A8-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thóng-kè-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="統計學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izibalomininingo" title="Izibalomininingo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izibalomininingo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Estadistika" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Estadistika" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><p>Ang <b>estadistika</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ingles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i>statistics</i>) ay ang pag-aaral tungkol sa pagtitipon, pagsasaayos, pag-aanalisa o pagsisiyasat, pagbibigay kahulugan o interpretasyon at pagtatanghal ng mga <a href="/wiki/Datos" title="Datos">datos</a> (o <i>data</i>). <sup id="cite_ref-Dodge_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kabilang dito ang pagpaplano ng pagkuha o koleksiyon ng datos ayon sa disenyo o paraan ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistikal_na_survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estadistikal na survey (hindi pa naisusulat)">estadistikal na survey</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disenyong_eksperimental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disenyong eksperimental (hindi pa naisusulat)">disenyong eksperimental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dodge_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodge-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang isang <a href="/wiki/Estadistiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadistiko">estadistiko</a> (<i>statistician</i>) ay maalam sa mga paraan na kailangan para sa matagumpay na aplikasyon ng analisis na estadistikal. Ang gayong mga tao ay kadalasang nagkakamit ng karanasan sa pamamagitan ng paggawa sa anuman sa mga malawak na larangan. Mayroon ding isang disiplinang tinatawag na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistikang_matematikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estadistikang matematikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">estadistikang matematikal</a> na nag-aaral ng estadistika ng <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematikal</a>. Ang salitang <i>statistics</i> kapag tumutukoy sa disiplinang pang-agham ay pang-isahan o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singular (hindi pa naisusulat)">singular</a> gaya ng sa "Statistics is an art."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ito ay hindi katulad ng salitang <i>statistic</i> na tumutukoy sa kantidad gaya ng <a href="/wiki/Mean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean">mean</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Median&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Median (hindi pa naisusulat)">median</a> na kinukuwenta mula sa mga datos,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na ang plural ay <i>statistics</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:The_Normal_Distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Normal_Distribution.svg/350px-The_Normal_Distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Normal_Distribution.svg/525px-The_Normal_Distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Normal_Distribution.svg/700px-The_Normal_Distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ang maraming <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punsiyong_probabilidad_na_densidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punsiyong probabilidad na densidad (hindi pa naisusulat)">probabilidad na densidad</a> ay matatagpuan habang papalapit sa inaasahang halagang <a href="/wiki/Mean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean">mean</a> sa isang <a href="/wiki/Distribusyong_normal" title="Distribusyong normal">distribusyong normal</a>. Ang estadistikang gingamit sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamantayang_pagsubok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamantayang pagsubok (hindi pa naisusulat)">pamantayang pagsubok</a> ay ipinakita. Ang mga iskala ay kinabibilangan ng <a href="/wiki/Pamantayang_paglihis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamantayang paglihis">pamantayang paglihis</a>, kumulatibong persentahe, percentile na pagkakatumbas, iskor na Z, iskor na T, pamantayang mga siyam at mga persentahe sa pamantayang mga siyam.<i></i></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buod">Buod</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Buod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Buod"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa paggamit ng estadistika sa isang problemang pang-siyentipiko, industriyal, o panlipunan, kailangang magsimula sa isang <a href="/wiki/Populasyong_estadistikal" title="Populasyong estadistikal">populasyong estadistikal</a>. Ang populasyon ay maaaring iba ibang paksa gaya ng "<i>lahat ng mga taong nabubuhay sa isang bansa</i>" o "<i>ang bawat <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> na bumubuo sa isang kristal</i>". Ang isang populasyon ay maaaring binubuo ng mga obserbasyon ng isang proseso sa iba't ibang mga panahon na ang datos sa bawat obserbasyon ay nagsisilbi bilang isang ibang pangkat ng pangkalahatang pangkat. Ang datos o data na nakolekta tungkol sa uring ito ng populasyon ay bumubuo ng tinatawag na <a href="/wiki/Serye_ng_panahon" title="Serye ng panahon">serye ng panahon</a>. Para sa mga dahilang praktikal, ang isang napiling <a href="/wiki/Pang-ilalim_na_hanay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pang-ilalim na hanay">pang-ilalim na hanay</a> ng <i>populasyon</i> na tinatawag na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagsasampol_(estadistika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagsasampol (estadistika) (hindi pa naisusulat)">sampol</a>(<i>sample</i>) ay pinag-aaralan — kabaligtran ng pagtitipon ng datos tungkol sa buong pangkat(isang operasyon na tinawag na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Censo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censo (hindi pa naisusulat)">censo</a>). Kapag ang sampol na kumakatawan sa populasyon ay natukoy, ang datos ay titipunin para sa mga pangkat ng sampol sa isang obserbasyonal o eksperimental na pagtatakda. Ang datos na ito ay isasailalim naman sa pagsisiyasat na estadistikal na nagsisilbi sa dalawang magkaugnay na mga layunin: deskripsiyon(paglalarawan) at imperensiya(paghihinuha). </p> <ul><li>Ang <i><a href="/wiki/Estadistikang_deskriptibo" title="Estadistikang deskriptibo">estadistikang deskriptibo</a></i> o <i>estadistikang naglalarawan</i> ay nagbubuod ng mga datos ng populasyon sa pamamagitan ng paglalarawan kung ano ang napagmasdan sa sampol ng numerikal o grapikal. Ang mga deskriptor na numerikal ay kinabibilangan ng <i><a href="/wiki/Mean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean">mean</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Pamangtayang_paglihis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamangtayang paglihis">pamangtayang paglihis</a>(<i>standard deviation</i>) para sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuloy_tuloy_na_distribusyong_probabilidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuloy tuloy na distribusyong probabilidad (hindi pa naisusulat)">tuloy tuloy na distribusyong probabilidad</a> na mga uri tulad ng taas o timbang samantalang ang prekwensiya at persentahe ay mas magagamit ayon sa paglalarawan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datos_na_kategorikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datos na kategorikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">datos na kategorikal</a> tulad ng lahi.</li> <li>Ang <i><a href="/wiki/Estadistikang_imperensiyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Estadistikang imperensiyal">estadistikang imperensiyal</a></i> o <i>estadistikang paghihinuha</i> ay gumagamit ng mga pattern sa mga datos na <i>sampol</i> upang humango ng mga konklusyon tungkol sa <i>populasyong kinakatawan</i> na sumasailalim sa random na mga bariasyon o pagkakaiba. Ang mga imperensiyang ito ay maaaring kumuha ng anyong: pagsagot ng mga tanong na oo/hindi tungkol sa datos(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagsubok_ng_hipotesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagsubok ng hipotesis (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagsubok ng hipotesis</a>), pagtatantiya ng mga katangiang numerikal ng datos(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoriyang_estimasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoriyang estimasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">teoriyang estimasyon</a>), paglalarawan ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugnayan_(estadistika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugnayan (estadistika) (hindi pa naisusulat)">ugnayan</a> sa loob ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korelasyon_at_dependensiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korelasyon at dependensiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">korelasyon</a> at pagmomodelo ng mga ugnayan sa loob ng datos(halimbawa gamit ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analis_na_regresyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analis na regresyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">analis na regresyon</a>). Ang inperensiya ay maaaring palawigin sa <a href="/wiki/Forecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Forecasting">forecasting</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paghula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paghula (hindi pa naisusulat)">paghula</a> at estimasyon ng mga hindi naobserbahang halaga sa o nauugnay sa populasyong pinag-aaralan. Ito ay maaaring kabilangan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstrapolasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstrapolasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">ekstrapolasyon</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpolasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpolasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">interpolasyon</a> ng seryeng panahon o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datos_na_pang-espasyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datos na pang-espasyo (hindi pa naisusulat)">datos na pang-espasyo</a> at maaari ring kabilangan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagmimina_ng_datos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagmimina ng datos (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagmimina ng datos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ang konsepto ng <i><a href="/wiki/Korelasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Korelasyon">korelasyon</a></i> ay partikular na kapansin pansin para sa potensiyal na kalituhang maaaring sanhiin nito. Ang analisis na estadistikal ng datos ng isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanay_ng_datos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanay ng datos (hindi pa naisusulat)">hanay ng datos</a> ay kadalasang naghahayag na ang dalawang mga <a href="/wiki/Variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable">variable</a>(katangian) ng populasyon sa ilalim ng konsiderasyon ay may kagawiang magbago ng sabay na parang ang mga ito ay magkaugnay. Halimbawa, sa isang pag-aaral ng taunang sahod na tumitingin rin sa edad ng kamatayan, maaaring matagpuan na ang mahihirap na tao ay may kagawiang magkaroon ng mas maikling buhay kesa sa mga mayamang tao. Ang dalawang mga variable ay sinasabing korelado. Gayunpaman, ang mga ito ay maaari o hindi maaaring sanhi ng isa pa. Ang penomenang korelasyon ay maaaring sinanhi ng isang ikatlo na nakaraang hindi isinaalang alang na phenomenon na tinatawag na nagkukubling variable o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakalilitong_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakalilitong variable (hindi pa naisusulat)">nakalilitong variable</a>. Dahil dito, walang paraan na agarang mahinuha ang pag-iral ng isang ugnayang nagsasanhi sa pagitan ng dalawang mga variable. Para sa isang sampol na gamitin bilang isang gabay sa isang buong populasyon, mahalagang ito ay tunay na representatibo ng kabuuang populasyon. Ang pagsasampol na representatibo ay sumisiguro na ang mga inperensiya at mga konklusyon ay ligtas na mapapalawig mula sa sampol tungo sa populasyon bilang kabuuan. Ang isang pangunahing problema ay nasa pagtukoy ng sakop kung saan ang napiling sampol ay talagang representatibo. Ang estadistika ay nagaalok ng mga paraan upang tantiyahin at ituwid ang anumang randomang pagggawi sa loob ng sampol at mga pamamaraan ng pagtitipon ng datos. Mayroon ding mga pamamaraan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disenyong_eksperimental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disenyong eksperimental (hindi pa naisusulat)">disenyong eksperimental</a> para sa mga eksperimento na magpapabawas ng mga isyung ito sa simula ng pag-aaral na nagpapalakas ng kakayahan nito sa pagtukoy ng katotohanan tungkol sa populasyon. Ang pagiging randoma ay pinag-aaralan gamit ang disiplinang matematikal ng <a href="/wiki/Teoriya_ng_probabilidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Teoriya ng probabilidad">teoriya ng probabilidad</a>. Ang <a href="/wiki/Probabilidad" title="Probabilidad">probabilidad</a> ay ginagamit sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistikang_matematikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estadistikang matematikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">estadistikang matematikal</a>(alternatibong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoriyang_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoriyang estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">teoriyang estadistikal</a> upang pag-aralan ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distribusyong_ng_pagsasampol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distribusyong ng pagsasampol (hindi pa naisusulat)">distribusyong ng pagsasampol</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistikang_sampol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estadistikang sampol (hindi pa naisusulat)">estadistikang sampol</a> at sa mas pangkalahatan ang mga katangian ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoriyang_pagpapasyang_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoriyang pagpapasyang estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">mga pamamaraang estadistikal</a>. Ang paggamit ng anumang pamamaaraang estadistikal ay balido kapag ang sistema o populasyon na nasa ilalim ng pagsasaalang alang ay sumasapat sa mga asumpsiyon ng paraan. Ang hindi tamang paggamit ng estadistika ay maaaring lumikha ng hindi madaling matukoy ngunit mga seryosong pagkakamali sa deskripsiyon at interpretasyon. Halimbawa, ang patakarang panlipunan, pagsasanay medikal, at pagiging maaasahan ng mga tulay ay lahat umaasa sa angkop na paggamit ng estadistika. Kahit pa ang mga pamamaraang estadistikal ay tamang inilapat, ang mga resulta ay maaaring mahirap na bigyan ng pakahulugan para sa mga walang kadalubhasaan. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahalagahang_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahalagahang estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">kahalagahang estadistikal</a> ng isang kagawian sa datos na sumusukat sa sakop kung saan ang isang kagawian ay maaaring sanhi ng isang randomang bariasyon sa sampol ay maaari o hindi maaaring umayon sa intuitibong kahulugan ng kahalagahan nito. Ang hanay ng mga basikong kasanayang estadistikal at skeptisisismo na kailangang pakitunguhan ng mga tao sa impormasyon sa bawat araw ng kanilang buhay ng angkop ay tinutukoy na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literasiyang_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literasiyang estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">literasiyang estadistikal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_pamamaraang_estadistikal">Mga pamamaraang estadistikal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga pamamaraang estadistikal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mga pamamaraang estadistikal"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_pag-aaral_eksperimental_at_obserbasyonal">Mga pag-aaral eksperimental at obserbasyonal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga pag-aaral eksperimental at obserbasyonal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mga pag-aaral eksperimental at obserbasyonal"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang isang karaniwang layunin pasa dalawang mga uri ay nasa kung paanong ang pag-aaral ay aktuwal na isinagawa. Ang bawat isa ay maaaring napaka epektibo. Ang isang pag-aaral eksperimental ay maaaring kasangkutan ng pagkuha ng mga sukat ng sistemang pinag-aaralan na nagmamanipula sa sistema at pagkatapos ay kumukuha ng karagdagang mga pagsukat gamit ang parehong pamamaraan upang tukuyin kung ang manipulasyon ay nagpabago sa mga halaga ng mga sukat. Bilang salungat dito, ang isang pag-aaral obserbasyonal ay hindi sumasangkot sa eksperimental na manipulasyon. Bagkus, ang datos ay tinitipon at ang mga korelasyon sa pagitan ng mga prediktor at tugon ay iniimbestigahan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mga_eskperimento">Mga eskperimento</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga eskperimento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mga eskperimento"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang mga basikong hakbang ng isang eksperimentong estadistikal ang sumusunod: </p> <ol><li>Pagpaplano ng pagsasaliksik kabilang ang paghahanap ng bilang ng mga replikado ng pag-aaral gamit ang sumusunod na impormasyon: preliminaryong mga pagtatantiya tungkol sa sukat ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aberaheng_epektong_pagtatrato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aberaheng epektong pagtatrato (hindi pa naisusulat)">mga epekto ng pagtatrato</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alternatibong_hipotesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alternatibong hipotesis (hindi pa naisusulat)">alternatibong hipotesis</a> at ang tinantiyang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimental_na_pagkakamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimental na pagkakamali (hindi pa naisusulat)">eksperimental na variability</a>. Ang pagsasaalang alang ng pagpili ng mga paksang eksperimental at ang mga etika ng pagsasaliksik ay kinakailangan. Ang mga estadistiko ay nagrerekomiyenda na ang mga eksperimento ay kumukumpara(kahit papaano) sa isang bagong pagtatrato sa isang pamantayang pagtatrato o kontrol upang payagan ang walang kinikilingang pagtatantiya ng pagkakaiba sa mga epekto ng pagtatrato.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disenyo_ng_mga_eksperimento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disenyo ng mga eksperimento (hindi pa naisusulat)">Disenyo ng mga eksperimento</a> gamit ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagbobloke_(estadistika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagbobloke (estadistika) (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagbobloke</a> upang bawasan ang impluwensiya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakalilitong_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakalilitong variable (hindi pa naisusulat)">nakalilitong variable</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randomisadong_pagtatakda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randomisadong pagtatakda (hindi pa naisusulat)">randomisadong pagtatakda</a> ng mga pagtatrato ng paksa upang payagan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagkiling_ng_estimador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagkiling ng estimador (hindi pa naisusulat)">walang kinikilingang mga pagtatantiya</a> ng mga pagtatratong epekto at pagkakamaling eksperimental. Sa yugtong ito, ang mga nageeksperimento at statitistiko ay sumusulat ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protokol_(natural_na_mga_agham)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protokol (natural na mga agham) (hindi pa naisusulat)">eksperimental na protokol</a> na gagabay sa pagsasagawa ng eksperimto at tutukoy ng pangunahing analis ng datos eksperimental.</li> <li>Pagsasagawa ng eksperimento kasunod ng eksperimental na protokol at pagsusuri ng datos kasunod ng eksperimental na protokol.</li> <li>Karagdagang pagsisiyasata ng hanay ng datos sa isang ikalawang analisis upang magmungkahi ng bagong hipotesis para sa panghinaharap na pag-aaral.</li> <li>Pagdodokumento at pagpepresenta ng mga resulta ng pag-aaral.</li></ol> <p>Ang mga eksperimento sa pag-aasal ng tao ay may espesyal na mga pagkabahala. Ang sikat na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pag-aaral_Hawthorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pag-aaral Hawthorne (hindi pa naisusulat)">pag-aaral Hawthorne</a> ay sumuri ng mga pagbabago sa gumagawang kapaligiran sa plantang Hawthorne ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Electric_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Electric Company (hindi pa naisusulat)">Western Electric Company</a>. Ang mga mananaliksik ay interesado sa pagtukoy kung ang tumaaas na iluminasyon(liwanag) ay magdadagdag ng produktibididad ng mga trabahador ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linyang_pagaasembleo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linyang pagaasembleo (hindi pa naisusulat)">linyang pagaasembleo</a>. Unang sinukat ng mga mananaliksik ang produktibidad sa planta at pagkatapos ay binago ang liwanag sa area ng planta at tiningnan kung ang mga pagbabago sa liwanag ay umapekto sa produktibidad. Lumabas na ang produktibidad ay talagang nagpabago(sa ilalim ng mga kondisyong eksperimental). Gayunpaman, ang pag-aaral ay labis na binatikos ngayon dahil sa mga pagkakamali sa mga pamamaraang eksperimental, spesipiko na ang kawalan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkat_na_kontrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkat na kontrol (hindi pa naisusulat)">pangkat na kontrol</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobleng-bulag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobleng-bulag (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagiging bulag</a>. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epektong_Hawthorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epektong Hawthorne (hindi pa naisusulat)">epektong Hawthorne</a> ay tumutukoy sa pagkakatuklas na ang kinalabasan(sa kasong ito ang produktibidad ng trabahador) ay nagbago sanhi ng mismong obserbasyon. Ang mga nasa pag-aaral Hawthorne ay naging mas produktibo hind dahil sa ang liwanag ay binago kundi ang mga ito ay pinagmasdan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pag-aaral_obserbasyonal">Pag-aaral obserbasyonal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pag-aaral obserbasyonal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Pag-aaral obserbasyonal"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang isang halimbawa ng pag-aaral oberbasyonal ang isa na gumagalugad sa korelasyon sa pagitan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagsisigarilyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagsisigarilyo (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagsisigarilyo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kanser_sa_baga" title="Kanser sa baga">kanser sa baga</a>. Ang uri ng pag-aaral na ito ay karaniwang gumagamit ng mga survery upang magtipon ng mga oberbasyon tungkol sa sakop ng interes at pagkatapos ay magsasagawa ng mga analisis na estadistikal. Sa kasong ito, ang mga mananaliksik ay magtitipon ng mga oberbasyon ng parehong mga nagsisigarilyo at hindi nagsisigarilyo, marahil sa pamamagitan ng isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pag-aaral_ng_kasong_kontrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pag-aaral ng kasong kontrol (hindi pa naisusulat)">pag-aaral ng kasong kontrol</a> at pagkatapos ay titingin para sa bilang ng mga kaso ng <a href="/wiki/Kanser" title="Kanser">kanser</a> sa bago sa bawat pangkat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_lebel_ng_sukat">Mga lebel ng sukat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga lebel ng sukat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Mga lebel ng sukat"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_lebel_ng_sukat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga lebel ng sukat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mga lebel ng sukat</a></div> <p>Mayroong apat na pangunahing mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Level_ng_sukat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Level ng sukat (hindi pa naisusulat)">level ng sukat</a> na ginagamit sa estadistika: <i>nominal, ordinal, interbal at <a href="/wiki/Rasyo" title="Rasyo">rasyo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ang bawat isa sa mga ito ay may iba't ibang mga digri ng paggamit sa pagsasaliksik estadistikal. Ang mga pagsukat na rasyo ay parehong mayroong makahulugang halagang sero at ang distansiya sa pagitan ng mga pagkakaibang sukat ay inilarawan. Ang mga ito ay nagbibigay ng pinakadakilang pleksibilidad sa mga pamamaraang estadistikal na maaaring gamit sa pagsusuri ng datos. Ang mga pagsukat interbal ay may mga makahulugang mga distansiya sa pagitan ng mga sukat na inilarawan ngunit ang halagang sero ay arbitraryo(gaya ng sa kaso ng <a href="/wiki/Longhitud" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhitud">longhitud</a> at mga sukat ng temperatura sa <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> o <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>). Ang mga pagsukat ordinal ay may hindi tiyak na pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng mga sunod sunod na halaga ngunit may makahulugang kaayusan sa mga halagang ito. Ang mga sukat nominal ay walang makahulugang ranggong kaayusan sa mga halaga. Dahil sa ang mga variable na umaayon lamang nominal o ordinal na pagsukat ay hindi makatwirang masusukat ng numerikal, minsan ang mga ito ay pinapangkat ng sabay sabay bilang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorikal_na_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorikal na variable (hindi pa naisusulat)">kategorikal na variable</a> samantalang ang mga sukat rasyo at interbal ay pinapangkat ng sabay sabay bilang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantitatibong_variable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwantitatibong variable (hindi pa naisusulat)">kwantitatibong variable</a> na maaaring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskreto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskreto (hindi pa naisusulat)">diskreto</a> o tuloy tuloy sanhi ng kalikasan numerikal ng mga ito. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_mahalagang_terminong_ginagamit_sa_estadistika">Mga mahalagang terminong ginagamit sa estadistika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga mahalagang terminong ginagamit sa estadistika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Mga mahalagang terminong ginagamit sa estadistika"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hipotesis_na_null">Hipotesis na null</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Hipotesis na null" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Hipotesis na null"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang interpretasyon ng impormasyong estadistikal ay kadalasang sumasangkot sa pagpapaunlad ng isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotesis_na_null&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotesis na null (hindi pa naisusulat)">hipotesis na null</a>(<i>null hypothesis</i>) dahil sa ang asumpsiyon ay kung ano ang minumungkahing sanhi ay walang epekto sa variable na sinusukat. Ang mahusay na ilustrasyon para sa isang baguhan ang predikamentong naeenkwentro sa isang <a href="/wiki/Paglilitis" title="Paglilitis">paglilitis</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Hurado" title="Hurado">hurado</a>. Ang hipotesis na null na <i>H<sub>0</sub></i> ay nagsasaad na ang <a href="/wiki/Isinasakdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Isinasakdal">isinasakdal</a> ay inosente samantalang ang altenatibong hipotesis na <i>H<sub>1</sub></i> ay nagsasaad na ang sinasakdal ay may sala. Ang pagkakaso ay dumarating dahil sa pagsusupetsa ng pagkakaroon ng sala. Ang <i>H<sub>0</sub></i> (status quo) ay nakatayong sumasalungat sa <i>H<sub>1</sub></i> at pinapanatili malibang ang <i>H<sub>1</sub></i> ay sinusuportahan ng ebidensiya ng "lagpas sa makatwirang pagdududa". Gayunpaman, ang "pagkabigo na itakwil ang H<sub>0</sub>" sa kasong ito ay hindi nagpapahiwatig ng pagiging inosente ngunit tanging ang ebidensiya ay hindi sapat upang hatulan ang isinasakdal. Kaya ang hurado ay hindi kinakailangang tumangap ng H<sub>0</sub> ngunit nabibigong tumawkil sa H<sub>0</sub>. Bagaman hindi mapapatunayan ang isang hipotesis na null, ang isa ay maaaring sumubok kung paanong kalapit ito sa pagiging totoo sa isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapangyarihang_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapangyarihang estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">kapangyarihang estadistikal</a> na sumusubok para sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uring_II_mga_pagkakamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uring II mga pagkakamali (hindi pa naisusulat)">uring II mga pagkakamali</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pagkakamali">Pagkakamali</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pagkakamali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Pagkakamali"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sa paggawa mula sa isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotesis_na_null&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotesis na null (hindi pa naisusulat)">hipotesis na null</a>, ang dalawang mga basikong anyo ng pagkakamali ay kinikilala: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uring_I_mga_pagkakamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uring I mga pagkakamali (hindi pa naisusulat)">Uring I mga pagkakamali</a></i> kung saan ang hipotesis na null ay maling itinakwil na nagbibigay ng isang "<i>maling positibo</i>".</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uring_II_mga_pagkakamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uring II mga pagkakamali (hindi pa naisusulat)">Uring II mga pagkakamali</a></i> kung saan ang hipotesis na null ay nabibigong maitakwil at ang isang aktuwal na pagkakaiba sa pagitan ng mga populasyon ay nakaligtaan na nagbibigay ng isang "<i>maling negatibo</i>".</li></ul> <p>Ang pagkakamali ay tumutukoy rin sa sakop kung saan ang mga indibidwal na oberbasyon sa isang sampol ay iba mula sa isang sentral na halaga gaya ng sa sampol o <a href="/wiki/Mean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean">mean</a> ng populasyon. Maraming mga pamamaraang estadistikal ay naghahangad na paliitin ang pagkakamaling kinwadradong mean at ang mga ito ay tinatawag na "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maliit_na_mga_kwadrado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maliit na mga kwadrado (hindi pa naisusulat)">maliit na mga kwadrado</a>". Ang mga prosesong pagsukat na lumilikha ng datos estadistikal ay sumasailalim rin sa pagkakamali. Marami sa mga pagkakamaling ito ay inuuri bilang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randomang_pagkakamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randomang pagkakamali (hindi pa naisusulat)">randomang pagkakamali</a>(ingay) o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistematikong_pagkakamali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistematikong pagkakamali (hindi pa naisusulat)">sistematikong pagkakamali</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagkiling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagkiling (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagkiling</a>) ngunit maraming pang mga ibang uri ng mga pagkakamali ay maaari ring mahalaga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estimasyon_ng_interbal">Estimasyon ng interbal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Estimasyon ng interbal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Estimasyon ng interbal"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estimasyon_ng_interbal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estimasyon ng interbal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Estimasyon ng interbal</a></div> <p>Ang karamihan ng mga pag-aaral ay nagsasampol lamang ng isang bahagi ng isang populasyon at kaya ang resulta ay hindi buong representatibo ng buong populasyon. Ang anumang mga pagtatantiyang nakamit mula sa sampol ay tanging nagtatantiya ng halaga ng populasyon. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_interbal_ng_kompiyansa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga interbal ng kompiyansa (hindi pa naisusulat)">mga interbal ng kompiyansa</a>(<i>confidence interval</i>) ay pumapayag sa mga estadistiko na maghayag kung gaanong kalapit ang pagtatantiya ng sampol ay tumutugma sa tunay na halaga ng buong populasyon. Kadalasan, ang mga ito ay naghahayag bilang 95% na mga interbal ng kompiyansa. Sa pormal na paglalarawan, ang isang 95% interbal ng kompiyansa para sa isang halaga ay isang saklaw kung saan, kung ang pagsasampol at analisis ay inulit sa ilalim ng parehong mga kondisyon(na nagbibigay ng isang ibang hanay ng datos), ang interbal ay kabibilangan ng tunay(populasyon) na halagang 95% ng panahon. Ito ay hindi nagpapahiwatig na ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probabibilidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probabibilidad (hindi pa naisusulat)">probabibilidad</a> na ang tunay na halaga ay nasa interbal ng kompiyansa ay 95%. Mula sa perspektibong prekwentista, ang gayong pag-aangkin ay walang saysay dahil ang tunay na halaga ay hindi isang <a href="/wiki/Random_variable" title="Random variable">random variable</a>. Ang tunay na halaga ay nasa loob o wala sa loob ng isang ibinigay na interbal. Gayunpaman, totoo na bago ang anumang datos ay sinampol at sa ibinigay na isang plano para sa kung paanong ang kompiyansang interbal ay itatayo, ang probabilidad ay 95% na ang hindi pa nakukwentang interbal ay sasakop sa tunay na halaga. Sa puntong ito, ang mga hangganan sa interbal ay ang mga hindi pa napagmamasdang mga <a href="/wiki/Random_variable" title="Random variable">random variable</a>. Ang isang pakikitungo na nagbibigay ng interbal na mapapakahulugang mayroong isang ibinigay na probabilidad ng paglalaman ng tunay na halaga ay ang paggamit ng isang kapaniwa-paniwalang interbal mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistikang_Bayesian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estadistikang Bayesian (hindi pa naisusulat)">estadistikang Bayesian</a>. Ang pakikitungong ito ay nakasalalay sa isang ibang paraan ng pagpapakahulugan kung ano ang ibig sabihin ng <a href="/wiki/Probabilidad" title="Probabilidad">probabilidad</a> ie bilang isang probabilidad na Bayesian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kahalagahan">Kahalagahan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kahalagahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Kahalagahan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahalagahang_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahalagahang estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kahalagahang estadistikal</a></div> <p>Ang estadistika ay bihirang magbigay ng isang simpleng uring oo/hindi sagot sa tanong na tinatanong dito. Ang interpretasyon ay kadalasang dumarating sa lebel ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahalagahang_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahalagahang estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">kahalagahang estadistikal</a>(<i>statistical significance</i>) na nilalapat sa mga bilang at kadalasang tumutukoy sa probabilidad ng isang halagang tiyak na tumatakwil sa hipotesis na null(minsang tinatawag na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halagang-p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halagang-p (hindi pa naisusulat)">halagang-p</a>). Ang pagtukoy sa kahalagahang estadistikal ay hindi kinakailangang mangahulugang ang kabuuang resulta ay mahalaga sa mga termino ng tunay na daigdig. Halimbawa, sa isang malaking pag-aaral ng droga, maaaring ipakita na ang droga ay may mahalagang estadistikal ngunit napaka liit na epektong benepisyal sa paraang ang droga ay hindi malamang na makatulong sa isang pasyente sa isang mapapansing paraan. Ang mga kritisismo ay lumilitaw dahil ang pakikitungong pagsubok ng hipotesis ay pumupwersa sa isang hipotesis(ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotesis_na_null&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotesis na null (hindi pa naisusulat)">hipotesis na null</a>) na paboran at tila rin magpasidhi ng kahalagahan ng maliit na mga pagkakaiba sa malaking mga pag-aaral. Ang isang pagkakaiba na mataas na mahalagang estadistikal ay wala pa ring praktikal na kahalagahan ngunit posibleng angkop na magpormula ng mga pagsubok para dito. Ang isang tugon ay sumasangkot sa paglagpas sa paguulat lamang sa lebel ng kahalagahan upang isama ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halagang-p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halagang-p (hindi pa naisusulat)">halagang-p</a> kapag nag-uulat kung ang isang hipoteiss ay itinakwil o tinanggap. Gayunpaman, ang halagang-p ay hindi nagpapakita ng sukat ng epekto. Ang isang mas mabuti at tumataas na karaniwang pakikitungo ay iulat ang mga interbal ng kompiyansa. Bagaman ang mga ito ay nililikha mula sa parehong mga kalkulasyon gaya ng sa mga pagsubok ng hipotesis o mga halagang p, ang mga ito ay naglalarawan ng parehong sukat ng epekto at kawalang katiyakan na pumapalibot dito. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_halimbawa">Mga halimbawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga halimbawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Mga halimbawa"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang ilang mga mahusay na kilalang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagsubok_ng_hipotesis_na_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagsubok ng hipotesis na estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">mga pagsubok</a> at pamamaraan ang sumusunod: </p> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance</a>(ANOVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagsubok_na_kinwadradong-Chi" title="Pagsubok na kinwadradong-Chi">Pagsubok na kinwadradong-Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korelasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Korelasyon">Korelasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analisis_ng_paktor" title="Analisis ng paktor">Analisis ng paktor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U" title="Mann–Whitney U">Mann–Whitney U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_na_kwadradong_tinimbang_na_paglihis" title="Mean na kwadradong tinimbang na paglihis">Mean na kwadradong tinimbang na paglihis</a>(MSWD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koepisyenteng_Pearson_produkto-sandaling_korelasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Koepisyenteng Pearson produkto-sandaling korelasyon">Koepisyenteng Pearson produkto-sandaling korelasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regresyong_analisis" title="Regresyong analisis">Regresyong analisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koepisyenteng_ranggong_korelasyon_ni_Spearman" title="Koepisyenteng ranggong korelasyon ni Spearman">Koepisyenteng ranggong korelasyon ni Spearman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagsubok_na_t_ni_Student" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagsubok na t ni Student">Pagsubok na t ni Student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analisis_ng_panahong_serye" class="mw-redirect" title="Analisis ng panahong serye">analisis ng panahong serye</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pagkukwentang_estadistikal">Pagkukwentang estadistikal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pagkukwentang estadistikal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Pagkukwentang estadistikal"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Gretl_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gretl_screenshot.png/300px-Gretl_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gretl_screenshot.png/450px-Gretl_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gretl_screenshot.png/600px-Gretl_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gretl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gretl (hindi pa naisusulat)">gretl</a> na isang halimbawa ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukas_na_pinagmulang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukas na pinagmulang (hindi pa naisusulat)">bukas na pinagmulang</a> package na estadistikal</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang mabilis at natustusang pagtaas sa kapangyarihang pagkukuwenta simula ikalawang kalahati ng ika-20 siglo ay nagkaroon ng mahalagang epekto sa pagsasanay ng agham estadistikal. Ang mga sinaunang modelong estadistikal ay halos kadalasang mula sa klase ng mga modelong linyar ngunit ang mga makapangyarihang kompyuter na sinamahan ng mga angkop na <a href="/wiki/Algoritmo" title="Algoritmo">algoritmong</a> numerikal ay nagsanhi ng isang tumaas na interes sa mga modelong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindi_linyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindi linyar (hindi pa naisusulat)">hindi linyar</a> gaya ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_na_neural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network na neural (hindi pa naisusulat)">network na neural</a> gayundin ang paglikha ng mga bagong uri gaya ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilahat_na_modelong_linyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilahat na modelong linyar (hindi pa naisusulat)">nilahat na modelong linyar</a> at mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelong_multilebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modelong multilebel (hindi pa naisusulat)">modelong multilebel</a>. Ang tumaas na kapangyarihang pagkukwenta ay tumungo rin sa lumalagong kasikatan ng komputasyonal na intensibong mga pamamaraan batay sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muling_pagsasampol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muling pagsasampol (hindi pa naisusulat)">muling pagsasampol</a> gaya ng mga pagsubok na <a href="/wiki/Permutasyon" title="Permutasyon">permutasyon</a> at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagbobootsrap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagbobootsrap (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagbobootsrap</a> samantalang ang mga pamamaraan gaya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagsasampol_na_Gibbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagsasampol na Gibbs (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagsasampol na Gibbs</a> ay gumawa sa mga modelong Bayesian na mas magagawa. Ang rebolusyong kompyuter ay may mga implikasyon para sa hinaharap ng estadistika na may bagong pagbibigay diin sa estadistikang eksperimental at empirikal. Ang isang malaking bilang ng parehong pangkalahatan at espesyal na tungkuling mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sopwer_estadistikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sopwer estadistikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">sopwer estadistikal</a> ay magagamit na sa kasalukuyan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan_ng_agham_pang-estadistika">Kasaysayan ng agham pang-estadistika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan ng agham pang-estadistika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan ng agham pang-estadistika"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Jer%C3%B4me_Cardan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jer%C3%B4me_Cardan.jpg/230px-Jer%C3%B4me_Cardan.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Jer%C3%B4me_Cardan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerolamo Cardano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gerolamo Cardano</a>, ang pinakaunang tagapagbunsod sa matematika ng probabilidad.</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Kasaysayan_ng_estadistika" title="Kasaysayan ng estadistika">Kasaysayan ng estadistika</a></div> <p>Ang mga kaparaanan pang-estadistika ay tinatayang nagsimula noong ika-5 siglo BC. </p><p>May mga dalubhasa ang nagtuturo sa pinagmulan ng estadistika sa 1663, sa lathala ng <i>Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality</i> ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Graunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Graunt (hindi pa naisusulat)">John Graunt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang mga naunang paglalapat ng kaisipang pang-estadistika ay umiinog sa mga pangangailangan ng estado sa pagbatay sa mga patakaran sa demograpiko at datos pang-ekonomiko, kaya nagmula ang <a href="/wiki/Etimolohiya" title="Etimolohiya">etimolohiya</a> nitong <i>stat-</i>. Ang nasasakop ng disiplina ng estadistika ay napalawak noong unang bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo na sinama ang koleksyon at pagsuri ng datos sa pangkalahatan. Naglaon, nagagamit ang estadistika sa <a href="/wiki/Pamahalaan" title="Pamahalaan">pamahalaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negosyo" title="Negosyo">negosyo</a> at sa mga agham na likas at panlipunan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dodge-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dodge_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dodge_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, Y. (2003) <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms</i>, OUP. <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0199206139" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-920613-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dict.asp?Word=statistics">The Free Online Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/statistics">"Statistics"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AEstadistika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/statistic">"Statistic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Statistic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fstatistic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AEstadistika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Breiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Breiman (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo Breiman</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.156.4933&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"Statistical Modelling: the two cultures"</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical Science (hindi pa naisusulat)">Statistical Science</a></i> <b>16</b> (3), pp.199-231. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1214%2Fss%2F1009213726">10.1214/ss/1009213726</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_Reviews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical Reviews (hindi pa naisusulat)">MR</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1874152">1874152</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, B. (2006). Foundations of behavioral statistics. New York, NY: Guilford Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". <i>Review of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Statistical Institute (hindi pa naisusulat)">International Statistical Institute</a></i> 5(4):321–328. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Padron:Jstor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padron:Jstor (hindi pa naisusulat)">Padron:Jstor</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2023235">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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(hindi pa naisusulat)">Homolohika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alhebrang_komutatibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alhebrang komutatibo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Komutatibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhebrang_linyar" title="Alhebrang linyar">Linyar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhebrang_multilinyar" title="Alhebrang multilinyar">multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alhebrang_pangkalahatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alhebrang pangkalahatan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pangkalahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorya_ng_grupo" title="Teorya ng grupo">Teorya ng grupo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pagsusuring_matematikal" title="Pagsusuring matematikal">Pagsusuri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekwasyong_diperensiyal" title="Ekwasyong 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sukat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matematikang_diskreto" title="Matematikang diskreto">Diskreto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kombinatorika" title="Kombinatorika">Kombinatorika</a></li> <li><i>Teorya ng...</i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teorya_ng_ayos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teorya ng ayos (hindi pa naisusulat)">ayos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorya_ng_grap" title="Teorya ng grap">grap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heometriya" title="Heometriya">Heometriya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heometriyang_alhebraiko" title="Heometriyang alhebraiko">Alhebraiko</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alhebraikong_teorya_ng_bilang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alhebraikong teorya ng bilang (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alhebraiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aritmetika" title="Aritmetika">Aritmetika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heometriyang_diopantika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heometriyang diopantika (hindi pa naisusulat)">Heometriyang diopantika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasuring_teorya_ng_bilang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasuring teorya ng bilang (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pasuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topolohiya" title="Topolohiya">Topolohiya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topolohiyang_alhebraiko&action=edit&redlink=1" 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title="Matematikang nalalapat">Nalalapat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agham_pansistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agham pansistema (hindi pa naisusulat)">Agham pansistema</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pananaliksik_pang-operasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pananaliksik pang-operasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">pananaliksik pang-operasyon</a></li> <li><i>teorya ng...</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teorya_ng_kontrol" title="Teorya ng kontrol">kontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorya_ng_laro" title="Teorya ng laro">laro</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estadistika</a></li> <li><i>Matematikang...</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matematikang_pangbiolohiya" title="Matematikang pangbiolohiya">biolohiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matematikang_pang-ekonomika" title="Matematikang 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Statistique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938470p">Pransiya</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Statistique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938470p">Datos ng BnF</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056995-0">Alemanya</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531886805171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127580">Estados Unidos</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000071111&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573173">Hapón</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="statistika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116273&CON_LNG=ENG">Czechia</a></abbr></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998008399">Korea</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iba pa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013798">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10659134">NARA</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643325">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&oldid=2012864">https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estadistika&oldid=2012864</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_kategorya" title="Natatangi:Mga kategorya">Kategorya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:Articles_with_LNB_identifiers&action=edit&redlink=1" 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