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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_in_radio_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Place in radio development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_in_radio_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Plant research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_of_metal_fatigue_and_cell_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_of_metal_fatigue_and_cell_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Study of metal fatigue and cell response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_of_metal_fatigue_and_cell_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bose_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bose_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bose Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bose_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal views</span> </div> </a> <button 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy and honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jagadish Chandra Bose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0)_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="डा (सर) जगदीश चन्द्र बोस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="डा (सर) जगदीश चन्द्र बोस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جاجاديش تشاندرا بوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاجاديش تشاندرا بوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81" title="জগদীশ চন্দ্ৰ বসু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জগদীশ চন্দ্ৰ বসু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE._%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="डा. जगदीश चन्द्र बोस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="डा. जगदीश चन्द्र बोस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جاقادیش چاندرا بوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاقادیش چاندرا بوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81" title="জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEagad%C3%AD%C5%A1%C4%8Dandra_Bose" title="Džagadíščandra Bose – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džagadíščandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE._%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="डा. जगदीश चन्द्र बोस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="डा. जगदीश चन्द्र बोस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagdish Chandra Bose – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jagdish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جاگادیش چاندرا بوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاگادیش چاندرا بوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9D" title="જગદીશચંદ્ર બોઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જગદીશચંદ્ર બોઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Sri Jagadish Chandra Bose – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Sri Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80%EB%94%94%EC%8B%9C_%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="자가디시 찬드라 보스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자가디시 찬드라 보스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B7_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ջագադիշ Բոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջագադիշ Բոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="जगदीश चन्द्र बसु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जगदीश चन्द्र बसु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%92%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ג'אגדיש צ'נדרה בוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אגדיש צ'נדרה בוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಗದೀಶ್ಚಂದ್ರ ಬೋಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಗದೀಶ್ಚಂದ್ರ ಬೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჯაგდიშ ჩანდრა ბოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯაგდიშ ჩანდრა ბოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE._%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="डा. जगदीश चन्द्र बोस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="डा. जगदीश चन्द्र बोस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജഗദീഷ് ചന്ദ്ര ബോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജഗദീഷ് ചന്ദ്ര ബോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="जगदीशचंद्र बोस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जगदीशचंद्र बोस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جاجاديش تشاندرا بوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاجاديش تشاندرا بوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="जगदीश चन्द्र बोस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जगदीश चन्द्र बोस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ジャガディッシュ・チャンドラ・ボース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャガディッシュ・チャンドラ・ボース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bos_Jagdish_Chandra" title="Bos Jagdish Chandra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bos Jagdish Chandra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8" title="ਜਗਦੀਸ਼ ਚੰਦਰ ਬੋਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਗਦੀਸ਼ ਚੰਦਰ ਬੋਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جگدیش چندر بوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جگدیش چندر بوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadis_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadis Chandra Bose – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jagadis Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бос, Джагдиш Чандра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бос, Джагдиш Чандра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="जगदीश चन्द्र बसु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जगदीश चन्द्र बसु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜகதீஷ் சந்திர போஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜகதீஷ் சந்திர போஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="జగదీశ్ చంద్ర బోస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జగదీశ్ చంద్ర బోస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%88_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Джагдіш Чандра Бос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джагдіш Чандра Бос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جگدیش چندر بوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جگدیش چندر بوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%A0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF" title="贾格迪什·钱德拉·博斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贾格迪什·钱德拉·博斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q314267#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Physicist, biologist and botanist (1857–1937)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Jagadish Chandra Bose</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">CSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">CIE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J.C.Bose.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J.C.Bose.JPG/220px-J.C.Bose.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J.C.Bose.JPG/330px-J.C.Bose.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J.C.Bose.JPG/440px-J.C.Bose.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bose in 1897</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1858-11-30</span>)</span>30 November 1858<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a><br />(now Bangladesh)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-11-23)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Giridih" title="Giridih">Giridih</a>, Bengal Presidency, British Raj (now India)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Xavier's College, Calcutta">St. Xavier's College, Calcutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/DSc" class="mw-redirect" title="DSc">DSc</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_detector" title="Crystal detector">Crystal detector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crescograph" title="Crescograph">Crescograph</a></li><li>Contributions to <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abala_Bose" title="Abala Bose">Abala Das</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1887)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Order of the Indian Empire</a> (Companion, 1903)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a> (Companion, 1911)</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_knights_bachelor_appointed_in_1917" title="List of knights bachelor appointed in 1917">Knighthood (1917)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sisir_Kumar_Mitra" title="Sisir Kumar Mitra">Sisir Kumar Mitra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg/150px-Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg/225px-Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg/300px-Jagadish-Chandra-Bose-sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">CSI</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">CIE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">[dʒɔɡodiʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃɔndro<span class="wrap"> </span>boʃu]</a></span>; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> with interests in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and writing science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a pioneer in the investigation of radio <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, made significant contributions to botany, and was a major force behind the expansion of experimental science on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose is considered the father of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali science fiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bose_(crater)" title="Bose (crater)">A crater on the Moon</a> was named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He founded the <a href="/wiki/Bose_Institute" title="Bose Institute">Bose Institute</a>, a premier research institute in India and also one of its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as the Director of Bose Institute from its inception until his death. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), during <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British governance of India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose graduated from <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Xavier's College, Calcutta">St. Xavier's College, Calcutta</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kolkata,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata, West Bengal">Kolkata, West Bengal</a>, India). Prior to his enrollment at St. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended <a href="/wiki/Pabna_Zilla_School" title="Pabna Zilla School">Pabna Zilla School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Collegiate_School" title="Dhaka Collegiate School">Dhaka Collegiate School</a>, where he began his educational journey. He attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> to study medicine, but had to give it up due to health problems. Instead, he conducted research with <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. Bose returned to India to join the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College, Kolkata">Presidency College</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> as a professor of physics. There, despite <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> and a lack of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research. He made progress in his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum and was the first to use <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> junctions to detect radio waves. </p><p>Bose made pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the <a href="/wiki/Crescograph" title="Crescograph">crescograph</a>, to measure plant response to various <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> and proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, but he was generally <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_patents" title="Criticism of patents">critical of the patent system</a>. To facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some striking results, such as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">power of feeling in plants</a>. His books include <i>Response in the Living and Non-Living</i> (1902) and <i>The Nervous Mechanism of Plants</i> (1926). He spent the last years of his life in <a href="/wiki/Giridih" title="Giridih">Giridih</a>. Here he lived in the house located near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Governor of Bihar AR Kidwai. In a 2004 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> poll to name the <i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Bengali_of_all_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest Bengali of all time">Greatest Bengali of all time</a></i>, Bose placed seventh.<sup id="cite_ref-ISB1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISB1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Bengali Kayastha</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dgosling_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dgosling-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose. His father was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> and worked as a civil servant with the title Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in several places, including <a href="/wiki/Faridpur,_Bangladesh" title="Faridpur, Bangladesh">Faridpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherji3-10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bose's father sent Bose to a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali-language</a> school for his early education, as it was important to him that his son should study in his <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a> and culture before studying in English. Speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Bikrampur" title="Bikrampur">Bikrampur</a> Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this early education had on him: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At that time, sending children to English schools was an aristocratic status symbol. In the vernacular school, to which I was sent, the son of the Muslim attendant of my father sat on my right side, and the son of a fisherman sat on my left. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of birds, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind a keen interest in investigating the workings of Nature. When I returned home from school accompanied by my school fellows, my mother welcomed and fed all of us without discrimination. Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned lady, she never considered herself guilty of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own children. It was because of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel that there were 'creatures' who might be labeled 'low-caste', I never realized that there existed a 'problem' common to the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherji3-10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bose joined the <a href="/wiki/Hare_School" title="Hare School">Hare School</a> in Kolkata in 1869, followed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=SFX_Greenherald_International_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SFX Greenherald International School (page does not exist)">SFX Greenherald International School</a>, also in Dhaka. In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> and was admitted to <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata" title="St. Xavier's College, Kolkata">St Xavier's College, Mohamudpur</a>. There, he met <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> Father <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lafont" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Lafont">Eugene Lafont</a>, who played a significant role in developing his interest in natural sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherji3-10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bosepedia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosepedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a BA from the University of Dhaka in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bose wanted to follow his father into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a>, but his father forbade it, saying his son should be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose went to England to study medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, but had to quit because of allergies & ill health, possibly worsened by the chemicals used in the dissection rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-calwebbose_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calwebbose-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2015)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a>, his brother-in-law and the first Indian <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">Wrangler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, Bose secured admission in <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College</a>, Cambridge to study <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>. In 1884 he received a BA (<a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences Tripos">Natural Sciences Tripos</a>) from the University of Cambridge<sup id="cite_ref-bosepedia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosepedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a BSc from the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> affiliated under University of London in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Gutenberg_eBook_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg_eBook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were <a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(physiologist)" title="Michael Foster (physiologist)">Michael Foster</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Francis Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Maitland_Balfour" title="Francis Maitland Balfour">Francis Balfour</a>, and Sidney Vines. While at Cambridge, he met <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> student <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prafulla Chandra Roy">Prafulla Chandra Roy</a>, with whom he became close friends.<sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherji3-10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, Bose married feminist and social worker <a href="/wiki/Abala_Bose" title="Abala Bose">Abala Bose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bose23_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bose23-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professorship_at_Presidency_College">Professorship at Presidency College</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professorship at Presidency College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After obtaining a degree from the University of Cambridge Bose returned to India. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fawcett" title="Henry Fawcett">Henry Fawcett</a> had given Bose an introduction to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ripon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Ripon">Lord Ripon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy of India</a>, who recommended him for a post to the Director of Public Instruction in Kolkata. In those days such posts in the Imperial Education Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an officiating professor of physics at <a href="/wiki/Presidency_College_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency College Calcutta">Presidency College</a>. Although the principal <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Tawney" title="Charles Henry Tawney">Charles Henry Tawney</a> and Director of Education <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Woodley_Croft" title="Alfred Woodley Croft">Alfred Woodley Croft</a> were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post in January 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-Project_Gutenberg_eBook_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Gutenberg_eBook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that time, an Indian professor was paid two thirds the salary of a European and since his appointment was considered temporary, his salary was further halved, making his salary one-third that of his European peers. As a protest, Bose did not accept his salary and worked without remuneration for the first three years at Presidency College. </p><p>He was popular among the students for his teaching style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of the roll call. After three years in this temporary post, the value of his professorial work was recognized by Tawney and Croft, who made Bose’s appointment permanent with retrospective effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeddes192033–39_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeddes192033–39-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose received his full pay for the last three years in a lump sum. However, another source states that his appointment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 years after his joining the college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose7_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bose used his own money to fund his research projects as well as receiving funding and support from the social activist nun <a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microwave_radio_research">Microwave radio research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Microwave radio research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microwave_Apparatus_-_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Museum_-_Bose_Institute_-_Kolkata_2011-07-26_4051.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Microwave_Apparatus_-_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Museum_-_Bose_Institute_-_Kolkata_2011-07-26_4051.JPG/220px-Microwave_Apparatus_-_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Museum_-_Bose_Institute_-_Kolkata_2011-07-26_4051.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Microwave_Apparatus_-_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Museum_-_Bose_Institute_-_Kolkata_2011-07-26_4051.JPG/330px-Microwave_Apparatus_-_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Museum_-_Bose_Institute_-_Kolkata_2011-07-26_4051.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Microwave_Apparatus_-_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Museum_-_Bose_Institute_-_Kolkata_2011-07-26_4051.JPG/440px-Microwave_Apparatus_-_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Museum_-_Bose_Institute_-_Kolkata_2011-07-26_4051.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Bose's 60 GHz microwave apparatus at the Bose Institute, Kolkata, India. His receiver <i>(left)</i> used a <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_detector" title="Crystal detector">crystal detector</a> inside a horn antenna and galvanometer to detect microwaves. Bose invented the crystal radio detector, <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_antenna" title="Horn antenna">horn antenna</a>, and other apparatus used at microwave frequencies.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_microwave_apparatus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_microwave_apparatus.png/220px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_microwave_apparatus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_microwave_apparatus.png/330px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_microwave_apparatus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_microwave_apparatus.png/440px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_microwave_apparatus.png 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of microwave receiver and transmitter apparatus, from Bose's 1897 paper.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">Invention of radio</a></div> <p>Bose became interested in radio following the 1894 publication of British physicist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>'s demonstrations on how to transmit and detect radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherji14-25_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherji14-25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began his own research in the new field in November 1894, setting up his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.<sup id="cite_ref-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study using <a href="/wiki/Long_radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Long radio waves">long radio waves</a>, he managed to reduce the waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherji14-25_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherji14-25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bose’s research was not initially appreciated by his department at the college. They felt he should focus only on teaching and that research involved neglect of his duties as a teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of weekly lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post to help Bose. But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against the government’s stance during a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite this, Bose struggled to find time for research due to his teaching duties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bose submitted his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_Polarisation_of_Electric_Rays_by_Double_Refracting_Crystals" class="extiw" title="s:On Polarisation of Electric Rays by Double Refracting Crystals">first scientific paper</a>, "On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society of Bengal</a> in May 1895. He submitted <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collected_Physical_Papers/On_A_New_Electro-Polariscope" class="extiw" title="s:Collected Physical Papers/On A New Electro-Polariscope">his second paper</a>, "On a new electro-polariscope," to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a> in October 1895, and it was published by <i><a href="/wiki/Electrician_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrician (journal)">The Electrician</a></i> in December 1895. This may have been the first paper to be published by an Indian in Western scientific periodicals.<sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar.gov.in_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar.gov.in-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper described Bose's plans for a <i>coherer</i>, a term coined by Lodge referring to <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">receivers</a>, which he intended to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well received by <i>The Electrician</i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Englishman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Englishman (page does not exist)">The Englishman</a></i>, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new type of wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used in <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a>) wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Mukherji14-25_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherji14-25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we may in time see the whole system of coast lighting throughout the navigable world revolutionised by a Bengali scientist working single handed in our Presidency College Laboratory.</p></blockquote> <p>In November 1895 at a public demonstration at the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Town_Hall" title="Kolkata Town Hall">Town Hall</a> of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range wavelength microwaves could travel through the human body (of Lieutenant Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and over a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls to a trigger apparatus he had set up to ring a bell and ignite gunpowder in a closed room.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wanting to meet other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month scientific deputation in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeddes192041–44_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeddes192041–44-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose went to London on a lecture tour and met Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, who had been developing a radio wave <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> system for over a year and was trying to market it to the British post service. He was also congratulated by <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</a> and received an honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University of London.<sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar.gov.in_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar.gov.in-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bosepedia_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosepedia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview, Bose expressed his disinterest in commercial telegraphy and suggested others use his research work. </p><p>In 1899, Bose announced the development of an "<i>iron-mercury-iron <a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a> with telephone detector</i>" in a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_a_Self-recovering_Coherer_and_the_Study_of_the_Cohering_Action_of_different_Metals" class="extiw" title="s:On a Self-recovering Coherer and the Study of the Cohering Action of different Metals">paper</a> presented at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-pkbandyo_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pkbandyo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Place_in_radio_development">Place in radio development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Place in radio development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bose's work in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying the nature of the phenomenon and was not an attempt to develop radio into a communication medium.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experiments took place during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on a radio system specifically designed for wireless telegraphy<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others were finding practical applications for radio waves, such as Russian physicist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a>'s radio wave based lightning detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Bose's work was not related to communication he, like Lodge and other laboratory experimenters, probably had an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio as communications medium.<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose was not interested in patenting his work, and openly revealed the operation of his galena crystal detector in his lectures. A friend in the US persuaded him to take out a US patent on his detector, but he did not actively pursue it and allowed it to lapse."<sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bose was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace microwave components.<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the following 50 years. In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Kolkata at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of his original equipment is still in existence, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Bose_Institute" title="Bose Institute">Bose Institute</a> in Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Nevill_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Nevill Mott">Sir Nevill Mott</a>, Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time. In fact, he had anticipated the existence of <a href="/wiki/P-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="P-type semiconductor">P-type</a> and <a href="/wiki/N-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-type semiconductor">N-type</a> semiconductors."<sup id="cite_ref-emerson_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_N_Saha,_J_C_Bose,_J_C_Ghosh,_Snehamoy_Dutt,_S_N_Bose,_D_M_Bose,_N_R_Sen,_J_N_Mukherjee,_N_C_Nag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/220px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/330px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg/440px-M_N_Saha%2C_J_C_Bose%2C_J_C_Ghosh%2C_Snehamoy_Dutt%2C_S_N_Bose%2C_D_M_Bose%2C_N_R_Sen%2C_J_N_Mukherjee%2C_N_C_Nag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Jagadish Chandra Bose with other prominent scientists from Calcutta University.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_research">Plant research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plant research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research on <i><a href="/wiki/Mimosa_pudica" title="Mimosa pudica">Mimosa pudica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Codariocalyx_motorius" title="Codariocalyx motorius">Desmodium gyrans</a></i> plants. His major contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the electrical nature of the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) in plants, which were earlier thought to be of a chemical nature. In order to understand the <a href="/wiki/Heliotropism" title="Heliotropism">heliotropic</a> movements of plants (the movement of a plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He found that light applied to one side of the sunflower caused turgor to increase on the opposite side.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These claims were later proven experimentally.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> He was also the first to study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the cell membrane potential. He researched the mechanism of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors on plant stimuli and the effect of temperature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1920_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose.jpg/200px-1920_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1920_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose.jpg/300px-1920_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1920_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose.jpg/400px-1920_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1671" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Autochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Autochrome">Autochrome</a> of Jagadish Chandra Bose by Georges Chevalier, 1920.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Lady_Abala_Bose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1920_Lady_Abala_Bose.jpg/200px-1920_Lady_Abala_Bose.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1920_Lady_Abala_Bose.jpg/300px-1920_Lady_Abala_Bose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1920_Lady_Abala_Bose.jpg/400px-1920_Lady_Abala_Bose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1597" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Autochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Autochrome">Autochrome</a> of Lady Abala Bose by Georges Chevalier, 1920.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_of_metal_fatigue_and_cell_response">Study of metal fatigue and cell response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Study of metal fatigue and cell response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bose performed a comparative study of the fatigue response of various metals and organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as a distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both living cells and metals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bose documented a characteristic electrical response curve of plant cells to electrical stimulus, as well as the decrease and eventual absence of this response in plants treated with anaesthetics or poison. The response was also absent in zinc treated with <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>. He noted a similarity in reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and organic cells, as well as an impact on the recovery cycle period of the metal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_fiction">Science fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Science fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1896, Bose wrote <i>Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One)</i>, a short story that was later expanded and added to <i>Abyakta (অব্যক্ত)</i> collection in 1921 with the new title <i>Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm)</i>. It was one of the first works of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali science fiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bose_Institute">Bose Institute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bose Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1926.jpg/170px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1926.jpg/255px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1926.jpg/340px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Bose lecturing on the "nervous system" of plants at the Sorbonne in Paris in 1926</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bose_Institute" title="Bose Institute">Bose Institute</a></div> <p>In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata, West Bengal">Kolkata, West Bengal</a>, India. Bose served as its director for its first twenty years until his death. Today it is a public research institute of India and also one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address on 30 November 1917 dedicated the institute to the nation saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I dedicate today this Institute—not merely a Laboratory but a Temple. The power of physical methods applies to the establishment of that truth which can be realised directly through our senses, or through the vast expansion of the perceptive range by means of artificially created organs... Thirty-two years ago I chose the teaching of science as my vocation. It was held that by its very peculiar constitution, the Indian mind would always turn away from the study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the capacity for inquiry and accurate observation been assumed to be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. This was all too true. It is not for man to complain of circumstances, but bravely to accept, to confront and to dominate them; and we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with simple means.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeddes1920227_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeddes1920227-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_views">Personal views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philosophical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatras</a>, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the stories of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. In the latter, he was particularly impressed by the character of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and even more so by the soldierly devotion of his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeddes192016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeddes192016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he found that most of the characters in these stories seemed too good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of the <i>Mahabharata</i>, with their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination as a boy. </p><p> Impressed by <a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a>, Bose said: </p><blockquote><p>Always in struggle for the uplift of the people, yet with so little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed a failure. All this too gave me a lower and lower idea of all worldly success - how small its so-called victories are! - and higher and higher idea of conflict and defeat; and of true success born of defeat. In such ways I have come to feel one with the highest spirit of my race; with every fibre thrilling with the emotion of the past. That is its noblest teaching - that the only real and spiritual advantage is to fight fair, never to take crooked ways, but keep to the straight path, whatever be in the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeddes192017–18_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeddes192017–18-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acharya_Bhavan_-_Kolkata_2009-11-07_2938.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Acharya_Bhavan_-_Kolkata_2009-11-07_2938.JPG/170px-Acharya_Bhavan_-_Kolkata_2009-11-07_2938.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Acharya_Bhavan_-_Kolkata_2009-11-07_2938.JPG/255px-Acharya_Bhavan_-_Kolkata_2009-11-07_2938.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Acharya_Bhavan_-_Kolkata_2009-11-07_2938.JPG/340px-Acharya_Bhavan_-_Kolkata_2009-11-07_2938.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Acharya Bhavan, the residence of J C Bose built in 1902, was turned into a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bose's place in history is now being re-evaluated. His work may have contributed to the development of radio communication.<sup id="cite_ref-pkbandyo_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pkbandyo-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also credited with discovering millimetre length electromagnetic waves and being a pioneer in the field of biophysics.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of his instruments are still on display and remain largely usable over 100 years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides. </p><p>To commemorate his birth centenary in 1958, the <b>JBNSTS</b> scholarship programme was started in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. In the same year, India issued a postage stamp bearing his portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year <i>Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose</i>, a documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released. It was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Films Division">Films Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films Division also produced another documentary film, again titled <i>Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose</i>, this time directed by the prominent Indian filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Tapan_Sinha" title="Tapan Sinha">Tapan Sinha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Computer Engineering, the first such recognition of a discovery in India.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle on the 158th anniversary of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> decided to redesign the <a href="/wiki/50_pound_note" class="mw-redirect" title="50 pound note">50 pound note</a> with a prominent scientist. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that nomination list for his pioneering work on technology that would enable later development of <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was not shortlisted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire">Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire</a> (CIE) – <i>1903</i> – in the <a href="/wiki/1903_Durbar_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="1903 Durbar Honours">1903 Durbar Honours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Star of India">Companion of the Order of the Star of India</a> (CSI) – <i>1912</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS, 1920)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Academy of Sciences">Vienna Academy of Sciences</a>, 1928</li> <li>President of the 14th session of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Science_Congress_Association#Indian_Science_Congress_sessions" title="Indian Science Congress Association">Indian Science Congress</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Member of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters">Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters</a> in 1929.</li> <li>Member of the League of Nations' <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Intellectual_Cooperation" title="International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation">Committee for Intellectual Cooperation</a> (from 1924 to 1931)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founding fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (now the Indian National Science Academy)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2025: The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) instituted IEEE Jagadish Chandra Bose Medal in Wireless Communications to recognize contributions to wireless communications technologies with a global impact.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medal is funded by donations from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian-American</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Mani_Lal_Bhaumik" title="Mani Lal Bhaumik">Mani Lal Bhaumik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One of the 12 donor levels of the IEEE Heritage Circle is named after Bose.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/J.C._Bose_University_of_Science_and_Technology,_YMCA" title="J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA">J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA</a> was named in his honour.</li> <li>The <i>Indian Botanic Garden</i> was renamed in his honour as the <i><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Indian_Botanic_Garden" title="Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden">Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden</a></i> on 25 June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2004, Bose was ranked number 7 in BBC's poll of the <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Bengali_of_all_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest Bengali of all time">Greatest Bengali of all time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISB1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISB1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JC_Bose_bust_BITM.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/JC_Bose_bust_BITM.JPG/170px-JC_Bose_bust_BITM.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/JC_Bose_bust_BITM.JPG/255px-JC_Bose_bust_BITM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/JC_Bose_bust_BITM.JPG/340px-JC_Bose_bust_BITM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose which is placed in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Birla_Industrial_%26_Technological_Museum" title="Birla Industrial & Technological Museum">Birla Industrial & Technological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1958_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1958_stamp_of_India.jpg/170px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1958_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1958_stamp_of_India.jpg/255px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1958_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1958_stamp_of_India.jpg/340px-Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_1958_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Jagadish Chandra Bose 1958 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Nature</i> published about 27 papers.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBose1902" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, Jagadis Chunder (September 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspl.1902.0029">"On Electromotive Wave accompanying Mechanical Disturbance in Metals in Contact with Electrolyte"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>70</b> (459–466): 273–294. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1902RSPS...70..273C">1902RSPS...70..273C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1902.0029">10.1098/rspl.1902.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0370-1662">0370-1662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97371107">97371107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+Electromotive+Wave+accompanying+Mechanical+Disturbance+in+Metals+in+Contact+with+Electrolyte&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=459%E2%80%93466&rft.pages=273-294&rft.date=1902-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1902.0029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97371107%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0370-1662&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1902RSPS...70..273C&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Jagadis+Chunder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1902.0029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1902" class="citation journal cs1">Bose, J.C. (August 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044089553465&seq=517">"Sur la réponse électrique de la matière vivante et animée soumise à une excitation. - Deux procédés d'observation de la réponse de la matière vivante"</a>. <i>Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée</i>. <b>1</b>: 481–491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjphystap%3A019020010048100">10.1051/jphystap:019020010048100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique+Th%C3%A9orique+et+Appliqu%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Sur+la+r%C3%A9ponse+%C3%A9lectrique+de+la+mati%C3%A8re+vivante+et+anim%C3%A9e+soumise+%C3%A0+une+excitation.+-+Deux+proc%C3%A9d%C3%A9s+d%27observation+de+la+r%C3%A9ponse+de+la+mati%C3%A8re+vivante&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=481-491&rft.date=1902-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjphystap%3A019020010048100&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044089553465%26seq%3D517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li>Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nervous_Mechanism_of_Plants" title="The Nervous Mechanism of Plants">The Nervous Mechanism of Plants</a>, 1926</li> <li>Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927</li> <li>Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Motor mechanism of plants, 1928</li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1926" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Jagadis Chunder (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502305"><i>Collected Physical Papers</i></a>. N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Physical+Papers&rft.pub=N.Y.%3A+Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Jagadis+Chunder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.502305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.scoerat.3652abyakta"><i>Abyakta</i></a> (in Bengali). 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abyakta&rft.date=1922&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.scoerat.3652abyakta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30022/pages/3597">Page 3597 of Issue 30022</a>. <i>The London Gazette</i> (17 April 1917). Retrieved 1 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28559/pages/9359">Page 9359 of Issue 28559</a>. <i>The London Gazette</i> (8 December 1911). Retrieved 1 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27511/supplements/4">Page 4 of Issue 27511</a>. <i>The London Gazette</i> (30 December 1902). Retrieved 1 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaha1940" class="citation journal cs1">Saha, M. N. (1940). "Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose. 1858–1937". <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>3</b> (8): 2–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1940.0001">10.1098/rsbm.1940.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:176697911">176697911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Jagadis+Chunder+Bose.+1858%E2%80%931937&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2-12&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1940.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A176697911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saha&rft.aufirst=M.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bose">"Bose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Board2013" class="citation book cs1">Editorial Board (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74631/Sir-Jagdish-Chandra-Bose"><i>Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-292-5"><bdi>978-1-59339-292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Jagdish+Chandra+Bose&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-292-5&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F74631%2FSir-Jagdish-Chandra-Bose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2124/stories/20041203003009100.htm">"A versatile genius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a></i>. Vol. 21, no. 24. The Hindu. 20 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=A+versatile+genius&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=24&rft.date=2004-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2124%2Fstories%2F20041203003009100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjeeChatterjee1976" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Santimay; Chatterjee, Enakshi (1976). <i>Satyendra Nath Bose</i>. New Delhi: National Book Trust. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3017431">3017431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satyendra+Nath+Bose&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3017431&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Santimay&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Enakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bose_(crater)" title="Bose (crater)">Bose (crater)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcbose.ac.in/history">"Bose Institute | History"</a>. <i>jcbose.ac.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jcbose.ac.in&rft.atitle=Bose+Institute+%7C+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcbose.ac.in%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISB1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISB1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISB1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm">"Listeners name 'greatest Bengali'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 14 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Listeners+name+%27greatest+Bengali%27&rft.date=2004-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F3623345.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib2004" class="citation news cs1">Habib, Haroon (17 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm">"International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=International+%3A+Mujib%2C+Tagore%2C+Bose+among+%27greatest+Bengalis+of+all+time%27&rft.date=2004-04-17&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2004%2F04%2F17%2Fstories%2F2004041703001700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span><br />—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011711/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm">"Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i>. 16 April 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Bangabandhu+judged+greatest+Bangali+of+all+time&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thedailystar.net%2F2004%2F04%2F16%2Fd4041601066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dgosling-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dgosling_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Gosling2007" class="citation book cs1">David L. Gosling (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aL98AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT143"><i>Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore</i></a>. Routledge. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-14332-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-14332-0"><bdi>978-1-134-14332-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+the+Indian+Tradition%3A+When+Einstein+Met+Tagore&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-14332-0&rft.au=David+L.+Gosling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaL98AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vigyanprasar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahanti" class="citation web cs1">Mahanti, Subodh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511111810/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm">"Acharya Jagadis Chandra Bose"</a>. <i>Biographies of Scientists</i>. Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/JCBOSE.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographies+of+Scientists&rft.atitle=Acharya+Jagadis+Chandra+Bose&rft.aulast=Mahanti&rft.aufirst=Subodh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vigyanprasar.gov.in%2Fscientists%2FJCBOSE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherji3-10-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji3-10_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mukherji, pp. 3–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosepedia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bosepedia_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosepedia_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosepedia_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurshed2012" class="citation book cs1">Murshed, Md Mahbub (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bose,_Sir_Jagadish_Chandra">"Bose, Sir Jagdish Chandra"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bose%2C+Sir+Jagdish+Chandra&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Murshed&rft.aufirst=Md+Mahbub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBose%2C_Sir_Jagadish_Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202085123/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf">"Pursuit and Promotion of Science : The Indian Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indian National Science Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisc.ernet.in/insa/ch2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pursuit+and+Promotion+of+Science+%3A+The+Indian+Experience&rft.pub=Indian+National+Science+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisc.ernet.in%2Finsa%2Fch2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calwebbose-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calwebbose_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203030132/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/jcbose.shtml">"Jagdish Chandra Bose"</a>. <i>calcuttaweb.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/jcbose.shtml">the original</a> on 3 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calcuttaweb.com&rft.atitle=Jagdish+Chandra+Bose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calcuttaweb.com%2Fpeople%2Fjcbose.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Project_Gutenberg_eBook-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Project_Gutenberg_eBook_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Project_Gutenberg_eBook_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jagadis Chandra Bose, Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose, His Life and Speeches, The Cambridge Press, Madras (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22085/pg22085-images.html">Project Gutenberg eBook</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venn-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venn_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADBS881JC" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BS881JC&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Bose, Jagadis Chandra (BS881JC)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bose%2C+Jagadis+Chandra+%28BS881JC%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DBS881JC%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bose23-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bose23_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), 1976/1998, <i>Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan</i> (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, <span class="languageicon">(in Bengali)</span>, p23, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85626-65-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-85626-65-0">81-85626-65-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S._Ramaseshan_1937_pp._172-175_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Ramaseshan, The centennial of the discovery of millimetre waves by Jagadis Chandra Bose (1858–1937), Current Science, Vol. 70, No. 2 (25 January 1996), pp. 172-175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeddes192033–39-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeddes192033–39_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes1920">Geddes 1920</a>, pp. 33–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose7-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBose7_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBose">Bose</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/173096/scientist-nun-sister-nivedita-made-sure-j-c-bose-never-gave/">"The Scientist and the Nun: How Sister Nivedita Made Sure J.C. Bose Never Gave Up"</a> – via thewire.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scientist+and+the+Nun%3A+How+Sister+Nivedita+Made+Sure+J.C.+Bose+Never+Gave+Up&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2F173096%2Fscientist-nun-sister-nivedita-made-sure-j-c-bose-never-gave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherji14-25-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji14-25_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji14-25_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukherji14-25_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mukherji, pp. 14–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vigyanprasar.gov.in-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar.gov.in_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar.gov.in_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bose-jagdish-chandra/">https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/bose-jagdish-chandra/</a> Bose Jagdish Chandra, igyanprasar.gov.in</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savneet kaur, Great Scientists of the World : Jagdish Chandra Bose, Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd - 2022, page 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subal Kar, Physics and Astrophysics - Glimpses of the Progress, CRC Press · 2022, 1.5.4 - Fallout of Maxwell and Faraday's Electromagnetism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeddes192041–44-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeddes192041–44_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeddes1920">Geddes 1920</a>, pp. 41–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pkbandyo-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pkbandyo_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pkbandyo_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondyopadhyay1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bondyopadhyay, P.K. (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1232181">"Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IEEE" title="Proceedings of the IEEE">Proceedings of the IEEE</a></i>. <b>86</b> (1): 259–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F5.658778">10.1109/5.658778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Sir+J.+C.+Bose%27s+Diode+Detector+Received+Marconi%27s+First+Transatlantic+Wireless+Signal+of+December+1901+%28The+%22Italian+Navy+Coherer%22+Scandal+Revisited%29&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=259-285&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F5.658778&rft.aulast=Bondyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=P.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1232181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emerson-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emerson_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Emerson, D. T. (1997). "The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research". <i>IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Research</i>. <b>45</b> (12): 2267–2273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F22.643830">10.1109/22.643830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Microwave+Theory+and+Research&rft.atitle=The+work+of+Jagadis+Chandra+Bose%3A+100+years+of+mm-wave+research&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2267-2273&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F22.643830&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span> reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09Zsv97IH1MC">Antentop</a></i>, Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion, MIT Press – 2001, page 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf">Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Real Inventor of Marconi’s Wireless Receiver</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616085529/http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf">Archived</a> 16 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Varun Aggarwal, NSIT, Delhi, India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dia-heliotropic attitude of leaves as determined by transmitted nervous excitation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.1922.0011">https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.1922.0011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildonThainMinchinGubb1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wildon, D. C.; Thain, J. F.; Minchin, P. E. H.; Gubb, I. R.; Reilly, A. J.; Skipper, Y. D.; Doherty, H. M.; O'Donnell, P. J.; Bowles, D. J. (1992). "Electrical signalling and systemic proteinase inhibitor induction in the wounded plant". <i>Nature</i>. <b>360</b> (6399): 62–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.360...62W">1992Natur.360...62W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F360062a0">10.1038/360062a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4274162">4274162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Electrical+signalling+and+systemic+proteinase+inhibitor+induction+in+the+wounded+plant&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=6399&rft.pages=62-5&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4274162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F360062a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Natur.360...62W&rft.aulast=Wildon&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Thain%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Minchin%2C+P.+E.+H.&rft.au=Gubb%2C+I.+R.&rft.au=Reilly%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Skipper%2C+Y.+D.&rft.au=Doherty%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Bowles%2C+D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18986">Response in the Living and Non-Living by Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose – Project Gutenberg</a>. 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La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres</i></a> [<i>The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period</i>] (phdthesis) (in French). Lausanne: Université de Lausanne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Les+r%C3%A9seaux+de+la+coop%C3%A9ration+intellectuelle.+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Nations+comme+actrice+des+%C3%A9changes+scientifiques+et+culturels+dans+l%27entre-deux-guerres&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+de+Lausanne&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Grandjean&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-01853903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate-awards.ieee.org/award/ieee-jiagadish-chandra-bose-medal/">"IEEE Jagadish Chandra Bose Medal in Wireless Communications"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Jagadish+Chandra+Bose+Medal+in+Wireless+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate-awards.ieee.org%2Faward%2Fieee-jiagadish-chandra-bose-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/indian-american-scientist-funds-award-in-honour-of-jc-bose/articleshow/106603590.cms">"Indian-American scientist funds award in honour of JC Bose"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Indian-American+scientist+funds+award+in+honour+of+JC+Bose&rft.date=2024-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fscience%2Findian-american-scientist-funds-award-in-honour-of-jc-bose%2Farticleshow%2F106603590.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieeefoundation.org/our-supporters/heritage-circle/">"IEEE Heritage Circle – IEEE Foundation, Inc"</a>. 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Heritage+Circle+%E2%80%93+IEEE+Foundation%2C+Inc&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeefoundation.org%2Four-supporters%2Fheritage-circle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143744/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/26/stories/2009062657280500.htm">"A new name now for grand old Indian Botanical Gardens"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 26 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/26/stories/2009062657280500.htm">the original</a> on 8 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+new+name+now+for+grand+old+Indian+Botanical+Gardens&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F06%2F26%2Fstories%2F2009062657280500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/responseinliving00boseuoft">Response in the Living and Non-living, 1902</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantresponseasm00boseuoft">Plant response as a means of physiological investigation, 1906</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparativeelect00boseuoft">Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/researchesonirri1913bose">Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48280/48280-h/48280-h.htm">Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40050/40050-h/40050-h.htm">Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physiologyofasce00bose">Physiology of the Ascent of Sap, 1923</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physiologyofphot00bose">The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthtropicmove00bose">Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisvapriya1994" class="citation book cs1">Visvapriya, Mukherji (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jagadischandrabo00mukh"><i>Jagadish Chandra Bose, second edition</i></a>. Builders of Modern India series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-230-0047-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-230-0047-2"><bdi>81-230-0047-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jagadish+Chandra+Bose%2C+second+edition&rft.pub=Builders+of+Modern+India+series%2C+Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-230-0047-2&rft.aulast=Visvapriya&rft.aufirst=Mukherji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjagadischandrabo00mukh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeddes1920" class="citation book cs1">Geddes, Patrick (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandworksirj00geddgoog"><i>The Life and Work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose</i></a>. London: Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Work+of+Sir+Jagadis+C.+Bose&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Geddes&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeandworksirj00geddgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Jagadish Chandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/22085"><i>Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose His Life and Speeches</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Jagadis+Chunder+Bose+His+Life+and+Speeches&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Jagadish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F22085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagadish_Chandra_Bose&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unsung Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson_G.L.,_Brattain_W.H.1955" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". <i><a href="/wiki/Proc._IRE" class="mw-redirect" title="Proc. IRE">Proc. IRE</a></i>. <b>43</b> (12): 1794–1806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJRPROC.1955.278042">10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51634231">51634231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+IRE&rft.atitle=History+of+Semiconductor+Research&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1794-1806&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJRPROC.1955.278042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51634231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Pearson+G.L.%2C+Brattain+W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144</li> <li>Fleming, J. A. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principleselect00flemgoog">The principles of electric wave telegraphy</a>. London: New York and.</li> <li>Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7452">Autobiography of a Yogi</a>. New York. Chapter 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C. Bose"</li> <li>Bose, Jagadish Chandra: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905235504/http://strangehorizons.com/2013/20130930/3bose-f.shtml">Runaway Cyclone (1921)</a> (science fiction book translated into English)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhoshal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ghoshal, Nababrata (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12045-022-1326-1">"A Revisit to the Double-prism Experiment of J. C. Bose"</a>. <i>Resonance</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 353–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12045-022-1326-1">10.1007/s12045-022-1326-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-712X">0973-712X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resonance&rft.atitle=A+Revisit+to+the+Double-prism+Experiment+of+J.+C.+Bose&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-367&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12045-022-1326-1&rft.issn=0973-712X&rft.aulast=Ghoshal&rft.aufirst=Nababrata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs12045-022-1326-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJagadish+Chandra+Bose" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615190004/http://www.boseinst.ernet.in/home.html">Bose Institute website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jagadish-Chandra-Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%20Chandra%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20J%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jagadish%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jagadish%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jagadish%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jagadish%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jagadish%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%20Chandra%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20J%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20J%2E%20Chandra%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jagadish%20Bose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jagadish%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jagadish%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jagadish%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jagadish%20Chandra%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jagadish%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%20Chandra%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jagadish%20Bose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bose%2C%20Jagadish%22%29%20OR%20%28%221858-1937%22%20AND%20Bose%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8388">Works by Jagadis Chandra Bose</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/22085">Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose by Sir Jagadis Chunder Bose</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (Project Gutenberg)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18986">Response in the Living and Non-Living by Jagadis Chandra Bose</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (Project Gutenberg)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html">J. C. Bose, The Unsung hero of radio communication</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415211726/http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, web.mit.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuc.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html">JC Bose: 60 GHz in the 1890s</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> at Engineering and Technology History Wiki</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905051529/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/ECITboseframeset.htm">ECIT Bose article</a> at www.infinityfoundation.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/jagadis-chandra-bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/bengal">Entry on Bangla science fiction by Bodhisattva Chattopadhyay in The Science Fiction Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002230">Newspaper clippings about Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bengal_Renaissance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Template:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Template talk:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengal_Renaissance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Prasad_Sen" title="Atul Prasad Sen">Atul Prasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu">Rajnarayan Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Gupta" title="Madhusudan Gupta">Madhusudan Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_Drinkwater_Bethune" title="John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune">Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar_Datta" title="Akshay Kumar Datta">Akshay Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Vivian_Derozio" title="Henry Louis Vivian Derozio">Henry Derozio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomohun_Ghose" title="Monomohun Ghose">Monomohun Ghose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgopal_Ghosh" title="Ramgopal Ghosh">Ramgopal Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghore_Nath_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghore Nath Gupta (page does not exist)">Aghore Nath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(philanthropist)" title="David Hare (philanthropist)">David Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lafont" title="Eugène Lafont">Eugène Lafont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanambrata_Brahmachari" title="Mahanambrata Brahmachari">Mahanambrata Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikrishna_Mitra" title="Kalikrishna Mitra">Kalikrishna Mitra</a></li> <li>Harish Chandra Mukherjee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gour_Govinda_Ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gour Govinda Ray (page does not exist)">Gour Govinda Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Chandra_Sarkar" title="Akshay Chandra Sarkar">Akshay Chandra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendralal_Sarkar" title="Mahendralal Sarkar">Mahendralal Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajendra_Nath_Seal" title="Brajendra Nath Seal">Brajendra Nath Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Sen" title="Girish Chandra Sen">Girish Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Keshub Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraprasad_Shastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraprasad Shastri">Haraprasad Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanindra_Nath_Gooptu" title="Fanindra Nath Gooptu">Fanindra Nath Gooptu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitanath_Tattwabhushan" title="Sitanath Tattwabhushan">Sitanath Tattwabhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay" title="Brahmabandhav Upadhyay">Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Vidyabagish" title="Ram Chandra Vidyabagish">Ram Chandra Vidyabagish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarkanath_Vidyabhusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan (page does not exist)">Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Bengali music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="List of works by Kazi Nazrul Islam">Nazrul geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambad_Prabhakar" title="Sambad Prabhakar">Sambad Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika" title="Tattwabodhini Patrika">Tattwabodhini Patrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Bengal" title="Young Bengal">Young Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_College" title="Chittagong College">Chittagong College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314267#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314267#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314267#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000092561032">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30320858">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1800654/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrcm9Gx9pYjrHp9XqBgKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119544482">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84806202">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12153083w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12153083w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01167184">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35803577">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153880&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p099814498">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90845620">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/68243">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271925205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bose.jagadis-chandra">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1094574">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119544482.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119544482">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/06061031X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cz3z9n">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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