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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Y-DNA_(paternal_lineages)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y-DNA_(paternal_lineages)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Y-DNA (paternal lineages)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y-DNA_(paternal_lineages)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_DNA_(overall_ancestry)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_DNA_(overall_ancestry)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Autosomal DNA (overall ancestry)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_DNA_(overall_ancestry)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence_of_Rwanda_and_Burundi_(1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_Rwanda_and_Burundi_(1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Independence of Rwanda and Burundi (1962)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_Rwanda_and_Burundi_(1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burundian_genocide_(1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burundian_genocide_(1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Burundian genocide (1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burundian_genocide_(1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994_genocide_against_the_Tutsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_genocide_against_the_Tutsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1994 genocide against the Tutsi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_genocide_against_the_Tutsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tutsi_in_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tutsi_in_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tutsi in the Congo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tutsi_in_the_Congo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tutsi in the Congo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tutsi_in_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Banyamulenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Banyamulenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The Banyamulenge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Banyamulenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banyarwanda_in_North_Kivu_and_South_Kivu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banyarwanda_in_North_Kivu_and_South_Kivu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Banyarwanda in North Kivu and South Kivu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banyarwanda_in_North_Kivu_and_South_Kivu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_Contemporary_Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_Contemporary_Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Conflict and Contemporary Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_Contemporary_Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tutsi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="توتسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توتسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsil%C9%99r" title="Tutsilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tutsilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="টুট্‌সি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টুট্‌সি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тутсі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тутсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тутсі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тутсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тутси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тутси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsis" title="Tutsis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tutsis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsiov%C3%A9" title="Tutsiové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tutsiové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsier" title="Tutsier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tutsier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsid" title="Tutsid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tutsid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Τούτσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούτσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsioj" title="Tutsioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutsioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="توتسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توتسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsis" title="Tutsis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tutsis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_tutsi" title="Pobo tutsi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo tutsi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EC%B9%98%EC%A1%B1" title="투치족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투치족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Տուտսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուտսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuci" title="Tuci – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tuci" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAtsar" title="Tútsar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tútsar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%99" title="טוטסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוטסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98)" title="ტუტსი (ხალხი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუტსი (ხალხი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatutsi" title="Abatutsi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Abatutsi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watutsi" title="Watutsi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Watutsi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsienses" title="Tutsienses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tutsienses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsiai" title="Tutsiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tutsiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totsy_(vahoaka)" title="Totsy (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Totsy (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89" title="توتسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توتسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%81" title="ツチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਤੁਤਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਤਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="تُتسی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تُتسی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAtsis" title="Tútsis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tútsis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тутси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тутси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тутси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тутси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsit" title="Tutsit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tutsit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsier" title="Tutsier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tutsier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="துட்சி இனக்குழு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துட்சி இனக்குழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsiler" title="Tutsiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tutsiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тутсі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тутсі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Tutsi" title="Người Tutsi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%8F" title="圖西族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圖西族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%8F" title="圖西族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖西族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tutsi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%8F" title="图西族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图西族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Watusi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Watusi (disambiguation)">Watusi</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tutsi <br /><small> Abatutsi</small></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Burundi"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.7 million (14% of the total population)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Rwanda"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 million (9%–15% of the total population)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (80%), <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (5%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Rwanda-Rundi" title="Rwanda-Rundi">Rwanda-Rundi</a> peoples </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tutsi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TUUT</span>-see</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called <b>Watusi</b>, <b>Watutsi</b> or <b>Abatutsi</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinyarwanda language">Kinyarwanda</a> pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="rw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɑ.βɑ.tuː.t͡si]</a></span>), are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethnic group and the second largest of three main ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> (the other two being the largest <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> ethnic group <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmy</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-brenneman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brenneman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Tutsi were <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a> and filled the ranks of the warriors' <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>. Before 1962, they regulated and controlled Rwandan society, which was composed of Tutsi aristocracy and Hutu commoners, utilizing a <a href="/wiki/Clientship" class="mw-redirect" title="Clientship">clientship</a> structure. They occupied the dominant positions in the sharply stratified society and constituted the ruling class.<sup id="cite_ref-brenneman_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brenneman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_classification">Origins and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of "Tutsi" has changed through time and location. Social structures were not stable throughout Rwanda, even during <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonial</a> times under the <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Belgian rule</a>. The Tutsi aristocracy or elite was distinguished from Tutsi commoners. </p><p>When the Belgian colonists conducted censuses, they wanted to identify the people throughout Rwanda-Burundi according to a simple classification scheme. They defined "Tutsi" as anyone owning more than ten cows (a sign of wealth) or with the physical features of a longer thin nose, <a href="/wiki/High_cheekbones" class="mw-redirect" title="High cheekbones">high cheekbones</a>, and being over six feet tall, all of which are common descriptions associated with the Tutsi. </p><p>In the colonial era, the Tutsi were hypothesized to have arrived in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region from the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Hamitic_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamitic hypothesis">Hamitic hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tutsi were considered by some to be of <a href="/wiki/Cushitic-speaking_peoples" title="Cushitic-speaking peoples">Cushitic</a> origin, although they do not speak a <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic language</a>, and have lived in the areas where they presently inhabit for at least 400 years, leading to considerable intermarriage with the Hutu in the area. Due to the history of intermingling and intermarrying of Hutu and Tutsi, some ethnographers and historians are of the view that Hutu and Tutsi cannot be called distinct ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HE_Paul_Kagame,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_(14985842184).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/HE_Paul_Kagame%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_%2814985842184%29.jpg/220px-HE_Paul_Kagame%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_%2814985842184%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/HE_Paul_Kagame%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_%2814985842184%29.jpg/330px-HE_Paul_Kagame%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_%2814985842184%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/HE_Paul_Kagame%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_%2814985842184%29.jpg/440px-HE_Paul_Kagame%2C_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_%2814985842184%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>, the President of Rwanda</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg/150px-Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg/225px-Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg/300px-Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ange_Kagame" class="mw-redirect" title="Ange Kagame">Ange Kagame</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y-DNA_(paternal_lineages)"><span id="Y-DNA_.28paternal_lineages.29"></span>Y-DNA (paternal lineages)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Y-DNA (paternal lineages)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern-day genetic studies of the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y-chromosome</a> generally indicate that the Tutsi, like the Hutu, are largely of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> extraction (60% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)">E1b1a</a>, 20% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup B (Y-DNA)">B</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1 (Y-DNA)">E-P2</a>(xE1b1a)). </p><p>Paternal genetic influences associated with the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> are few (under 3% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)">E1b1b-M35</a>), and are ascribed to much earlier inhabitants who were assimilated. However, the Tutsi have considerably more haplogroup B Y-DNA paternal lineages (14.9% B) than do the Hutu (4.3% B).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA_(overall_ancestry)"><span id="Autosomal_DNA_.28overall_ancestry.29"></span>Autosomal DNA (overall ancestry)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA (overall ancestry)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the Tutsi appear to share a close genetic kinship with neighboring Bantu populations, particularly the Hutu. However, it is unclear whether this similarity is primarily due to extensive genetic exchanges between these communities through intermarriage or whether it ultimately stems from common origins: </p> <blockquote><p>[...] generations of <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> obliterated whatever clear-cut physical distinctions may have once existed between these two Bantu peoples – renowned to be height, body build, and facial features. With a spectrum of physical variation in the peoples, Belgian authorities legally mandated ethnic affiliation in the 1920s, based on economic criteria. Formal and discrete social divisions were consequently imposed upon ambiguous biological distinctions. To some extent, the permeability of these categories in the intervening decades helped to reify the biological distinctions, generating a taller elite and a shorter underclass, but with little relation to the gene pools that had existed a few centuries ago. The social categories are thus real, but there is little if any detectable genetic differentiation between Hutu and Tutsi.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Height">Height</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Height"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their average height is 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm), although individuals have been recorded as being taller than 7 feet (210 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_palace_in_Nyanza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/King%27s_palace_in_Nyanza.jpg/200px-King%27s_palace_in_Nyanza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/King%27s_palace_in_Nyanza.jpg/300px-King%27s_palace_in_Nyanza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/King%27s_palace_in_Nyanza.jpg/400px-King%27s_palace_in_Nyanza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chifu_Kaware_safarini_(Kandt_1904_II,_97).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chifu_Kaware_safarini_%28Kandt_1904_II%2C_97%29.png/200px-Chifu_Kaware_safarini_%28Kandt_1904_II%2C_97%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chifu_Kaware_safarini_%28Kandt_1904_II%2C_97%29.png/300px-Chifu_Kaware_safarini_%28Kandt_1904_II%2C_97%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chifu_Kaware_safarini_%28Kandt_1904_II%2C_97%29.png/400px-Chifu_Kaware_safarini_%28Kandt_1904_II%2C_97%29.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The traditional Tutsi king's palace in <a href="/wiki/Nyanza,_Rwanda" title="Nyanza, Rwanda">Nyanza</a> (top) and Rwanda <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>, Tutsi Chief Kaware travelling (bottom)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Prior to the arrival of colonists, Rwanda had been ruled by a Tutsi-dominated monarchy since the 15th century. In 1897, Germany established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Belgium took control in 1916 during World War I. Both European nations ruled through the Rwandan king and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. </p><p>In Burundi, meanwhile, a ruling faction known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ganwa" title="Ganwa">ganwa</a></i> emerged and quickly assumed effective control of the country's administration. The <i>ganwa</i> who relied on support from both Hutu and Tutsi populations to rule, were perceived within Burundi as neither Hutu nor Tutsi.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rwanda was ruled as a colony by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (from 1897 to 1916) and by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (from 1922 to 1961). Both the Tutsi and Hutu had been the traditional governing elite, but both colonial powers allowed only the Tutsi to be educated and to participate in the colonial government. Such discriminatory policies engendered resentment. </p><p>When the Belgians took over, they believed it could be better governed if they continued to identify the different populations. In the 1920s, they required people to identify with a particular ethnic group and classified them accordingly in censuses. </p><p>In 1959, Belgium reversed its stance and allowed the majority Hutu to assume control of the government through universal elections after independence. This partly reflected internal Belgian domestic politics, in which the discrimination against the Hutu majority came to be regarded as similar to oppression within Belgium stemming from the Flemish-Walloon conflict, and the democratization and empowerment of the Hutu was seen as a just response to the Tutsi domination. Belgian policies wavered and flip-flopped considerably during this period leading up to <a href="/wiki/Burundi#Independence" title="Burundi">independence of Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda#Strife_and_lead_up_to_independence" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_Rwanda_and_Burundi_(1962)"><span id="Independence_of_Rwanda_and_Burundi_.281962.29"></span>Independence of Rwanda and Burundi (1962)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence of Rwanda and Burundi (1962)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hutu majority in Rwanda had <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda Revolution">revolted against the Tutsi</a> and was able to take power. Tutsi fled and created exile communities outside Rwanda in Uganda and Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their actions led to the deaths of up to 200,000 Hutu.<sup id="cite_ref-allan.stam.googlepages.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allan.stam.googlepages.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overt discrimination from the colonial period was continued by different Rwandan and Burundian governments, including identity cards that distinguished Tutsi and Hutu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burundian_genocide_(1993)"><span id="Burundian_genocide_.281993.29"></span>Burundian genocide (1993)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burundian genocide (1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993 ethnic violence in Burundi</a></div> <p>In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected president, <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Ndadaye" title="Melchior Ndadaye">Melchior Ndadaye</a>, a Hutu, was assassinated by Tutsi officers, as was the person entitled to succeed him under the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sparked <a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">a genocide in Burundi</a> between Hutu political structures and the Tutsi, in which "possibly as many as 25,000 Tutsi" – including military, civil servants and civilians<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – were murdered by the former and "at least as many" Hutu were killed by the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-totten2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totten2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Burundi)" title="Arusha Accords (Burundi)">Arusha Peace Process</a>, today in Burundi the Tutsi minority shares power in a more or less equitable manner with the Hutu majority. Traditionally, the Tutsi had held more economic power and controlled the military.<sup id="cite_ref-ICIBFR-496_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICIBFR-496-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994_genocide_against_the_Tutsi">1994 genocide against the Tutsi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1994 genocide against the Tutsi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg/220px-Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg/330px-Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg/440px-Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Tutsi-led <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A similar pattern of events took place in Rwanda, but there the Hutu came to power in 1962. They in turn often oppressed the Tutsi, who fled the country. After the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">anti-Tutsi violence</a> around 1959–1961, Tutsi fled in large numbers. </p><p>These exile Tutsi communities gave rise to Tutsi rebel movements. The <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a>, mostly made up of exiled Tutsi living primarily in Uganda, attacked Rwanda in 1990 with the intention of taking back the power. The RPF had experience in organized irregular warfare from the <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a>, and got much support from the government of Uganda. The initial RPF advance was halted by the lift of French arms to the Rwandan government. Attempts at peace culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">Arusha Accords</a>. </p><p>The agreement broke down after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">assassination</a> of the Rwandan and Burundian Presidents, triggering a resumption of hostilities and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan Genocide</a> of 1994, in which the Hutu then in power killed an estimated 500,000–600,000 people, largely of Tutsi origin.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meierhenrich_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meierhenrich-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reydams_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reydams-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victorious in the aftermath of the genocide, the Tutsi-ruled <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">RPF</a> came to power in July 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Tutsi wrist guard (<i>igitembe</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Rwanda territory, from the 15th century until 1961, the Tutsi were ruled by a king (the <i>mwami</i>). Belgium abolished the monarchy, following the national <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> that led to independence. By contrast, in the northwestern part of the country (predominantly Hutu), large regional landholders shared power, similar to <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a> society (in what is now <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>). </p><p> Under their holy king, Tutsi culture traditionally revolved around administering justice and government. They were the only proprietors of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and sustained themselves on their own products. Additionally, their lifestyle afforded them a lot of leisure time, which they spent cultivating the high arts of poetry, weaving and music. Due to the Tutsi's status as a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">dominant minority</a> vis-a-vis the Hutu farmers and the other local inhabitants, this relationship has been likened to that between lords and serfs in feudal Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Fage120_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fage120-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Tutsi <a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">basket</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Fage (2013), the Tutsi are serologically related to Bantu and <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> populations. This in turn rules out a possible <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> origin for the founding Tutsi-Hima ruling class in the lacustrine kingdoms. However, the royal burial customs of the latter kingdoms are quite similar to those practiced by the former Cushitic Sidama states in the southern <a href="/wiki/Gibe_region" title="Gibe region">Gibe region</a> of Ethiopia. By contrast, Bantu populations to the north of the Tutsi-Hima in the mount Kenya area such as the Agikuyu were until modern times essentially without a king (instead having a stateless age set system which they adopted from Cushitic peoples) while there were a number of Bantu kingdoms to the south of the Tutsi-Hima in Tanzania, all of which shared the Tutsi-Hima's chieftaincy pattern. Since the Cushitic Sidama kingdoms interacted with Nilotic groups, Fage thus proposes that the Tutsi may have descended from one such migrating Nilotic population. The Nilotic ancestors of the Tutsi would thereby in earlier times have served as cultural intermediaries, adopting some monarchical traditions from adjacent Cushitic kingdoms and subsequently taking those borrowed customs south with them when they first settled amongst Bantu autochthones in the Great Lakes area.<sup id="cite_ref-Fage120_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fage120-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, little difference can be ascertained between the cultures today of the Tutsi and Hutu; both groups speak the same <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu language</a>. The rate of intermarriage between the two groups was traditionally very high, and relations were amicable until the 20th century. Many scholars have concluded that the determination of Tutsi was and is mainly an expression of class or caste, rather than ethnicity. Rwandans have their own language, <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>. English, French and Swahili serve as additional official languages for different historic reasons, and are widely spoken by Rwandans as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tutsi_in_the_Congo">Tutsi in the Congo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tutsi in the Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tutsi" title="Special:EditPage/Tutsi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tutsi%22">"Tutsi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tutsi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tutsi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tutsi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tutsi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tutsi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scholars have long recognized that the Tutsi presence in the modern <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) is best understood by distinguishing between two principal groups, whose histories have been significantly shaped—and often distorted—by colonial policies and later political struggles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Banyamulenge">The Banyamulenge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Banyamulenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a> are an established Tutsi group primarily residing in parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>. Extensive research shows that the Banyamulenge have deep historical roots in the eastern Congo that predate colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial authorities, however, manipulated ethnic classifications to serve administrative and political purposes, a legacy that has contributed to contemporary tensions in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banyarwanda_in_North_Kivu_and_South_Kivu">Banyarwanda in North Kivu and South Kivu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Banyarwanda in North Kivu and South Kivu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A second Tutsi presence is found among the broader <a href="/wiki/Banyarwanda" title="Banyarwanda">Banyarwanda</a> community in parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> and the Kalehe region of South Kivu. This community, which includes both Tutsi and Hutu, is largely the result of multiple migratory waves from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, occurring over the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-genocide periods. In particular, the mass exodus during and after the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Genocide">Rwandan Genocide</a> of 1994 is well documented and has significantly reshaped the ethnic landscape in eastern Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic consensus holds that these migratory processes, far from being a single exogenous event, have complex historical antecedents that continue to influence regional politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_Contemporary_Issues">Conflict and Contemporary Issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conflict and Contemporary Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern DRC has been a hotspot of conflict for decades, involving numerous armed groups. Some of these, notably those evolving from the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) into what became known as the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">M23</a>, have been led by individuals of Tutsi background. However, the portrayal of these groups solely through an ethnic lens oversimplifies the situation. Academic studies agree that the roots of the conflict lie in a mixture of colonial legacies, competition over valuable resources such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, and deep-seated political and social grievances.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports from international organizations have documented serious human rights abuses—including the recruitment of child soldiers and illegal exploitation of mineral wealth—but these are best understood within the broader framework of state fragility and international economic pressures rather than as a straightforward ethnic conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tutsis" title="List of Tutsis">List of Tutsis</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromae" title="Stromae">Stromae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Micombero" title="Michel Micombero">Michel Micombero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bagaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Bagaza">Jean Baptiste Bagaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Buyoya" title="Pierre Buyoya">Pierre Buyoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kabarebe" title="James Kabarebe">James Kabarebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Mushikiwabo" title="Louise Mushikiwabo">Louise Mushikiwabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arielle_Kayabaga" title="Arielle Kayabaga">Arielle Kayabaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sehene" title="Benjamin Sehene">Benjamin Sehene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saido_Berahino" title="Saido Berahino">Saido Berahino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Bigirimana" title="Gaël Bigirimana">Gaël Bigirimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Kayirebwa" title="Cécile Kayirebwa">Cécile Kayirebwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ncuti_Gatwa" title="Ncuti Gatwa">Ncuti Gatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Faye" title="Gaël Faye">Gaël Faye</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the Rwandan genocide there was no more ethnic census; an estimated 9 to 15 percent of the population is Tutsi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Tutsi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Tutsi">"Tutsi"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tutsi&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTutsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauls2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pauls, Elizabeth Prine; et al., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tutsi">"Tutsi"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tutsi&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTutsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rwanda-language">"Rwanda | Language & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rwanda+%7C+Language+%26+Facts&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRwanda-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brenneman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brenneman_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brenneman_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenneman1969" class="citation book cs1">Brenneman, Richard (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/rwanda-a-country-study/oclc/22675245&id=72-606089"><i>Rwanda, a Country Study</i></a>. United States: US Government. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007492448">2007492448</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22675245">22675245</a>. 9910001051459703686.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda%2C+a+Country+Study&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=US+Government&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22675245&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007492448&rft.aulast=Brenneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Frwanda-a-country-study%2Foclc%2F22675245%26id%3D72-606089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Africa, Volume 76, (Oxford University Press., 2006), pg 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Kron2010" class="citation news cs1">Josh Kron (10 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/2010-06-10/ty-article/shooting-star-of-the-continent/0000017f-e0e7-d568-ad7f-f3ef944b0000">"Shooting Star of the Continent"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Shooting+Star+of+the+Continent&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.au=Josh+Kron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2010-06-10%2Fty-article%2Fshooting-star-of-the-continent%2F0000017f-e0e7-d568-ad7f-f3ef944b0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gourevitch" title="Philip Gourevitch">Philip Gourevitch</a>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/We_Wish_to_Inform_You_That_Tomorrow_We_Will_Be_Killed_With_Our_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families"><i>We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families</i></a>. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Wish+to+Inform+You+That+Tomorrow+We+Will+Be+Killed+With+Our+Families&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/edu/pastgenocides/rwanda/indangamuntu.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Indangamuntu 1994: Ten years ago in Rwanda this ID Card cost a woman her life' by Jim Fussell"</a>. <i>www.preventgenocide.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.preventgenocide.org&rft.atitle=%27Indangamuntu+1994%3A+Ten+years+ago+in+Rwanda+this+ID+Card+cost+a+woman+her+life%27+by+Jim+Fussell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Fedu%2Fpastgenocides%2Frwanda%2Findangamuntu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Luis, J. R.; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266">"The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>74</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">532–</span>544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F382286">10.1086/382286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182266">1182266</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14973781">14973781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Levant+versus+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Evidence+for+Bidirectional+Corridors+of+Human+Migrations&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E532-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182266%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14973781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F382286&rft.aulast=Luis&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Miller" title="Joseph C. Miller">Joseph C. Miller</a> (ed.), <i>New Encyclopedia of Africa</i>, Volume 2, Dakar-Hydrology, Charles Scribner's Sons (publisher).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/23/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-watusi.html">"The Rise and Fall Of the Watusi"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 23 February 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+Of+the+Watusi&rft.date=1964-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F02%2F23%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-the-watusi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2013" class="citation book cs1">Carney, J.J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKFpAgAAQBAJ"><i>Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199982288" title="Special:BookSources/9780199982288"><bdi>9780199982288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda+Before+the+Genocide%3A+Catholic+Politics+and+Ethnic+Discourse+in+the+Late+Colonial+Era&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199982288&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKFpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRouenHeo2007" class="citation book cs1">DeRouen, Karl R.; Heo, Uk (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nrN077AEgzMC&dq=Ganwa+ethnic&pg=PA205"><i>Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-919-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Wars+of+the+World%3A+Major+Conflicts+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-919-1&rft.aulast=DeRouen&rft.aufirst=Karl+R.&rft.au=Heo%2C+Uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrN077AEgzMC%26dq%3DGanwa%2Bethnic%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Bowen, <i>Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi</i>, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Lemarchand, <i>Selective genocide in Burundi</i> (Report – Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rene Lemarchand, <i>Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide</i> (New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1996) <ul><li>Edward L. Nyankanzi, <i>Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi</i> (Schenkman Books, 1998)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian P. Scherrer, <i>Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war</i>; foreword by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Melson_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Melson (political scientist)">Robert Melson</a>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weissman, Stephen R."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html">Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311024548/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks22.html">Archived</a> 11 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allan.stam.googlepages.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allan.stam.googlepages.com_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allan.stam.googlepages.com/Rwandaoped0405042.pdf">"Google Sites"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>allan.stam.googlepages.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allan.stam.googlepages.com&rft.atitle=Google+Sites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallan.stam.googlepages.com%2FRwandaoped0405042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report</i>, Part III: Investigation of the Assassination. Conclusions at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/library/tc/doc/reports/burundi_coi/burundi_coi1996pt3.html#VII">USIP.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201132151/http://www.usip.org/library/tc/doc/reports/burundi_coi/burundi_coi1996pt3.html#VII">Archived</a> 1 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/467fca9a8.html">"Refworld | Human Rights Watch World Report 1995 – Burundi"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+1995+%E2%80%93+Burundi&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F467fca9a8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-totten2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-totten2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Lemarchand2004" class="citation book cs1">René Lemarchand (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA331">"The Burundian Genocide"</a>. In Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Israel W. (eds.). <i>Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</i> (Second ed.). Routledge. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Burundian+Genocide&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pages=331&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94430-4&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Lemarchand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICIBFR-496-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICIBFR-496_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuichaoua2020" class="citation journal cs1">Guichaoua, André (2020). "Counting the Rwandan Victims of War and Genocide: Concluding Reflections". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703329">10.1080/14623528.2019.1703329</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213471539">213471539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Counting+the+Rwandan+Victims+of+War+and+Genocide%3A+Concluding+Reflections&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1703329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213471539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guichaoua&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span> 500,000–800,000 is the range of scholarly estimates listed on the third page of the paper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meierhenrich-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meierhenrich_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierhenrich2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Meierhenrich" title="Jens Meierhenrich">Meierhenrich, Jens</a> (2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1709611">10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213046710">213046710</a>. <q>Despite the various methodological disagreements among them, none of the scholars who participated in this forum gives credence to the official figure of 1,074,107 victims... Given the rigour of the various quantitative methodologies involved, this forum's overarching finding that the death toll of 1994 is nowhere near the one-million-mark is – scientifically speaking – incontrovertible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=How+Many+Victims+Were+There+in+the+Rwandan+Genocide%3F+A+Statistical+Debate&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1709611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213046710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meierhenrich&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reydams-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reydams_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReydams2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Reydams" title="Luc Reydams">Reydams, Luc</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03056244.2020.1796320">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'More than a million': the politics of accounting for the dead of the Rwandan genocide"</a>. <i>Review of African Political Economy</i>. <b>48</b> (168): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03056244.2020.1796320">10.1080/03056244.2020.1796320</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225356374">225356374</a>. <q>The government eventually settled on 'more than a million', a claim which few outside Rwanda have taken seriously.<p>The death of 'more than a million' Tutsi became the foundation of the new Rwanda, where former exiles hold a monopoly on power. It also created the socio-political environment for the mass criminalisation of Hutu. Gacaca courts eventually tried more than a million (Nyseth Brehm, Uggen, and Gasanabo 2016), which led President Kagame to suggest that all Hutu bear responsibility and should apologise (Benda 2017, 13). Thus the new Rwanda is built not only on the death of 'more than a million" Tutsi but also on the collective guilt of Hutu. This state of affairs is in no one's interests except the regime's.</p></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=%27More+than+a+million%27%3A+the+politics+of+accounting+for+the+dead+of+the+Rwandan+genocide&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03056244.2020.1796320&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225356374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reydams&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03056244.2020.1796320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fage120-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fage120_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fage120_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage2013" class="citation book cs1">Fage, John (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXa4AQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Africa</i></a>. Routledge. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317797272" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317797272"><bdi>978-1317797272</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1317797272&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXa4AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BC-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BC_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Euromonitor%20Report%20A4.pdf">"The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Benefits+of+the+English+Language+for+Individuals+and+Societies%3A+Quantitative+Indicators+from+Cameroon%2C+Nigeria%2C+Rwanda%2C+Bangladesh+and+Pakistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teachingenglish.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fteacheng%2Ffiles%2FEuromonitor%2520Report%2520A4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATutsi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prunier, Gérard. <i>Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe</i>. Oxford University Press, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemarchand, René. <i>The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uvin, Peter. "The Congo and the Rwandan Tragedy: Politics, Ideology and the Struggle for Power." <i>Journal of Eastern African Studies</i>, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, pp. 281–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reyntjens, Filip. <i>Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo: The Early Phase, 1908–1945</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. <i>The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History</i>. Zed Books, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch. "Breakdown of the State in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Human Rights Watch Reports, 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Burundi" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Burundi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Burundi" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Burundi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Burundi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Burundi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Burundi28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Burundi" title="Ethnic groups in Burundi">Ethnic groups in Burundi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Great Lakes Twa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alur_people" title="Alur people">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyindu_people" title="Nyindu people">Nyindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_people" title="Amba people">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avukaya_people" title="Avukaya people">Avukaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Congo_and_South_Sudan)" title="Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakwa_Dishi_tribe" title="Bakwa Dishi tribe">Bakwa Dishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_people" title="Banda people">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_people" title="Barambu people">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bembe_people" title="Bembe people">Bembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boa_people" title="Boa people">Boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_people" title="Budu people">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunda_people" title="Bunda people">Bunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_people" title="Bwile people">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_people" title="Dengese people">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A9_people" title="Efé people">Efé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furiiru_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Furiiru people">Furiiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garanganze_people" title="Garanganze people">Garanganze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_people" title="Gbaya people">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Great Lakes Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoholo_people" title="Holoholo people">Holoholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyaelima_people" title="Iyaelima people">Iyaelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_people" title="Kakwa people">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_people" title="Kango people">Kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_people_(Congo)" title="Kele people (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliko_people" title="Keliko people">Keliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjo_people" title="Konjo people">Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_people" title="Lega people">Lega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_people" title="Lele people">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_people" title="Logo people">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_people" title="Hemba people">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulua_people" title="Lulua people">Lulua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_people" title="Lugbara people">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungu_people" title="Lungu people">Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makere_people" title="Makere people">Makere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_people" title="Mayogo people">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_people" title="Mbaka people">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_people" title="Mangbetu people">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Congo)" title="Mbo people (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbole_people" title="Mbole people">Mbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_people" title="Mbunda people">Mbunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_people" title="Mongo people">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_Twa" title="Mongo Twa">Mongo Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people_(Congo)" title="Mono people (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moru_people" title="Moru people">Moru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpama_people" title="Mpama people">Mpama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nande_people" title="Nande people">Nande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_people" title="Ndaka people">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngando_people" title="Ngando people">Ngando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngata_people" title="Ngata people">Ngata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_people" title="Ngbandi people">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_people" title="Nyanga people">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_people" title="Pende people">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_people" title="Sanga people">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songora" class="mw-redirect" title="Songora">Songora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songye_people" title="Songye people">Songye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_people" title="Suku people">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbu_people" title="Tagbu people">Tagbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_people" title="Teke people">Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Tetela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoke_people" title="Topoke people">Topoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbwe_people" title="Tumbwe people">Tumbwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turumbu_people" title="Turumbu people">Turumbu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_people" title="Vira people">Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochua_people" title="Wochua people">Wochua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_people" title="Yaka people">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanzi_people" title="Yanzi people">Yanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakoma_people" title="Yakoma people">Yakoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_people" title="Yulu people">Yulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyoba_people" title="Zyoba people">Zyoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Europeans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Rwanda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda" title="Template 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193092#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193092#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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