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<li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levees_in_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levees_in_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Levees in the British Empire and Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levees_in_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grande_entrée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grande_entrée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><span><i>Grande entrée</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grande_entrée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Première_entrée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Première_entrée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><span><i>Première entrée</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Première_entrée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_lever" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_lever"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><span><i>Grand lever</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_lever-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_the_aristocracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_the_aristocracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>For the aristocracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_the_aristocracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Levee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Levee (disambiguation)">levee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H.M._King_Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/H.M._King_Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png/440px-H.M._King_Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/H.M._King_Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png/660px-H.M._King_Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/H.M._King_Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png/880px-H.M._King_Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>A Levée underway in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a>, 1903. King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> is seated on the throne, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers" title="Royal Company of Archers">Royal Company of Archers</a> stand guard.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>levee</b> (from the French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lever</i></span>, meaning "getting up" or "rising")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was traditionally a daily moment of intimacy and accessibility to a monarch or leader, as he got up in the morning. It started out as a royal custom, but in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> it came to refer to a reception by the sovereign's representative, which continues to be a tradition in Canada with the <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_levee" title="New Year's levee">New Year's levee</a>; in the United States a similar gathering was held by several presidents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a>'s <i>Life of Charlemagne</i>, the author recounts the Emperor's practice, when he was dressing and putting on his shoes, to invite his friends to come in and, in case of a dispute brought to his attention, "he would order the disputants to be brought in there and then, hear the case as if he were sitting in tribunal and pronounce a judgement."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the second half of the sixteenth century, it had become a formal event, requiring invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1563 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> wrote in advice to her son, the King of France, to do as his father (<a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>) had done and uphold the practice of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lever</i></span>. Catherine describes that Henry II allowed his subjects, from nobles to household servants, to come in while he dressed. She states this pleased his subjects and improved their opinion of him.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This practice was raised to a ceremonial custom at the court of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the court <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> that Louis formalised, the set of extremely elaborate conventions was divided into the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grand lever</i></span>, attended by the full court in the gallery outside the king's bedchamber, and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">petit lever</i></span> that transpired in degrees in the king's chamber, where only a very select group might serve the king as he rose and dressed.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the king had often risen early and put in some hours hunting before returning to bed for the start of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lever</i></span>. Louis's grandson, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>, and his queen typically spent all morning in bed, as reported by Saint-Simon, to avoid the pestering by ministers and courtiers that began with the lever. </p><p>The king's retiring ceremony proceeded in reverse order and was known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">coucher</i></span>. </p><p>The successors of Louis XIV were not as passionate about the monarch's daily routine and, over time, the frequency of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lever</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">coucher</i></span> decreased, much to the dismay of their courtiers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_James%27s_Palace,_Queen%27s_Levee_Room,_by_Charles_Wild,_1816_-_royal_coll_922164_313723_ORI_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St_James%27s_Palace%2C_Queen%27s_Levee_Room%2C_by_Charles_Wild%2C_1816_-_royal_coll_922164_313723_ORI_2.jpg/220px-St_James%27s_Palace%2C_Queen%27s_Levee_Room%2C_by_Charles_Wild%2C_1816_-_royal_coll_922164_313723_ORI_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St_James%27s_Palace%2C_Queen%27s_Levee_Room%2C_by_Charles_Wild%2C_1816_-_royal_coll_922164_313723_ORI_2.jpg/330px-St_James%27s_Palace%2C_Queen%27s_Levee_Room%2C_by_Charles_Wild%2C_1816_-_royal_coll_922164_313723_ORI_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/St_James%27s_Palace%2C_Queen%27s_Levee_Room%2C_by_Charles_Wild%2C_1816_-_royal_coll_922164_313723_ORI_2.jpg/440px-St_James%27s_Palace%2C_Queen%27s_Levee_Room%2C_by_Charles_Wild%2C_1816_-_royal_coll_922164_313723_ORI_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wild" title="Charles Wild">Charles Wild</a> (1816) <i>St James's Palace, Queen's Levee Room</i></figcaption></figure> <p>When the court of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> adopted the custom, first noted as an English usage in 1672,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was called a <i>levée</i>. In the 18th century, as the fashionable dinner hour was incrementally moved later into the afternoon,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the morning reception of the British monarch, attended only by gentlemen, was shifted back towards noon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png/350px-Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png/525px-Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png/700px-Edward_VII_Lev%C3%A9e_for_Officers_at_St_James%27s_Palace.png 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>King Edward VII's first levee, held in the Throne Room of St James's Palace. The King stands in the foreground, with the <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Prince Carl of Denmark</a> to his left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of holding court levées was continued by the British monarchy until 1939. These took the form of a formal reception at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> at which officials, diplomats, and military officers of all three armed services, were presented individually to the sovereign. A form of civil uniform known as Levée dress was worn by those entitled to it, or else naval or military uniform, or <a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom">court dress</a>. Participants formed a queue in the Throne Room before stepping forward when their names and ranks were called. Each then bowed to the king who was seated on a dais with male members of his family, officials of the Royal Household and senior officers behind him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levees_in_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth">Levees in the British Empire and Commonwealth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Levees in the British Empire and Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levée ceremonies were held by regal representatives of the British Empire, such as the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor general">governors general</a> and state/provincial <a href="/wiki/Governor_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor (Australia)">governors</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Governor's_levee_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Governor's_levee-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceremonial event continues to be held in a number of Commonwealth countries. The <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_levee" title="New Year's levee">New Year's levee</a> is still held on New Year's Day in Canada, by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>, and various municipalities across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> By the 1760s, the custom was being copied by the colonial governors in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, but was abandoned in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Beginning in 1789, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> held weekly public gatherings and receptions at the presidential mansion that were called levees. Designed to give the public access to the president and to project a dignified public image of the presidency, they were continued by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>, but not by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English writer <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a>, after witnessing a <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> levee during the second term of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s presidency, remarked on how egalitarian the levee was in every respect but one:</p><blockquote><p>I saw one ambassador after another enter with his suite; the Judges of the Supreme Court; the majority of the members of both Houses of Congress; and intermingled with these, the plainest farmers, storekeepers, and mechanics, with their primitive wives and simple daughters. Some looked merry; some looked busy; but none bashful. I believe there were three thousand persons present. There was one deficiency,—one drawback, as I felt at the time. There were no persons of colour ... Every man of colour who is a citizen of the United States has a right to as free an admission as any other man; and it would be a dignity added to the White House if such were seen there.<sup id="cite_ref-Martineau_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martineau-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> held a levee on New Year's Eve 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Louis_XIV's_lever"><span id="Louis_XIV.27s_lever"></span>Louis XIV's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lever</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Louis XIV's lever"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been described in detail by <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon" title="Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon">Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon</a>. Louis XIV was a creature of habit and the inflexible routine that tired or irritated his heirs served him well. Wherever the king had actually slept, he was discovered sleeping in the close-curtained <a href="/wiki/State_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="State bed">state bed</a> standing in its alcove, which was separated from the rest of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chambre_du_roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambre du roi">chambre du roi</a></i></span> by a gilded balustrade.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was woken at eight o'clock by his head <a href="/wiki/Valet_de_chambre" title="Valet de chambre">valet de chambre</a>—<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Bontemps" title="Alexandre Bontemps">Alexandre Bontemps</a> held this post for most of the reign—who alone had slept in the bedchamber. The chief physician, the chief surgeon and Louis' childhood nurse, as long as she lived, all entered at the same time, and the nurse kissed him. The night <a href="/wiki/Chamberpot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamberpot">chamberpot</a> was removed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grande_entrée"><span id="Grande_entr.C3.A9e"></span><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande entrée</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grande entrée"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/William_Hogarth_022.jpg/270px-William_Hogarth_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/William_Hogarth_022.jpg/405px-William_Hogarth_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/William_Hogarth_022.jpg/540px-William_Hogarth_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>The second scene of <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Rake%27s_Progress" title="A Rake's Progress">A Rake's Progress</a></i> (1732-33) showing the wealthy Tom at his morning levée in London, attended by musicians and other hangers-on all dressed in expensive costumes. Surrounding Tom from left to right: a music master at a harpsichord, who was supposed to represent <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>; a fencing master; a quarterstaff instructor; a dancing master with a violin; a landscape gardener <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bridgeman" title="Charles Bridgeman">Charles Bridgeman</a>; an ex-soldier offering to be a bodyguard; a bugler of a <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox hunt">fox hunt</a> club. At lower right is a jockey with a silver trophy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Then the curtains of the bed were drawn once again and, at a quarter past eight, the Grand Chamberlain was called, bringing with him the nobles who had the privilege of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grande entrée</i></span>, a privilege that could be purchased, subject to the king's approval, but which was restricted in Louis' time to the nobles. The King remained in bed, in his nightshirt and a short wig. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chamberlain_of_France" title="Grand Chamberlain of France">Grand Chamberlain of France</a> or, in his absence, the Chief <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_of_the_Bedchamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman of the Bedchamber">Gentleman of the Bedchamber</a> presented <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> to the king from a vase that stood at the head of the bed and the king's morning clothes were laid out. First, the Master of the Bedchamber and the First Servant, both high nobles, pulled the king's nightshirt over his head, one grasping each sleeve. The Grand Chamberlain presented the day shirt which, according to Saint-Simon, had been shaken out and sometimes changed, because the king perspired freely. This was a moment for any of those with the privilege of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grande entrée</i></span> to have a swift private word with the king, which would have been carefully rehearsed beforehand to express a request as deferentially as possible while also being as brief as possible. The King was given a <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">missal</a> and the gentlemen retired into the adjoining <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chambre du conseil</i></span> (the "council chamber") while there was a brief private prayer for the King. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Première_entrée"><span id="Premi.C3.A8re_entr.C3.A9e"></span><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Première entrée</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Première entrée"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the King had them recalled, now accompanied by those who had the lesser privilege of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">première entrée</i></span>, his process of dressing began. Louis preferred to dress himself "for he did almost everything himself, with address and grace", Saint-Simon remarked. The King was handed a dressing-gown, and a mirror was held for him, for he had no <a href="/wiki/Toilet_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Toilet table">toilet table</a> like ordinary gentlemen. Every other day the King shaved himself. Now, other privileged courtiers were admitted, a few at a time, at each stage, so that, as the King was putting on his shoes and stockings, "everyone" — in Saint-Simon's view — was there. This was the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">entrée de la chambre</i></span>, which included the king's readers and the director of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Menus_Plaisirs_du_Roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Menus Plaisirs du Roi">Menus Plaisirs</a></i></span>, that part of the royal establishment in charge of all preparations for ceremonies, events and festivities, to the last detail of design and order. At the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">entrée de la chambre</i></span> were admitted the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Almoner_of_France" title="Grand Almoner of France">Grand Aumônier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a> and the king's ministers and secretaries. A fifth entrée now admitted ladies for the first time, and a sixth entrée admitted, from a privileged position at a cramped backdoor, the king's children, legitimate and illegitimate indiscriminately — in scandalous fashion Saint-Simon thought — and their spouses. </p><p>The crowd in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chambre du Roi</i></span> can be estimated from Saint-Simon's remark of the King's devotions, which followed: the King knelt at his bedside "where all the clergy present knelt, the cardinals without cushions, all the laity remaining standing". </p><p>The King then passed into the <i><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">cabinet</a></i> where all those who possessed any court office attended him. He then announced what he expected to do that day and was left alone with those among his favourites of the royal children born illegitimately (whom he had publicly recognised and legitimated<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and a few favourites, with the valets. These were less pressing moments to discuss projects with the King, who parcelled out his attention with strict regard for the current standing of those closest to him. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Lever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Le_Lever.jpg/275px-Le_Lever.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Le_Lever.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Lever</i></span>, engraving by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Romanet" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine-Louis Romanet">Louis Romanet</a> (1742–1810), after <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freudenberger" title="Sigmund Freudenberger">Sigmund Freudenberg</a> (1745-1801)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_lever"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grand lever</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grand lever"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the entry of the King into the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grande Galerie</i></span>, where the rest of the court awaited him, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">petit lever</i></span> was finished, and with the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grand lever</i></span> the day was properly begun, as the king proceeded to daily Mass, sharing brief words as he progressed and even receiving some petitions. It was of these occasions that the King habitually remarked, in refusing a favour asked for some noble, "We never see him", meaning that he did not spend enough time at Versailles, where Louis wanted to keep the nobility penned up, to prevent them interesting themselves in politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="For_the_aristocracy">For the aristocracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: For the aristocracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the aristocracy, the levée could also become a crowded and social occasion, especially for women, who liked to put off the donning of their uncomfortable formal clothes, and whose hair and perhaps make-up needed prolonged attention. There is a famous depiction of the levée of an 18th-century Viennese lady of the court in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>'s later opera <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i></span>, where she has her hair dressed while surrounded by a disorderly crowd of tradesmen touting for work or payment, and other petitioners, followed by a visit from a cousin. The second scene of <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Rake%27s_Progress" title="A Rake's Progress">A Rake's Progress</a></i> shows a male equivalent in 1730s London. </p><p>In the French engraving <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Lever</i></span> after Freudenberg, of the 1780s, gentle social criticism is levelled at the lady of the court; that she slept without unlacing her stays, apparently, perhaps can be seen as artistic licence. Her maids dress her with deference, while the wallclock under the hangings of her <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Polish_bed" title="Polish bed">lit à la polonaise</a></i></span> appears to read noon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(2006_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (2006 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i>, the levée of the French queen during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI is represented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levee_(ceremony)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/levee">"levee"</a>. Dictionary.com. <i>Dictionary.com Unabridged</i>. Random House, Inc. Accessed January 10, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einhard, <i>Life of Charlemagne</i>, §24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, J.H. <i>Europe Divided 1559-1998, Fontana History of Europe</i> (New York: Harper Torchbooks 1968) p.70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to the King (8 September 1563?) LCM. Vol. II, p. 90, cited in Potter, David, <i>The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents</i> (New York 1997) p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Levee"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Levee">"Levee" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 505–506.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Levee&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=505-506&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevee+%28ceremony%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/versailles-during-the-centuries/living-at-the-court/a-day-in-the-life-of-louis-xiv">Official website of the Palace of Versailles</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>: "Levée".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-magazine.com/dinner2.html">Sherrie McMillan, "What Time is Dinner?" <i>History Magazine</i> on-line</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiven1986" class="citation book cs1">Niven, David (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moonsballoon00davi/page/118"><i>The Moon's a Balloon</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moonsballoon00davi/page/118">118–120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-15817-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-15817-4"><bdi>0-340-15817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon%27s+a+Balloon&rft.pages=118-120&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-340-15817-4&rft.aulast=Niven&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoonsballoon00davi%2Fpage%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevee+%28ceremony%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Governor's_levee-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Governor's_levee_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5425609">"Governor's Levee"</a>. <i>Trove</i>. The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA: 1889 - 1931). p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trove&rft.atitle=Governor%27s+Levee&rft.pages=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article5425609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevee+%28ceremony%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/levees-receptions/">"Levees (Receptions)"</a>. <i>Digital Encyclopedia</i>. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, George Washington's Mount Vernon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Levees+%28Receptions%29&rft.btitle=Digital+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Mount+Vernon%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Mount+Vernon+Ladies%27+Association%2C+George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Flevees-receptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevee+%28ceremony%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martineau-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martineau_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/52685/pg52685-images.html">Martineau, Harriett, <i>Society in America</i>, Vol.II, pp. 220—221 New York, 1837) (retrieved Dec. 17, 2022).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Justin (2018) <i>A Fierce Glory</i> New York: Da Capo Press. pp.246-250. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82525-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82525-5">978-0-306-82525-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ceremonies were abbreviated when the king was at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Marly" title="Château de Marly">Marly</a> or one of his other occasional retreats, providing a sense of intimacy that was only comparative, but engendering struggles among courtiers to be invited on such occasions, precisely the kind of competition Louis fostered.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The comparison with the communion rail that separated the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> in a church was not unintentional. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chambre du roi</i></span> marked the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">château de Versailles</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These eventually were five in all.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-Simon,_duc_de" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon" title="Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon, duc de</a>. "Chapter LXXVIII". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3875/3875-h/3875-h.htm#2HCH0078"><i>Memoirs of Louis XIV</i></a>. Vol. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+LXXVIII&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Louis+XIV&rft.au=Saint-Simon%2C+duc+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3875%2F3875-h%2F3875-h.htm%232HCH0078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevee+%28ceremony%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a>, <i>The Court Society</i> (1969) translation 1983 pp. 78–104. An analytical description.</li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill,_John_P.2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Neill, John P., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/65460"><i><span></span></i>Dangerous liaisons : fashion and furniture in the eighteenth century<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+liaisons+%3A+fashion+and+furniture+in+the+eighteenth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F65460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevee+%28ceremony%29" class="Z3988"></span> (see essay: <i>The Levee: The Assiduous Admirer / Cabris Room</i>)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lever" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lever">lever</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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