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class="col-lg-8 content break-word-paragraph"> <div role="heading"> <div class="region region-header"> <h1 class="page-header"> <span property="schema:name">Arab history</span> </h1> </div> </div> <div> <div class="region region-content"> <article data-history-node-id="72" role="article" about="/index.php/special-topics/arab-history" typeof="schema:WebPage" class="page full clearfix"> <span property="schema:name" content="Arab history" class="hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div property="schema:text" class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><h2><a name="Pre" id="Pre">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></h2> <p><strong><a href="http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/focus/deserts/hittmai1.htm">The original Arab, the Bedouin</a></strong><br /> by Philip K Hitti (from "The Arabs: A Short History")</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arabia1.asp">Ancient accounts of Arabia</a> </strong><br /> (from the <a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook.asp">Internet Ancient History Sourcebook</a>)</p> <blockquote><p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arabia1.asp#Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, c. 430 BCE<br /><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arabia1.asp#Strabo">Strabo</a>, c. 22 CE<br /><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arabia1.asp#Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, c. 220 CE<br /><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arabia1.asp#Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, c. 380 CE<br /><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arabia1.asp#Procopius">Procopius of Caesarea</a>, c. 550 CE</p> </blockquote> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110629114458/http://public.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/PRE.HTM">Pre-Islamic Arabic culture</a></strong><br /> The desert origins of the Arabs, by Richard Hooker</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/shahid.html">Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century</a></strong><br /> by Irfan Shahid (Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington DC)</p> <hr /><h2><a name="birth" id="birth">The birth of Islam</a></h2> <p><strong><a href="http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/focus/deserts/hittmai2.htm">Muhammad, The Prophet of Allah</a> </strong><br /> by Philip K. Hitti (from "The Arabs: A Short History")</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/rodinson.html">Muhammad</a></strong><br /> by Maxime Rodinson (Pantheon Books, 1980)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/watt.html">Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman</a></strong><br /> by Montgomery Watt (Oxford University Press, 1961)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/crone.html">Meccan trade and the rise of Islam</a></strong><br /> by Patricia Crone (from "The Rise of Islam", Princeton University Press, 1987)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110607183604/http://public.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/MUHAM.HTM">Muhammad</a></strong><br /> and the origins of Islam, by Richard Hooker</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/muhammadi-sira.html">Selections from the "Life of Muhammad"</a></strong><br /> Ibn Ishaq (died c.773 CE):</p> <hr /><h2><a name="expansion" id="expansion">Islamic expansion</a></h2> <p><strong><a href="http://asianhistory.about.com/od/warsinasia/a/battleofbadr.htm">The Battle of Badr</a></strong> 624 CE<br /> This was the first battle between believers and unbelievers, and it is still the most famous in Islamic history.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr"><strong>Battle of Badr</strong></a> (Wikipedia)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031226130509/http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/islam/qurayzah/arafat.html">New light on the story of the Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina</a></strong><br /> by W N Arafat (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1976)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/yarmuk.html">The Battle of Yarmuk (636 CE) and after</a></strong><br /> An account by al-Baladhuri (d. c. 892) of the battle against the Byzantine army which delivered Syria to the Muslim. [<a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/islamsbook.asp">Internet Islamic Sourcebook</a>]</p> <p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/642Egypt-conq2.asp"><strong>The Arab conquest of Egypt</strong></a> 642 CE<br /> Two accounts - a Coptic version from "The History of The Patriarchs of Alexandria" and an Arab version from Al-Baladhuri's "The Conquest of Alexandria" [Internet Medieval Sourcebook]</p> <p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/donner.html"><strong>Tribe and state in Arabia</strong></a><br /> by Fred Donner (from "The Early Islamic Conquests", Princeton University Press, 1981)</p> <p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/herrin.asp"><strong>Byzantium confronted by Islam</strong></a><br /> by Judith Herrin (from "The Formation of Christendom", Princeton University Press, 1987)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.asp">The Pact of Umar</a></strong> (7th century)<br /> Dealing with the status of non-Muslims under Muslim rule. <a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/jews-umar.asp">Alternative version</a>.</p> <hr /><h2><a name="caliphate" id="caliphate">The early caliphate</a></h2> <p><strong><a href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2018?_hi=0&_pos=17">The "Rightly-Guided" Caliphs</a></strong><br /> (Oxford Islamic Studies Online)</p> <blockquote><p><a href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e29">Abu Bakr (632-634 CE)</a><br /><a href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2419">'Umar (634-644 CE)</a><br /><a href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2449">'Uthman (644-656 CE)</a><br /><a href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e120">'Ali (656-661 CE)</a></p> </blockquote> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110607183549/http://public.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/CALIPH.HTM">The Caliphate</a></strong><br /> The early patriarchal caliphs, by Richard Hooker</p> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110629114508/http://public.wsu.edu/~dee/ISLAM/SHIA.HTM">The Shi'a</a></strong><br /> Origins of the Sunni-Shi'a schism, by Richard Hooker</p> <hr /><h2><a name="Umayyads" id="Umayyads">Umayyads and Abbasids</a></h2> <p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/wiet.asp"><strong>The golden age of Arab and Islamic culture</strong></a><br /> by Gaston Wiet. From "Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate", University of Oklahoma Press</p> <p><strong><a href="https://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1000baghdad.asp">Baghdad under the Abbasids</a></strong><br /> (c.1000 CE)<br /> A contemporary description of the city in its heyday</p> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010213222637/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ISLAM/UMAY.HTM">Civil war and the Umayyads</a></strong><br /> From the death of the Prophet to the end of the Ummayad Dynasty (661-750 CE). By Richard Hooker</p> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110104162442/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ISLAM/ABASSID.HTM">The Abbasid Dynasty</a></strong> (750 to 1258 CE)<br /> by Richard Hooker</p> <p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/schacht.asp"><strong>Law and justice</strong></a><br /> by J. Schact, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Islam</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/masoudi.asp">Tales of the Caliphs</a></strong><br /> (c.940 CE)<br /> Anecdotes from the Book of Golden Meadows by the early historian, Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di.</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/980Ibn-Miskawaih.asp">The Experiences of the Nations</a></strong><br /> (c. 980 CE)<br /> A question of succession in the Abbasid court. By Ibn-Miskawaih</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/IAS/English/Unit/Soukatu/Soukatu-l/humphreys.html#Humphreys(kyoto)">Towards a history of Aleppo and Damascus in the early Middle Ages</a></strong> (635-1260 CE)<br /> by Professor R. Stephen Humphreys, University of California at Santa Barbara. (Lecture at the University of Kyoto, 29 October 1997)</p> <hr /><h2><a name="Europe" id="Europe">Islam in Europe</a></h2> <p>In 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad, at the head of a mainly Berber army, began the conquest of Spain and, by 733, the Muslims had reached as far north as Poitiers in France. This marked the start of a period of Islamic rule which continued until the fall of Granada in 1492 - the year that Columbus arrived in America. Many reminders of this period can still be found in the Iberian peninsula, including the name of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq - "the mountain of Tariq").</p> <p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/conqspain.asp"><strong>The Islamic conquest of Spain</strong></a><br /> An account by Ibn Abd al-Hakim, and Egyptian who died in 870 or 871. From "History of the Conquest of Spain", translated by John Harris Jones (Kaestner, Gottingen, 1858)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/711Tarik1.asp">Tarik's address to his soldiers</a></strong>, 711 CE<br /> Al-Maggari's account. Quoted by Charles F. Horne (ed), "The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East", (Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, New York, 1917)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/arab-poitiers732.asp">The Battle of Poitiers (or Tours)</a></strong>, 732 CE<br /> Anonymous Arab chronicler<br /> The defeat of Abd al-Rahman by the Franks halted the Muslims' northward advance. Some historians regard it as a turning point in world history and Gibbon even suggested that if the Muslims had won Oxford would have become a city of minarets rather than spires. A more modern view is that the Muslims were not much interested in the north (they disliked the weather) but victory at Poitiers might have led them to conquer Italy. <a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/732tours.asp">Three more accounts of the battle</a>.</p> <p><strong><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030325042517/http://muweb.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/geo/VINBAR01.GEO">Columbus: What if ... ?</a></strong><br /> by Aileen Vincent-Barwood<br /> The fact that the discovery of America coincided with the end of Islamic rule in Spain provides fertile ground for historical speculation. Is it possible that Christopher Columbus greeted the inhabitants of the New World with the words: "As-salaamu alaykum"?</p> <p><strong><a href="http://al-bab.com/philosophy-ibn-rushd">Ibn Rushd's criticisms of the theologians’ arguments for the existence of God</a></strong><br /> Dr Ibrahim Y. Najjar discusses "the appealing audacity" of Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</p> <hr /><h2><a name="Crusades" id="Crusades">The Crusades</a></h2> <p><strong><a href="http://crusades.boisestate.edu/">History of the Crusades</a></strong><br /> Probably the best introduction to the Crusades is this on-line course developed by Dr E L Skip Knox at <a href="http://www.boisestate.edu">Boise State University</a>, Idaho. It covers the following topics:</p> <p><strong>The major Crusades</strong></p> <ul><li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/1st/">First Crusade</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/2nd/">Second Crusade</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/3rd/">Third Crusade</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/4th/">Fourth Crusade</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/5th/">Fifth Crusade</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/6th/">Sixth Crusade</a></p> </li> </ul><p><strong>General histories</strong></p> <ul><li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/Europe/">Europe during the Crusades</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/Byzantium/">The Byzantine Empire during the Crusades</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/Islam/">Islam during the Crusades</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/Outremer/">Outremêr during the Crusades</a></p> </li> </ul><p><strong>Other Crusades and topics</strong></p> <ul><li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/1101/">The Crusade of 1101</a></p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/crusades/Albi/">The Albigensian Crusade</a></p> </li> </ul><p><strong><a href="http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/crusades1.htm">A brief account of the Crusades</a></strong><br /> From Muslims on Line</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/christ-muslim-debate.html">A Christian-Muslim debate</a></strong> (12th Century)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/usamah2.html">Usamah Ibn Munqidh</a></strong> (1095-1188)<br /> Usamah was a Muslim warrior and courtier, who fought against the Crusaders with Saladin. This extract from his authobiography, written around 1175, discusses the Franks.</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1198popevenz.html">Licence to Venice to trade with the Saracens</a></strong> (1198)<br /> Pope Innocent III</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/assassin.htm">The Assassins</a></strong><br /> by Philip K. Hitti. From: "The Book of Grass: An Anthology on Indian Hemp", edited by George Andrews and Simon Vinkenoog.</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/makrisi.html">The Crusade of St. Louis</a></strong><br /> An Arab account by al-Makrisi. From: "The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings", in "Chronicles of the Crusades", Henry G. Bohn (ed), London, 1848</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/salahdin.html">Medieval accounts of Salah al-Din's recovery of Jerusalem</a></strong><br /> by Hadia Dajani-Shakeel. From: Hisham Nashabe (ed) "Studia Palaestina: Studies in honour of Constantine K. Zurayk", Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut 1988.</p> <hr /><h2><a name="Fatimids" id="Fatimids">Fatimids and Mamluks</a></h2> <p><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lev.html"><strong>The ruling circles</strong></a><br /> by Yacov Lev.<br /> From "State and Society in Fatimid Egypt", E J Brill, Leiden, 1991</p> <hr /><h2><a name="Turks" id="Turks">Turks and Ottomans</a></h2> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/med/saunders.html">The Turkish Irruption</a></strong><br /> by J J Saunders. From "A History of Medieval Islam", Routledge, London</p> <p><strong><a href="https://archive.org/details/asurveyturkishe00etongoog">A Survey of the Turkish Empire</a></strong><br /> by Sir William Eton, 1799</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1908youngturk.html">Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire</a></strong><br /> The Young Turks, 1908</p> <hr /><h2><a name="imperialism" id="imperialism">The age of imperialism</a></h2> <p><strong><a href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/5-1/text/collier.html">Islamic law and Western imperialism</a></strong><br /> Jane F. Collier examines the historical processes that constructed a cultural opposition between the supposed rule of law in the West and imagined religious fanaticism in the East. From Law & Society Review 28.2 (1994).</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1876suezcanal.html">The story of the Suez Canal</a></strong><br /> From "All the Year Round", January 8, 1876</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1908cromer.html">Why Britain acquired Egypt in 1882</a></strong><br /> Explanation by the Earl of Cromer (first British Viceroy of Egypt), dated 1908</p> <p><strong><a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/entecord.asp">Declaration Between the United Kingdom and France Respecting Egypt and Morocco</a></strong><br /> April 8, 1904</p> <p><strong><a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1915mcmahon.html">Letter to Ali ibn Hussain</a></strong> (1915)<br /> Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, wrote a series of 10 letters to Ali Ibn Hussain, Sherif of Mecca, during the First World War in the hope of attracting Arab support against the Turks. The implication was that after the war Britain would support an independent Arab state.</p> <p><strong><a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/sykes.asp">The Sykes-Picot Agreement</a></strong> (1916)</p> <p><strong><a href="http://www.telstudies.org/">T E Lawrence Studies</a></strong><br /> A website aboutT E Lawrence(1888-1935) – "Lawrence of Arabia"</p> <p><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060314195009/http://research.sun.com/techrep/Perspectives/smli_ps-3.pdf"><strong>Influence as Power</strong></a><br /> by Rich Stiller. An online book about Lawrence [PDF file]</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 sidebar"> <div class="block homepage-artwork"> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-homepage-artwork view-id-homepage_artwork view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-7e05a072451a595374ea07444d986a01664adcb153eecd582551f74414e2fb97"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-art-image"><div class="field-content"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2023-09/susan-hefuna-patience.jpg" width="380" height="307" alt="" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-body"><div class="field-content"><p><strong>ARAB ART ONLINE:</strong> Susan Hefuna: <em>Al Sabr Gamil (Patience is Beautiful)</em> 2007. Ink stained on wood 140 x 170 cm. <a href="/node/3719#susan-hefuna">More information</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/susan-hefuna-patience.jpg">Click to enlarge</a> </p> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block blue-boxes"> <h2 class="block-title">News Background</h2> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-blue-boxes view-id-blue_boxes view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-679fe5e1133cc0ebfd355472e17022cdd4f562e988398328ef078b77e56c93d5"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://al-bab.com/gaza-other-war"> <div class="blue-box-container Blue"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container Yellow"> <h2>Gaza the other war</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container White"> A collection of blog posts related to the Gaza war – not so much about the war itself but about the public discourse outside Israel/Palestine. </div> </div> </a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://www.al-bab.com/denying-the-obvious"> <div class="blue-box-container Yellow"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container Black"> <h2>Denying the Obvious</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container Black"> Brian Whitaker's new e-book tells the story of the disinformation campaign surrounding chemical weapons attacks in Syria: how it began, the ideas that drove it, and how it was choreographed with assistance from Russia. Read it online or download a PDF. </div> </div> </a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content"><a href="https://al-bab.com/blog/2016/02/transgender-issues-middle-east-1"> <div class="blue-box-container Blue"> <div class="box-image-container"> </div> <div class="box-title-container Yellow"> <h2>Transgender rights in the Middle East</h2> </div> <div class="box-sub-title-container White"> In a region where gender segregation is widespread and dress codes are sometimes enforced by law, the problems of transgender people are especially acute. 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