CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arab citizens of Israel - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a7f46315-afbc-406b-9b27-ea4dea531d2a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arab_citizens_of_Israel","wgTitle":"Arab citizens of Israel","wgCurRevisionId":1257881929,"wgRevisionId":1257881929,"wgArticleId":492331,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with Hebrew-language sources (he)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from November 2016","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher", "Articles with dead external links from October 2019","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013","Articles with dead external links from May 2016","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2024","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022","Pages with broken anchors","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020", "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from November 2024","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Commons category link from Wikidata","Arab citizens of Israel","Israeli people of Palestinian descent","Demographics of Israel","Society of Israel"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Arab_citizens_of_Israel","wgRelevantArticleId":492331,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q204333","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png/1200px-Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1928"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png/800px-Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1285"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png/640px-Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1028"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arab citizens of Israel - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Arab_citizens_of_Israel rootpage-Arab_citizens_of_Israel skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arab+citizens+of+Israel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arab+citizens+of+Israel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arab+citizens+of+Israel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arab+citizens+of+Israel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Terminology and identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology_and_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Terminology and identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_demonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_demonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 List of demonyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_demonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonym_preferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonym_preferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Demonym preferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonym_preferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification_as_Palestinian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_as_Palestinian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Identification as Palestinian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_as_Palestinian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinction_of_Druze_and_Circassian_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_of_Druze_and_Circassian_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1.1 Distinction of Druze and Circassian citizens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_of_Druze_and_Circassian_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_as_Arab_Israeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_as_Arab_Israeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Identification as Arab Israeli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_as_Arab_Israeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Israeli surveys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Academic practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Israeli establishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Jerusalem_and_Golan_Heights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Jerusalem_and_Golan_Heights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 East Jerusalem and Golan Heights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Jerusalem_and_Golan_Heights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1948_Arab–Israeli_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_Arab–Israeli_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1948 Arab–Israeli War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_Arab–Israeli_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949–1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949–1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1949–1966 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949–1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967–2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967–2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1967–2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967–2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 2000–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectarian_and_religious_groupings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian_and_religious_groupings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sectarian and religious groupings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sectarian_and_religious_groupings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sectarian and religious groupings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sectarian_and_religious_groupings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Settled </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedouin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedouin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Bedouin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedouin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Druze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanese_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanese_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Lebanese people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanese_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_Arab_localities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_Arab_localities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Major Arab localities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_Arab_localities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceived_demographic_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceived_demographic_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Perceived demographic threat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceived_demographic_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_and_population_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_and_population_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Land and population exchange </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_and_population_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Arab political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_the_Knesset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_the_Knesset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Representation in the Knesset </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_the_Knesset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_the_civil_service_sphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_the_civil_service_sphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Representation in the civil service sphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_the_civil_service_sphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_political,_judicial_and_military_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_political,_judicial_and_military_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Representation in political, judicial and military positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_political,_judicial_and_military_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_political_organizations_and_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_political_organizations_and_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other political organizations and movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_political_organizations_and_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_ban_Arab_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_ban_Arab_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Attempts to ban Arab political parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_ban_Arab_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_List_for_Peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_List_for_Peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Progressive List for Peace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_List_for_Peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Balad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_List_–_Ta'al_and_Balad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_List_–_Ta'al_and_Balad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.3 United Arab List – Ta'al and Balad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_List_–_Ta'al_and_Balad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_political_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_political_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legal and political status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_and_political_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal and political status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_political_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic_and_Hebrew_as_official_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_and_Hebrew_as_official_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Arabic and Hebrew as official languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_and_Hebrew_as_official_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_national_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_national_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Israeli national symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_national_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Independence Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barriers_for_East_Jerusalem_Palestinians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers_for_East_Jerusalem_Palestinians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Barriers for East Jerusalem Palestinians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers_for_East_Jerusalem_Palestinians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003_Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003_Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 2003 Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discriminatory/racist_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discriminatory/racist_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2.1 Discriminatory/racist character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discriminatory/racist_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions_and_current_status_quo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions_and_current_status_quo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2.2 Extensions and current status quo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions_and_current_status_quo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property_ownership_and_housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property_ownership_and_housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Property ownership and housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property_ownership_and_housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contesting_allegations_of_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contesting_allegations_of_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Contesting allegations of discrimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contesting_allegations_of_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_intermarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_intermarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Opposition to intermarriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_intermarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knesset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knesset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Knesset </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knesset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economic status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Military conscription </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_conscription-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military conscription subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 National service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercommunal_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercommunal_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Intercommunal relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intercommunal_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Intercommunal relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Intercommunal_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys_and_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys_and_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Surveys and polls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys_and_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_terrorist_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_terrorist_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Involvement in terrorist attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_terrorist_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_against_Arab_citizens_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_Arab_citizens_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Violence against Arab citizens in Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_Arab_citizens_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_victims_of_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_victims_of_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Arab victims of terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_victims_of_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_Palestinians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_Palestinians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Relations with other Palestinians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_Palestinians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Cultural centers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Music and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 Cinema and theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.7 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arab citizens of Israel</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_48" title="عرب 48 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عرب 48" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail_%C9%99r%C9%99bl%C9%99ri" title="İsrail ərəbləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsrail ərəbləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایسراییل عرب‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسراییل عرب‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="ইসরায়েলের আরব নাগরিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসরায়েলের আরব নাগরিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rabs_d%27Israel" title="Àrabs d'Israel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrabs d'Israel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael%C5%A1t%C3%AD_Arabov%C3%A9" title="Izraelští Arabové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izraelští Arabové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelske_arabere" title="Israelske arabere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Israelske arabere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Israelis" title="Arabische Israelis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Israelis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB" title="Άραβες του Ισραήλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άραβες του Ισραήλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabes_de_Israel" title="Árabes de Israel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árabes de Israel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabaj_israelanoj" title="Arabaj israelanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arabaj israelanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo-israeldar" title="Arabo-israeldar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabo-israeldar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="شهروندان عرب اسرائیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهروندان عرب اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabes_isra%C3%A9liens" title="Arabes israéliens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabes israéliens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelyske_Arabieren" title="Israelyske Arabieren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Israelyske Arabieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabee_Israelagh" title="Arabee Israelagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Arabee Israelagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EA%B3%84_%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%BC" title="이스라엘의 아랍계 시민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스라엘의 아랍계 시민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warga_Arab_di_Israel" title="Warga Arab di Israel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Warga Arab di Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi_israeliani" title="Arabi israeliani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arabi israeliani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ערביי ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערביי ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo_israeliana" title="Arabo israeliana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arabo israeliana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ისრაელიშ არაბეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისრაელიშ არაბეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_48" title="عرب 48 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عرب 48" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warga_Arab_di_Israel" title="Warga Arab di Israel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Warga Arab di Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_Isra%C3%ABli%C3%ABrs" title="Arabische Israëliërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische Israëliërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96%E7%B3%BB%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91" title="イスラエルのアラブ系市民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラエルのアラブ系市民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelske_arabere" title="Israelske arabere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Israelske arabere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="د اسراییلو عرب اتباع – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اسراییلو عرب اتباع" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rabes_israelenses" title="Árabes israelenses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabes israelenses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabii_israelieni" title="Arabii israelieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arabii israelieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Израильские арабы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Израильские арабы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qytetar%C3%ABt_arab%C3%AB_t%C3%AB_Izraelit" title="Qytetarët arabë të Izraelit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qytetarët arabë të Izraelit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Israelis" title="Arab Israelis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arab Israelis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ھاووڵاتییانی عەرەبی ئیسرائیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاووڵاتییانی عەرەبی ئیسرائیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelin_arabit" title="Israelin arabit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Israelin arabit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail_Araplar%C4%B1" title="İsrail Arapları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsrail Arapları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%8E" title="Араби Ізраїлю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Араби Ізраїлю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اسرائیل کے عرب شہری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسرائیل کے عرب شہری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%A3%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯裔以色列人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯裔以色列人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arab_citizens_of_Israel" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&oldid=1257881929" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&id=1257881929&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArab_citizens_of_Israel">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArab_citizens_of_Israel">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_citizens_of_Israel" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q204333" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Arab citizens of Israel</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>عرب ٤٨‎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">المواطنون الفلسطينيين في إسرائيل‎ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>עֲרָבִים אֶזרָחֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png/260px-Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png/390px-Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png/520px-Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png 2x" data-file-width="4773" data-file-height="7667" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map of <a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab localities in Israel</a>, 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a>, 2023: 2,065,000 (21%)<a href="#cite_note-CBS2023-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabs2013-2">[2]</a><hr /><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, 2012: 278,000 (~3%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> (84%)<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> (8%)<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a> (8%)<a href="#cite_note-CBS2019-6">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Middle Eastern peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Arab citizens of Israel form Israel’s largest ethnic minority.<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> They are mostly former <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Citizenship_Order_1925" title="Palestinian Citizenship Order 1925">citizens</a> who have continued to live in what became Israel, and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerRoberts2008-9">[6]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> now prefer to be identified as Palestinian citizens of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2012-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfrel-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo2021-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> Following the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>, it conferred <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law#Status_of_Palestinian_Arabs" title="Israeli citizenship law">its citizenship</a> to the Arabs who <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">remained or were not expelled</a> from its territory, but they were put under military law until 1966. After the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, which resulted in an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupation</a> of several territories, Israel annexed <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> in the early 1980s, thereby granting citizenship eligibility to the two territories' populace respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Question_of_Palestine:_Jerusalem-14">[11]</a> Acquisition of Israeli citizenship there is scarce as only 5% of Palestinians in East Jerusalem were Israeli citizens in 2022. According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, the Israeli Arab population stood at 2.1 million people in 2023, accounting for 21% of Israel's total population.<a href="#cite_note-CBS2023-1">[1]</a> The majority of these Arab citizens identify themselves as Arab or Palestinian by nationality and as Israeli by citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ynetidentity-17">[14]</a> They mostly live in <a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab-majority towns and cities</a>, some of which are among the poorest in the country, and generally attend schools that are separated to some degree from those attended by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jewish Israelis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> Arab political parties traditionally did not join governing coalitions until 2021, when the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a> became the first to do so.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> The Druze and the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> have historically expressed the strongest non-Jewish affinity to Israel and are more likely to identify as <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a> than other Arab citizens.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> Speakers of both Arabic and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, their traditional vernacular is mostly <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a> in northern Israel, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a> in central Israel, and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>. Because the modern Arabic dialects of Israel's Arabs have absorbed many Hebrew loanwords and phrases, it is sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Israeli Arabic dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> By religious affiliation, the majority of Arab Israelis are Muslims, but there are significant Christian and Druze minorities, among others.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Arab citizens of Israel have a wide variety of self-identification: as Israeli or "in Israel"; as Arabs, Palestinians, or Israelis; and as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2021-26">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_identity">Terminology and identity</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Palestinian_citizens_of_Israel" title="Terms for Palestinian citizens of Israel">Terms for Palestinian citizens of Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabs_Israel_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arabs_Israel_2018.png/220px-Arabs_Israel_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="610" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arabs_Israel_2018.png/330px-Arabs_Israel_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arabs_Israel_2018.png/440px-Arabs_Israel_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>Arabs in Israel, by natural region (2018).</figcaption></figure> The choice of terms to refer to Arab citizens of Israel is a highly politicized issue, and there is a broad range of labels that members of this community use to self-identity.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lowrance-28">[25]</a> Generally speaking, supporters of Israel tend to use Israeli Arab or Arab Israeli to refer to this population without mentioning Palestine, while critics of Israel (or supporters of Palestinians) tend to use Palestinian or Palestinian Arab without referencing Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Peleg-29">[26]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, most preferred to identify themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel rather than as Israeli Arabs, as of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> uses both 'Palestinian Israelis'<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> and 'Israeli Arabs' to refer to the same population. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_day_sakhneen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Land_day_sakhneen.jpg/250px-Land_day_sakhneen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Land_day_sakhneen.jpg/375px-Land_day_sakhneen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Land_day_sakhneen.jpg/500px-Land_day_sakhneen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Israeli Arabs at a <a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a> rally in <a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a>, 30 March 2010</figcaption></figure>The relationship of Arab citizens to the State of Israel is often fraught with tension and can be regarded in the context of relations between <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> populations and state authorities elsewhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Arab citizens consider themselves to be an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The tension between their Palestinian Arab national identity and their identity as citizens of Israel was famously described by an Arab public figure as: "My state is at war with my nation".<a href="#cite_note-Shamir-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_demonyms">List of demonyms</h3></div> Arab/Palestinian citizens of Israel may refer to themselves by a wide range of terms. Each of these names, while referring to the same group of people, connotes a different balance in what is often a multilayered identity assigning varying levels of priority or emphasis to the various dimensions which may be historic-geographic ("<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine (region)</a>"), "national" or ethnoreligious (Palestinian, Arab, Israeli, Druze, Circassian), linguistic (Arabic-speaking), civic (feeling "Israeli" or not), etc.:<a href="#cite_note-icenter-35">[32]</a> <ul><li>Palestinian citizens of Israel<a href="#cite_note-icenter-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-cjr1-36">[33]</a> is a term that most <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arabs">Arab citizens of Israel</a> prefer to refer to themselves,<a href="#cite_note-cfrel-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt2012-10">[7]</a> and which some media (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>)<a href="#cite_note-honest-37">[34]</a> and other organizations use to refer to Israeli Arabs, either consistently or alternating the use of other terms for Israeli Arabs.</li> <li>Palestinian Arabs<a href="#cite_note-cjr1-36">[33]</a></li> <li>Palestinian Arabs in Israel<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amara-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a></li> <li>Palestinian Israelis<a href="#cite_note-itfiai-40">[37]</a></li> <li>Palestinians in Israel<a href="#cite_note-cjr1-36">[33]</a></li> <li>Israeli Arabs<a href="#cite_note-itfiai-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-cjr1-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-icenter-35">[32]</a></li> <li>Israeli Palestinian Arabs<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amara-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a></li> <li>Israeli Palestinians<a href="#cite_note-icenter-35">[32]</a></li> <li>Arab citizens of Israel<a href="#cite_note-itfiai-40">[37]</a></li> <li>Arab Israelis<a href="#cite_note-itfiai-40">[37]</a></li> <li>48ers,<a href="#cite_note-itfiai-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-icenter-35">[32]</a> '48 Arabs<a href="#cite_note-cjr1-36">[33]</a></li></ul> Two appellations, among others listed above, are not applied to the <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> Arab population or the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, as these territories were occupied by Israel in 1967: <ul><li>the Arabs inside the Green Line<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amara-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a></li> <li>the Arabs within (Arabic: عرب الداخل, romanized: ‘Arab al-Dākhil).<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amara-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonym_preferences">Demonym preferences</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, as of 2012, most Israeli Arabs preferred to identify themselves as Palestinian citizens of Israel rather than as Israeli Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2012-10">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> also states that most members of the Israeli Arab community prefer this term.<a href="#cite_note-cfrel-11">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> asserted in 2021 that "surveys showed" that Israeli Arabs preferred the term "Palestinian citizen of Israel" and that "for people who often feel caught between two worlds, however, the contours of what it means to be a Palestinian citizen of Israel remain a work in progress."<a href="#cite_note-wapo2021-12">[9]</a> However, these findings conflict with a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> poll which showed most Israelis self-identify as either Arab-Israeli or simply Israeli.<a href="#cite_note-2017poll-41">[38]</a> Similar terms that Israeli Arabs, media and other organizations may use are Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Israeli Palestinian Arabs. Amnesty reports that "Arab citizens of Israel" is "an inclusive term used by Israel that describes a number of different and primarily Arabic-speaking groups, including Muslim Arabs", Christian Arabs, Druze and Circassians. They further stated that "considering the number of those defined as Muslim Arabs and Christian Arabs together, the population of Palestinian citizens of Israel amounted to around 1.8 million" in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> There are at least two terms which specifically exclude the <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> Arab population and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and other Arabs in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>: the Arabs inside the Green Line, and the Arabs within (Arabic: عرب الداخل, romanized: ‘Arab al-Dākhil).<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amara-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a> These terms clarify that <ul><li>Although Israel annexed <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> in 1967, the vast majority of its Arab population does not have Israeli citizenship</li> <li>Although Israel annexed the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, that area was originally part of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Identification_as_Palestinian">Identification as Palestinian</h4></div> While known officially by the Israeli government only as "<a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arabs">Israeli Arabs</a>" or "Arab Israelis", the development of Palestinian nationalism and identity in the 20th and 21st centuries has been met by a marked evolution in self-identification, reflecting a rising identification with Palestinian identity alongside Arab and Israeli signifiers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ynetidentity-17">[14]</a> Many Palestinian citizens of Israel have family ties to Palestinians in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> as well as to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerRoberts2008-9">[6]</a> Between 1948 and 1967, very few Arab citizens of Israel identified openly as "Palestinian", and an "Israeli-Arab" identity, the preferred phrase of the Israeli establishment and public, was predominant.<a href="#cite_note-Peleg-29">[26]</a> Public expressions of Palestinian identity, such as displays of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian flag">Palestinian flag</a> or the singing and reciting of nationalist songs or poetry were illegal.<a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a> With the end of military administrative rule in 1966 and following the 1967 war, national consciousness and its expression among Israel's Arab citizens spread.<a href="#cite_note-Peleg-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a> A majority then self-identified as Palestinian, preferring this descriptor to Israeli Arab in numerous surveys over the years.<a href="#cite_note-Peleg-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waxmanp12-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a> In a 2017 telephone poll, 40% of Arab citizens of Israel identified as "Arab in Israel / Arab citizen of Israel", 15% identified as "Palestinian", 8.9% as "Palestinian in Israel / Palestinian citizen of Israel", and 8.7% as "Arab";<a href="#cite_note-2017poll-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> the focus groups associated with the poll provided a different outcome, in which "there was consensus that Palestinian identity occupies a central place in their consciousness".<a href="#cite_note-2017poll-41">[38]</a> A November 2023 poll asked respondents from this demographic what the most important "component in their personal identity" was to them; 33 percent answered "Israeli citizenship", 32 percent "Arab identity", 23 percent "religious affiliation", and 8 percent "Palestinian identity".<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> University of Haifa professor <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smooha" title="Sammy Smooha">Sammy Smooha</a> commented in 2019, "The largest now and the most growing identity is a hybrid identity, which is 'Palestinian in Israel' or a similar combination. I think that’s what’s going to take over."<a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Distinction_of_Druze_and_Circassian_citizens">Distinction of Druze and Circassian citizens</h5></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> 2022 report "Israel's Apartheid against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime against Humanity", the organization excludes the Israeli Arab Druze and non-Arab <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a> from the term Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> officially classifies the roughly 2.1 million Palestinian citizens of Israel as "Arab citizens of Israel", reflecting their attributing a racialized non-Jewish, Arab status to all of them</li> <li>The term "Arab citizens of Israel" includes Muslim Arabs including <a href="/wiki/Bedouins_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins in Israel">Bedouins</a>, Christian Arabs, the 20–25,000 <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>, and even the 4–5,000 <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a>, whose origins are in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> but are mostly Muslim.</li> <li>According to Amnesty, the Israeli state views and treats Palestinian citizens of Israel differently from the Druze and Circassians, who must for example serve in the army while Palestinian citizens need not serve.</li> <li>Nonetheless, Israeli authorities and media refer to those who self-identify as Palestinians – as "Israeli Arabs".</li></ul> The Washington Post included the Druze among the Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> The Council of Foreign Relations stated:"The majority of Arab citizens are Sunni Muslims, though there are many Christians and also Druze, who more often embrace Israeli identity."<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Identification_as_Arab_Israeli">Identification as Arab Israeli</h4></div> The question of Palestinian identity extends to representation in the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>. Journalist Ruth Margalit says of <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Abbas" title="Mansour Abbas">Mansour Abbas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-sixth government of Israel">governing coalition</a>, "The traditional term for this group, Arab Israelis, is increasingly controversial, but it's the one that Abbas prefers."<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Abbas gave an interview to Israeli media in November 2021 and said "My rights don't just come from my citizenship. My rights also come from being a member of the Palestinian people, a son of this Palestinian homeland. And whether we like it or not, the State of Israel, with its identity, was established inside the Palestinian homeland,"<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sami_Abu_Shehadeh" title="Sami Abu Shehadeh">Sami Abu Shehadeh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balad_(political_party)" title="Balad (political party)">Balad</a> is "an outspoken advocate of Palestinian identity".<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[51]</a> He says, referring to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a>, "... If the past weeks provided lessons for the international community, then a main one is that they cannot continue to ignore the Palestinian citizens of Israel. Any solution should include full equality for all citizens as well as the respect and recognition of our rights as a national minority."<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Some media using the term "Palestinian citizens of Israel" or "Palestinians in Israel" have treated the terms as interchangeable with "Arab citizens of Israel" or "Israeli Arabs", and have not discussed whether Druze and Circassians are exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-honest-37">[34]</a> such as the New York Times.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_surveys">Israeli surveys</h3></div> Surveys of Arab-Israeli self-identification are diverse, and have often presented differing if not contradictory results. In 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a>'s Program for Jewish-Arab Cooperation at the <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan_Center_for_Middle_Eastern_and_African_Studies" title="Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies">Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> conducted a telephone poll, in which the results were:<a href="#cite_note-2017poll-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> <ul><li>National identity with Israeli civil component 49.7%, of which <ul><li>Palestinian (citizen) of Israel 8.9%</li> <li>Arab (citizen) of Israel 40.8%</li></ul></li> <li>Pure national identity 24.1%, of which <ul><li>Palestinian 15.4%</li> <li>Arab 8.7%</li></ul></li> <li>Civil identity: Israeli 11.4%</li> <li>Religious identity 9.5%</li> <li>Other / Don't know 5.3%</li></ul> The focus groups associated with the poll provided a different outcome, in which "there was consensus that Palestinian identity occupies a central place in their consciousness". reflecting "the strength of Palestinian-Arab identity", and that they do not see a contradiction between that and Israeli civic identity. The focus group revealed strong opposition to the term "Israeli-Arab" and to the concept of Israel's "Independence Day". The study concluded that the focus group findings of strong Palestinian national identity, not conflicting with Israeli civic identity, match those seen in the public sphere.<a href="#cite_note-2017poll-41">[38]</a> According to a 2019 survey by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smooha" title="Sammy Smooha">Sammy Smooha</a>, conducted in Arabic among 718 Arab adults, 47% of the Arab population chose Palestinian identities with an Israeli component ("Israeli Palestinian", "Palestinian in Israel", "Palestinian Arab in Israel"), 36% prefers Israeli Arab identities without a Palestinian component ("Israeli", "Arab", "Arab in Israel", "Israeli Arab"), and 15% chose Palestinian identities without an Israeli component ("Palestinian", "Palestinian Arab"). When these two components are presented as competitors, 69% chose exclusive or primary Palestinian identity, compared with 30% who chose exclusive or primary Israeli Arab identity. 66% of the Arab population agreed that "the identity of 'Palestinian Arab in Israel' is appropriate to most Arabs in Israel."<a href="#cite_note-Smooha_2019-59">[56]</a> According to a 2020 survey by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camil_Fuchs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camil Fuchs (page does not exist)">Camil Fuchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tel-Aviv_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel-Aviv University">Tel-Aviv University</a>, 51% of Arabs identify as Arab-Israeli, 7% identify as Palestinian, 23% identify as Israeli, 15% identify as Arab, and 4% identify as "other." This significantly differs from their 2019 survey, in which 49% identified as Arab-Israeli, 18% as Palestinian, 27% as Arab, and 5% as Israeli.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_practice">Academic practice</h3></div> Common practice in contemporary academic literature is to identify this community as Palestinian as it is how the majority self-identify (See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Self-identification">Self-Identification</a> for more).<a href="#cite_note-Waxmanp12-45">[42]</a> Terms preferred by most Arab citizens to identify themselves include Palestinians, Palestinians in Israel, Israeli Palestinians, the Palestinians of 1948, Palestinian Arabs, Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel or Palestinian citizens of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lowrance-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amara-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muwasi-61">[58]</a> There are, however, individuals from among the Arab citizenry who reject the term Palestinian altogether.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-27">[24]</a> A minority of Israel's Arab citizens include "Israeli" in some way in their self-identifying label; the majority identify as <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> by nationality and Israeli by <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcus-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lowrance-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_establishment">Israeli establishment</h3></div> The Israeli establishment prefers Israeli Arabs or Arabs in Israel, and also uses the terms the minorities, the Arab sector, Arabs of Israel and Arab citizens of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-ICG-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amara-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitzp43-62">[59]</a> These labels have been criticized for denying this population a political or national identification, obscuring their Palestinian identity and connection to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitzp43-62">[59]</a> The term Israeli Arabs in particular is viewed as a construct of the Israeli authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-LDE-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rabinowitzp43-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamal-63">[60]</a> It is nonetheless used by a significant minority of the Arab population, "reflecting its dominance in Israeli social discourse."<a href="#cite_note-Lowrance-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3></div> Between 1920 and 1948, in what was then <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, all citizens were known as Palestinians, and the two primary communities were referred to by the British authorities as "Arabs" and "<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews</a>". Between <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948</a> and <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a>, very few citizens of Israel identified openly as "Palestinian". An "Israeli-Arab" identity, the preferred phrase of the Israeli establishment and public, was predominant.<a href="#cite_note-Peleg-29">[26]</a> Public expressions of Palestinian identity, such as displays of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian flag">Palestinian flag</a> or the singing and reciting of nationalist songs or poetry were illegal.<a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a> Ever since the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>, the Palestinians that have remained within the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Armistice borders">1949 Armistice borders</a> have been colloquially known as "48 Arabs" (Arabic: عرب ٤٨, romanized: ʿArab Thamāniya wa-ʾArbaʿīn).<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[51]</a> With the end of military administrative rule in 1966 and following the 1967 war, national consciousness and its expression among Israel's Arab citizens spread.<a href="#cite_note-Peleg-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a> A majority then self-identified as Palestinian, preferring this descriptor to Israeli Arab in numerous surveys over the years.<a href="#cite_note-Peleg-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waxmanp12-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Jerusalem_and_Golan_Heights">East Jerusalem and Golan Heights</h3></div> Arabs in East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights (Syrian Golan) are special cases regarding citizenship and identity. Arabs living in <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, occupied and administered by Israel since the Six-Day War of 1967 hold Israeli ID cards, but most are non-citizen permanent residents since few accepted Israel's offer of citizenship after the war's end, refusing to recognize its sovereignty, and most maintain close ties with the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-BBCEJ-64">[61]</a> As permanent residents, they are eligible to vote in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>'s municipal elections, although only a small percentage takes advantage of this right. The Golan Heights was not part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> or the Ottoman political units which preceded it, but rather was part of Syria, and the UN still recognizes it as such, and calls it the Syrian Golan.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> The remaining <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel#Status_and_position_of_Golan_Heights_Druze" title="Druze in Israel">Druze population of the Golan Heights</a>, occupied and administered by Israel in 1967, are considered permanent residents under Israels <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">Golan Heights Law</a> of 1981. As of mid 2022, 4,303 Druze citizens of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> have been granted Israeli citizenship, or, 20% of the total Druze residents in the Golan Heights.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_Arab–Israeli_War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</h3></div> Most Jewish Israelis refer to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> as the War of Independence, while most Arab citizens refer to it as <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">al-Nakba</a> (the catastrophe), a reflection of differences in perception of the purpose and outcomes of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Amarapxv-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Masalhap221-68">[65]</a> In the aftermath of the 1947–49 war, the territory previously administered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> was de facto divided into three parts: the State of Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a>-held West Bank, and the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>-held Gaza Strip. Of the estimated 950,000 Arabs that lived in the territory that became Israel before the war,<a href="#cite_note-al-Jazeera-20031209-69">[66]</a> over 80% fled or were expelled. The other 20%, some 156,000, remained.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Some of them are supporting Israel from the beginning.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> Arab citizens of Israel today are largely composed of the people who remained and their descendants. Others include some from the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> who procured Israeli citizenship under family-unification provisions made significantly more stringent in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Intifada" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Intifada">Second Intifada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> Arabs who left their homes during the period of armed conflict, but remained in what had become Israeli territory, were considered to be "<a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">present absentees</a>". In some cases, they were refused permission to return to their homes, which were <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">expropriated</a> and turned over to state ownership, as was the property of other <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> Some 274,000, or 1 of every 4 Arab citizens of Israel are "present absentees" or <a href="/wiki/Internally_Displaced_Palestinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally Displaced Palestinians">internally displaced Palestinians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Badil-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-IDMC-76">[73]</a> Notable cases of "present absentees" include the residents of <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Saffuriyya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> villages of <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Bir%27im" title="Kafr Bir'im">Kafr Bir'im</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iqrit" title="Iqrit">Iqrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949–1966">1949–1966</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi.jpg/170px-Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi.jpg/255px-Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi.jpg/340px-Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seif_el-Din_el-Zubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Seif el-Din el-Zubi">Seif el-Din el-Zubi</a>, member of the first Knesset</figcaption></figure> Between <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israel's declaration of independence</a> on 14 May 1948 and the Israeli Nationality Law of 14 July 1952, there technically were no Israeli citizens.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> While most Arabs remaining in Israel were granted citizenship, they were subject to martial law in the early years of the state.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> had given little serious thought as to how to integrate Arabs, and according to <a href="/wiki/Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Ian Lustick</a> subsequent policies were 'implemented by a rigorous regime of military rule that dominated what remained of the Arab population in territory ruled by Israel, enabling the state to expropriate most Arab-owned land, severely limit its access to investment capital and employment opportunity, and eliminate virtually all opportunities to use citizenship as a vehicle for gaining political influence'.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> A variety of Israeli legislative measures facilitated the transfer of land abandoned by Arabs to state ownership. These included the <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Property_Laws_in_Israel#The_'Absentees_Property_Law'" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and Property Laws in Israel">Absentee Property Law of 1950</a> which allowed the state to expropriate the property of Palestinians who fled or were expelled to other countries, and the Land Acquisition Law of 1953 which authorized the Ministry of Finance to transfer expropriated land to the state. Other common legal expedients included the use of emergency regulations to declare land belonging to Arab citizens a closed military zone, followed by the use of Ottoman legislation on abandoned land to take control of the land.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Travel permits, curfews, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">administrative detentions</a>, and expulsions were part of life until 1966.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Arabs who held Israeli citizenship were entitled to vote for the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>. Arab Knesset members have served in office since the <a href="/wiki/1949_Israeli_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Israeli legislative election">First Knesset</a>. The first Arab Knesset members were <a href="/wiki/Amin-Salim_Jarjora" title="Amin-Salim Jarjora">Amin-Salim Jarjora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seif_el-Din_el-Zoubi" title="Seif el-Din el-Zoubi">Seif el-Din el-Zoubi</a> who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_List_of_Nazareth" title="Democratic List of Nazareth">Democratic List of Nazareth</a> party and <a href="/wiki/Tawfik_Toubi" title="Tawfik Toubi">Tawfik Toubi</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Maki_(current_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maki (current political party)">Maki</a> party. In 1965 a radical independent Arab group called al-Ard forming the Arab Socialist List tried to run for <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> elections. The list was banned by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Central_Elections_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Central Elections Committee">Israeli Central Elections Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In 1966, martial law was lifted completely, and the government set about dismantling most of the discriminatory laws, while Arab citizens were granted the same rights as Jewish citizens under law.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967–2000">1967–2000</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabe_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Arabe_Statue.jpg/170px-Arabe_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Arabe_Statue.jpg/255px-Arabe_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Arabe_Statue.jpg/340px-Arabe_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A monument to residents of <a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Galilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Arraba, Galilee">Arraba</a> killed in the Arab–Israeli conflict</figcaption></figure> After the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Arab citizens were able to contact Palestinians in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> for the first time since the establishment of the state. This along with the lifting of military rule, led to increased political activism among Arab citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Identity_Crisis-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> In 1974, a committee of Arab mayors and municipal councilmen was established which played an important role in representing the community and pressuring the Israeli government.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> This was followed in 1975 by the formation of the Committee for the Defense of the Land, which sought to prevent continuing land expropriations.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> That same year, a political breakthrough took place with the election of Arab poet <a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_Ziad" title="Tawfiq Ziad">Tawfiq Ziad</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Maki_(current_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maki (current political party)">Maki</a> member, as mayor of Nazareth, accompanied by a strong communist presence in the town council.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> In 1976, six Arab citizens of Israel were killed by Israeli security forces at a protest against land expropriations and house demolitions. The date of the protest, 30 March, has since been commemorated annually as <a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a>. The 1980s saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Israel" title="Islamic Movement in Israel">Islamic Movement</a>. As part of a larger trend in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a>, the Islamic Movement emphasized moving Islam into the political realm. The Islamic movement built schools, provided other essential social services, constructed mosques, and encouraged prayer and conservative Islamic dress. The Islamic Movement began to affect electoral politics particularly at the local level.<a href="#cite_note-struggle-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Many Arab citizens supported the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> and assisted Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, providing them with money, food, and clothes. A number of strikes were also held by Arab citizens in solidarity with Palestinians in the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-struggle-90">[87]</a> The years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> were a time of optimism for Arab citizens. During the administration of <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, Arab parties played an important role in the formation of a governing coalition. Increased participation of Arab citizens was also seen at the civil society level. However, tension continued to exist with many Arabs calling for Israel to become a "<a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">state of all its citizens</a>", thereby challenging the state's Jewish identity. In the 1999 elections for prime minister, 94% of the Arab electorate voted for <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>. However, Barak formed a broad left-right-center government without consulting the Arab parties, disappointing the Arab community.<a href="#cite_note-Identity_Crisis-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–present">2000–present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demonstration_Arabs_Haifa_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Demonstration_Arabs_Haifa_2010.jpg/170px-Demonstration_Arabs_Haifa_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Demonstration_Arabs_Haifa_2010.jpg/255px-Demonstration_Arabs_Haifa_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Demonstration_Arabs_Haifa_2010.jpg/340px-Demonstration_Arabs_Haifa_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Arab Israelis from Shefa-'Amr demonstrating in front of the Haifa court building with Palestinian flags</figcaption></figure> Tensions between Arabs and the state rose in <a href="/wiki/October_2000_events" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2000 events">October 2000</a> when 12 Arab citizens and one man from Gaza were killed while protesting the government's response to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>. In response to this incident, the government established the <a href="/wiki/Or_Commission" title="Or Commission">Or Commission</a>. The events of October 2000 caused many Arabs to question the nature of their Israeli citizenship. To a large extent, they boycotted the <a href="/wiki/2001_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election" title="2001 Israeli prime ministerial election">2001 Israeli Elections</a> as a means of protest.<a href="#cite_note-Identity_Crisis-85">[82]</a> This boycott helped Ariel Sharon defeat Ehud Barak; as aforementioned, in the 1999 elections, 94 percent of Israel's Arab minority had voted for Ehud Barak.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> enlistment by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> citizens of Israel dropped significantly.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, Arab advocacy organizations complained that the Israeli government had invested time and effort to protect Jewish citizens from Hezbollah attacks, but had neglected Arab citizens. They pointed to a dearth of bomb shelters in Arab towns and villages and a lack of basic emergency information in Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-Arab_Citizens_and_the_2006_War-94">[91]</a> Many Israeli Jews viewed the Arab opposition to government policy and sympathy with the Lebanese as a sign of disloyalty.<a href="#cite_note-Arabs_and_War_in_North-95">[92]</a> In October 2006, tensions rose when Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> invited a right-wing political party <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a>, to join his coalition government. The party leader, <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Avigdor Lieberman</a>, advocated an ethnicity based territory exchange, the <a href="/wiki/Lieberman_Plan" title="Lieberman Plan">Lieberman Plan</a>, by transferring heavily populated Arab areas (mainly <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">the Triangle</a>), to Palestinian Authority control and annexing major Jewish Israeli settlement blocs in the West Bank close to the green line as part of a peace proposal.<a href="#cite_note-VOAnews-20061024-96">[93]</a> Arabs who would prefer to remain in Israel instead of becoming citizens of a Palestinian state would be able to move to Israel. All citizens of Israel, whether Jews or Arabs, would be required to pledge an oath of allegiance to retain citizenship. Those who refuse could remain in Israel as permanent residents.<a href="#cite_note-Timothy_Waters-97">[94]</a> In January 2007 the first non-Druze Arab minister in Israel's history, <a href="/wiki/Raleb_Majadele" title="Raleb Majadele">Raleb Majadele</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio#Israel" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salah_Tarif" title="Salah Tarif">Salah Tarif</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, had been appointed a minister without portfolio in 2001). The appointment was criticized by the left, which felt it was an attempt to cover up the Labor Party's decision to sit with Yisrael Beiteinu in the government, and by the right, who saw it as a threat to Israel's status as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stern-Raleb-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-20070112-99">[96]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Abbas" title="Mansour Abbas">Mansour Abbas</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a>, made history by becoming the first Israeli Arab political leader to join an <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-sixth government of Israel">Israeli governing coalition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a> widespread protests and riots intensified across Israel, particularly in cities with large Arab populations. In Lod, rocks were thrown at Jewish apartments and some Jewish residents were evacuated from their homes by the police. Synagogues and a Muslim cemetery were vandalized.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Communal violence including "riots, stabbings, arson, attempted home invasions and shootings" was reported from Beersheba, Rahat, Ramla, Lod, Nasiriyah, Tiberias, Jerusalem, Haifa and Acre.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:98256_a_protest_against_the_murders_in_arab_society_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/98256_a_protest_against_the_murders_in_arab_society_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg/170px-98256_a_protest_against_the_murders_in_arab_society_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/98256_a_protest_against_the_murders_in_arab_society_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg/255px-98256_a_protest_against_the_murders_in_arab_society_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/98256_a_protest_against_the_murders_in_arab_society_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg/340px-98256_a_protest_against_the_murders_in_arab_society_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A protest against the killings in the Arab community in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></figcaption></figure> The Arab community in Israel has seen a significant increase in <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Israel" title="Crime in Israel">violence and organized crime</a>, including a rise in gang-related murders in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> A report by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Initiative (page does not exist)">Abraham Initiative</a> highlighted that 244 Arab community members were killed in Israel in 2023, more than double the previous year's count.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> The report attributed this surge in homicides directly to National Security Minister <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben_Gvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Itamar Ben Gvir">Itamar Ben Gvir</a>, who campaigned on a platform promising to improve personal security and oversees law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Prominent <a href="/wiki/Israeli_mafia" title="Israeli mafia">organized crime families</a> among Israeli Arabs include Al-Hariri, Bakri, Jarushis, and the Druze Abu Latifs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> Since the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>, Israel has carried out <a href="/wiki/Mass_detentions_in_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war">mass arrests and detentions</a> of Palestinian workers and Arab citizens of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> On 5 November 2023, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported that "dozens" of Palestinian residents and Arab Israelis were arrested in Israel for expressions of solidarity with the civilian population of Gaza, sharing <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> verses, or expressing "any support for the Palestinian people".<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> described the widespread targeting of Arab Israelis by Israeli security forces.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Referring to "hundreds" of interrogations, <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> reported on 11 November that Israel increasingly treats its Arab minority as a "potential <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>".<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> At the same time, the conflict saw an increased self-identification with Israel among Arab citizens.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> According to different polls, a majority of Israeli Arabs condemned the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October massacre</a>, but also opposed the mass bombardment of Gaza. Many Israeli Arabs expressed a general resentment over the war, as other Palestinians regarded them as supporters of Israel, whereas Israeli Jews saw them as potential <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> supporters.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectarian_and_religious_groupings">Sectarian and religious groupings</h2></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:350px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions adhered to by Arab citizens of Israel</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Muslim</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:82%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">82%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:teal; width:9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Druze</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> In 2006, the official number of Arab residents in Israel – including East Jerusalem and Golan Heights permanent residents many of whom are not citizens – was 1,413,500 people, about 20% of Israel's population.<a href="#cite_note-Ynet-120">[117]</a> The Arab population in 2023 was estimated at 2,065,000, representing 21% of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-CBS2023-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabs20132-121">[118]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> (May 2003), Muslims, including Bedouins, make up 82% of the entire Arab population in Israel, along with around 9% Druze, and 9% Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a> Projections based on 2010 data, predicted that Arab Israelis will constitute 25% of Israel's population by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The national language and mother tongue of Arab citizens, including the Druze, is <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and the colloquial spoken language is of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a> dialect. Knowledge and command of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> varies.<a href="#cite_note-Spolsky-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslims">Muslims</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam in Israel</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A81.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A81.JPG/250px-%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A81.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A81.JPG/375px-%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A81.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A81.JPG/500px-%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A81.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Muslim performs prayers in <a href="/wiki/El-Jazzar_Mosque" title="El-Jazzar Mosque">El-Jazzar Mosque</a>.</figcaption></figure> Muslims comprise 17.9% of the Israeli population in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Muslim2020-125">[122]</a> The majority of Muslims in Israel are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Arabs">Sunni Arabs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pew1-126">[123]</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> minority.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> There are around 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> in Israel and the majority of them live in <a href="/wiki/Ghajar" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a> village in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> near the border with <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouin in Israel">Bedouin in Israel</a> are also Arab Muslims, with some Bedouin clans participating in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli army">Israeli army</a>. The small <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> community is composed of Sunni Muslims uprooted from the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> in the late 19th century. In addition, smaller populations of <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Israel" title="Kurds in Israel">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Turkish</a> Muslims also live in Israel. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> hosted the largest Muslim population in Israel, numbering 346,000 residents, constituting 21.1% of Israel's Muslim population and about 36.9% of the city's total residents. <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a> followed with the second-largest Muslim population at 71,300 residents, while <a href="/wiki/Umm_Al-Fahm" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Al-Fahm">Umm Al-Fahm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> had approximately 56,000 and 55,600 residents, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Muslim2020-125">[122]</a> The eleven towns of the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle area</a> are home to approximately 250,000 Israeli Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Regarding regional distribution in 2020, approximately 35.2% of Israeli Muslims resided in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a>, 21.9% in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a>, 17.1% in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a>, 13.7% in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a>, 10.9% in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a>, and 1.2% in the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muslim2020-125">[122]</a> The Israeli Muslim population is notably youthful: about 33.4% are aged 14 and under, while those aged 65 and older account for only 4.3%. Furthermore, the Muslim community in Israel boasts the highest <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> among religious groups, standing at 3.16 children per woman.<a href="#cite_note-Muslim2020-125">[122]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_prayer_in_Umm_al-Fahm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muslim_prayer_in_Umm_al-Fahm.jpg/240px-Muslim_prayer_in_Umm_al-Fahm.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muslim_prayer_in_Umm_al-Fahm.jpg/360px-Muslim_prayer_in_Umm_al-Fahm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muslim_prayer_in_Umm_al-Fahm.jpg/480px-Muslim_prayer_in_Umm_al-Fahm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Worshipers in one of the mosques in <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a></figcaption></figure> According to study published by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> in 2016, while Muslims living in Israel, overall, are more religious than Israeli Jews, they are less religious than Muslims living in many other countries in the Middle East. Muslim women are more likely to say that religion has high importance in their lives, and younger Muslims are generally less observant than their elders.<a href="#cite_note-Pew1-126">[123]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a> survey conducted in 2015, 47% of Israeli Muslims identified as traditional, 32% identified as religious, 17% identified as not religious at all, 3% identified as very religious.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Settled">Settled</h4></div> Traditionally settled communities of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Arabs comprise about 70% of the Arab population in Israel. In 2010, the average number of children per mother was 3.84, dropping from 3.97 in 2008. The Muslim population is mostly young: 42% of Muslims are under the age of 15. The median age of Muslim Israelis is 18, while the median age of Jewish Israelis is 30. The percentage of people over 65 is less than 3% for Muslims, compared with 12% for the Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bedouin">Bedouin</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Bedouin" title="Israeli Bedouin">Israeli Bedouin</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rahat_largest_Bedouin_city_in_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rahat_largest_Bedouin_city_in_Israel.jpg/240px-Rahat_largest_Bedouin_city_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rahat_largest_Bedouin_city_in_Israel.jpg/360px-Rahat_largest_Bedouin_city_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rahat_largest_Bedouin_city_in_Israel.jpg/480px-Rahat_largest_Bedouin_city_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>, the largest Bedouin city in the Negev</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel">Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel</a>, 110,000 Bedouins live in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, 50,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Bedouin-130">[127]</a> Prior to the establishment of Israel in 1948, there were an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouin living in the Negev.<a href="#cite_note-Bedouin-130">[127]</a> The 11,000 who remained were relocated by the Israeli government in the 1950s and 1960s to an area in the northeastern Negev comprising 10% of the Negev desert.<a href="#cite_note-Bedouin-130">[127]</a> The Israeli government built seven development towns for the Bedouin between 1979 and 1982. Around half the Bedouin population live in these towns, the largest of which is the city of <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>, others being <a href="/wiki/Ar%27arat_an-Naqab" title="Ar'arat an-Naqab">Ar'arat an-Naqab</a> (Ar'ara BaNegev), <a href="/wiki/Bir_Hadaj" title="Bir Hadaj">Bir Hadaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hura" title="Hura">Hura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuseife" title="Kuseife">Kuseife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakiya" title="Lakiya">Lakiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaqib_al-Salam" title="Shaqib al-Salam">Shaqib al-Salam</a> (Segev Shalom) and <a href="/wiki/Tel_as-Sabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel as-Sabi">Tel as-Sabi</a> (Tel Sheva). In 2005, Bedouin were estimated to amount to 10% of the Arab citizens of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Sa‘ad2005113–114-131">[128]</a> Approximately 40–50% of Bedouin citizens of Israel live in 39–45 <a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel" title="Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel">unrecognized villages</a> that are not connected to the electrical grid and water mains.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> A study published by the Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in 2017 found that Bedouins have the lowest achievements in the Arab sector on all indices: <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">bagrut</a> scores, rates of college graduates, and fields of employment. As they tend to be the least educated.<a href="#cite_note-auto-134">[131]</a>: 42  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze">Druze</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druze in Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/240px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/360px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/480px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Druze</a> dignitaries celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb</a> festival at the tomb of the prophet in <a href="/wiki/Hittin" title="Hittin">Hittin</a></figcaption></figure> Most Israeli <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> reside in the northern part of the country and are officially recognized as a separate religious community with their own courts.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> They maintain <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">culture</a> as integral parts of their identity, and Arabic is their primary language.<a href="#cite_note-Brockman_2011_259-136">[133]</a> The Galilean Druze and Druze of the <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> region received Israeli citizenship automatically in 1948. After Israel captured the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> from Syria in 1967 and annexed it to Israel in 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel#Status_and_position_of_Golan_Heights_Druze" title="Druze in Israel">Druze of the Golan Heights</a> were offered full Israeli citizenship under the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">Golan Heights Law</a>. Most declined Israeli citizenship and retain <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> citizenship and identity and are treated as permanent residents of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_Wilson-137">[134]</a> As of 2011, fewer than 10% of the Druze population in the Golan Heights had accepted Israeli citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> At the end of 2019, approximately 81% of the Israeli Druze population lived in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a> and 19% lived in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a>, and the largest population of Druze were <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yirka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirka">Yirka</a>. Israeli Druze live in 19 towns and villages, either singly or mixed with Christians and Muslims, all located on the tops of the mountains in northern Israel (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jann" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Jann">Beit Jann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Asad" title="Ein al-Asad">Ein al-Asad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julis" title="Julis">Julis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sajur" title="Sajur">Sajur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanuh-Jat" title="Yanuh-Jat">Yanuh-Jat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yarka" title="Yarka">Yarka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-139">[136]</a> There are four remaining Druze villages in the Israeli-annexed portion of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>—<a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mas%27ade" title="Mas'ade">Mas'ade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buq%27ata" title="Buq'ata">Buq'ata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a>—in which 23,000 Druze live.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>, the Druze did not embrace the rising <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> of the time or participate in violent confrontations. In 1948, many Druze volunteered for the Israeli army and no Druze villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-IDMC-76">[73]</a> Since the establishment of the state, the Druze have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab and Islamic radicalism.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Male Druze citizens serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christian_Arabs-144">[141]</a> From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized the Druze as a separate religious community,<a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> and are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Israeli Ministry of Interior's</a> census registration. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> categorizes Druze as Arabs in their census.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> While the Israeli education system is basically divided into Hebrew and Arabic speaking schools, the Druze have autonomy within the Arabic speaking branch.<a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-145">[142]</a> Israeli Druze are Arabic in language and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brockman_2011_259-136">[133]</a> and their mother tongue is the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic Language</a>. Some scholars maintain that Israel has tried to separate the Druze from other Arab communities, and that the effort has influenced the way Israel's Druze perceive their modern identity.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Survey data suggests that Israeli Druze prioritize their identity first as Druze (religiously), second as Arabs (culturally and ethnically), and third as Israelis (citizenship-wise).<a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-151">[148]</a> A small minority of them identify as <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, distinguishing them from the majority of other Arab citizens of Israel, who predominantly identify as Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-151">[148]</a> In a survey conducted in 2008 by Dr. Yusuf Hassan of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> 94% of Druze respondents identified as "Druze-Israelis" in the religious and national context,<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> while a 2017 Pew Research Center poll reported that while 99% of Muslims and 96% of Christians identified as ethnically Arab, a smaller share of Druze, 71%, identified likewise.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Compared to other Christians and Muslims, Druze place less emphasis on their <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> and self-identify more as Israeli. Most do not identify as <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmaraSchnell-155">[152]</a> However, they were less ready for personal relationships with <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a> compared to Israeli Muslims and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-156">[153]</a> Scholars attribute this trend to cultural differences between Jews and Druze.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Druze politicians in Israel include <a href="/wiki/Ayoob_Kara" title="Ayoob Kara">Ayoob Kara</a>, who represented <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>; <a href="/wiki/Majalli_Wahabi" title="Majalli Wahabi">Majalli Wahabi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kadima" title="Kadima">Kadima</a>, the Deputy Speaker of the Knesset; and <a href="/wiki/Said_Nafa" title="Said Nafa">Said Nafa</a> of the Arab party <a href="/wiki/Balad_(political_party)" title="Balad (political party)">Balad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christians">Christians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity in Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimania_2011-08-07_by-RaBoe-078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wikimania_2011-08-07_by-RaBoe-078.jpg/250px-Wikimania_2011-08-07_by-RaBoe-078.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wikimania_2011-08-07_by-RaBoe-078.jpg/375px-Wikimania_2011-08-07_by-RaBoe-078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wikimania_2011-08-07_by-RaBoe-078.jpg/500px-Wikimania_2011-08-07_by-RaBoe-078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Mass">Catholic Mass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Annunciation" title="Basilica of the Annunciation">Basilica of the Annunciation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> are one of the most educated ethnoreligious groups in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-159">[156]</a></figcaption></figure> Christian Arabs comprise about 9% of the Arab population in Israel. At the end of 2019, approximately 70.6% reside in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a>, 13.3% in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a>, 9.5% in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a>, 3.4% in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a>, 2.7% in the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv District</a> and 0.5% in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christian2020-160">[157]</a> There are 135,000 or more Christian Arabs in Israel (and more than 39,000 non-Arab Christians).<a href="#cite_note-Christian2020-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> As of 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> was the largest Christian community in Israel, where about 60% of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Christians">Israeli Christians</a> belonged to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church,<a href="#cite_note-MFA2014-162">[159]</a> while around 30% of Israeli Christians belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MFA2014-162">[159]</a> The Christian communities in Israel run numerous <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges">colleges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinics">clinics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphanages" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphanages">orphanages</a>, homes for the elderly, <a href="/wiki/Dormitories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormitories">dormitories</a>, family and youth centers, <a href="/wiki/Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotels">hotels</a>, and guesthouses.<a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2011_51-163">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> has the largest Christian Arab population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christian2020-160">[157]</a> The majority of Haifa's Arab minority is Christian as well.<a href="#cite_note-NYT01416-164">[161]</a> The Christian Arab communities in Nazareth and Haifa tend to be wealthier and better educated compare to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Arab Christians also live in a number of other localities in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>; such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bi%27ina" title="Bi'ina">Bi'ina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deir_Hanna" title="Deir Hanna">Deir Hanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%27billin" title="I'billin">I'billin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadeidi-Makr" title="Jadeidi-Makr">Jadeidi-Makr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazra%27a" title="Mazra'a">Mazra'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muqeible" title="Muqeible">Muqeible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ein" title="Ras al-Ein">Ras al-Ein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reineh" title="Reineh">Reineh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tur%27an" title="Tur'an">Tur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Yafa an-Naseriyye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> localities such as <a href="/wiki/Eilabun" title="Eilabun">Eilabun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a> are predominantly Christians.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> Nearly all the population of <a href="/wiki/Fassuta" title="Fassuta">Fassuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> are <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChristianYnet-169">[166]</a> Some Druze villages, such as <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a> have small Christian Arab populations.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a> Mixed cities such as <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot-Tarshiha" title="Ma'alot-Tarshiha">Ma'alot-Tarshiha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> have significant Christian Arab populations.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a> Many Christian Arabs have been prominent in Arab political parties in Israel, and leaders have included Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Maximos_V_Hakim" title="Maximos V Hakim">George Hakim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Toma" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Toma">Emile Toma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawfik_Toubi" title="Tawfik Toubi">Tawfik Toubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Habibi" title="Emile Habibi">Emile Habibi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azmi_Bishara" title="Azmi Bishara">Azmi Bishara</a>. Notable Christian religious figures include the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a> Archbishops of the Galilee <a href="/wiki/Elias_Chacour" title="Elias Chacour">Elias Chacour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Mouallem" class="mw-redirect" title="Boutros Mouallem">Boutros Mouallem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Sabbah" title="Michel Sabbah">Michel Sabbah</a>, and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Munib_Younan" title="Munib Younan">Munib Younan</a> of the Lutheran Church of Jordan and the Holy Land. Israeli Supreme Court judges <a href="/wiki/Salim_Joubran" title="Salim Joubran">Salim Joubran</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Karra" title="George Karra">George Karra</a> are Christian Arab.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Notable Christian figures in science and high tech include <a href="/wiki/Hossam_Haick" title="Hossam Haick">Hossam Haick</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> who has many contributions in multidisciplinary fields such as <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanosensors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanosensors">nanosensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">molecular electronics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johny_Srouji" title="Johny Srouji">Johny Srouji</a> who is <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Senior_vice_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior vice president">senior vice president</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> <a href="/wiki/Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Technologies">technologies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> Among Arab Christians in Israel, some emphasize <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, whilst a small minority enlists in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> Since September 2014 Christian families or clans who have either Aramaic or Maronite cultural heritage are considered an ethnicity separate from <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arabs">Israeli Arabs</a> and can register themselves as Arameans. This recognition comes after about seven years of activity by the Aramean Christian Foundation in Israel, which rather than sticking to an Arab identity, wishes to assimilate into an Israeli lifestyle. Aram is led by IDF Major Shadi Khalloul Risho and the Israeli Christian Recruitment Forum, headed by <a href="/wiki/Father_Gabriel_Naddaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Gabriel Naddaf">Father Gabriel Naddaf</a> of the Greek-Orthodox Church and Major Ihab Shlayan.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The move was condemned by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which described it as an attempt to divide the Palestinian minority in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Other pro-Zionist advocates supporting similar ideas received extensive coverage in Israeli state sponsored media and Jewish news outlets to severe criticisms from their co-religionists (see <a href="/wiki/Yoseph_Haddad" title="Yoseph Haddad">Yoseph Haddad</a>). <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> are one of the most educated groups in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Statistically, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> in Israel have the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a> among all religious communities, according to a data by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> in 2010, 63% of Israeli <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> have had college or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate education</a>, the highest of any religious and <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-bokra.net-186">[183]</a> Despite the fact that Arab Christians only represent 2% of the total Israeli population, in 2014 they accounted for 17% of the country's <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> students, and for 14% of its <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> students.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> There are more <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> who have attained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a> than the median Israeli population.<a href="#cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-159">[156]</a> The rate of students studying in the field of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> was higher among <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> Arab students than that of all other sectors,<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> and the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Christian">Arab Christian</a> women who are receiving higher education is also higher than that of other groups.<a href="#cite_note-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך-189">[186]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Joseph%27s_Latin_Parish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Saint_Joseph%27s_Latin_Parish.JPG/250px-Saint_Joseph%27s_Latin_Parish.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Saint_Joseph%27s_Latin_Parish.JPG/375px-Saint_Joseph%27s_Latin_Parish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Saint_Joseph%27s_Latin_Parish.JPG/500px-Saint_Joseph%27s_Latin_Parish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>: High level <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian schools</a> are among Israel's best performing educational institutions.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> noted that when taking into account the data recorded over the years, Israeli <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> In 2012 Christian Arabs had the highest rates of success at <a href="/wiki/Matriculation_examination" title="Matriculation examination">matriculation examinations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TOI2013-192">[189]</a> In 2016, Arab Christians had the highest rates of success at <a href="/wiki/Matriculation_examination" title="Matriculation examination">matriculation examinations</a>, namely 73.9%, both in comparison to Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a> Israelis (41% and 51.9% respectively), and to the students from the different branches of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> (majority <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>) education system considered as one group (55.1%).<a href="#cite_note-Aruz7-193">[190]</a> In terms of their socio-economic situation, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> are more similar to the Jewish population than to the Muslim Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> They have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment, at 4.9%, compared to 6.5% among Jewish men and women.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> They have also the highest <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> among Arab citizens of Israel and second highest median household income among the Israeli ethno-religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Also Arab Christians have a high presentation in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> professions.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> In Israel Arab Christians are portrayed as a hard working and <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a> educated <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> minority. According to study the majority of Christians in Israel (68.2 per cent) are employed in the service sector, i.e. banks, insurance companies, schools, tourism, hospitals etc.<a href="#cite_note-McGahern_2011_51-163">[160]</a> According to the study "Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel" by Hanna David from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tel_Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tel Aviv">University of Tel Aviv</a>, one of the factors why <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israeli Arab Christians</a> are the most educated segment of Israel's population is the high level of the Christian educational institutions. <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian schools</a> in Israel are among the best schools in the country, and while those schools represent only 4% of the Arab schooling sector, about 34% of Arab university students come from <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian schools</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> and about 87% of the Israeli Arabs in the <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> sector have been educated in Christian schools.<a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye.net-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Why_Angry_Christians_in_Israel_Are-200">[197]</a> A 2011 Maariv article described the Christian Arab sector as "the most successful in the education system",<a href="#cite_note-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך-189">[186]</a> an opinion supported by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> and others who point out that Christian Arabs fared best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanese_people">Lebanese people</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese people in Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites in Israel</a></div> There are 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese people in Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz_2021-201">[198]</a> most of them are former members of the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a> (SLA) and their families. The SLA was a Christian-dominated militia allied with the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a> until Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in May 2000 that ended the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz_2021-201">[198]</a> The majority are <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> but there are also Muslims, Druze and Christians of other denominations among them.<a href="#cite_note-Shachmon_2019-202">[199]</a> They are registered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Ministry of Interior</a> as "Lebanese" and hold <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israeli citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz_2021-201">[198]</a> They are located across the country, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a>, in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona" title="Kiryat Shmona">Kiryat Shmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shachmon_2019-202">[199]</a> The native language of former SLA members is <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a>. However, the language is only partially transmitted from one generation to another. The majority of the second generation understand and speak Lebanese Arabic but are unable to read and write it. Young Lebanese Israeli mainly <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text</a> in Hebrew or, more rarely, in Lebanese Arabic written in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. Religious books for children and youths are similarly written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> (or in Lebanese Arabic for some songs) in Hebrew letters.<a href="#cite_note-Shachmon_2019-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabs_in_Israel_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Arabs_in_Israel_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/220px-Arabs_in_Israel_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Arabs_in_Israel_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/330px-Arabs_in_Israel_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Arabs_in_Israel_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg/440px-Arabs_in_Israel_population_pyramid_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Arabs in Israel population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Haifa_including_the_port_and_the_sail_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Downtown_Haifa_including_the_port_and_the_sail_tower.jpg/220px-Downtown_Haifa_including_the_port_and_the_sail_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Downtown_Haifa_including_the_port_and_the_sail_tower.jpg/330px-Downtown_Haifa_including_the_port_and_the_sail_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Downtown_Haifa_including_the_port_and_the_sail_tower.jpg/440px-Downtown_Haifa_including_the_port_and_the_sail_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>The lower town of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, an area where Arabs, both Christians and Muslims, comprise around 70% of the residents.<a href="#cite_note-cbs.govs-203">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2006, the official number of Arab residents in Israel was 1,413,500 people, about 20% of Israel's population. This figure includes 209,000 Arabs (14% of the Israeli Arab population) in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98% of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-http-204">[201]</a> In 2012, the official number of Arab residents in Israel increased to 1,617,000 people, about 21% of Israel's population.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The Arab population in 2023 was estimated at 2,065,000 people, representing 21% of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-CBS2023-1">[1]</a> According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2010, "the Arab population lives in 134 towns and villages. About 44 percent of them live in towns (compared to 81 percent of the Jewish population); 48 percent live in villages with local councils (compared to 9 percent of the Jewish population). Four percent of the Arab citizens live in small villages with regional councils, while the rest live in unrecognized villages (the proportion is much higher, 31 percent in the Negev)".<a href="#cite_note-Research-206">[203]</a> The Arab population in Israel is located in five main areas: <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> (54.6% of total Israeli Arabs), <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle</a> (23.5% of total Israeli Arabs), <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, and Northern <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> (13.5% of total Israeli Arabs).<a href="#cite_note-Research-206">[203]</a> Around 8.4% (approximately 102,000 inhabitants) of Israeli Arabs live in officially mixed Jewish-Arab cities (excluding Arab residents in East Jerusalem), including <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramle">Ramle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_Tarshiha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alot Tarshiha">Ma'alot Tarshiha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OLD_JAFFA_PORT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/OLD_JAFFA_PORT.jpg/220px-OLD_JAFFA_PORT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/OLD_JAFFA_PORT.jpg/330px-OLD_JAFFA_PORT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/OLD_JAFFA_PORT.jpg/440px-OLD_JAFFA_PORT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4761" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, which currently has 16,000 Arab residents, mixed of Muslims and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95.jpg/220px-%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95.jpg/330px-%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95.jpg/440px-%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Old City of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, an area where Arabs make up 95% of the residents.<a href="#cite_note-cbs.govs-203">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> In Israel's <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a><a href="#cite_note-CBS-209">[206]</a> Arab citizens of Israel form a majority of the population (52%) and about 50% of the Arab population lives in 114 different localities throughout Israel.<a href="#cite_note-arabhra.org-210">[207]</a> In total there are 122 primarily if not entirely <a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab localities in Israel</a>, 89 of them having populations over two thousand.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a> The seven townships as well as the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Basma_Regional_Council" title="Abu Basma Regional Council">Abu Basma Regional Council</a> that have been constructed by the government for the Bedouin population of the Negev,<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] are the only Arab localities to have been established since 1948, with the aim of relocating the Arab Bedouin citizens (see preceding section on <a href="#Bedouin_(nomadic)">Bedouin</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>]).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 46% of the country's Arabs (622,400 people) live in predominantly Arab communities in the north.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-209">[206]</a> In 2022 <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> was the largest Arab city, with a population of 78,007,<a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-212">[209]</a> roughly 40,000 of whom are Muslim. <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a> has a population of approximately 43,543 and the city is mixed with sizable populations of Muslims, Christians, and Druze. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, a mixed city, has the largest overall Arab population. Jerusalem housed 332,400 Arabs in 2016 (37.7% of the city's residents)<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> and together with the local council of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghosh" title="Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a>, some 19% of the country's entire Arab population. 14% of Arab citizens live in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a> predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Ara" title="Wadi Ara">Wadi Ara</a> region. Here is the largest Muslim city, <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a>, with a population of 58,665. <a href="/wiki/Baqa-Jatt" title="Baqa-Jatt">Baqa-Jatt</a> is the second largest Arab population center in the district. The city of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> has an Arab population of 10%, much of it in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a>, Abbas and Halissa neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-214">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a> and Abbas neighborhoods, are largely <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Lefkowitz-216">[213]</a> Halisa and <a href="/wiki/Kababir" title="Kababir">Kababir</a> are largely <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Lefkowitz-216">[213]</a> 10% of the country's Arab population resides in the <a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a> of Israel, primarily the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tira,_Israel" title="Tira, Israel">Tira</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> as well as the mixed cities of <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> which have mainly Jewish populations.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a> Of the remaining 11%, 10% live in Bedouin communities in the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>. The Bedouin city of <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a> is the only Arab city in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a> and it is the third largest Arab city in Israel. The remaining 1% of the country's Arab population lives in cities that are almost entirely Jewish, such as <a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Illit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazareth Illit">Nazareth Illit</a> with an Arab population of 22%<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv-Yafo</a>, 4%.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-arabhra.org-210">[207]</a> In February 2008, the government announced that the first new Arab city would be constructed in Israel. According to <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, "[s]ince the establishment of the State of Israel, not a single new Arab settlement has been established, with the exception of permanent housing projects for Bedouins in the Negev".<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The city, Givat Tantur, was never constructed even after 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_Arab_localities">Major Arab localities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_17818_Cities_in_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PikiWiki_Israel_17818_Cities_in_Israel.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_17818_Cities_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PikiWiki_Israel_17818_Cities_in_Israel.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_17818_Cities_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/PikiWiki_Israel_17818_Cities_in_Israel.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_17818_Cities_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, which is a mixed ancient city of Muslims and Christians, is the largest Arab city in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-www1.cbs.gov.il-220">[217]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umm_al-Fahm_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Umm_al-Fahm_2014.JPG/220px-Umm_al-Fahm_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Umm_al-Fahm_2014.JPG/330px-Umm_al-Fahm_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Umm_al-Fahm_2014.JPG/440px-Umm_al-Fahm_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a> is the third largest Arab city in Israel.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baqa_el_gharbiya_2007_04_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baqa_el_gharbiya_2007_04_14.jpg/220px-Baqa_el_gharbiya_2007_04_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baqa_el_gharbiya_2007_04_14.jpg/330px-Baqa_el_gharbiya_2007_04_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Baqa_el_gharbiya_2007_04_14.jpg/440px-Baqa_el_gharbiya_2007_04_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye" title="Baqa al-Gharbiyye">Baqa al-Gharbiyye</a> is the eighth largest Arab city in Israel.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab localities in Israel</a></div> Arabs make up the majority of the population of the "heart of the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>" and of the areas along the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Ara" title="Wadi Ara">Wadi Ara</a> region. Bedouin Arabs make up the majority of the northeastern section of the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Significant population centers (2014) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Locality</th> <th>Population</th> <th>District </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> </td> <td>74,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a> </td> <td>60,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">South</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a> </td> <td>51,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a> </td> <td>40,200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a> </td> <td>39,200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a> </td> <td>31,700 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a> </td> <td>28,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye" title="Baqa al-Gharbiyye">Baqa al-Gharbiyye</a> </td> <td>27,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tira,_Israel" title="Tira, Israel">Tira</a> </td> <td>24,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ar%27ara" title="Ar'ara">Ar'ara</a> </td> <td>23,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Galilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Arraba, Galilee">Arraba</a> </td> <td>23,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Kafr Qasim</a> </td> <td>21,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a> </td> <td>21,300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> </td> <td>21,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Center</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a> </td> <td>20,800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton.html?num_tab=st02_24&CYear=2015">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceived_demographic_threat">Perceived demographic threat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_threat#Israel" title="Demographic threat">Demographic threat § Israel</a></div> The phrase demographic threat (or demographic bomb) is used within the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israeli political sphere</a> to describe the growth of Israel's Arab citizenry as constituting a threat to its maintenance of its status as a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish state</a> with a Jewish demographic majority. In the northern part of Israel the percentage of the population that is Jewish is declining.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> The increasing population of Arabs within Israel, and the majority status they hold in two major geographic regions – the Galilee and the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle</a> – has become a growing point of open political contention in recent years. Among Arabs, Muslims have the highest birth rate, followed by Druze, and then Christians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> stated in 2004 that, while he strongly opposes expulsion of Israeli Arabs, in case of an "apocalyptic" scenario where Israel comes under total attack with <a href="/wiki/Non-conventional_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-conventional weapons">non-conventional weapons</a> and comes under existential threat, an expulsion might be the only option. He compared the Israeli Arabs to a "time bomb" and "a potential <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>" in both demographic and security terms and said they are liable to undermine the state in time of war.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Several politicians<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> have viewed the Arabs in Israel as a security and demographic threat.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> The phrase "demographic bomb" was famously used by Benjamin Netanyahu in 2003<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> when he noted that, if the percentage of Arab citizens rises above its current level of about 20 percent, Israel will not be able to maintain a Jewish demographic majority. Netanyahu's comments were criticized as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> by Arab Knesset members and a range of civil rights and human rights organizations, such as the Association for Civil Rights in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Even earlier allusions to the "demographic threat" can be found in an internal Israeli government document drafted in 1976 known as the <a href="/wiki/Koenig_Memorandum" title="Koenig Memorandum">Koenig Memorandum</a>, which laid out a plan for reducing the number and influence of Arab citizens of Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> region. In 2003, the Israeli daily Ma'ariv published an article entitled "Special Report: Polygamy is a Security Threat", detailing a report put forth by the Director of the Population Administration at the time, Herzl Gedj; the report described <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> in the Bedouin sector a "security threat" and advocated means of reducing the birth rate in the Arab sector.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> The Population Administration is a department of the Demographic Council, whose purpose, according to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, is: "...to increase the Jewish birthrate by encouraging women to have more children using government grants, housing benefits, and other incentives".<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> In 2008 the minister of the interior appointed Yaakov Ganot as new head of the Population Administration, which according to Haaretz is "probably the most important appointment an interior minister can make".<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> A January 2006 study rejects the "demographic time bomb" threat based on statistical data that shows Jewish births have increased while Arab births have begun to drop.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> The study noted shortcomings in earlier demographic predictions (for example, in the 1960s, predictions suggested that Arabs would be the majority in 1990). The study also demonstrated that Christian Arab and Druze birth rates were actually below those of Jewish birth rates in Israel. The study used data from a Gallup poll to demonstrate that the desired family size for Arabs in Israel and Jewish Israelis were the same. The study's population forecast for 2025 predicted that Arabs would comprise only 25% of the Israeli population. Nevertheless, the Bedouin population, with its high birth rates, continues to be perceived as a threat to a Jewish demographic majority in the south, and a number of development plans, such as the <a href="/wiki/Blueprint_Negev" title="Blueprint Negev">Blueprint Negev</a>, address this concern.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> A study showed that in 2010, Jewish birthrates rose by 31% and 19,000 diaspora Jews immigrated to Israel, while the Arab birthrate fell by 2%.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_and_population_exchange">Land and population exchange</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:400px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Survey among residents of Um Al-Fahm</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Prefer joining Palestinian State</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:11%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Prefer continued Israeli jurisdiction</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:teal; width:83%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">83%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">No opinion</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Source: Kul Al-Arab, 2000<a href="#cite_note-AlArab-236">[233]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:400px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Respondents opposed joining future Palestinian State</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Prefer to remain in democratic regime with high living standards</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Satisfied with present situation</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not willing to make sacrifices for creation of Palestinian state</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:teal; width:14%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">No stated reason</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:11%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Source: Kul Al-Arab, 2000<a href="#cite_note-AlArab-236">[233]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Some Israeli politicians advocate land-swap proposals in order to assure a continued Jewish majority within Israel. A specific proposal is that Israel transfer sovereignty of part of the Arab-populated <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Ara" title="Wadi Ara">Wadi Ara</a> area (west of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a>) to a future Palestinian state, in return for formal sovereignty over the major Jewish settlement "blocks" that lie inside the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> east of the Green Line.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Avigdor Lieberman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a>, the fourth largest faction in the 17th Knesset, is one of the foremost advocates of the transfer of large Arab towns located just inside Israel near the border with the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye" title="Baqa al-Gharbiyye">Baqa al-Gharbiyye</a>), to the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> located inside the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> In October 2006, <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a> formally joined in the ruling government's parliamentary coalition, headed by <a href="/wiki/Kadima" title="Kadima">Kadima</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Israeli Cabinet</a> confirmed Avigdor Lieberman's appointment to the position of "minister for strategic threats", Labour Party representative and science, sport and culture minister <a href="/wiki/Ophir_Pines-Paz" title="Ophir Pines-Paz">Ophir Pines-Paz</a> resigned his post.<a href="#cite_note-VOAnews-20061024-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> In his resignation letter to Ehud Olmert, Pines-Paz wrote: "I couldn't sit in a government with a minister who preaches racism."<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lieberman_Plan" title="Lieberman Plan">Lieberman Plan</a> caused a stir among Arab citizens of Israel. Various polls show that Arabs in Israel do not wish to move to the West Bank or Gaza if a Palestinian state is created there.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> In a survey conducted by Kul Al-Arab among 1,000 residents of Um Al-Fahm, 83 percent of respondents opposed the idea of transferring their city to Palestinian jurisdiction, while 11 percent supported the proposal and 6 percent did not express their position.<a href="#cite_note-AlArab-236">[233]</a> Of those opposed to the idea, 54% said that they were against becoming part of a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian state">Palestinian state</a> because they wanted to continue living under a democratic regime and enjoying a good standard of living. Of these opponents, 18% said that they were satisfied with their present situation, that they were born in Israel and that they were not interested in moving to any other state. Another 14% of this same group said that they were not prepared to make sacrifices for the sake of the creation of a Palestinian state. Another 11 percent cited no reason for their opposition.<a href="#cite_note-AlArab-236">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Israeli-Arab voter turnout in Knesset elections<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_political_parties">Arab political parties</h3></div> There are three mainstream Arab parties in Israel: <a href="/wiki/Hadash" title="Hadash">Hadash</a> (a joint Arab-Jewish party with a large Arab presence), <a href="/wiki/Balad_(political_party)" title="Balad (political party)">Balad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a>, which is a coalition of several different political organizations including the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Israel" title="Islamic Movement in Israel">Islamic Movement in Israel</a>. In addition to these, there is <a href="/wiki/Ta%27al" title="Ta'al">Ta'al</a>, which currently run with Hadash. All of these parties primarily represent Arab-Israeli and Palestinian interests, and the Islamic Movement is an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> organization with two factions: one that opposes Israel's existence, and another that opposes its existence as a Jewish state. Two Arab parties ran in Israel's <a href="/wiki/1949_Israeli_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Israeli legislative election">first election in 1949</a>, with one, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_List_of_Nazareth" title="Democratic List of Nazareth">Democratic List of Nazareth</a>, winning two seats. Until the 1960s all Arab parties in the Knesset were aligned with <a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">Mapai</a>, the ruling party. A minority of Arabs join and vote for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> parties; in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2006 Israeli legislative election">2006 elections</a> 30% of the Arab vote went to such parties, up from 25% in <a href="/wiki/2003_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2003 Israeli legislative election">2003</a>,<a href="#cite_note-od-249">[246]</a> though down on the <a href="/wiki/1999_Israeli_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Israeli legislative election">1999</a> (31%) and <a href="/wiki/1996_Israeli_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Israeli legislative election">1996 elections</a> (33%).<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Left-wing parties (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Labor Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Movement-Meretz" class="mw-redirect" title="New Movement-Meretz">Meretz-Yachad</a>, and previously <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_(Israel)" title="One Nation (Israel)">One Nation</a>) are the most popular parties amongst Arabs, though some Druze have also voted for right-wing parties such as <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a>, as well as the centrist <a href="/wiki/Kadima" title="Kadima">Kadima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> Arab-dominated parties typically do not join governing coalitions. However, historically these parties have formed alliances with dovish Jewish parties and promoted the formation of their governments by voting with them from the opposition. Arab parties are credited with keeping Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> in power, and they have suggested they would do the same for a government led by Labor leader <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a> and peace negotiator <a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> poll found that a majority of Israeli Arabs would like their parties, then running on a <a href="/wiki/Joint_List" title="Joint List">joint list</a>, to join the governing coalition.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_in_the_Knesset">Representation in the Knesset</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Tibi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ahmad_Tibi.jpg/170px-Ahmad_Tibi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ahmad_Tibi.jpg/255px-Ahmad_Tibi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Ahmad_Tibi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tibi" title="Ahmad Tibi">Ahmad Tibi</a>, leader of the Arab party Ta'al, currently serves as Deputy Speaker of the Knesset.</figcaption></figure> Palestinian Arabs sat in the state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_first_Knesset" title="List of members of the first Knesset">first parliamentary assembly</a> in 1949. In 2011, 13 of the 120 members of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Israeli Parliament</a> are Arab citizens, most representing Arab political parties, and one of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court</a> judges is a Palestinian Arab.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> The 2015 elections included 18 Arab members of Knesset. Along with 13 members of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_List" title="Joint List">Joint List</a>, there were five Arab parliamentarians representing Zionist parties, which is more than double their number in the previous Knesset.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Some Arab Members of the Knesset, past and present, are under police investigation for their visits to countries designated as enemy countries by Israeli law. This law was amended following MK Mohammad Barakeh's trip to Syria in 2001, such that MKs must explicitly request permission to visit these countries from the Minister of the Interior. In August 2006, Balad MKs <a href="/wiki/Azmi_Bishara" title="Azmi Bishara">Azmi Bishara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Zahalka" title="Jamal Zahalka">Jamal Zahalka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wasil_Taha" title="Wasil Taha">Wasil Taha</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> without requesting nor receiving such permission, and a criminal investigation of their actions was launched. Former Arab Member of Knesset <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Miari" title="Mohammed Miari">Mohammed Miari</a> was questioned 18 September 2006 by police on suspicion of having entered a designated enemy country without official permission. He was questioned "under caution" for 2.5 hours in the <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> station about his recent visit to Syria. Another former Arab Member of Knesset, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Kanaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Kanaan (page does not exist)">Muhammad Kanaan</a>, was also summoned for police questioning regarding the same trip.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> In 2010, six Arab MKs visited <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, an openly anti-Zionist Arab state, and met with <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a> and various senior government officials. Gaddafi urged them to seek a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">one-state solution</a>, and for Arabs to "multiply" in order to counter any "plots" to expel them.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> According to a study commissioned by the Arab Association of Human Rights entitled "Silencing Dissent", over the period 1999–2002, eight of nine of the then Arab Knesset members were beaten by Israeli forces during demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> Most recently according to the report, legislation has been passed, including three election laws [e.g., banning political parties], and two Knesset related laws aimed to "significantly curb the minority [Arab population] right to choose a public representative and for those representatives to develop independent political platforms and carry out their duties".<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog_at_the_inauguration_of_the_first_Hall_of_Culture_in_the_city_of_Rahat,_February_2022_(KBG_GPO1299).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Isaac_Herzog_at_the_inauguration_of_the_first_Hall_of_Culture_in_the_city_of_Rahat%2C_February_2022_%28KBG_GPO1299%29.jpg/220px-Isaac_Herzog_at_the_inauguration_of_the_first_Hall_of_Culture_in_the_city_of_Rahat%2C_February_2022_%28KBG_GPO1299%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Isaac_Herzog_at_the_inauguration_of_the_first_Hall_of_Culture_in_the_city_of_Rahat%2C_February_2022_%28KBG_GPO1299%29.jpg/330px-Isaac_Herzog_at_the_inauguration_of_the_first_Hall_of_Culture_in_the_city_of_Rahat%2C_February_2022_%28KBG_GPO1299%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Isaac_Herzog_at_the_inauguration_of_the_first_Hall_of_Culture_in_the_city_of_Rahat%2C_February_2022_%28KBG_GPO1299%29.jpg/440px-Isaac_Herzog_at_the_inauguration_of_the_first_Hall_of_Culture_in_the_city_of_Rahat%2C_February_2022_%28KBG_GPO1299%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Abbas" title="Mansour Abbas">Mansour Abbas</a>, Israeli President Herzog and young <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouins</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a>, 15 February 2022</figcaption></figure> The Knesset Ethics Committee has on several occasions banned Arab MKs that the committee felt were acting outside acceptable norms. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Hanin_Zoabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanin Zoabi">Hanin Zoabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Zahalka" title="Jamal Zahalka">Jamal Zahalka</a> were banned from plenary sessions for four months and <a href="/wiki/Basel_Ghattas" title="Basel Ghattas">Basel Ghattas</a> for two months after they had visited families of Palestinian attackers killed by Israeli security forces.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Ghattas was again banned for six months in 2017 over charges of having smuggled cell phones to Palestinian prisoners<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> and Zoabi was banned for a week for having called IDF soldiers "murderers."<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> In 2016, the Knesset passed a controversial law that would allow it to impeach any MK who incites racism or supports armed struggle against Israel. Critics said that the law was undemocratic and would mainly be used to silence Arab MKs.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> As of 2020, no MK has been impeached by the law.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2018, the Israeli supreme court of justice rejected arguments that the law would harm specific political parties and ruled that checks and balances within the law serve as sufficient protection against abuse of rights. For example, the law requires 70 Knesset members, 10 of whom must be from the opposition, to petition to the Knesset House Committee, and could only be finalized with a vote of 90 out of 120 MKs in favor of the impeachment.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_in_the_civil_service_sphere">Representation in the civil service sphere</h3></div> In the public employment sphere, by the end of 2002, 6% of 56,362 Israeli civil servants were Arab.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> In January 2004, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> declared that every state-run company must have at least one Arab citizen of Israel on its board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_in_political,_judicial_and_military_positions">Representation in political, judicial and military positions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raleb_Majadele._April_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Raleb_Majadele._April_2008.jpg/200px-Raleb_Majadele._April_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Raleb_Majadele._April_2008.jpg/300px-Raleb_Majadele._April_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Raleb_Majadele._April_2008.jpg/400px-Raleb_Majadele._April_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raleb_Majadele" title="Raleb Majadele">Raleb Majadele</a>, the first non-Druze Arab minister in Israel's history</figcaption></figure> Knesset: Arab citizens of Israel have been <a href="/wiki/Arab_members_of_the_Knesset" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab members of the Knesset">elected to every Knesset</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2015_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2015 Israeli legislative election">as of 2015</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=edit">[update]</a> held 17 of its 120 seats. The first female Arab MP was <a href="/wiki/Hussniya_Jabara" title="Hussniya Jabara">Hussniya Jabara</a>, a Muslim Arab from central Israel, who was elected in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> Government: Until 2001, no Arab had been included Israel's cabinet. In 2001, this changed, when <a href="/wiki/Salah_Tarif" title="Salah Tarif">Salah Tarif</a>, a Druze Arab citizen of Israel, was appointed a member of <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a>'s cabinet without a portfolio. Tarif was later ejected after being convicted of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> The first non-Druze Arab minister in Israel's history was Raleb Majadele, who in 2007 was appointed a minister without portfolio, and a month later appointed minister for Science, Culture and Sport.<a href="#cite_note-Stern-Raleb-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> Following this precedent, additional Muslim Arabs served as ministers or deputy ministers, including <a href="/wiki/Issawi_Frej" title="Issawi Frej">Issawi Frej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Aziz_el-Zoubi" title="Abd el-Aziz el-Zoubi">Abd el-Aziz el-Zoubi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawaf_Massalha" title="Nawaf Massalha">Nawaf Massalha</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> The appointment of Majadele was criticized by far-right Israelis, some of whom are also within the Cabinet, but this drew condemnation across the mainstream Israeli political spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-20070112-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> Meanwhile, Arab lawmakers called the appointment an attempt to "whitewash Israel's discriminatory policies against its Arab minority".<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Supreme Court: <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Zuabi" title="Abdel Rahman Zuabi">Abdel Rahman Zuabi</a>, a Muslim from northern Israel, was the first Arab on the Israeli Supreme Court, serving a 9-month term in 1999. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Salim_Joubran" title="Salim Joubran">Salim Joubran</a>, a Christian Arab from <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> descended from Lebanese Maronites, became the first Arab to hold a permanent appointment on the Court. Joubran's expertise lies in the field of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/George_Karra" title="George Karra">George Karra</a>, a Christian Arab from <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> has served as a Tel Aviv District Court judge since 2000. He was the presiding judge in the trial of <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Katsav" title="Moshe Katsav">Moshe Katsav</a>. In 2011, he was nominated as a candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Supreme Court">Israeli Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> Foreign Service: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Yahya" title="Ali Yahya">Ali Yahya</a>, an Arab Muslim, became the first Arab ambassador for Israel in 1995 when he was appointed ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. He served until 1999, and in 2006 was appointed ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Other Arab ambassadors include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walid_Mansour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walid Mansour (page does not exist)">Walid Mansour</a>, a Druze, appointed ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in 1999, and <a href="/wiki/Reda_Mansour" title="Reda Mansour">Reda Mansour</a>, also a Druze, a former ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Masarwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Masarwa (page does not exist)">Mohammed Masarwa</a>, an Arab Muslim, was Consul-General in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Khaldi" title="Ishmael Khaldi">Ishmael Khaldi</a> was appointed Israeli consul in San Francisco, becoming the first Bedouin consul of the State of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Israel Defense Forces: Arab Generals in the IDF include Major General Hussain Fares, commander of Israel's border police, and Major General <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Mishlav" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Mishlav">Yosef Mishlav</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Front_Command" title="Home Front Command">Home Front Command</a> and current <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Both are members of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> community. Other high-ranking officers in the IDF include Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Amos_Yarkoni" title="Amos Yarkoni">Amos Yarkoni</a> (born Abd el-Majid Haydar/ عبد الماجد حيدر) from the Bedouin community, a legendary officer in the Israel Defense Forces and one of six Israeli Arabs to have received the IDF's third highest decoration, the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Distinguished_Service" title="Medal of Distinguished Service">Medal of Distinguished Service</a>. Israeli Police: In 2011, Jamal Hakroush became the first Muslim Arab deputy Inspector-General in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Police">Israeli Police</a>. He has previously served as district commander of two districts.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> Jewish National Fund: In 2007, Ra'adi Sfori became the first Arab citizen of Israel to be elected as a JNF director, over a petition against his appointment. The court upheld the JNF's appointment, explaining, "As this is one director among a large number, there is no chance he will have the opportunity to cancel the organization's goals."<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_political_organizations_and_movements">Other political organizations and movements</h3></div> <dl><dt>Abna el-Balad</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Abnaa_el-Balad" title="Abnaa el-Balad">Abnaa el-Balad</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> is a political movement that grew out of organizing by Arab university youth, beginning in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> It is not affiliated with the Arab Knesset party Balad. While participating in municipal elections, Abnaa al-Balad firmly reject any participation in the Israeli Knesset. Political demands include "the return of all Palestinian refugees to their homes and lands, [an] end [to] the Israeli occupation and Zionist apartheid and the establishment [of] a democratic secular state in Palestine as the ultimate solution to the Arab-Zionist conflict."<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> <dl><dt>High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel</dt></dl> The <a href="/wiki/High_Follow-Up_Committee_for_Arab_Citizens_of_Israel" title="High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel">High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel</a> is an extra-parliamentary umbrella organization that represents Arab citizens of Israel at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-Payesp112-286">[283]</a> It is "the top representative body deliberating matters of general concern to the entire Arab community and making binding decisions."<a href="#cite_note-Yanivp121-287">[284]</a> While it enjoys de facto recognition from the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, it lacks official or <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> recognition from the state for its activities in this capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Payesp112-286">[283]</a> <dl><dt>Ta'ayush</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Ta%27ayush" title="Ta'ayush">Ta'ayush</a> is "a grassroots movement of Arabs and Jews working to break down the walls of racism and segregation by constructing a true Arab-Jewish partnership."<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> <dl><dt>Regional Council of Unrecognized Villages</dt></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Unrecognized_Villages" title="Regional Council of Unrecognized Villages">Regional Council of Unrecognized Villages</a> is a body of unofficial representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel" title="Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel">unrecognized villages</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> region in the south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_ban_Arab_political_parties">Attempts to ban Arab political parties</h3></div> Amendment 9 to the 'Basic Law: The Knesset and the Law of Political Parties' states that a political party "may not participate in the elections if there is in its goals or actions a denial of the existence of the State of Israel as the state of the Jewish people, a denial of the democratic nature of the state, or incitement to racism."<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> There have been a number of attempts to disqualify Arab parties based on this rule, however as of 2010, all such attempts were either rejected by the Israeli Central Elections Committee or overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive_List_for_Peace">Progressive List for Peace</h4></div> An <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Central_Elections_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Central Elections Committee">Israeli Central Elections Committee</a> ruling which allowed the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_List_for_Peace" title="Progressive List for Peace">Progressive List for Peace</a> to run for the Knesset in 1988 was challenged based on this amendment, but the committee's decision was upheld by the Israeli Supreme Court, which ruled that the PLP's platform calling for Israel to become "a state of all its citizens" does not violate the ideology of Israel as the State of the Jewish people, and thus section 7(a) does not apply.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balad">Balad</h4></div> In December 2002, <a href="/wiki/Azmi_Bishara" title="Azmi Bishara">Azmi Bishara</a> and his party, <a href="/wiki/Balad_(political_party)" title="Balad (political party)">Balad</a>, which calls for Israel to become "a state of all its citizens", were banned by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Central_Elections_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Central Elections Committee">Israeli Central Elections Committee</a>, for refusing to recognize Israel as a "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish and democratic state</a>"<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> and making statements promoting armed struggle against it. The Supreme Court overruled the decision in January 2003.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> Bishara served as a Knesset member from 1996 to 2007. He reportedly told an audience in Lebanon in December 2005 that Arab citizens "... are like all Arabs, only with Israeli citizenship forced upon them ... Return Palestine to us and take your democracy with you. We Arabs are not interested in it".<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> Bishara resigned his Knesset office and left the country in 2007 amidst news that criminal charges were being laid against him. He has been charged with espionage and money laundering, stemming from allegations that he gave <a href="/wiki/Hizbullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizbullah">Hizbullah</a> information on strategic targets that should be attacked with rockets during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>, in exchange for large amounts of money.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Arab_List_–_Ta'al_and_Balad">United Arab List – Ta'al and Balad</h4></div> In 2009, United Arab List – Ta'al and Balad were disqualified, on grounds that they do not recognize the State of Israel and call for armed conflict against it.<a href="#cite_note-glickman-296">[293]</a> The Supreme Court overturned the committee's decision by a majority of eight to one.<a href="#cite_note-glickman2-297">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_political_status">Legal and political status</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Israel)">Israel's Declaration of Independence</a> called for the establishment of a Jewish state with equality of social and political rights, irrespective of religion, race, or sex.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> The rights of citizens are guaranteed by a set of <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">basic laws</a> (Israel does not have a written constitution).<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> Although this set of laws does not explicitly include the term "right to equality", the Israeli Supreme Court has consistently interpreted "Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty"<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> and "Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994)"<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> as guaranteeing equal rights for all Israeli citizens.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that "Arab Israelis are citizens of Israel with equal rights" and states that "The only legal distinction between Arab and Jewish citizens is not one of rights, but rather of civic duty. Since Israel's establishment, Arab citizens have been exempted from compulsory service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)."<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a> Druze and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> are drafted into the Israeli army, while other Arabs may serve voluntarily; however, only a very small number of Arabs choose to volunteer for the Israeli army.<a href="#cite_note-ynetnews2-304">[301]</a> Many Arab citizens feel that the state, as well as society at large, not only actively limits them to second-class citizenship, but treats them as enemies, affecting their perception of the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> versus de facto quality of their citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-ynetnews1-305">[302]</a> The joint document <a href="/wiki/The_Future_Vision_of_the_Palestinian_Arabs_in_Israel" title="The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel">The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel</a>, asserts: "Defining the Israeli State as a Jewish State and exploiting democracy in the service of its Jewishness excludes us, and creates tension between us and the nature and essence of the State." The document explains that by definition the "Jewish State" concept is based on ethnically preferential treatment towards Jews enshrined in immigration (the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>) and land policy (the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a>), and calls for the establishment of minority rights protections enforced by an independent anti-discrimination commission.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> A 2004 report by <a href="/wiki/Mossawa_Center" title="Mossawa Center">Mossawa</a>, an advocacy center for Palestinian-Arab citizens of Israel, states that since the events of <a href="/wiki/October_2000_events" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2000 events">October 2000</a>, 16 Arabs had been killed by security forces, bringing the total to 29 victims of "institutional violence" in four years.<a href="#cite_note-Mossawa-307">[304]</a> Ahmed Sa'adi, in his article on The Concept of Protest and its Representation by the Or Commission, states that since 1948 the only protestors to be killed by the police have been Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yousef_Munayyer" title="Yousef Munayyer">Yousef Munayyer</a>, an Israeli citizen and the executive director of <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Fund" title="The Jerusalem Fund">The Jerusalem Fund</a>, wrote that Palestinians only have varying degrees of limited rights in Israel. He states that although Palestinians make up about 20% of Israel's population, less than 7% of the budget is allocated to Palestinian citizens. He describes the 1.5 million Arab citizens of Israel as second-class citizens while four million more are not citizens at all. He states that a Jew from any country can move to Israel but a Palestinian refugee, with a valid claim to property in Israel, cannot. Munayyer also described the difficulties he and his wife faced when visiting the country.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_and_Hebrew_as_official_languages">Arabic and Hebrew as official languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg/200px-Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg/300px-Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg/400px-Hebrew_Arabic_English_road_signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Israeli road signs in Arabic, Hebrew and English</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was until July 2018 one of Israel's official languages.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2018-310">[307]</a> The use of Arabic increased significantly following <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court</a> rulings in the 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People</a> defines Hebrew as the official language of the State and gives the Arabic language a special status. Government ministries publish all material intended for the public in Hebrew, with selected material translated into Arabic, English, Russian, and other languages spoken in Israel. There are laws that secure the Arab population's right to receive information in Arabic. Some examples include a portion of the public television channels' productions must be in Arabic or translated into Arabic, safety regulations in working places must be published in Arabic if a significant number of the workers are Arabs, information about medicines or dangerous chemicals must be provided in Arabic, and information regarding elections must be provided in Arabic. The country's laws are published in Hebrew, and eventually English and Arabic translations are published.<a href="#cite_note-Spolsky-124">[121]</a> Publishing the law in Hebrew in the <a href="/wiki/Official_gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Official gazette">official gazette</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reshumot" title="Reshumot">Reshumot</a>) is enough to make it valid. Unavailability of an Arabic translation can be regarded as a legal defense only if the defendant proves he could not understand the meaning of the law in any conceivable way. Following appeals to the Israeli Supreme Court, the use of Arabic on street signs and labels increased dramatically. In response to one of the appeals presented by Arab Israeli organizations,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] the Supreme Court ruled that although second to Hebrew, Arabic is an official language of the State of Israel, and should be used extensively. Today most highway signage is trilingual (Hebrew, Arabic, and English). Many Arab villages lack street signs of any kind and the Hebrew name is often used.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> The state's schools in Arab communities teach in Arabic according to a specially adapted curriculum. This curriculum includes mandatory lessons of Hebrew as foreign language from the 3rd grade onwards. Arabic is taught in Hebrew-speaking schools, but only the basic level is mandatory. In the summer of 2008, there was an unsuccessful attempt of right-wing lawmakers to strip Arabic of its status alongside Hebrew as an official language of the state.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_national_symbols">Israeli national symbols</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/200px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/300px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/400px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">flag of Israel</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/The_Star_of_David" class="mw-redirect" title="The Star of David">the Star of David</a></figcaption></figure> Some Arab politicians have requested a reevaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Israeli flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">national anthem</a>, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> at the flag's center is an exclusively Jewish symbol, and <a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatikvah</a> does not represent Arab citizens, since it speaks of the Jewish people's desire to return to their homeland. The <a href="/wiki/High_Follow-Up_Committee_for_Arab_Citizens_of_Israel" title="High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel">High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Committee_of_Arab_Mayors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Committee of Arab Mayors (page does not exist)">National Committee for the Heads of the Arab Local Authorities</a> in Israel stated in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Israeli legal system includes a number of core laws that produce and reinforce inequality between the Arabs and the Jews in Israel. ... The official bias is not restricted to symbols such as the Israeli flag, but also to deeper legal issues concerning all Palestinian Arabs ... [t]he official definition of Israel as a Jewish state created a fortified ideological barrier in the face of obtaining full equality for the Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel ... We, the Palestinians in Israel, are an integral part of this place ... Israel has tried over the past decades to disengage us from this place, not through physical transfer but through intellectual emotional transfer. Israel has tried to create a new identity on the basis of 'loyalty to the state' ... The State has not determined a position acceptable to us yet in terms of nurturing our Arab culture.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oren" title="Michael Oren">Michael Oren</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Israeli_ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli ambassador to the United Nations">Israeli ambassador to the United Nations</a>, has argued that since the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Solomon" title="Seal of Solomon">Seal of Solomon</a> (Star of David) is also considered to be an Islamic symbol, Arab citizens of Israel should be able to feel the same sense of loyalty to the flag as Jewish citizens do.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_Day">Independence Day</h3></div> In Israel, Independence Day takes place on 5 Iyar according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, which means it falls on different dates every year under the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. Arab citizens of Israel generally mark al-Nakba both on this day, and on 15 May, as do other Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-Ashkenazi-316">[313]</a> Druze soldiers, however, were present at Israel's first Independence Day Parade in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> and there have since been parades for Druze and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, as well as special events for Bedouins, on Independence Day.<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> In January 2008, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a>, Ursan Yassin, met with officials of the Israeli state committee on the celebrations for the 60th anniversary of independence and announced that Shefa-'Amr intended to take part in the celebrations. He stated: "This is our country and we completely disapprove of the statements made by the Higher Monitoring Committee. I want to hold a central ceremony in Shefa-'Amr, raise all the flags and have a huge feast. The 40,000 residents of Shefa-'Amr feel that they are a part of the State of Israel...The desire to participate in the festivities is shared by most of the residents. We will not raise our children to hate the country. This is our country and we want to live in coexistence with its Jewish residents."<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barriers_for_East_Jerusalem_Palestinians">Barriers for East Jerusalem Palestinians</h4></div> As of 2022, only 5% of East Jerusalem Palestinians had Israeli citizenship, despite Israel's having unilaterally annexed the area in 1967. From 1967 to 1974 hundreds per year became Israeli, which the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research">Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research</a> attributes to then-lax Israeli policy, also noting that by the mid-1970s, Palestinian society started to disapprove of becoming Israeli, seeing it as complicit with or collaborating with Israeli occupation. Since 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a> that separates them from Palestinians in the West Bank has changed education and employment markets, and the taboo has weakened — (Israeli citizenship no longer seen as detracting from being Palestinian. However, Israel's <a href="/wiki/Population_and_Immigration_Authority" title="Population and Immigration Authority">Population and Immigration Authority</a> made the process more difficult. From 2002 to 2021, only 34% of naturalization applications were approved, and the process may take years. Israel may justify the rejection for any of a wide variety of reasons such as a family member owning land or having a utility bill in the West Bank, posting the Palestinian flag or mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a> on social media, a past failed Hebrew proficiency test, refusal to renounce Jordanian citizenship, minor criminal charges, or "security impediments". Non-citizens cannot vote in Israeli legislative elections; to travel abroad they must get a <a href="/wiki/Laissez-passer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-passer">laissez passer</a>, many jobs are closed to them, and Israel can at any time revoke their residency status, whereby they lose their health insurance, their right to enter Jerusalem, and thus usually also their source of income.<a href="#cite_note-e-jer-cit-320">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003_Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law">2003 Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law</h4></div> On 31 July 2003, Israel enacted the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_and_Entry_into_Israel_Law" title="Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law">Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law</a> (Temporary Provision), 5763–2003, a one-year amendment to Israel's Citizenship Law denying citizenship and Israeli residence to Palestinians who reside in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and who marry Israelis;<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> the rule has been waived for any Palestinian "who identifies with the State of Israel and its goals, when he or a member of his family has taken concrete action to advance the security, economy or any other matter important to the State". Defenders of the Citizenship and Entry Law say it is aimed at preventing terrorist attacks and preserving the "Jewish character" of Israel by restricting Arab immigration.<a href="#cite_note-scotsman1-322">[319]</a> The new bill was formulated in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> statistics showing that involvement in terror attacks declines with age. This newest amendment, in practice, removes restrictions from half of the Palestinian population requesting legal status through marriage in Israel. This law was upheld by a High Court decision in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-scotsman1-322">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Discriminatory/racist_character">Discriminatory/racist character</h5></div> Although this law theoretically applies to all Israelis, it has disproportionately affected Arab citizens of Israel;<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> Arabs are far more likely to have Palestinian spouses than other Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-sfgate1-324">[321]</a> Thus the law has been widely considered discriminatory<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has unanimously approved a resolution saying that the Israeli law violated an international human rights treaty against racism.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Extensions_and_current_status_quo">Extensions and current status quo</h5></div> Upon expiration the law was extended for six months in August 2004, and again for four months in February 2005.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] On 8 May 2005, the Israeli ministerial committee for issues of legislation once again amended the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law, to restrict citizenship and residence in Israel only to Palestinian men over the age of 35, and Palestinian women over the age of 25. The law expired in 2021<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> and about 12,700 Palestinians married to Israeli Arab citizens are able to apply for citizenship<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> but Israel has delayed all family reunification requests, maintaining the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel#Racism_against_Arab_citizens_by_Israeli_Jews" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel § Racism against Arab citizens by Israeli Jews</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a> stated that the State of Israel would ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex, and guaranteed freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture. While formally equal according to Israeli law, a number of official sources acknowledge that Arab citizens of Israel experience discrimination in many aspects of life. Israeli High Court Justice (Ret.) Theodor Or wrote in <a href="/wiki/Or_Commission" title="Or Commission">The Report by the State Commission of Inquiry into the Events of October 2000</a>:<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> <blockquote>The Arab citizens of Israel live in a reality in which they experience discrimination as Arabs. This inequality has been documented in a large number of professional surveys and studies, has been confirmed in court judgments and government resolutions, and has also found expression in reports by the state comptroller and in other official documents. Although the Jewish majority's awareness of this discrimination is often quite low, it plays a central role in the sensibilities and attitudes of Arab citizens. This discrimination is widely accepted, both within the Arab sector and outside it, and by official assessments, as a chief cause of agitation.</blockquote> The Or Commission report also states that activities by Islamic organizations may be using religious pretenses to further political aims. The commission describes such actions as a factor in 'inflaming' the Muslim population in Israel against the authorities, and cites the <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarafand" title="Al-Sarafand">al-Sarafand</a> mosque episode, with Muslims' attempts to restore the mosque and Jewish attempts to stop them, as an example of the 'shifting of dynamics' of the relationship between Muslims and the Israeli authorities. According to the 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done "little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens".<a href="#cite_note-state.gov-2004-333">[330]</a> The 2004 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices<a href="#cite_note-state.gov-2004-333">[330]</a> notes that: <ul><li>"Israeli-Arab advocacy organizations have challenged the Government's policy of demolishing illegal buildings in the Arab sector, and claimed that the Government was more restrictive in issuing building permits in Arab communities than in Jewish communities, thereby not accommodating natural growth."</li> <li>"In June, the Supreme Court ruled that omitting Arab towns from specific government social and economic plans is discriminatory. This judgment builds on previous assessments of disadvantages suffered by Arab Israelis."</li> <li>"Israeli-Arab organizations have challenged as discriminatory the 1996 "Master Plan for the Northern Areas of Israel," which listed as priority goals increasing the Galilee's Jewish population and blocking the territorial contiguity of Arab towns."</li> <li>"Israeli Arabs were not required to perform mandatory military service and, in practice, only a small percentage of Israeli Arabs served in the military. Those who did not serve in the army had less access than other citizens to social and economic benefits for which military service was a prerequisite or an advantage, such as housing, new-household subsidies, and employment, especially government or security-related industrial employment. The Ivri Committee on National Service has issued official recommendations to the Government that Israel Arabs not be compelled to perform national or 'civic' service, but be afforded an opportunity to perform such service."</li> <li>"According to a 2003 University of Haifa study, a tendency existed to impose heavier prison terms to Arab citizens than to Jewish citizens. Human rights advocates claimed that Arab citizens were more likely to be convicted of murder and to have been denied bail."</li> <li>"The Orr Commission of Inquiry's report ... stated that the 'Government handling of the Arab sector has been primarily neglectful and discriminatory,' that the Government 'did not show sufficient sensitivity to the needs of the Arab population, and did not take enough action to allocate state resources in an equal manner.' As a result, 'serious distress prevailed in the Arab sector in various areas. Evidence of distress included poverty, unemployment, a shortage of land, serious problems in the education system, and substantially defective infrastructure.'"</li></ul> The 2007 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> notes that: <ul><li>"According to a 2005 study at Hebrew University, three times more money was invested in education of Jewish children as in Arab children."</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has charged that cuts in veteran benefits and child allowances based on parents' military service discriminate against Arab children: "The cuts will also affect the children of Jewish ultra-orthodox parents who do not serve in the military, but they are eligible for extra subsidies, including educational supplements, not available to Palestinian Arab children."<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> According to the Guardian, in 2006 just 5% of civil servants were Arabs, many of them hired to deal with other Arabs, despite the fact that Arab citizens of Israel comprise 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-336">[333]</a> Although the Bedouin infant mortality rate is still the highest in Israel, and one of the highest in the developed world, The Guardian reports that in the 2002 budget, Israel's health ministry allocated Arab communities less than 1% of its budget for healthcare facility development.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-336">[333]</a> In March 2010, a report released by several Israeli civil rights groups stated that the current <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> was "the most racist in Israeli history" with 21 bills proposed in 2008 and 2009 that would discriminate against the country's Arab minority.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> A preliminary report commissioned by Israel's Courts Administration and the Israel Bar Association found in 2011 that Israeli Arabs are more likely than Israeli Jews to be convicted of crimes after being charged, more likely to be given custodial sentences, and were given longer sentences. It did not account for "mitigating or aggravating circumstances, prior criminal record and the convict's gender".<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_ownership_and_housing">Property ownership and housing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KKL_tin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KKL_tin.jpg/150px-KKL_tin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KKL_tin.jpg/225px-KKL_tin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KKL_tin.jpg/300px-KKL_tin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>JNF collection boxes were used in Jewish communities around the world to collect donations for buying lands, <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">planting forests</a> and settling Jews in Israel.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> (JNF) is a private organization established in 1901 to buy and develop land in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> for Jewish settlement; land purchases were funded by donations from world Jewry exclusively for that purpose.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-339">[336]</a> The JNF currently owns 13% of land in Israel,<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pfeffer-341">[338]</a> while 80% is owned by the government, and the rest, around 7%, is evenly divided between private Arab and Jewish owners.<a href="#cite_note-gpo1997may22-342">[339]</a> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Land_Administration" title="Israel Land Administration">Israel Land Administration</a> (ILA) administers 94% of the land in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-gpo1997may22-342">[339]</a> A significant portion of JNF lands were originally properties left behind by Palestinian "absentees" and as a result the legitimacy of some JNF land ownership has been a matter of dispute.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-339">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> The JNF purchased these lands from the State of Israel between 1949 and 1953, after the state took control of them according to the <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Property_Laws_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and Property Laws in Israel">Absentee Properties Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-corner-346">[343]</a> While the JNF charter specifies the land is for the use of the Jewish People, land has been leased to <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> herders.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> Nevertheless, JNF land policy has been criticized as discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-214">[211]</a> When the ILA leased JNF land to Arabs, it took control of the land in question and compensated the JNF with an equivalent amount of land in areas not designated for development (generally in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>), thus ensuring that the total amount of land owned by the JNF remains the same.<a href="#cite_note-corner-346">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> This was a complicated and controversial mechanism, and in 2004 use of it was suspended. After Supreme Court discussions and a directive by the Attorney General instructing the ILA to lease JNF land to Arabs and Jews alike, in September 2007 the JNF suggested reinstating the land-exchange mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-corner-346">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> While the JNF and the ILA view an exchange of lands as a long-term solution, opponents say that such maneuvers privatize municipal lands and preserve a situation in which significant lands in Israel are not available for use by all of its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Pfeffer-341">[338]</a> As of 2007, the High Court delayed ruling on JNF policy regarding leasing lands to non-Jews,<a href="#cite_note-Pfeffer-341">[338]</a> and changes to the ILA-JNF relationship were up in the air.<a href="#cite_note-corner-346">[343]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512020532/http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php">Adalah</a> and other organizations furthermore express concern that proposed severance of the relation between the ILA and JNF, as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Ami_Ayalon" title="Ami Ayalon">Ami Ayalon</a>, would leave the JNF free to retain the same proportion of lands for Jewish uses as it seeks to settle hundreds of thousands of Jews in areas with a tenuous Jewish demographic majority (in particular, 100,000 Jews in existing <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> communities<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-214">[211]</a> and 250,000 Jews in new <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> communities via the <a href="/wiki/Blueprint_Negev" title="Blueprint Negev">Blueprint Negev</a>).<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Land_Administration" title="Israel Land Administration">Israel Land Administration</a>, which administers 93% of the land in Israel (including the land owned by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a>), refuses to lease land to non-Jewish foreign nationals, who include Palestinian residents of Jerusalem who have identity cards but are not citizens of Israel. When ILA land is "bought" in Israel it is actually leased to the "owner" for a period of 49 years. According to article 19 of the ILA lease, foreign nationals are excluded from leasing ILA land, and in practice foreigners may just show that they qualify as Jewish under the Law of Return.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Arakiv_Protest_Tel_Aviv.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Al_Arakiv_Protest_Tel_Aviv.JPG/220px-Al_Arakiv_Protest_Tel_Aviv.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Al_Arakiv_Protest_Tel_Aviv.JPG/330px-Al_Arakiv_Protest_Tel_Aviv.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Al_Arakiv_Protest_Tel_Aviv.JPG/440px-Al_Arakiv_Protest_Tel_Aviv.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouins</a> protesting in Tel Aviv in demand to return to their village, <a href="/wiki/Al-Araqeeb" title="Al-Araqeeb">Al-Araqeeb</a>, 12 May 2010</figcaption></figure> Israeli law also discriminates between Jewish and Arab residents of Jerusalem regarding rights to recover property owned before the dislocations created by the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jpost1-352">[349]</a> The 1950 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_land_and_property_laws_relating_to_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict#The_Absentees_Property_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli land and property laws relating to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Absentees Property Law</a> said that any property within post-war Israel which was owned by an <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Arab</a> who had left the country between 29 November 1947 and 19 May 1948, or by a <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> who had merely been abroad or in area of Palestine held by hostile forces up to 1 September 1948, lost all rights to that property. Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes by Jewish or Israeli forces, before and during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, but remained within the borders of what would become Israel, that is, those currently known as Arab citizens of Israel, are deemed <a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">present absentees</a> by the legislation. Present absentees are regarded as absent by the Israeli government because they left their homes, even if they did not intend to leave them for more than a few days, and even if they did so involuntarily.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> Following the 1967 Six-Day War in which Israel occupied the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, from where it annexed <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, Israel then passed in 1970 the Law and Administration Arrangements Law allowing for Jews who had lost property in East Jerusalem and the West Bank during the 1948 war to reclaim it.<a href="#cite_note-jpost1-352">[349]</a> Palestinian residents of Jerusalem (absentees) in the same positions, and Arab Israelis (present absentees), who owned property in West Jerusalem or other areas within the state of Israel, and lost it as a result of the 1948 war, cannot recover their properties. Israeli legislation, therefore, allows Jews to recover their land, but not Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-jpost1-352">[349]</a> In the early 2000s, several <a href="/wiki/Community_settlement_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community settlement (Israel)">community settlements</a> in the Negev and the Galilee were accused of barring Arab applicants from moving in. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed legislation that allowed admissions committees to function in smaller communities in the Galilee and the Negev, while explicitly forbidding committees to bar applicants based on the basis of race, religion, sex, ethnicity, disability, personal status, age, parenthood, sexual orientation, country of origin, political views, or political affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> Critics, however, say the law gives the privately run admissions committees a wide latitude over public lands, and believe it will worsen discrimination against the Arab minority.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contesting_allegations_of_discrimination">Contesting allegations of discrimination</h3></div> While groups are not separated by official policy, Israel has a number of different sectors within the society that maintain their strong cultural, religious, ideological, and/or ethnic identity. The Israeli foreign ministry maintains that in spite of the existing social cleavages and economic disparities, the political systems and the courts represent strict legal and civic equality. The Israeli foreign ministry in 2006 described the country as: "Not a melting-pot society, but rather more of a mosaic made up of different population groups coexisting in the framework of a democratic state".<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Khaldi" title="Ishmael Khaldi">Ishmael Khaldi</a>, an Arab citizen of Israel and the nation's first high-ranking Muslim in the Israeli foreign service, while Israeli society is far from perfect, minorities in Israel fare far better than any other country in the Middle East. He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am a proud Israeli – along with many other non-Jewish Israelis such as Druze, Bahai, Bedouin, Christians and Muslims, who live in one of the most culturally diversified societies and the only true democracy in the Middle East. Like America, Israeli society is far from perfect, but let us deal honestly. By any yardstick you choose – educational opportunity, economic development, women and gay's rights, freedom of speech and assembly, legislative representation – Israel's minorities fare far better than any other country in the Middle East.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_intermarriage">Opposition to intermarriage</h3></div> Intermarriage is prohibited by the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> In the case of mixed Arab-Jewish marriages, emotions run especially high.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 2007 poll found that more than half of Israeli Jews believed intermarriage was equivalent to national treason.<a href="#cite_note-Drive-360">[357]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Around 2009 a group of Jewish men in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Pisgat_Ze%27ev" title="Pisgat Ze'ev">Pisgat Ze'ev</a> started patrolling the neighborhood to stop Jewish women from dating Arab men.<a href="#cite_note-Protect-361">[358]</a> In 2008 the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> had a telephone hotline for friends and family to report Jewish girls who date Arab men as well as psychologists to provide counselling.<a href="#cite_note-Drive-360">[357]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a> launched a campaign in schools to warn Jewish girls against dating local Bedouin men.<a href="#cite_note-Drive-360">[357]</a> A 2015 survey found that 82% of Israeli Muslims, 87% of Israeli Druze, and 88% of Israeli Christians would be uncomfortable with a child of theirs marrying a Jew. 97% of Israeli Jews would be uncomfortable if a child of theirs married a Muslim and 89% would be uncomfortable if a child of theirs married a Christian.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> In 2018, Arab-Israeli journalist <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Aharish" title="Lucy Aharish">Lucy Aharish</a> married Jewish-Israeli actor <a href="/wiki/Tzachi_Halevy" title="Tzachi Halevy">Tzachi HaLevy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> triggering a public controversy. A number of Israeli right-wing politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Oren_Hazan" title="Oren Hazan">Oren Hazan</a>, criticized HaLevy's marriage to an Arab Muslim woman as "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilation</a>" while many members of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, including other government officials, congratulated the couple and dismissed their colleagues as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knesset">Knesset</h3></div> The Mossawa Center – an advocacy organization for Arabs in Israel – blames the Knesset of discrimination against Arabs, citing a 75% increase in discriminatory and racist bills submitted to the Knesset in the year 2009. According to the report, 11 bills deemed by the center to be "discriminatory and racist" were placed on the legislature's table in 2007, while 12 such bills were initiated in 2008. However, in 2009 a full 21 bills deemed discriminatory by the Mossawa Center were discussed in the Knesset.<a href="#cite_note-Roffe-Ofir-368">[365]</a> The reports categorizes as "racist" proposals such as giving academic scholarships to soldiers who served in combat units, and a bill to revoke government funding from organizations acting "against the principles of the State".<a href="#cite_note-Roffe-Ofir-368">[365]</a> The Coalition Against Racism and the Mossawa Center said that the proposed legislation seeks to de-legitimize Israel's Arab citizens by decreasing their civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_status">Economic status</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_30994_Hi_Tech_Park_in_Nazareth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PikiWiki_Israel_30994_Hi_Tech_Park_in_Nazareth.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_30994_Hi_Tech_Park_in_Nazareth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PikiWiki_Israel_30994_Hi_Tech_Park_in_Nazareth.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_30994_Hi_Tech_Park_in_Nazareth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PikiWiki_Israel_30994_Hi_Tech_Park_in_Nazareth.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_30994_Hi_Tech_Park_in_Nazareth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Nazareth <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">Hi-Tech Park</a>; the city has been called the "Silicon Valley of the Arab community".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-370">[367]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2011, Nazareth had over 20 Arab-owned high-tech companies, mostly in the field of software development. According to the <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> newspaper the city has been called the "Silicon Valley of the Arab community" in view of its potential in this sphere.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-370">[367]</a> Inequality in the allocation of public funding for Jewish and Arab needs, and widespread employment discrimination, present significant economic hurdles for Arab citizens of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-economist1-371">[368]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Minorities_at_Risk" title="Minorities at Risk">Minorities at Risk</a> (MAR) group states that "despite obvious discrimination, Israeli Arabs are relatively much better off economically than neighboring Arabs."<a href="#cite_note-cidcm1-372">[369]</a> The predominant feature of the Arab community's economic development after 1949 was its transformation from a predominantly peasant farming population to a proletarian industrial workforce. It has been suggested that the economic development of the community was marked by distinct stages. The first period, until 1967, was characterised by this process of proletarianisation. From 1967 on, economic development of the population was encouraged and an Arab <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> began to develop on the margin of the Jewish bourgeoisie. From the 1980s on, the community developed its economic and, in particular, industrial potential.<a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a> In July 2006, the Government categorized all Arab communities in the country as 'class A' development areas, thus making them eligible for tax benefits. This decision aims to encourage investments in the Arab sector.<a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a> Raanan Dinur, director-general of Prime Minister office, said in December 2006 that Israel had finalized plans to set up a NIS 160 million private equity fund to help develop the businesses of the country's Arab community over the next decade. According to Dinur, companies owned by Arab citizens of Israel will be eligible to apply to the fund for as much as NIS 4 million (US$952,000), enabling as many as 80 enterprises to receive money over the next 10 years. The Israeli government will, according to Dinur, solicit bids to operate the fund from various financial institutes and private firms, which must pledge to raise at least NIS 80 million (about US$19 million) from private investors.<a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a> In February 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that 53 percent of the impoverished families in Israel were Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a> Since the majority of Arabs in Israel do not serve in the army, they are ineligible for many financial benefits such as scholarships and housing loans.<a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a> Arab towns in Israel are reluctant to collect city taxes from their residents.<a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a> Sikkuy, a prominent Arab-Jewish NGO, found that Arabs as a group have the highest home ownership in Israel: 93% compared to 70% among Jews.<a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a> While per capita income is lower in the Arab community, these figures do not take into account age (the average age in the Arab community is lower and young people earn less), the low percentage of women who join the workforce, and the large size of Arab families.<a href="#cite_note-Yemini20April2007-380">[377]</a> In 2005, of the 40 towns in Israel with the highest unemployment rates, 36 were Arab towns.<a href="#cite_note-Shamir-34">[31]</a> According to the Central Bank of Israel statistics for 2003, salary averages for Arab workers were 29% lower than for Jewish workers.<a href="#cite_note-Shamir-34">[31]</a> Difficulties in procuring employment have been attributed to a comparatively low level of education vis-a-vis their Jewish counterparts, insufficient employment opportunities in the vicinity of their towns, discrimination by Jewish employers, and competition with foreign workers in fields, such as construction and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Shamir-34">[31]</a> Arab women have a higher unemployment rate in the work force relative to both religious and secular Jewish women. While among Arab men the employment was found to be on par with Jewish men, 17% of Arab women were found to be employed. This puts the Arab employment at 68% of the Israeli average. The Druze and Christian Arabs have higher employment than Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_18060_Cities_in_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PikiWiki_Israel_18060_Cities_in_Israel.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_18060_Cities_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PikiWiki_Israel_18060_Cities_in_Israel.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_18060_Cities_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PikiWiki_Israel_18060_Cities_in_Israel.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_18060_Cities_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sakhnin industrial area</figcaption></figure> Imad Telhami, founder and CEO of Babcom, a call center in the <a href="/wiki/Tefen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tefen">Tefen</a> Industrial Park with 300 employees, is committed to developing career opportunities for Arab workers in Israel. Telhami, a Christian Arab, was a senior executive at the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Galil_Industries" title="Delta Galil Industries">Delta Galil Industries</a> textile plant before establishing Babcom. He hopes to employ 5,000 workers within five years: "Israeli companies have been exporting thousands of jobs to India, Eastern Europe and other spots around the globe. I want to bring the jobs here. There are terrific engineers in the Arab sector, and the potential is huge.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a> In March 2010, the government approved a $216 million, five-year development plan for the Israeli Arab sector with the goal of increasing job accessibility, particularly for women and academics. Under this program, some 15,000 new employees will be added to the work roster by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a> By the 2010s, the Israeli-Arab standard of living was found to be improving, with the number of middle class Arabs growing. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, which termed Arabs as Israel's "new <a href="/wiki/Yuppie" title="Yuppie">yuppies</a>", reported that Arabs, especially women, were pursuing higher education in increasing numbers, and increasingly seeking white-collar jobs. According to Professor Aziz Haidar of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, in 2017 about 27% of Arabs were <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> (as opposed to 17% two decades before) and 3% were wealthy, and although most Arabs were still in lower-income brackets, the Arab middle class is expanding dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> Across all groups, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> tend to be the most educated,<a href="#cite_note-auto-134">[131]</a> and most of them are <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper middle class</a>, and they have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment;<a href="#cite_note-auto-134">[131]</a> a study published by the Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in 2017 found that "Christian population has the highest achievements in the Arab sector on all indices: <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">bagrut</a> scores, rates of college graduates, and fields of employment".<a href="#cite_note-auto-134">[131]</a> The study found also that the achievements of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> are mixed, and they have the second highest achievements in the Arab sector on all indices.<a href="#cite_note-auto-134">[131]</a> While Bedouins has the lowest achievements in the Arab sector on all indices, as they tend to be the least educated.<a href="#cite_note-auto-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacra_fam_0307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sacra_fam_0307.jpg/200px-Sacra_fam_0307.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sacra_fam_0307.jpg/300px-Sacra_fam_0307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sacra_fam_0307.jpg/400px-Sacra_fam_0307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Italian Nazareth Hospital</figcaption></figure> The most common health-related causes of death are heart disease and cancer. Roughly 14% were diagnosed with diabetes in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-stats-385">[382]</a> Around half of all Arab men smoke.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-stats-385">[382]</a> Life expectancy has increased 27 years since 1948. Further, due largely to improvements in health care, the Arab <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate dropped from 32 deaths per thousand births in 1970 to 8.6 per thousand in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-JVL-stats-385">[382]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] However, the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a> infant mortality rate is still[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the highest in Israel, and one of the highest in the developed world. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haifa_Italian_Hospital_P5180034.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haifa_Italian_Hospital_P5180034.JPG/200px-Haifa_Italian_Hospital_P5180034.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haifa_Italian_Hospital_P5180034.JPG/300px-Haifa_Italian_Hospital_P5180034.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Haifa_Italian_Hospital_P5180034.JPG/400px-Haifa_Italian_Hospital_P5180034.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Hospital_in_Haifa" title="Italian Hospital in Haifa">Italian Hospital in Haifa</a></figcaption></figure> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate among Arab citizens overall was 8.4 per thousand, more than twice as high as the rate 3.6 per thousand among the Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-386">[383]</a> In the 2002 budget, Israel's health ministry allocated Arab communities less than 1% of its 277 m-shekel (£35m) budget (1.6 m shekels {£200,000}) to develop healthcare facilities.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-336">[333]</a> Nazareth have three private hospitals serving its districts: <a href="/wiki/The_Nazareth_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nazareth Hospital">The Nazareth Hospital</a> (also called the English Hospital), French Nazareth Hospital, and the Italian Nazareth Hospital. All of these hospitals run by the Christian community of Nazareth.<a href="#cite_note-387">[384]</a> The Christian Arab community run also the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Hospital_in_Haifa" title="Italian Hospital in Haifa">Italian Hospital in Haifa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpj-388">[385]</a> Despite the fact that Arab represent 20% of the total Israeli population, in 2015 they accounted 35% of all doctors in Israel, and according to a study by the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> Arabs account about 35% of all pharmacists in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Israel21c-389">[386]</a> The Arabic local council <a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a> has one of the highest numbers of doctors per capita in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Israel21c-389">[386]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalilSchoolSign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/200px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/300px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GalilSchoolSign.jpg/400px-GalilSchoolSign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Sign in front of the <a href="/wiki/Galil_Jewish%E2%80%93Arab_School" title="Galil Jewish–Arab School">Galil school</a>, a joint <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>-Jewish primary school in Israel</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Elias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mar_Elias.jpg/200px-Mar_Elias.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mar_Elias.jpg/300px-Mar_Elias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mar_Elias.jpg/400px-Mar_Elias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mar_Elias_Educational_Institutions" title="Mar Elias Educational Institutions">Mar Elias</a>, a kindergarten, elementary, junior high, and high school, and college in <a href="/wiki/Ibillin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibillin">Ibillin</a>, an Arab village in northern Israel.</figcaption></figure> The Israeli government regulates and finances most of the schools operating in the country, including the majority of those run by private organizations. The school system has two branches, Hebrew-speaking and Arabic-speaking. The curricula for the two systems are almost identical in mathematics, sciences, and English. It is different in humanities (history, literature, etc.). Hebrew is taught in Arabic schools from third grade and obligatory for Arabic-speaking school's matriculation exams, a basic knowledge of Arabic is taught in Hebrew schools, usually from the 7th to the 9th grade. Arabic is not obligatory for Hebrew speaking school's matriculation exams. The schooling language split operates from preschool to the end of high school. At the university level, they merge into a single system, which operates mostly in Hebrew and in English.<a href="#cite_note-390">[387]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> described government-run Arab schools as "a world apart from government-run Jewish schools."<a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a> The report found striking differences in virtually every aspect of the education system.<a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In 2005, the Follow-Up Committee for Arab Education said that the Israeli government spent an average of $192 a year on Arab students compared to $1,100 for Jewish students. The drop-out rate for Arabs was twice as high as for Jews (12% versus 6%). There was a 5,000-classroom shortage in the Arab sector.<a href="#cite_note-393">[390]</a> According to the 2004 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a> for Israel and the occupied territories, "Israeli Arabs were underrepresented in the student bodies and faculties of most universities and in higher professional and business ranks. Well educated Arabs often were unable to find jobs commensurate with their level of education. According to Sikkuy, Arab citizens held approximately 60 to 70 of the country's 5,000 university faculty positions."<a href="#cite_note-state.gov-2004-333">[330]</a> Arab educators have long voiced concerns over institutionalized budgetary discrimination. An August 2009 study published by the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>'s School of Education claimed that Israel's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Education (Israel)">Education Ministry</a> discriminated against Arabs in its allocations of special assistance for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds and the average per-student allocation at Arab junior high schools was one-fifth the average at Jewish ones. This was due to the allocation method: funds were first divided between Arab and Jewish school systems according to the number of students in each, and then allocated to needy students; however, due to the large proportion of such students in the Arab sector, they receive less funds, per student, than Jewish students. The Ministry of Education said it was discontinuing this method in favor of a uniform index.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-394">[391]</a> Ministry data on the percentage of high school students who passed their matriculation exams showed that Arab towns were ranked lowest except for <a href="/wiki/Fureidis" title="Fureidis">Fureidis</a>, which had the third highest pass rate (76%) in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-394">[391]</a> According to the study by Hanna David from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tel_Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tel Aviv">University of Tel Aviv</a>, Arab Christian schools in Israel are among the best schools in the country, and while those schools represent only 4% of the Arab schooling sector, about 34% of Arab university students come from Christian schools,<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a> and about 87% of the Israeli Arabs in the <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> sector have been educated in Arab <a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye.net-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Why_Angry_Christians_in_Israel_Are-200">[197]</a> These 47 Arab Christian schools accommodate 33,000 Christian students, Muslims, Druze and some Jews from across the country.<a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Haifa,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/University_of_Haifa%2C_Israel.jpg/200px-University_of_Haifa%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/University_of_Haifa%2C_Israel.jpg/300px-University_of_Haifa%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/University_of_Haifa%2C_Israel.jpg/400px-University_of_Haifa%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>The percentage of Arab students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> is around 41%.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-397">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outstanding_Arab_Students-398">[395]</a></figcaption></figure> Nearly half of Arab students who passed their matriculation exams failed to win a place in higher education because they performed poorly in the <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_Entrance_Test" title="Psychometric Entrance Test">Psychometric Entrance Test</a>, compared to 20% of Jewish applicants. Khaled Arar, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Beit_Berl_College" title="Beit Berl College">Beit Berl College</a>, believes the psychometric test is culturally biased: "The gap in psychometric scores between Jewish and Arab students has remained steady – at more than 100 points out of a total of 800 – since 1982. That alone should have raised suspicions."<a href="#cite_note-399">[396]</a> However, a 1986 research found negligible differences in construct or predictive test validity across varying cultural groups and the findings appeared to be more consistent with the psychometric than with the cultural bias position.<a href="#cite_note-400">[397]</a> According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2020, 83.6% of Christians were entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Bagrut_certificate" title="Bagrut certificate">matriculation certificate</a>, followed by Druze (79.9%), and Muslims (60.3%). While 80.2% of the Israeli Jews were entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Bagrut_certificate" title="Bagrut certificate">matriculation certificate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muslim2020-125">[122]</a> Statistically, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> in Israel have the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a> among all religious communities, according to a data by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> in 2010, 63% of Israeli <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> have had college or <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate education</a>, the highest of any religious and <a href="/wiki/Ethno-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-religious">ethno-religious</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-bokra.net-186">[183]</a> According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2020, 70.9% of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians</a> in Israel have a <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">college degree</a>,<a href="#cite_note-401">[398]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Druze</a> (15.3%),<a href="#cite_note-auto1-139">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a> (10%).<a href="#cite_note-Muslim2020-125">[122]</a> Among Israeli higher education institutions the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> has the largest percentage (41%) of Arab-Israeli students.<a href="#cite_note-402">[399]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Technion_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion Israel Institute of Technology">Technion Israel Institute of Technology</a> has the second largest percentage (22.2%) of Arab-Israeli students.<a href="#cite_note-Harman-397">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outstanding_Arab_Students-398">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_conscription">Military conscription</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedouin_IDF1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedouin_IDF1949.jpg/200px-Bedouin_IDF1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedouin_IDF1949.jpg/300px-Bedouin_IDF1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedouin_IDF1949.jpg/400px-Bedouin_IDF1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Bedouin IDF soldiers of Rumat al-Heib (عرب الهيب) during a military parade in Tel-Aviv in June 1949</figcaption></figure> Unlike their Jewish counterparts, Arab citizens are not <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">required to serve</a> in the Israeli military, and, outside the Bedouin community, very few (around 120 a year) volunteer.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-122">[119]</a> Until 2000, each year between 5–10% of the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a> population of draft age volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli army</a>, and Bedouin were well known for their unique status as volunteers. The legendary Israeli soldier, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Yarkoni" title="Amos Yarkoni">Amos Yarkoni</a>, first commander of the Shaked Reconnaissance Battalion in the <a href="/wiki/Givati_Brigade" title="Givati Brigade">Givati Brigade</a>, was a Bedouin (born Abd el-Majid Hidr). Bedouin soldiers dominate the elite human tracking units that guard Israel's northern and southern border.<a href="#cite_note-bedouin_in_israel-403">[400]</a> Lieutenant Colonel Magdi Mazarib, a Bedouin, who is the Israeli army's highest-ranking tracking commander, told the <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> that he believes that "the state of Bedouin in Israel is better, as far as the respect we get, our progress, education".<a href="#cite_note-bedouin_in_israel-403">[400]</a> In 2004 the number of Bedouin in the army may have been be less than 1%.<a href="#cite_note-404">[401]</a> A 2003 report stated that willingness among Bedouin to serve in the army had drastically dropped in recent years, as the Israeli government has failed to fulfill promises of equal service provision to Bedouin citizens.<a href="#cite_note-caliber1-405">[402]</a> However, a 2009 article in <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> stated that volunteer recruitment for a crack elite Bedouin army unit rose threefold.<a href="#cite_note-406">[403]</a> IDF figures indicate that, in 2002 and 2003, Christians represented 0.1 percent of all recruits. In 2004, the number of recruits had doubled. Altogether, in 2003, the percentage of Christians serving had grown by 16 percent over the year 2000. The IDF does not publish figures on the exact number of recruits by religious denomination, and in 2005 it was estimated that a few dozen Christians currently served in the IDF.<a href="#cite_note-Christian_Arabs-144">[141]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DruzeSoldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DruzeSoldier.jpg/200px-DruzeSoldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DruzeSoldier.jpg/300px-DruzeSoldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/DruzeSoldier.jpg/400px-DruzeSoldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> commander of the IDF Herev battalion</figcaption></figure> The Druze are required to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> in accordance with an agreement between their local religious leaders and the Israeli government in 1956. Opposition to the decision among the Druze populace was evident immediately, but was unsuccessful in reversing the decision.<a href="#cite_note-407">[404]</a> Many Druze in the IDF become officers<a href="#cite_note-408">[405]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and some rising to general officer rank.<a href="#cite_note-409">[406]</a> In recent years, a growing minority from within the Druze community have denounced this mandatory enrollment, and refused to serve.<a href="#cite_note-410">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Said_Nafa" title="Said Nafa">Said Nafa</a>, who identifies as a Palestinian Druze and serves as the head of the Balad party's national council, founded the "Pact of Free Druze", an organization that aims "to stop the conscription of the Druze and claims the community is an inalienable part of the Arabs in Israel and the Palestinian nation at large".<a href="#cite_note-412">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_service">National service</h3></div> Rather than perform army service, Israeli Arab youths have the option to volunteer to <a href="/wiki/Sherut_Leumi" title="Sherut Leumi">national service</a> and receive benefits similar to those received by discharged soldiers. The volunteers are generally allocated to Arab populations, where they assist with social and community matters. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&action=edit">[update]</a> there are 1,473 Arabs volunteering for national service. According to sources in the national service administration, Arab leaders are counseling youths to refrain from performing services to the state. According to a National Service official: "For years the Arab leadership has demanded, justifiably, benefits for Arab youths similar to those received by discharged soldiers. Now, when this opportunity is available, it is precisely these leaders who reject the state's call to come and do the service, and receive these benefits."<a href="#cite_note-413">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intercommunal_relations">Intercommunal relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys_and_polls">Surveys and polls</h3></div> In a 2004 survey by Sammy Smooha of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Arab_Center" title="Jewish-Arab Center">Jewish-Arab Center</a>, 85% of Israeli Arabs stated that Israel has a right to exist as an independent state, and 70% that it has a right to exist as a democratic, Jewish state.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-414">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[412]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Truman_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman Institute">Truman Institute</a> survey from 2005 found that 63% of the Arab citizens accepted the principle that Israel is the state of the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-Shamir-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[413]</a> A 2006 poll by the Arab advocacy group the Center Against Racism showed negative attitudes towards Arabs. The poll found that 63% of Jews believe Arabs are a security threat; 68% would refuse to live in the same building as an Arab; 34% believe that Arab culture is inferior to Israeli culture. Support for segregation between Jewish and Arab citizens was higher among Jews of Middle Eastern origin.<a href="#cite_note-417">[414]</a> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:200px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Israeli patriotism among Israeli Arabs, 2006</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Very patriotic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:17%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Patriotic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Somewhat patriotic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:35%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not especially patriotic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:41%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">41%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Herzliya patriotism survey<a href="#cite_note-pat-418">[415]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> In a 2006 patriotism survey, 56% of Israeli Arabs were not proud of their citizenship and 73% were not ready to fight to defend the state, but 77% said that Israel was better than most other countries and 53% were proud of the country's welfare system. Eighty-two percent said they would rather be a citizen of Israel than of any other country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-pat-418">[415]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Democracy_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Democracy Institute">Israeli Democracy Institute</a> (IDI) poll in 2007 showed that 75% of "Israeli Arabs would support a constitution that maintained Israel's status as a Jewish and democratic state while guaranteeing equal rights for minorities, while 23% said they would oppose such a definition".<a href="#cite_note-poll-419">[416]</a> Another survey that year showed that 62% of Israel's Arabs would prefer to remain Israeli citizens rather than become citizens of a future Palestinian state.<a href="#cite_note-IPOU-420">[417]</a> A separate 2008 poll found that 77% would rather live in Israel than in any other country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-421">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[419]</a> Another 2007 poll by Sammy Smooha found that 63% of Jewish Israelis avoided entering Arab towns and cities; 68% feared the possibility of widespread civil unrest among Israeli Arabs; 50% of Israeli Arabs justified Hezbollah's capture of IDF reservists <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Goldwasser" title="Ehud Goldwasser">Ehud Goldwasser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eldad_Regev" title="Eldad Regev">Eldad Regev</a> in a cross-border raid; 19% thought Israel was justified in going to war following the kidnapping; 48% justified Hezbollah rocket attacks on northern Israel during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>; 89% of Israeli Arabs saw the IDF bombing of Lebanon as a war crime, while 44% of Israeli Arabs viewed Hezbollah's bombing of Israel as a war crime; 62% of Israeli Arabs worried that Israel could transfer their communities to the jurisdiction of a future Palestinian state, and 60% said they were concerned about a possible mass expulsion; 76% of Israeli Arabs described <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> as racist; 68% of Israeli Arabs would be content to live in the Jewish state alongside a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; 41% of Israeli Arab citizens <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denied the Holocaust ever happened</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Poll_a-423">[420]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Civil_Rights_in_Israel" title="Association for Civil Rights in Israel">Association for Civil Rights in Israel</a> reported a "dramatic increase" in racism against Arab citizens, including a 26 percent rise in anti-Arab incidents. ACRI president <a href="/wiki/Sami_Michael" title="Sami Michael">Sami Michael</a> said that "Israeli society is reaching new heights of racism that damages freedom of expression and privacy".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-424">[421]</a> A 2008 poll on intercommunal relations by Harvard <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy School of Government">Kennedy School</a> found that Arabs and Jews in Israel underestimated the extent to which their communities "liked" one another. 68% of the Jews supported teaching Arabic in Jewish schools.<a href="#cite_note-425">[422]</a> A 2008 poll by the Center Against Racism found that 75% of Israeli Jews would not live in a building with Arabs; over 60% would not invite Arabs to their homes; 40% believed that Arabs should be stripped of the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">right to vote</a>; over 50% agreed that the state should encourage emigration of Arab citizens to other countries; 59% considered Arab culture primitive. Asked "What do you feel when you hear people speaking Arabic?" 31% said hate and 50% said fear. Only 19% reported positive or neutral feelings.<a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a> Surveys in 2009 found a radicalization in the positions of Israeli Arabs towards the State of Israel, with 41% of Israeli Arabs recognizing Israel's right to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish</a> and democratic state (down from 66% in 2003), and 54% believing Israel has a right to exist as an independent country (down from 81% in 2003). Polls also showed that 40% of Arab citizens engaged in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Poll_a-423">[420]</a> A 2010 poll of Israeli high school students found that 50% did not think Israeli Arabs were entitled to the same rights as Jews in Israel, and 56% thought Arabs should not be elected to the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Poll2010-427">[424]</a> The figures rose among religious students.<a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a> A 2010 Arab Jewish Relations Survey, compiled by Prof. Sami Smoocha in collaboration with the Jewish-Arab Center at the University of Haifa shows that 71% Arab citizens of Israel said they blamed Jews for the hardships suffered by Palestinians during and after the "Nakba" in 1948. 38% denied the Holocaust. The percentage supporting the use of violence to advance Arab causes climbed from 6% in 1995 to 12% in 2010. 66% say they reject Israel as a Jewish and Zionist state, while 30% opposed its existence under any terms. 63% saw the Jews as "foreign settlers who do not fit into the region and will eventually leave, when the land will return to the Palestinians".<a href="#cite_note-429">[426]</a> A 2010 University of Maryland / Zogby International poll of 600 Arab Israelis compiled by <a href="/wiki/Shibley_Telhami" title="Shibley Telhami">Shibley Telhami</a> found that 36 percent considered their Arab identity to be "most important", while 22% answered "Palestinian", 19% Muslim, and 12% Israeli.<a href="#cite_note-430">[427]</a> Amongst other things, a 2012 survey by Mada al-Carmel, the Arab Center for Applied Social Research, asked Arab students what obstacles they felt they faced in getting into university: 71% said the psychometric exam was the primary obstacle, while 40% cited "Jewish racism".<a href="#cite_note-2012survey-431">[428]</a> The survey also found that 45 percent of those questioned felt no pride in Israeli achievements in whatever field, with another 13% reporting negative feelings about them.<a href="#cite_note-2012survey-431">[428]</a> A Pew Research poll released in March 2016 showed that close to half of all Israeli Jews are in favor of "transferring or expelling" Israel's Arab population. 48% of Israeli Jews strongly agree or agree with the idea, and 46% strongly disagree or disagree. The in-person polling was conducted in a relatively "calm" from late 2014 through early 2015.<a href="#cite_note-432">[429]</a> In December 2022, support for a two-state solution was 33% among Palestinians, 34% among Israeli Jews, and 60% among Israeli Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a> At the end of October 2023, after the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>, the two-state solution had the support of 71.9% of Israeli Arabs and 28.6% of Israeli Jews.<a href="#cite_note-434">[431]</a> According to a poll published by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a>, only 24% of Israeli Arabs believe that the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> is trying to uphold international law in the war between Israel and Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-435">[432]</a> In December 2023, during the Israel-Hamas war, the Druze were the Israeli Arab minority which most identified with the state of Israel (80%), followed by Christians (73%) and Muslims (62%). For residents of the Negev, most of whom are Bedouin, the figure was 73%.<a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_terrorist_attacks">Involvement in terrorist attacks</h3></div> Because Israeli Arabs have Israeli citizenship, they have become increasingly targeted for recruitment as operatives by organizations that attack civilians.<a href="#cite_note-terror-437">[434]</a> According to the Israeli General Security Service (Shabak), from 2001 to 2004, at the height of the Second Intifada, there were 102 cases where some Arab-Israelis were involved in some way in terrorist attacks killing hundreds of Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-terror-437">[434]</a> In 2001, for example, passengers disembarking from a train in <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a> were attacked by an Israeli Arab who killed 3 and wounded 90.<a href="#cite_note-438">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[436]</a> In March 2007, two Israeli Arabs were convicted of manslaughter for smuggling a suicide bomber into Israel.<a href="#cite_note-440">[437]</a> From 2000 to 2004, some 150 Arabs from East Jerusalem were arrested for participation in such attacks.<a href="#cite_note-terror-437">[434]</a> Hezbollah has taken advantage of family and criminal ties with Israeli-Arabs who can easily cross the border into Lebanon, meet with Palestinians in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, transfer weapons, drugs and money to Israel, gather intelligence and recruit operatives. This phenomenon is particularly widespread in the village of <a href="/wiki/Ghajar" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a>. Arab citizens of Israel have been convicted of espionage for Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-441">[438]</a> Arab-Israeli terror cells have been established, such as a cell in <a href="/wiki/Reineh" title="Reineh">Reineh</a> whose members were arrested in February 2004.<a href="#cite_note-terror-437">[434]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_Arab_citizens_in_Israel">Violence against Arab citizens in Israel</h3></div> Alexander Yakobson of Jerusalem's Hebrew University has said "There is very little actual violence between Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs. Given the length and the intensity of the conflict, that is both surprising and encouraging."<a href="#cite_note-442">[439]</a> In the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim massacre</a>, 48 unarmed Arab citizens, returning to their village, were gunned down by an Israel Border Police platoon; a curfew had been imposed, but the villagers were not informed of it. Arab citizens have also been killed by Israeli security forces in the wake of violent demonstrations and riots, such as the March 1976 <a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a> demonstrations, which left 6 dead, and the <a href="/wiki/October_2000_events" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2000 events">October 2000 events</a> in which 12 Israeli Arabs and one Palestinian from Gaza were killed. In 2005 an <a href="/wiki/AWOL" class="mw-redirect" title="AWOL">AWOL</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> soldier, <a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Eden Natan-Zada</a> opened fire in a bus in <a href="/wiki/Shefa-Amr" title="Shefa-Amr">Shefa-Amr</a> in northern Israel, murdering four Arabs and wounding twenty-two others. No group had taken credit for the terrorist attack and an official in the settler movement denounced it.<a href="#cite_note-443">[440]</a> Arab activists have complained about the police abandoning Arab towns to intra communal violence at the hands of common criminals and murderers, calling for cooperation with Israeli police and internal security services under the slogan of "Arab Lives Matter".<a href="#cite_note-444">[441]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_victims_of_terrorism">Arab victims of terrorism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog_in_Rahat,_October_2023_(1446).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Isaac_Herzog_in_Rahat%2C_October_2023_%281446%29.jpeg/220px-Isaac_Herzog_in_Rahat%2C_October_2023_%281446%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Isaac_Herzog_in_Rahat%2C_October_2023_%281446%29.jpeg/330px-Isaac_Herzog_in_Rahat%2C_October_2023_%281446%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Isaac_Herzog_in_Rahat%2C_October_2023_%281446%29.jpeg/440px-Isaac_Herzog_in_Rahat%2C_October_2023_%281446%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a> with heads of the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a> community and families of kidnapped and murdered Bedouins during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> on 7 October 2023</figcaption></figure> Arab citizens have also been victims of Palestinian, Arab, or Islamist attacks on Israel and Israelis. For example, on 12 September 1956, three <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> guards were killed in an attack on Ein Ofarim, in the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-445">[442]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Two Arab citizens were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a> on 15 May 1974. In March 2002, a resident of the Arab town of <a href="/wiki/Tur%27an" title="Tur'an">Tur'an</a> was killed in an attack on a Haifa restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-446">[443]</a> Two months later, a woman from <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> was killed in a <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-446">[443]</a> On 18 June 2002, a woman from the Arab border town of <a href="/wiki/Barta%27a" title="Barta'a">Barta'a</a> was one of 19 killed by Hamas in the <a href="/wiki/Pat_Junction_Bus_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Junction Bus Bombing">Pat Junction Bus Bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-446">[443]</a> In August 2002, a man from the Arab town of <a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Mghar</a> and woman from the Druze village of <a href="/wiki/Sajur" title="Sajur">Sajur</a> were killed in a suicide bombing at <a href="/wiki/Meron,_Israel" title="Meron, Israel">Meron</a> junction.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-446">[443]</a> On 21 October 2002, an <a href="/wiki/Carmel_City" title="Carmel City">Isfiya</a> man and a <a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a> woman were among 14 killed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karkur_junction_suicide_bombing" title="Karkur junction suicide bombing">Egged bus 841 massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-446">[443]</a> On 5 March 2003, a 13-year-old girl from the Druze town of <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a> was one of 17 killed in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_37_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-446">[443]</a> In May 2003, a <a href="/wiki/Jisr_az-Zarqa" title="Jisr az-Zarqa">Jisr az-Zarqa</a> man was killed in an <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a> mall suicide bombing.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-446">[443]</a> On 19 March 2004, <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a> gunmen killed <a href="/wiki/George_Khoury_(murder_victim)" title="George Khoury (murder victim)">George Khoury</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a> student.<a href="#cite_note-447">[444]</a> On 12 December 2004, five Arab IDF soldiers were killed in an explosion and shooting at the border with Egypt for which the <a href="/wiki/Fatah_Hawks" title="Fatah Hawks">Fatah Hawks</a> claimed responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-448">[445]</a> On 4 October 2003, four Arab citizens of Israel were among the 21 killed by <a href="/wiki/Hanadi_Jaradat" title="Hanadi Jaradat">Hanadi Jaradat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Maxim restaurant suicide bombing">Maxim restaurant suicide bombing</a>. In July 2006, 19 Arab citizens were killed due to <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> rocket fire in the course of the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>. On 22 August 2006, 11 Arab tourists from Israel were killed when their <a href="/wiki/Sinai_bus_crash" title="Sinai bus crash">bus overturned</a> in Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>. Israel sent <a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Adom" title="Magen David Adom">Magen David Adom</a>, but the ambulances waited for hours at the border before receiving Egyptian permission to enter and treat the wounded, responsible for at least one of the deaths. The victims say that the driver acted as part of a planned terrorist attack, and are attempting to receive compensation from the government.<a href="#cite_note-449">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_Palestinians">Relations with other Palestinians</h2></div> During the <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya_English" title="Al Arabiya English">Al Arabiya</a>, Fatah backed a call for a general strike on 18 May 2021 in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and Palestinians in Israel were asked to take part.<a href="#cite_note-451">[448]</a> In an unusual display of unity by "Palestinian citizens of Israel, who make up 20% of its population, and those in the territories Israel seized in 1967"<a href="#cite_note-453">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[450]</a> the strike went ahead and "shops were shuttered across cities in Gaza, the occupied West Bank and in villages and towns inside Israel".<a href="#cite_note-455">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almidan_Theatre_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Almidan_Theatre_%284%29.JPG/220px-Almidan_Theatre_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Almidan_Theatre_%284%29.JPG/330px-Almidan_Theatre_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Almidan_Theatre_%284%29.JPG/440px-Almidan_Theatre_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Midan_Theater" title="Al-Midan Theater">Al-Midan Theater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></figcaption></figure> Many Arab citizens of Israel share in the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian people</a> and wider Arab region of which many of them form a part. There are still some women who produce Palestinian cultural products such as <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_costumes#Pre-1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian costumes">Palestinian embroidery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-456">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[453]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_costumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian costumes">costume</a>. The Palestinian folk dance, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">dabke</a>, continues to be taught to youth in cultural groups, and is often danced at weddings and other parties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_centers">Cultural centers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazareth_Altstadt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Nazareth_Altstadt.JPG/220px-Nazareth_Altstadt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Nazareth_Altstadt.JPG/330px-Nazareth_Altstadt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Nazareth_Altstadt.JPG/440px-Nazareth_Altstadt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4478" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption>The house of culture and art in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></figcaption></figure> As the largest Arab city in Israel, <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> is a cultural, political, economic and commercial center of the Arab citizens of Israel, and became also a center of Arab and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[454]</a> Haifa, however, is the center of liberal <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic-speaking culture</a>, as it was under British colonial rule. Arabs in Haifa (mostly Christians and Muslims) tend to be wealthier and better educated compared to Arabs elsewhere in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-NYT01416-164">[161]</a> An active Arab cultural life has developed in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-NYT01416-164">[161]</a> Haifa is center of many Arab-owned businesses such as <a href="/wiki/Theaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Theaters">theaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a>, cafes, <a href="/wiki/Restaurants" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurants">restaurants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> which host also a different cultural discussions and art exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-NYT01416-164">[161]</a> Other centers of Arab and Palestinian cultures includes <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a>. According to the historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atallah_Mansour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atallah Mansour (page does not exist)">Atallah Mansour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a> is the "most academic Arab town in Israel",<a href="#cite_note-459">[455]</a> while journalist Sylvia Smith calls it "the preeminent [Arab] cultural town".<a href="#cite_note-SmithBBC-460">[456]</a> With the near total depopulation of the Palestinian Arabs in the major cities of Haifa and Jaffa as a result of the 1948 war, Kafr Yasif and <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a> became one of a few villages in the newly established state of Israel to emerge as a central space for Arab culture and politics.<a href="#cite_note-Shihade456-461">[457]</a> Its schools, proximity and location between major cities and other Arab villages, the relatively equal distribution of land ownership among its households and the diversity brought about by the influx of internally displaced Palestinians all contributed to its local importance.<a href="#cite_note-Shihade456-461">[457]</a> In 1948, it was the only Arab locality in the Galilee to contain a high school outside of the cities of Nazareth, Shefa-Amr and Haifa.<a href="#cite_note-Shihade456-461">[457]</a> Following the war, the high school enrolled students from over fifty Arab villages.<a href="#cite_note-Shihade456-461">[457]</a> Several students, including <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish" title="Mahmoud Darwish">Mahmoud Darwish</a>, became well-known poets, and the village hosted weekly poetry recitals.<a href="#cite_note-Shihade456-461">[457]</a> As of the 1960s, the people of <a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a> have been noted for their high levels of education and standards of living. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic language in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Groom.jpg/220px-Groom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Groom.jpg/330px-Groom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Groom.jpg/440px-Groom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A wedding groom and his horse, Jisr az-Zarka, 2009</figcaption></figure> Linguistically speaking, the majority of Arabic citizens of Israel are fluently bilingual, speaking both a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a> dialect and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. In Arab homes and towns, the primary language spoken is Arabic. Some Hebrew words have entered the colloquial Arabic dialect. For example, Arabs often use the word beseder (equivalent of "Okay") while speaking Arabic. Other Hebrew words that are regularly interspersed are ramzor (stoplight), mazgan (air conditioner), and mahshev (computer). The resulting dialect is usually referred to as 'Israeli Arabic'. Such borrowings are often "Arabized" to reflect not only <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> but the phonology of Hebrew as spoken by Arabs. For example, the second consonant of מעונות (me'onot, "dormitory") would be pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">voiced pharyngeal fricative</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> traditionally used by the vast majority of Israeli Jews. A survey by the Central Bureau of Statistics released in 2013 found that 60% of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arabs">Israeli Arabs</a> were proficient or highly proficient in Hebrew, while 17% could not read it and 12% could not speak it.<a href="#cite_note-ynet-462">[458]</a> There are different local colloquial dialects among Arabs in different regions and localities. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Little Triangle</a> residents of <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a> are known for pronouncing the <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kaph</a> sound with a "ch" (as-in-cheese) rather than "k" (as-in-kite). Some Arabic words or phrases are used only in their respective localities, such as the Nazareth word for "now" which is issa, and silema a local modification of the English word "cinema".<a href="#cite_note-463">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-464">[460]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Arabic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Arabic dialect (page does not exist)">Druze Arabic dialect</a>, especially in the villages, is often different from the other regional Israeli Arabic dialects. Druze Arabic dialect is distinguished from others by retention of the phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qāf</a>/.<a href="#cite_note-465">[461]</a> They often use <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew characters</a> to write their Arabic dialect online.<a href="#cite_note-466">[462]</a> Arab citizens of Israel tend to watch both the Arab satellite news stations and Israeli cable stations and read both Arabic and Hebrew newspapers, comparing the information against one another.<a href="#cite_note-467">[463]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_art">Music and art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_art#Palestinian_artists_in_Israel" title="Palestinian art">Palestinian artists in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dam_territorios_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dam_territorios_01.JPG/220px-Dam_territorios_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dam_territorios_01.JPG/330px-Dam_territorios_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dam_territorios_01.JPG/440px-Dam_territorios_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DAM_(band)" title="DAM (band)">DAM band</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_art" title="Palestinian art">Palestinian art</a> scene in general has been supported by the contributions of Arab citizens of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Zvi-468">[464]</a> In addition to the contribution of artists such as singer <a href="/wiki/Rim_Banna" title="Rim Banna">Rim Banna</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Amal_Murkus" title="Amal Murkus">Amal Murkus</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a>) to evolving traditional <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian music">Palestinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a> styles, a new generation of Arab youth in Israel has also begun asserting a Palestinian identity in new musical forms. For instance of the Palestinian hip hop group <a href="/wiki/DAM_(band)" title="DAM (band)">DAM</a>, from Lod, has spurred the emergence of other hip hop groups from Akka, to Bethlehem, to Ramallah, to Gaza City. <a href="/wiki/DAM_(band)" title="DAM (band)">DAM</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian hip hop</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-469">[465]</a> Singer-songwriter such as <a href="/wiki/Nasrin_Kadri" title="Nasrin Kadri">Nasrin Kadri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mira_Awad" title="Mira Awad">Mira Awad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lina_Makhul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lina Makhul">Lina Makhul</a>, Luay Ali, Sharif "the druze boy" have put Arab citizens of Israel on the musical map.<a href="#cite_note-470">[466]</a> In the art scene, the Palestinian minority in Israel has asserted its identity according to Ben Zvi, who suggests that this group of artists who are identified "on the one hand, as part of a broad Palestinian cultural system, and on the other — in a differentiated manner — as the Palestinian minority in Israel."<a href="#cite_note-Zvi2-471">[467]</a> The issue of identity becomes particularly clear in an artwork of the Palestinian artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raafat_Hattab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raafat Hattab (page does not exist)">Raafat Hattab</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. The video performance "untitled" was part of the exhibition "Men in the Sun" in the Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art in 2009. In the work, Raafat Hattab is seen as he pours water into a bucket in order to lengthily water an olive tree which is a sign for the lost paradise before <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">1948</a>. The scene is primed by the song Hob (Love) by the Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kaabour" title="Ahmad Kaabour">Ahmad Kaabour</a> which expresses the need for Palestinian solidarity. The chorus repeats the phrase "I left a place" and it seems as if the video is dealing with memory. But as the camera zooms out, the spectator realizes that Hattab and the olive tree both actually stand in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Rabin_Square" title="Rabin Square">Rabin Square</a>, a main place in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, and the water used for watering the tree comes from the nearby fountain. "In my installations I appear in different identities that combined are my identity — a Palestinian minority in Israel and a queer minority in the Palestinian culture", explains Rafaat Hattab in an interview with the Tel Avivian City Mouse Magazine.<a href="#cite_note-City_Mouse_Magazine-472">[468]</a> Asim Abu Shaqra's focus of the sabra plant (prickly pear cactus) in his paintings is another example of the centrality of identity, especially vis-a-vie the Palestinian subject's Israeli counterpart, in Palestinian art. Tal Ben Zvi writes that Abu Shaqra is one of the very few Palestinian artists, who have succeeded in entering the canon of Israeli art.<a href="#cite_note-473">[469]</a> Abu Shaqra painted various paintings featuring the sabra, both a symbol for the Palestinian Nakba and a symbol for the new Israeli and his work stirred up a debate in the Israeli art discourse over the image of the sabra in Israeli culture and over questions of cultural appropriation and ownership of this image.<a href="#cite_note-474">[470]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akko,_September_2015_(494).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akko%2C_September_2015_%28494%29.jpg/220px-Akko%2C_September_2015_%28494%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akko%2C_September_2015_%28494%29.jpg/330px-Akko%2C_September_2015_%28494%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Akko%2C_September_2015_%28494%29.jpg/440px-Akko%2C_September_2015_%28494%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>"Doniana" is a popular Arab <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> restaurant in Acre</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab cuisine</a> in Israel is similar to other <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisines</a> and is rich in grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain#Varieties" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit#Food_uses" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable#Cultivation" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, fresh <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> and tomatoes. Perhaps the most distinctive aspect of Israeli Arab and Levantine cuisine is <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a> including <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanoush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh_nayyeh" title="Kibbeh nayyeh">kibbeh nayyeh</a> is also a popular mezze among Israeli Arabs. Other famous foods among Israeli Arab include <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sfiha" title="Sfiha">sfiha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">dolma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_squash" title="Stuffed squash">kusa mahshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">shishbarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammara" title="Muhammara">muhammara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mujaddara" title="Mujaddara">mujaddara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-475">[471]</a> Druze pita is a Druze-styled <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">labneh</a> (thick yoghurt) and topped with <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-476">[472]</a> and a very popular bread in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-477">[473]</a> Arabic restaurants are popular in Israel and relatively inexpensive establishments often offer a selection of <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a> salads followed by grilled meat with a side of "chips" (<a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a>, from <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) and a simple dessert such as chocolate <a href="/wiki/Mousse" title="Mousse">mousse</a> for dessert.<a href="#cite_note-478">[474]</a> "The Old Man and the Sea" is a popular Arab seafood restaurant in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Ajami,_Jaffa" title="Ajami, Jaffa">Ajami, Jaffa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-479">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[476]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hassan_(restaurant)" title="Abu Hassan (restaurant)">Abu Hassan</a> is a small <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a> restaurant located at the northern tip of Ajami. It was opened in 1959 by Ali Karawan and now has two additional branches in Jaffa.<a href="#cite_note-481">[477]</a> It has been rated as the best <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a> restaurant in Israel in many lists. The restaurant is famous for its loyal clientele of Arabs and Jews. <a href="/wiki/Falafel_HaZkenim" title="Falafel HaZkenim">Falafel HaZkenim</a> (Hebrew: "the elders") is an Arab Israeli restaurant and <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> stand, located in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. Since its foundation, guests are greeted with a free falafel ball dipped in <a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a>. Foodies consider HaZkenim's <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a> among the best in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-482">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-485">[481]</a> It was founded in 1950 by George and Najala Afara.<a href="#cite_note-walla-2547349-486">[482]</a> The falafel stand initially had no signage. Jewish customers often said that they would go to "hazkenim" (the old folks) for falafel, while Arab customers identified the place with the female co-owner. When the owners did put up a sign, it contained both names. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20180920_Fussball,_UEFA_Europa_League,_RB_Leipzig_-_FC_Salzburg_by_Stepro_StP_8028.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/20180920_Fussball%2C_UEFA_Europa_League%2C_RB_Leipzig_-_FC_Salzburg_by_Stepro_StP_8028.jpg/220px-20180920_Fussball%2C_UEFA_Europa_League%2C_RB_Leipzig_-_FC_Salzburg_by_Stepro_StP_8028.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/20180920_Fussball%2C_UEFA_Europa_League%2C_RB_Leipzig_-_FC_Salzburg_by_Stepro_StP_8028.jpg/330px-20180920_Fussball%2C_UEFA_Europa_League%2C_RB_Leipzig_-_FC_Salzburg_by_Stepro_StP_8028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/20180920_Fussball%2C_UEFA_Europa_League%2C_RB_Leipzig_-_FC_Salzburg_by_Stepro_StP_8028.jpg/440px-20180920_Fussball%2C_UEFA_Europa_League%2C_RB_Leipzig_-_FC_Salzburg_by_Stepro_StP_8028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moanes_Dabour" class="mw-redirect" title="Moanes Dabour">Moanes Dabour</a>, professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a> who plays as a <a href="/wiki/Striker_(association_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Striker (association football)">striker</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> club <a href="/wiki/TSG_1899_Hoffenheim" title="TSG 1899 Hoffenheim">1899 Hoffenheim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel_national_football_team" title="Israel national football team">Israel national team</a></figcaption></figure> Arab Citizens of Israel have been prominent in the field of Athletics, as seen specifically by their contributions to Israeli football.<a href="#cite_note-487">[483]</a> Players such as <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Suan" title="Abbas Suan">Abbas Suan</a> have had illustrious careers playing not only professional football, but also most notably for the <a href="/wiki/Israel_national_football_team" title="Israel national football team">Israel national football team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-488">[484]</a> These players have been argued to represent symbols of political movement and civil justice for the Arab Citizens of Israel, considering alleged discriminatory sentiments against the Arab population.<a href="#cite_note-489">[485]</a> Specifically in a 2005 World Cup Qualifying match, Suan and his Arab teammates played significant roles for the Israeli National Team, where Suan scored an equalising goal against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Republic of Ireland national football team">Republic of Ireland national football team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-490">[486]</a> Following this match, Arab Citizens of Israel received unprecedented media attention from Israeli TV stations. Even without the publicity, the Arab Citizens of Israel have been said to look up to these players in hopes that they speak up for them as their political voice within Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Chabin-491">[487]</a> In the following months, Suan and other players were supposedly being criticised by the Hebrew Media for their involvement with political issues.<a href="#cite_note-492">[488]</a> This was due to their answers to questions regarding their partaking in the singing of the <a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatikvah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-493">[489]</a> Overall, Israel-Palestinian soccer players are looked up to greatly by the Arab citizens of Israel, yet are allegedly criticised and silenced when it comes to their attempts to involve themselves in political issues surrounding equality for Arab Citizens in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-494">[490]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_theater">Cinema and theater</h3></div> Arab citizens of Israel have made significant contributions in both Hebrew and Arabic cinema and theater. <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bakri" title="Mohammad Bakri">Mohammad Bakri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-495">[491]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiam_Abbass" title="Hiam Abbass">Hiam Abbass</a>,.<a href="#cite_note-Interview-496">[492]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliano_Mer-Khamis" title="Juliano Mer-Khamis">Juliano Mer-Khamis</a> have starred in Israeli film and television. Directors such as Mohammad Bakri, <a href="/wiki/Elia_Suleiman" title="Elia Suleiman">Elia Suleiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hany_Abu-Assad" title="Hany Abu-Assad">Hany Abu-Assad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Khleifi" title="Michel Khleifi">Michel Khleifi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maysaloun_Hamoud" title="Maysaloun Hamoud">Maysaloun Hamoud</a> have put Arab citizens of Israel on the cinematic map. Avoda Aravit (2007), or in English, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Labor" title="Arab Labor">Arab Labor</a>, is a satirical sitcom written by Kashua and aired on Israel's <a href="/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)" title="Channel 2 (Israel)">Channel 2</a>. A large part of the dialogue is in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> with Hebrew subtitles. The show holds a mirror up to the racism and ignorance on both sides of the ethnic divide and has been compared with <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a>. The show received overwhelmingly positive reviews, winning awards for Best Comedy, Best Lead Actor in a Comedy, Best Lead Actress in a Comedy, Best Director, and Best Screenplay at the 2013 Israeli Academy of Film and Television awards.<a href="#cite_note-497">[493]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> Acclaimed Israeli-Arab authors include <a href="/wiki/Emil_Habibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Habibi">Emil Habibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Shammas" title="Anton Shammas">Anton Shammas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sayed_Kashua" title="Sayed Kashua">Sayed Kashua</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Sa'di, Ahmad H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654690">Trends in Israeli Social Science Research on the National Identity of the Palestinian Citizens of Israel</a>, Asian Journal of Social Science 32, no. 1 (2004): 140–60</li> <li>Muhammad Amara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/hlps.2016.0141">Language, Identity and Conflict: Examining Collective Identity through the Labels of the Palestinians in Israel</a>, Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 15.2 (2016): 203–223 Edinburgh University Press, DOI: 10.3366/hlps.2016.0141</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAziz_Haidar1988" class="citation book cs1">Aziz Haidar (1988). "Chapter 6.The Different Levels of Palestinian Ethnicity". In Milton J Esman; Itamar Rabinovich (eds.). Ethnicity, Pluralism, and the State in the Middle East. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9781501745751-007">10.7591/9781501745751-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9502-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-9502-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210556679">210556679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6.The+Different+Levels+of+Palestinian+Ethnicity&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+Pluralism%2C+and+the+State+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210556679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9781501745751-007&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9502-1&rft.au=Aziz+Haidar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Israeli_peace_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Israeli peace projects">Arab-Israeli peace projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="List of Arab citizens of Israel">List of Arab citizens of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_members_of_the_Knesset" title="List of Arab members of the Knesset">List of Arab members of the Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumud" title="Sumud">Sumud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese in Israel">Lebanese in Israel</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a> in northern Israel, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian Arabic</a> in central Israel, and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedouin dialects</a> in southern Israel. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> Pro-Palestinian activists have dubbed the May 2021 Palestinian reaction to Israeli policies in Sheikh Jarrah and the Al-Aqsa compound as the "Unity Intifada." The term denotes the national solidarity and religious duty shared by the resisting Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Eastern Jerusalem, and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-452">[449]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CBS2023-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS2023_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS2023_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS2023_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS2023_1-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/Pages/2023/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94-%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%93-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D-2023.aspx">"ישראל במספרים ערב ראש השנה תשפ"</a>. www.cbs.gov.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbs.gov.il&rft.atitle=%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91+%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FPages%2F2023%2F%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C-%25D7%2591%25D7%259E%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259D-%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591-%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A9-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594-%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A4%25D7%2593-%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA%25D7%2595%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%259D-%25D7%25A0%25D7%2591%25D7%2597%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259D-%25D7%259E%25D7%2594%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D-2023.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabs2013-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Arabs2013_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128173944/http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/hodaot2013n/11_13_097e.pdf">"65th Independence Day – More than 8 Million Residents in the State of Israel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. 14 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/hodaot2013n/11_13_097e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=65th+Independence+Day+%E2%80%93+More+than+8+Million+Residents+in+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2013-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fwww%2Fhodaot2013n%2F11_13_097e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS2019-6"><a href="#cite_ref-CBS2019_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf">"Israel's Independence Day 2019"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Independence+Day+2019&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F134%2F11_19_134b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2021" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Kali (14 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel">"What to Know about the Arab citizens of Israel"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=What+to+Know+about+the+Arab+citizens+of+Israel&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Kali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fwhat-know-about-arab-citizens-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance_242021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210513-arabs-of-israel-minority-with-deep-seated-grievances">"Arabs of Israel, minority with deep-seated grievances"</a>. France 24. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Arabs+of+Israel%2C+minority+with+deep-seated+grievances&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210513-arabs-of-israel-minority-with-deep-seated-grievances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuckerRoberts2008-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TuckerRoberts2008_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TuckerRoberts2008_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA503">The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-842-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-842-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-842-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History+%26%2391%3B4+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-842-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC%26pg%3DPA503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt2012-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2012_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2012_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt2012_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudoren2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Rudoren" title="Jodi Rudoren">Rudoren, Jodi</a> (13 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/world/middleeast/service-to-israel-tugs-at-arab-citizens-identity.html">"Service to Israel Tugs at Identity of Arab Citizens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. <q>After decades of calling themselves Israeli Arabs, which in Hebrew sounds like Arabs who belong to Israel, most now prefer Palestinian citizens of Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Service+to+Israel+Tugs+at+Identity+of+Arab+Citizens&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft.aulast=Rudoren&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fservice-to-israel-tugs-at-arab-citizens-identity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfrel-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfrel_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfrel_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfrel_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2023" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Kali (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel">"What to Know About the Arab Citizens of Israel"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2 March 2024. <q>Israeli government documents and media refer to Arab citizens as "Arabs" or "Israeli Arabs," and some Arabs use those terms themselves. Global news media usually use similar phrasing to distinguish these residents from Arabs who live in the Palestinian territories. Most members of this community self-identify as "Palestinian citizens of Israel," and some identify just as "Palestinian" rejecting Israeli identity. Others prefer to be referred to as Arab citizens of Israel for various reasons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=What+to+Know+About+the+Arab+Citizens+of+Israel&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Kali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fwhat-know-about-arab-citizens-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo2021-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo2021_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo2021_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2021" class="citation news cs1">Witte, Griff (11 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinian-arab-israeli-citizens-identity/2021/06/10/2591ef56-c861-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html">"Long overlooked, Israel's Arab citizens are increasingly asserting their Palestinian identity"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 2 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Long+overlooked%2C+Israel%27s+Arab+citizens+are+increasingly+asserting+their+Palestinian+identity&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Griff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fpalestinian-arab-israeli-citizens-identity%2F2021%2F06%2F10%2F2591ef56-c861-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarzan2021" class="citation news cs1">Farzan, Antonia Noori (13 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/05/13/arab-israeli-faq/">"Arab Israelis are rising up to protest. Here's what you need to know about their status in the country"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Arab+Israelis+are+rising+up+to+protest.+Here%27s+what+you+need+to+know+about+their+status+in+the+country.&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft.aulast=Farzan&rft.aufirst=Antonia+Noori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2F05%2F13%2Farab-israeli-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Question_of_Palestine:_Jerusalem-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Question_of_Palestine:_Jerusalem_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922184949/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpalnew/glossarycollapsible.htm">"Question of Palestine: Jerusalem"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpalnew/glossarycollapsible.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Question+of+Palestine%3A+Jerusalem&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Fdpa%2Fqpalnew%2Fglossarycollapsible.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICG-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_15-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313112806/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/israel-palestine/025-identity-crisis-israel-and-its-arab-citizens.aspx">"Identity Crisis: Israel and its Arab Citizens"</a>. Middle East Report (25). 4 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/israel-palestine/025-identity-crisis-israel-and-its-arab-citizens.aspx">the original</a> on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=Identity+Crisis%3A+Israel+and+its+Arab+Citizens&rft.issue=25&rft.date=2004-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fen%2Fregions%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fisrael-palestine%2F025-identity-crisis-israel-and-its-arab-citizens.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988">. "The issue of terminology relating to this subject is sensitive and at least partially a reflection of political preferences. Most Israeli official documents refer to the Israeli Arab community as "minorities". The Israeli National Security Council (NSC) has used the term "Arab citizens of Israel". Virtually all political parties, movements and non-governmental organisations from within the Arab community use the word "Palestinian" somewhere in their description – at times failing to make any reference to Israel. For consistency of reference and without prejudice to the position of either side, ICG will use both Arab Israeli and terms the community commonly uses to describe itself, such as Palestinian citizens of Israel or Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnathan_Marcus2005" class="citation news cs1">Johnathan Marcus (2 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4493525.stm">"Israeli Arabs: 'Unequal citizens'"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 6 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israeli+Arabs%3A+%27Unequal+citizens%27&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft.au=Johnathan+Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4493525.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynetidentity-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ynetidentity_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ynetidentity_17-1">b</a> An IDI Guttman Study of 2008 shows that most Arab citizens of Israel identify as Arabs (45%). While 24% consider themselves Palestinian, 12% consider themselves Israelis, and 19% identify themselves according to religion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3540049,00.html">Poll: Most Israelis see themselves as Jewish first, Israeli second</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2016/04/12/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/4-ways-jews-and-arabs-live-apart-in-israeli-society">4 ways Jews and Arabs live apart in Israeli society</a>, Ben Sales, 12 April 2016, Jewish Telegraphic Agency </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2021" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (2 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/world/middleeast/arab-party-raam-coalition.html">"The Arab party Raam makes history within coalition"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Arab+party+Raam+makes+history+within+coalition&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F06%2F02%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Farab-party-raam-coalition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Dinero2004" class="citation journal cs1">Steven Dinero (2004). "New Identity/Identities Formulation in a Post-Nomadic Community: The Case of the Bedouin of the Negev". National Identities. 6 (3): 261–275. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004NatId...6..261D">2004NatId...6..261D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1460894042000312349">10.1080/1460894042000312349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-8944">1460-8944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143809632">143809632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Identities&rft.atitle=New+Identity%2FIdentities+Formulation+in+a+Post-Nomadic+Community%3A+The+Case+of+the+Bedouin+of+the+Negev&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-275&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1460894042000312349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143809632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1460-8944&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004NatId...6..261D&rft.au=Steven+Dinero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/jl/hit06.htm">The Druze Minority in Israel in the Mid-1990s, by Gabriel Ben-Dor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012125647/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/hit06.htm">Archived</a> 12 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 1995-06-01. Retrieved on 2012-01-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Mya Guarnieri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternativenews.org/english/index.php/news/opinion/4127-where-is-the-bedouin-intifada.html">Where is the Bedouin Intifada?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054915/http://www.alternativenews.org/english/index.php/news/opinion/4127-where-is-the-bedouin-intifada.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Alternative Information Center (AIC), 9 February 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uktaskforce.org/docs/120613-israel-experience-pack.pdf">Israel's Arab citizens: Key facts and current realities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003622/http://uktaskforce.org/docs/120613-israel-experience-pack.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UK Task Force, June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Mendel, Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWOoBAAAQBAJ&dq=Israeli+Arabic+dialect&pg=PA139">The Creation of Israeli Arabic</a>. Springer 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/statistical/arab_pop08e.pdf">"The Arab Population in Israel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. Retrieved 9 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fwww%2Fstatistical%2Farab_pop08e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2021-26"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2021_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Cohen" title="Roger Cohen">Cohen, Roger</a> (1 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/01/world/middleeast/israel-arabs-jews-palestinians-riots.html">"Riots Shatter Veneer of Coexistence in Israel's Mixed Towns"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 9 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Riots+Shatter+Veneer+of+Coexistence+in+Israel%27s+Mixed+Towns&rft.date=2021-08-01&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F08%2F01%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-arabs-jews-palestinians-riots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2001" class="citation book cs1">Human Rights Watch (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UBl1X5YdzMC&q=arab+self-identify+israel&pg=PA8">Second class: Discrimination against Palestinian Arab children in Israel's Schools</a>. Human Rights Watch. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+class%3A+Discrimination+against+Palestinian+Arab+children+in+Israel%27s+Schools&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UBl1X5YdzMC%26q%3Darab%2Bself-identify%2Bisrael%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowrance-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowrance_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowrance_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowrance_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowrance_28-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry_Lowrance2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sherry Lowrance (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uga.academia.edu/SherryLowrance/Papers/82564/Identity_Grievances_and_Political_Action_Recent_Evidence_from_the_Palestinian_Community_in_Israel">"Identity, Grievances, and Political Action: Recent Evidence from the Palestinian Community in Israel"</a>. International Political Science Review. 27, 2: 167–190. <q>There are a number of self-identification labels currently in use among Palestinian Israelis. Seven of the most commonly used were included in the 2001 survey. They range from "Israeli" and "Israeli Arab", indicating some degree of identification with Israel to "Palestinian," which rejects Israeli identification and wholeheartedly identifies with the Palestinian people. ... According to the author's survey, approximately 66 percent of the sample of Palestinian Israelis identified themselves in whole or in part as Palestinian. The modal identity is "Palestinian in Israel", which rejects "Israeli" as a psychological identification, but accepts it as a descriptive label of geographical location. ... The establishment-favoured "Israeli Arab" is the second-most popular response in the survey, reflecting its dominance in Israeli social discourse. About 37 percent of respondents identified themselves in some way as "Israeli", double-counting the "Israeli Palestinian" category as both "Israeli" and "Palestinian". Although much smaller than the percentage identifying themselves as Palestinian a nevertheless considerable number include "Israeli" as part of their identity, despite the hardships placed upon them by the Israeli state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Identity%2C+Grievances%2C+and+Political+Action%3A+Recent+Evidence+from+the+Palestinian+Community+in+Israel&rft.volume=27%2C+2&rft.pages=167-190&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Sherry+Lowrance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuga.academia.edu%2FSherryLowrance%2FPapers%2F82564%2FIdentity_Grievances_and_Political_Action_Recent_Evidence_from_the_Palestinian_Community_in_Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peleg-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peleg_29-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlan_PelegDov_Waxman2011" class="citation book cs1">Ilan Peleg; Dov Waxman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIi3BK_mT5YC&q=israel's+palestinians">Israel's Palestinians: The Conflict Within</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–3 (note 4), 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15702-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15702-5"><bdi>978-0-521-15702-5</bdi></a>. <q>In numerous surveys conducted over many years, the majority of Arab citizens define themselves as Palestinian rather than 'Israeli Arab.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Palestinians%3A+The+Conflict+Within&rft.pages=2-3+%28note+4%29%2C+26-29&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15702-5&rft.au=Ilan+Peleg&rft.au=Dov+Waxman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIi3BK_mT5YC%26q%3Disrael%27s%2Bpalestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Jodi Rudoren, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/world/middleeast/service-to-israel-tugs-at-arab-citizens-identity.html?hpw">Service to Israel Tugs at Identity of Arab Citizens</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> 12 July 2012: 'After decades of calling themselves Israeli Arabs, which in Hebrew sounds like Arabs who belong to Israel, most now prefer Palestinian citizens of Israel.' </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Editorial, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/22/opinion/sunday/israels-embattled-democracy.html">'Israel's Embattled Democracy'</a>, New York Times 21 July 2012 : "Israeli Palestinians are not required to join the army, and most do not. Many feel like second-class citizens and are deeply conflicted about their place in Israeli society." </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmael_Abu-Saad2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ismael Abu-Saad (2006). "State-Controlled Education and Identity Formation Among the Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel". American Behavioral Scientist. 49 (8): 1085–1100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764205284720">10.1177/0002764205284720</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144236547">144236547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=State-Controlled+Education+and+Identity+Formation+Among+the+Palestinian+Arab+Minority+in+Israel&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1085-1100&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764205284720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144236547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Ismael+Abu-Saad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossawa_Center:_The_Advocacy_Center_for_Arab_Citizens_of_Israel2005" class="citation web cs1">Mossawa Center: The Advocacy Center for Arab Citizens of Israel (30 May – 3 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926132059/http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/docs/11/Mossawa_3a.doc">"UN Commission on Human Rights: Working Group on Minorities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UN_Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Commission on Human Rights">UN Commission on Human Rights</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/docs/11/Mossawa_3a.doc">the original</a> on 26 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Commission+on+Human+Rights%3A+Working+Group+on+Minorities&rft.pub=UN+Commission+on+Human+Rights&rft.date=2005-05-30%2F2005-06-03&rft.au=Mossawa+Center%3A+The+Advocacy+Center+for+Arab+Citizens+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fissues%2Fminorities%2Fdocs%2F11%2FMossawa_3a.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shamir-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shamir_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shamir_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shamir_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shamir_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shamir_34-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_(Emeritus)_Shimon_Shamir2005" class="citation web cs1">Professor (Emeritus) Shimon Shamir (19 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dayan.org/kapjac/files/shamirEng.pdf">"The Arabs in Israel – Two Years after The Or Commission Report"</a> (PDF). The Konrad Adenauer Program for Jewish-Arab Cooperation. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel+%E2%80%93+Two+Years+after+The+Or+Commission+Report&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=The+Konrad+Adenauer+Program+for+Jewish-Arab+Cooperation&rft.date=2005-09-19&rft.au=Professor+%28Emeritus%29+Shimon+Shamir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dayan.org%2Fkapjac%2Ffiles%2FshamirEng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icenter-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icenter_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-icenter_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-icenter_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-icenter_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-icenter_35-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theicenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Arab-Citizens-of-Israel-2.pdf">"FAQ:Arab citizens of Israel"</a> (PDF). The iCenter for Israel Education. Retrieved 4 March 2024. <q>What are some names for Arab citizens of Israel? Palestinian citizens of Israel, Israeli Arabs, Israeli Palestinians, Arab Israelis, and Palestinian Israelis. Each of these names, while referring to the same group of people, connotes something different.1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+iCenter+for+Israel+Education&rft.atitle=FAQ%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheicenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F11%2FArab-Citizens-of-Israel-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cjr1-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cjr1_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cjr1_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cjr1_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cjr1_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cjr1_36-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Miriam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjr.org/analysis/palestinian-citizens-of-israel-musawa.php">"Palestinian citizens of Israel struggle to tell their stories"</a>. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=Palestinian+citizens+of+Israel+struggle+to+tell+their+stories&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjr.org%2Fanalysis%2Fpalestinian-citizens-of-israel-musawa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-honest-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-honest_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-honest_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoningsveld2021" class="citation news cs1">Koningsveld, Akiva Van (6 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honestreporting.com/newsflash-media-israels-arab-minority-does-not-largely-identify-as-palestinian/">"Newsflash, Media: Israel's Arab Minority Does Not 'Largely Identify as Palestinian'"</a>. HonestReporting. Retrieved 2 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HonestReporting&rft.atitle=Newsflash%2C+Media%3A+Israel%27s+Arab+Minority+Does+Not+%27Largely+Identify+as+Palestinian%27&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Koningsveld&rft.aufirst=Akiva+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonestreporting.com%2Fnewsflash-media-israels-arab-minority-does-not-largely-identify-as-palestinian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amara-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amara_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amara_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amara_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amara_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amara_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amara_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amara_38-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Amara1999" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Amara (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LG5seycNTAcC&q=%22palestinians+of+1948%22&pg=PA1">Politics and sociolinguistic reflexes: Palestinian border villages</a> (Illustrated ed.). John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4128-3"><bdi>978-90-272-4128-3</bdi></a>. <q>Many identity constructs are used to refer to Palestinians in Israel; the Israeli establishment prefer Israeli Arabs or Arabs in Israel. Others refer to them as Israeli Palestinians, Palestinian Arabs in Israel, the Arabs inside the Green Line. Nowadays the widespread terms among Palestinians are Palestinians in Israel or the Palestinians of 1948.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+sociolinguistic+reflexes%3A+Palestinian+border+villages&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4128-3&rft.au=Muhammad+Amara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLG5seycNTAcC%26q%3D%2522palestinians%2Bof%2B1948%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDE-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LDE_39-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_B._Kook2002" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca B. Kook (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8USG9mSa-oC&q=%22palestinians+of+1948%22&pg=PA68">The Logic of Democratic Exclusion: African Americans in the United States and Palestinian citizens in Israel</a>. Lexington Books. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0442-2"><bdi>978-0-7391-0442-2</bdi></a>. <q>The category of "Israeli Arab" was constructed by the Israeli authorities. As it indicates, this category assumes and constructs two levels of identity. The first is that of Arab. Local Palestinians who remained in what became Israel were designated as Arabs rather than Palestinians. This category refers to the realm of culture and ethnicity and not, clearly, politics. The official government intention was for the "Arab" to designate culture and ethnicity and the "Israeli" - to designate the political identity. ... In addition to the category of Israeli Arabs, other categories include "the minorities" and "the Arab sector," or, in certain sectors the more cryptic appellation of "our cousins." The use of these labels denies the existence of any type of political or national identification and the use of "minority" even denies them a distinct cultural identity. With the emergence of a more critical discourse ... the categorization expands to include Israeli Palestinians, Palestinians in Israel, Palestinian Arabs, Israeli Palestinian Arabs, the Palestinians of 1948, and so on.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Logic+of+Democratic+Exclusion%3A+African+Americans+in+the+United+States+and+Palestinian+citizens+in+Israel&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0442-2&rft.au=Rebecca+B.+Kook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8USG9mSa-oC%26q%3D%2522palestinians%2Bof%2B1948%2522%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itfiai-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itfiai_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itfiai_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itfiai_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itfiai_40-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-itfiai_40-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-2098.pdf">"Exploring the Topics of Arab Citizens and Jewish-Arab Relations in Israel"</a> (PDF). Israeli Arab Task Force. 2022. <q>Arab citizens' identities are more nuanced than either "Israeli" or "Palestinian." Members of this population group describe themselves (and are described by others) with many terms. Some common terms include: Arab Israelis, Israeli Arabs, Palestinian citizens of Israel, Arab citizens of Israel, 48ers, Palestinian Israelis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israeli+Arab+Task+Force&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Topics+of+Arab+Citizens+and+Jewish-Arab+Relations+in+Israel&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iataskforce.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresource%2Fresource-2098.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017poll-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2017poll_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017poll_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017poll_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017poll_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017poll_41-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_51217-544-2-30.pdf?171228130254">"Citizenship, Identity and Political Participation: Measuring the Attitudes of the Arab Citizens in Israel"</a> (PDF). December 2017. pp. 22, 25, 28. <q>The positions of the participants in the focus groups reflect the strength of Palestinian-Arab identity among Arab citizens and the fact that they do not see a contradiction between Palestinian-Arab national identity and Israeli civic identity. The designation "Israeli-Arab" aroused great opposition in the focus groups, as did Israel's Independence Day. A comparison of views expressed in the focus groups with the general results of the survey points to differences between collective positions and memory and individual feelings and attitudes. The collective position presented in the focus group discussions finds expression in the public sphere and emphasizes the Palestinian national identity. Conversely, the responses of the survey participants reveal individual attitudes that assign a broader (albeit secondary, identity) dimension to the component of Israeli civic identity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship%2C+Identity+and+Political+Participation%3A+Measuring+the+Attitudes+of+the+Arab+Citizens+in+Israel&rft.pages=22%2C+25%2C+28&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fwf%2Fdoc%2Fkas_51217-544-2-30.pdf%3F171228130254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf">Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2024. <q>The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that "Arab citizens of Israel" is an inclusive term that describes a number of different and primarily Arabic-speaking groups, including Muslim Arabs (this classification includes Bedouins), Christian Arabs, Druze and Circassians. According to the ICBS, at the end of 2019, the Druze population stood at approximately 145,000, while according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Circassian population totalled 4,000 people. Considering the number of those defined as Muslim Arabs and Christian Arabs together, the population of Palestinian citizens of Israel amounted to around 1.8 million, that is some 20% of the total population in Israel and occupied East Jerusalem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Apartheid+Against+Palestinians%3A+Cruel+System+of+Domination+and+Crime+Against+Humanity&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F02%2FMDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmooha2019" class="citation journal cs1">Smooha, Sammy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_34-SJamMXAeHAJG6kgZS2WCC0HA1XPN/view">"Still Playing by the Rules"</a>. Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel. University of Haifa: 87–88. Retrieved 21 December 2023. <q>The three of the nine most attractive identities to the Arabs are: Palestinian Arabs in Israel – 27.1%, Israeli Arabs – 14.9% and Palestinian Arabs – 12.8% These three identities represent three categories: 35.9% of the Arabs in 2019 (unchanged from 31.6% in 2017) chose Israeli Arab identities without a Palestinian component (Israeli, Arab, Arab in Israel, Israeli Arab), 47.1% (increase from 38.4%) chose Palestinian88 Still Playing by the Rules: Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2019 identities with an Israeli component (Israeli Palestinian, Palestinian in Israel, Palestinian Arab in Israel), and 14.8% (down from 21.9%) chose Palestinian identities without an Israeli component (Palestinian, Palestinian-Arab). The identity of 83.0% of the Arabs in 2019 (up from 75.5% in 2017) has an Israeli component and 61.9% (unchanged from 60.3%) has a Palestinian component. However, when these two components were presented as competitors, 69.0% of the Arabs in 2019 chose exclusive or primary Palestinian identity, compared with 29.8% who chose exclusive or primary Israeli Arab identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+of+Arab-Jewish+Relations+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Still+Playing+by+the+Rules&rft.pages=87-88&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Smooha&rft.aufirst=Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1_34-SJamMXAeHAJG6kgZS2WCC0HA1XPN%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torstrickp13-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torstrickp13_44-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorstrick2000" class="citation book cs1">Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6de4vgxNZqMC&q=bedouin+self-identification+israel&pg=PA13">The limits of coexistence: identity politics in Israel</a> (Illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11124-4"><bdi>978-0-472-11124-4</bdi></a>. <q>The indigenous Palestinians comprise 20 percent of the total population of Israel. While they were allowed to become citizens, they were distanced from the center of power because the Israeli state was a Jewish state and Israeli national identity incorporated Jewish symbols and referents. Government officials categorized and labeled them by religion (Muslims, Christians, Druze), region (Galilee Arab, Triangle Arab, Negev Bedouin), and family connections, or <a href="/wiki/Hamula" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamula">hamula</a> (Haberer 1985, 145). In official and popular culture, they ceased being Palestinians and were re-created as Israeli Arabs or Arab citizens of Israel. Expressing Palestinian identity by displaying the flag, singing nationalist songs, or reciting nationalist poetry was illegal in "Israel" until only very recently. Self-identification as Palestinians, Israeli Palestinians, or Palestinian citizens of Israel has increased since 1967 and is now their preferred descriptor. It was only under the influence of the intifada, however, that many Israeli Palestinians felt secure enough to begin to refer to themselves publicly this way (as opposed to choosing the label Palestinian only in anonymous surveys on identity).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+limits+of+coexistence%3A+identity+politics+in+Israel&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11124-4&rft.aulast=Torstrick&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6de4vgxNZqMC%26q%3Dbedouin%2Bself-identification%2Bisrael%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waxmanp12-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waxmanp12_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waxmanp12_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waxmanp12_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaxman,_Dov2012" class="citation journal cs1">Waxman, Dov (Winter 2012). "A Dangerous Divide: The Deterioration of Jewish-Palestinian Relations in Israel". Middle East Journal. 66 (1): 11–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3751%2F66.1.11">10.3751/66.1.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145591627">145591627</a>. <q>Identifying the Arab minority as Palestinian has now become common practice in academic literature. This is because most Israeli citizens of Arab origin increasingly identify themselves as Palestinian, and most Arab NGOs and political parties in Israel use the label "Palestinian" to describe the identity of the Arab minority. My use of the term "Palestinian is in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Self-identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identification">self-identification</a> of the majority of the Arab community in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Dangerous+Divide%3A+The+Deterioration+of+Jewish-Palestinian+Relations+in+Israel&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F66.1.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145591627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Waxman%2C+Dov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynfield2017" class="citation news cs1">Lynfield, Ben (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Survey-60-percent-of-Arab-Israelis-have-positive-view-of-state-506150">"Survey: 60% of Arab Israelis have positive view of state"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 23 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Survey%3A+60%25+of+Arab+Israelis+have+positive+view+of+state&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Lynfield&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FSurvey-60-percent-of-Arab-Israelis-have-positive-view-of-state-506150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudnitzky2023" class="citation news cs1">Rudnitzky, Arik (3 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dayan.org/content/depth-survey-arab-societys-views-war-between-israel-and-hamas">"In-depth Survey of Arab Society's Views on the War between Israel and Hamas"</a>. Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moshe+Dayan+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=In-depth+Survey+of+Arab+Society%27s+Views+on+the+War+between+Israel+and+Hamas&rft.date=2023-12-03&rft.aulast=Rudnitzky&rft.aufirst=Arik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdayan.org%2Fcontent%2Fdepth-survey-arab-societys-views-war-between-israel-and-hamas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dayan.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/kap-survey-of-arab-citizens_november-2023_eng.pdf">(Full report)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilologos_(pen_name)2021" class="citation news cs1">Philologos (pen name) (23 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/israel-zionism/2021/06/israeli-arabs-palestinian-citizens-of-israel-or-israeli-palestinians/">""Israeli Arabs," "Palestinian Citizens of Israel," or "Israeli Palestinians"?"</a>. Mosaic. Retrieved 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic&rft.atitle=%22Israeli+Arabs%2C%22+%22Palestinian+Citizens+of+Israel%2C%22+or+%22Israeli+Palestinians%22%3F&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.au=Philologos+%28pen+name%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosaicmagazine.com%2Fobservation%2Fisrael-zionism%2F2021%2F06%2Fisraeli-arabs-palestinian-citizens-of-israel-or-israeli-palestinians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignpolicy-49"><a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2024" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Miriam (8 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/18/palestinian-in-israel/">"Palestinian in Israel"</a>. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 March 2024. <q>"I don't use the term Arab-Israeli," said the 30-year-old journalist, who was born in the Galilee and now lives in the northern city of Haifa. "We are Palestinians with Israeli citizenship. It's very important for us, the terms and the terminology we use." For Eid, the term Arab-Israeli is too removed from politics. Or, as he sees it, "It puts the Arab disconnected from the Palestinian identity." Arab-Israeli—the official media and Israeli government term for the 20 percent of Israel's almost 9 million citizens who are Arab-Palestinian—is increasingly unpopular among the people it's meant to describe. Only 16 percent of this population wants to be called "Israeli Arab," according to a 2017 survey by the University of Haifa professor Sammy Smooha provided to Foreign Policy. "The largest now and the most growing identity is a hybrid identity, which is 'Palestinian in Israel'" or a similar combination, Smooha said. "I think that's what's going to take over."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Palestinian+in+Israel&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F01%2F18%2Fpalestinian-in-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2021" class="citation news cs1">Witte, Griff (11 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinian-arab-israeli-citizens-identity/2021/06/10/2591ef56-c861-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html">"Long overlooked, Israel's Arab citizens are increasingly asserting their Palestinian identity"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>Palestinians living in Israel — a population that includes Muslims, Christians and Druze — have become increasingly vocal in speaking out against what many describe as their second-class status.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Long+overlooked%2C+Israel%27s+Arab+citizens+are+increasingly+asserting+their+Palestinian+identity&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Griff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fpalestinian-arab-israeli-citizens-identity%2F2021%2F06%2F10%2F2591ef56-c861-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel">"What to Know About the Arab Citizens of Israel"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=What+to+Know+About+the+Arab+Citizens+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fwhat-know-about-arab-citizens-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/11/01/the-arab-israeli-power-broker-in-the-knesset">"The Arab-Israeli Power Broker in the Knesset"</a>. The New Yorker. 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Arab-Israeli+Power+Broker+in+the+Knesset&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F11%2F01%2Fthe-arab-israeli-power-broker-in-the-knesset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxerman" class="citation web cs1">Boxerman, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/arabs-should-move-past-contesting-israels-jewish-identity-raam-chief-abbas-says/">"Arabs should move past contesting Israel's Jewish identity, Ra'am chief Abbas says"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Arabs+should+move+past+contesting+Israel%27s+Jewish+identity%2C+Ra%27am+chief+Abbas+says&rft.aulast=Boxerman&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Farabs-should-move-past-contesting-israels-jewish-identity-raam-chief-abbas-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinian-arab-israeli-citizens-identity/2021/06/10/2591ef56-c861-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html">"Long overlooked, Israel's Arab citizens are increasingly asserting their Palestinian identity"</a>. 11 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625055545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/palestinian-arab-israeli-citizens-identity/2021/06/10/2591ef56-c861-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2023. <q>Palestinians living within Israel's internationally recognized borders are often known colloquially as "the 48 Arabs," a reference to their origins. Hundreds of thousands of Arabs fled or were expelled during the 1948 war that erupted upon the creation of the state of Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Long+overlooked%2C+Israel%27s+Arab+citizens+are+increasingly+asserting+their+Palestinian+identity&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fpalestinian-arab-israeli-citizens-identity%2F2021%2F06%2F10%2F2591ef56-c861-11eb-8708-64991f2acf28_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Shehadeh2021" class="citation web cs1">Abu Shehadeh, Sami (2 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/palestinian-citizens-of-israel-gaza-conflict-b1858397.html">"We cannot continue to ignore the Palestinian citizens of Israel"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/palestinian-citizens-of-israel-gaza-conflict-b1858397.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=We+cannot+continue+to+ignore+the+Palestinian+citizens+of+Israel&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=Abu+Shehadeh&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fpalestinian-citizens-of-israel-gaza-conflict-b1858397.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donoghue2021" class="citation news cs1">O'Donoghue, Rachel (4 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honestreporting.com/new-york-times-hypocritically-bemoans-lack-of-attention-israels-arab-on-arab-gun-violence-receives/">"New York Times Hypocritically Bemoans Lack of Attention Israel's Arab-on-Arab Gun Violence Receives"</a>. HonestReporting. Retrieved 3 March 2024. <q>the Arab minority in Israel, which largely identifies as Palestinian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HonestReporting&rft.atitle=New+York+Times+Hypocritically+Bemoans+Lack+of+Attention+Israel%27s+Arab-on-Arab+Gun+Violence+Receives&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.aulast=O%27Donoghue&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonestreporting.com%2Fnew-york-times-hypocritically-bemoans-lack-of-attention-israels-arab-on-arab-gun-violence-receives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudoren2012" class="citation news cs1">Rudoren, Jodi (13 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/world/middleeast/service-to-israel-tugs-at-arab-citizens-identity.html?hpw">"Service to Israel Tugs at Identity of Arab Citizens"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Service+to+Israel+Tugs+at+Identity+of+Arab+Citizens&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft.aulast=Rudoren&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F13%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fservice-to-israel-tugs-at-arab-citizens-identity.html%3Fhpw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynfield2017" class="citation news cs1">Lynfield, Ben (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Survey-60-percent-of-Arab-Israelis-have-positive-view-of-state-506150">"Survey: 60% of Arab Israelis have positive view of state"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 23 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Survey%3A+60%25+of+Arab+Israelis+have+positive+view+of+state&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Lynfield&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FSurvey-60-percent-of-Arab-Israelis-have-positive-view-of-state-506150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smooha_2019-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Smooha_2019_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmooha2020" class="citation journal cs1">Smooha, Sammy (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49106091">"Still Playing by the Rules: Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2019"</a>. Still Playing by the Rules: Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Still+Playing+by+the+Rules%3A+Index+of+Arab-Jewish+Relations+in+Israel+2019&rft.atitle=Still+Playing+by+the+Rules%3A+Index+of+Arab-Jewish+Relations+in+Israel+2019&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Smooha&rft.aufirst=Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49106091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs" class="citation web cs1">Fuchs, Camil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jppi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020-Index-English.pdf">"Jewish People Policy Institute"</a> (PDF). 2020 Pluralism INDEX. Retrieved 20 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2020+Pluralism+INDEX&rft.atitle=Jewish+People+Policy+Institute&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Camil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjppi.org.il%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2F2020-Index-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muwasi-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Muwasi_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_M._Landau1993" class="citation book cs1">Jacob M. Landau (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCSfcb9eibgC&q=arab+self-identification+israel&pg=PA173">The Arab minority in Israel, 1967–1991: political aspects</a> (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827712-5"><bdi>978-0-19-827712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+minority+in+Israel%2C+1967%E2%80%931991%3A+political+aspects&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=Illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827712-5&rft.au=Jacob+M.+Landau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCSfcb9eibgC%26q%3Darab%2Bself-identification%2Bisrael%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabinowitzp43-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabinowitzp43_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabinowitzp43_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabinowitzp43_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitzAbu_Baker2005" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitz, Dan; Abu Baker, Khawla (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qcnz7SCkyAMC&q=israeli+arab+israeli-arab+hyphen&pg=PA43">Coffins on our shoulders: the experience of the Palestinian citizens of Israel</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24557-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24557-0"><bdi>978-0-520-24557-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Palestinians were included in the first population census in 1949 and were given the right to vote and be elected in the Knesset ... This notwithstanding, Israel also subjected them to a host of dominating practices. One was a discursive move involving the state's introduction of a new label to denote them: the hyphenated construct "Israeli Arabs" ('Aravim-Yisraelim) or, sometimes "Arabs of Israel" ('Arviyey-Yisrael). The new idiom Israeli Arabs, while purporting to be no more than technical, bureaucratic label, evidenced a deliberate design. A clear reflection of the politics of culture via language, it intentionally misrecognized the group's affinity with and linkage to Palestine as a territorial unit, thus facilitating the erasure of the term Palestine from the Hebrew vocabulary. The term puts "Israel" in the fore, constructing it as a defining feature of "its" Arabs. The Palestinians, already uprooted in the physical sense of the word, were also transformed into a group bereft of history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffins+on+our+shoulders%3A+the+experience+of+the+Palestinian+citizens+of+Israel&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24557-0&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Abu+Baker%2C+Khawla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcnz7SCkyAMC%26q%3Disraeli%2Barab%2Bisraeli-arab%2Bhyphen%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamal-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Jamal_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmal_Jamal2011" class="citation book cs1">Amal Jamal (17 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLCpqnsoLQC&q=arab+self-identification+israel&pg=PA75">Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82412-8"><bdi>978-1-136-82412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Minority+Nationalism+in+Israel&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82412-8&rft.au=Amal+Jamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWLCpqnsoLQC%26q%3Darab%2Bself-identification%2Bisrael%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCEJ-64"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCEJ_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8390717.stm">"Surge in East Jerusalem Palestinians losing residency"</a>. BBC News. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Surge+in+East+Jerusalem+Palestinians+losing+residency&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8390717.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.int/syria/syria/syrian-golan">"The Syrian Golan"</a>. United Nations. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=The+Syrian+Golan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fsyria%2Fsyria%2Fsyrian-golan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shomrim.news/eng/druze-gloan">"Shomrim - The Changing Face of the Golan: Record Number of Druze Requesting Israeli Citizenship"</a>. www.shomrim.news.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shomrim.news&rft.atitle=Shomrim+-+The+Changing+Face+of+the+Golan%3A+Record+Number+of+Druze+Requesting+Israeli+Citizenship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shomrim.news%2Feng%2Fdruze-gloan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amarapxv-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Amarapxv_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaraMarʻi2002" class="citation book cs1">Amara, Muhammad; Marʻi, Abd el-Rahman (2002). Language Education Policy: The Arab Minority in Israel. Springer. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0585-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-0585-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Education+Policy%3A+The+Arab+Minority+in+Israel&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0585-5&rft.aulast=Amara&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Mar%CA%BBi%2C+Abd+el-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masalhap221-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Masalhap221_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalhaSaid2005" class="citation book cs1">Masalha, Nur; Said, Edward W. (2005). Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine, Israel and the Internal Refugees: Essays in Memory of Edward W. Said (1935–2003). Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-623-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-623-0"><bdi>978-1-84277-623-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catastrophe+Remembered%3A+Palestine%2C+Israel+and+the+Internal+Refugees%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Edward+W.+Said+%281935%E2%80%932003%29&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-623-0&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft.au=Said%2C+Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Jazeera-20031209-69"><a href="#cite_ref-al-Jazeera-20031209_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmrawi,_Ahmad2003" class="citation web cs1">Amrawi, Ahmad (9 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010015324/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/85FA6981-D4E6-42BA-B1DD-87555F30220D.htm">"The Palestinians of 1948"</a>. al-Jazeera. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/85FA6981-D4E6-42BA-B1DD-87555F30220D.htm">the original</a> on 10 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Palestinians+of+1948&rft.pub=al-Jazeera&rft.date=2003-12-09&rft.au=Amrawi%2C+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2F85FA6981-D4E6-42BA-B1DD-87555F30220D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=13336">"עיצוב יחסי יהודים - ערבים בעשור הראשון"</a>. lib.cet.ac.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.cet.ac.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+-+%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.cet.ac.il%2Fpages%2Fitem.asp%3Fitem%3D13336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Cohen" title="Hillel Cohen">Cohen, Hillel</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Shadows:_Palestinian_Collaboration_with_Zionism,_1917%E2%80%931948" title="Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948">Army of Shadows. Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism</a>, 1917–1948. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25221-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25221-9"><bdi>978-0-520-25221-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+Shadows.+Palestinian+Collaboration+with+Zionism%2C+1917%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25221-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Hillel (2010). Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948-1967. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25767-2"><bdi>978-0-520-25767-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Arabs%3A+The+Israeli+Security+Agencies+and+the+Israeli+Arabs%2C+1948-1967&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25767-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004173924/http://www.adalah.org/eng/famunif.php">"Changes to Family Unification Law"</a>. Adalah, The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adalah.org/eng/famunif.php">the original</a> on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changes+to+Family+Unification+Law&rft.pub=Adalah%2C+The+Legal+Center+for+Arab+Minority+Rights+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adalah.org%2Feng%2Ffamunif.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Pappé Ilan (1992) "The Making of the Arab Israeli Conflict 1947–1951"; I B Tauris, p. 72 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9">978-1-85043-819-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Morris, Benny (2001). "Revisiting the Palestinian exodus of 1948." In The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 (pp. 37–59). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3">978-0-521-79476-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badil-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Badil_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041214203922/http://www.badil.org/Publications/Monographs/Palestinian.IDPs.pdf">"Badil Resource Centre for Palestinian Refugee and Residency Rights"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badil.org/Publications/Monographs/Palestinian.IDPs.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Badil+Resource+Centre+for+Palestinian+Refugee+and+Residency+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badil.org%2FPublications%2FMonographs%2FPalestinian.IDPs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDMC-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDMC_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDMC_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903022121/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument">"Internal Displacement Monitoring Center – Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internal+Displacement+Monitoring+Center+%E2%80%93+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2Fidmc%2Fwebsite%2Fcountries.nsf%2F%28httpEnvelopes%29%2FF11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Féron, pp. 94, 97–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargalith,_Haim1953" class="citation journal cs1">Margalith, Haim (Winter 1953). "Enactment of a Nationality Law in Israel". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 2 (1): 63–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F837997">10.2307/837997</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/837997">837997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Enactment+of+a+Nationality+Law+in+Israel&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-66&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F837997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F837997%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Margalith%2C+Haim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> The Israeli Nationality Law came into effect on 14 July 1952. Between <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israel's declaration of independence</a> on 14 May 1948 and the passage of this bill four years later, there technically were no Israeli citizens. In this article, the phrase "Arab citizen" is used to refer to the Arab population in Israel, even in the period after the 1949 armistice agreement and before the passage of the Nationality Law in 1952. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2007" class="citation book cs1">Segev, Tom (29 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlqcITwEktEC&q=%22martial+law%22+arabs+israel&pg=PA67">1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East</a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-1167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-1167-2"><bdi>978-1-4299-1167-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1967%3A+Israel%2C+the+War%2C+and+the+Year+that+Transformed+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-1167-2&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlqcITwEktEC%26q%3D%2522martial%2Blaw%2522%2Barabs%2Bisrael%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126, Féron, pp. 37, 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Lustick" title="Ian Lustick">Ian S Lustick</a> and Matthew Berkman,'Zionist Theories of Peace in the Pre-State Era: Legacies of Dissimulation and Israel's Arab Minority,' in Nadim N. Rouhana, Sahar S. Huneidi (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0P4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Israel and its Palestinian Citizens: Ethnic Privileges in the Jewish State,</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04483-8">978-1-107-04483-8</a> pp. 39–72, p.68. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Féron, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstadt1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Eisenstadt" title="Shmuel Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt, S.N.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/israelisociety0000eise">Israeli Society</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/israelisociety0000eise/page/403">403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0306-2"><bdi>978-0-8133-0306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israeli+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-0306-2&rft.aulast=Eisenstadt&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisraelisociety0000eise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Kodmani, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Identity_Crisis-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Identity_Crisis_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identity_Crisis_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identity_Crisis_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709020917/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=2528&l=1">"Identity Crisis: Israel and its Arab Citizens"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=2528&l=1">the original</a> on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identity+Crisis%3A+Israel+and+its+Arab+Citizens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fhome%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D2528%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZureik1979" class="citation book cs1">Zureik, Elia (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sc8OAAAAQAAJ&q=%22al+ard%22&pg=PA172">The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism</a>. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 172–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0016-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0016-3"><bdi>978-0-7100-0016-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinians+in+Israel%3A+A+Study+in+Internal+Colonialism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=172-5&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-0016-3&rft.aulast=Zureik&rft.aufirst=Elia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSc8OAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522al%2Bard%2522%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Kodmani, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Féron, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Féron, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-struggle-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-struggle_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-struggle_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesslerAudra_K_Grant1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tessler, Mark; Audra K Grant (January 1998). "Israel's Arab Citizens: The Continuing struggle". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 555 (January): 97–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716298555001007">10.1177/0002716298555001007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145123436">145123436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Arab+Citizens%3A+The+Continuing+struggle&rft.volume=555&rft.issue=January&rft.pages=97-113&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716298555001007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145123436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tessler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Audra+K+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesslerGrant1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tessler, Mark; Grant, Audra K. (January 1998). "Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 555: 97–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716298555001007">10.1177/0002716298555001007</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1049214">1049214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145123436">145123436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Arab+Citizens%3A+The+Continuing+Struggle&rft.volume=555&rft.pages=97-113&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145123436%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1049214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716298555001007&rft.aulast=Tessler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Grant%2C+Audra+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Bar-On, D., The others within us, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/jps.2003.32.3.5?journalCode=jps">Embattled Identities: Palestinian Soldiers in the Israeli Military</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226185144/http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/jps.2003.32.3.5?journalCode=jps">Archived</a> 26 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rhoda Kanaaneh, Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 32, no. 3 (Spring, 2003), pp. 5–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Arab_Citizens_and_the_2006_War-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Arab_Citizens_and_the_2006_War_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205090430/http://www.mossawacenter.org/files/files/File/Reports/2006/The%20Arab%20Citizens%20of%20Israel%20and%20the%202006%20War%20in%20Lebanon%282%29.pdf">"The Arab Citizens of Israel and the 2006 War in Lebanon"</a> (PDF). The Arab Citizens of Israel and the 2006 War in Lebanon: Reflections and Realities. Mossawa. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mossawacenter.org/files/files/File/Reports/2006/The%20Arab%20Citizens%20of%20Israel%20and%20the%202006%20War%20in%20Lebanon(2).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arab+Citizens+of+Israel+and+the+2006+War+in+Lebanon%3A+Reflections+and+Realities&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Citizens+of+Israel+and+the+2006+War+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mossawacenter.org%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FFile%2FReports%2F2006%2FThe%2520Arab%2520Citizens%2520of%2520Israel%2520and%2520the%25202006%2520War%2520in%2520Lebanon%282%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabs_and_War_in_North-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Arabs_and_War_in_North_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926132101/http://www.dayan.org/kapjac/files/War_North1_EN.pdf">"The Arabs in Israel and the War in the North"</a> (PDF). Konard Adenauer Program for Jewish-Arab Cooperation. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dayan.org/kapjac/files/War_North1_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel+and+the+War+in+the+North&rft.pub=Konard+Adenauer+Program+for+Jewish-Arab+Cooperation&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dayan.org%2Fkapjac%2Ffiles%2FWar_North1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOAnews-20061024-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VOAnews-20061024_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VOAnews-20061024_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Teeple2006" class="citation web cs1">Jim Teeple (24 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061024192908/http://voanews.com/english/2006-10-24-voa7.cfm">"New Cabinet Appointment Tilts Israel to Right"</a>. Voice of America, Online English Edition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voanews.com/english/2006-10-24-voa7.cfm">the original</a> on 24 October 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Cabinet+Appointment+Tilts+Israel+to+Right&rft.pub=Voice+of+America%2C+Online+English+Edition&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.au=Jim+Teeple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoanews.com%2Fenglish%2F2006-10-24-voa7.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timothy_Waters-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_Waters_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Waters2007" class="citation web cs1">Timothy Waters (21 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228149523">"The Blessing of Departure – Exchange of Populated Territories, The Lieberman Plan as an Abstract Exercise in Demographic Transformation"</a>. Available at SSRN. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=958469">958469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Blessing+of+Departure+%E2%80%93+Exchange+of+Populated+Territories%2C+The+Lieberman+Plan+as+an+Abstract+Exercise+in+Demographic+Transformation&rft.pub=Available+at+SSRN&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D958469%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Timothy+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228149523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern-Raleb-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern-Raleb_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern-Raleb_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Stern2007" class="citation news cs1">Yoav Stern (10 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100219213409/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/812014.html">"Labor MK Raleb Majadele to be appointed first Arab minister"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/812014.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Labor+MK+Raleb+Majadele+to+be+appointed+first+Arab+minister&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft.au=Yoav+Stern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F812014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-20070112-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz-20070112_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz-20070112_99-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/812625.html">Lieberman calls on Peretz to quit post for appointing first Arab minister</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210000601/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/812625.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haaretz, 12 January 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221029-mansour-abbas-arab-israeli-political-trailblazer">"Mansour Abbas: Arab-Israeli political trailblazer"</a>. France 24. 29 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202184046/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221029-mansour-abbas-arab-israeli-political-trailblazer">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Mansour+Abbas%3A+Arab-Israeli+political+trailblazer&rft.date=2022-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20221029-mansour-abbas-arab-israeli-political-trailblazer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury2022" class="citation news cs1">Khoury, Jack (7 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/2022-08-07/ty-article/.premium/after-a-turbulent-year-mansour-abbas-still-has-a-strong-grip-on-the-united-arab-list/00000182-77e1-d9c2-afa6-fff930ad0000">"After a Turbulent Year, Mansour Abbas Still Has a Strong Grip on Islamist Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225610/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/2022-08-07/ty-article/.premium/after-a-turbulent-year-mansour-abbas-still-has-a-strong-grip-on-the-united-arab-list/00000182-77e1-d9c2-afa6-fff930ad0000">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=After+a+Turbulent+Year%2C+Mansour+Abbas+Still+Has+a+Strong+Grip+on+Islamist+Party&rft.date=2022-08-07&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Felections%2F2022-08-07%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fafter-a-turbulent-year-mansour-abbas-still-has-a-strong-grip-on-the-united-arab-list%2F00000182-77e1-d9c2-afa6-fff930ad0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelegShezafKhoury2021" class="citation web cs1">Peleg, Bar; Shezaf, Hagar; Khoury, Jack (14 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-muslim-headstones-synagogues-vandalized-in-israeli-city-as-ethnic-violence-persists-1.9809076">"Muslim headstones, synagogues vandalized in Israeli city as Jewish-Arab violence persists"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523153534/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-muslim-headstones-synagogues-vandalized-in-israeli-city-as-ethnic-violence-persists-1.9809076">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Muslim+headstones%2C+synagogues+vandalized+in+Israeli+city+as+Jewish-Arab+violence+persists&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft.aulast=Peleg&rft.aufirst=Bar&rft.au=Shezaf%2C+Hagar&rft.au=Khoury%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-muslim-headstones-synagogues-vandalized-in-israeli-city-as-ethnic-violence-persists-1.9809076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumontKierszenbaumTaha2021" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter; Kierszenbaum, Quique; Taha, Sufian (13 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/13/this-is-more-than-a-reaction-to-rockets-communal-violence-spreads-in-israel">"'This is more than a reaction to rockets': communal violence spreads in Israel"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513170744/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/13/this-is-more-than-a-reaction-to-rockets-communal-violence-spreads-in-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27This+is+more+than+a+reaction+to+rockets%27%3A+communal+violence+spreads+in+Israel&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Kierszenbaum%2C+Quique&rft.au=Taha%2C+Sufian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fmay%2F13%2Fthis-is-more-than-a-reaction-to-rockets-communal-violence-spreads-in-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2023" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Hadas (8 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/08/middleeast/israel-arab-citizens-crime-mime-intl/index.html">"Israel's Arab citizens demand justice after alarming rise in gang-related murders"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Arab+citizens+demand+justice+after+alarming+rise+in+gang-related+murders&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Hadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F09%2F08%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-arab-citizens-crime-mime-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2024" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Rachel (2 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/arab-israelis-crisis/">"Arab-Israelis are facing a crisis. But there's a way out"</a>. Atlantic Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab-Israelis+are+facing+a+crisis.+But+there%27s+a+way+out&rft.pub=Atlantic+Council&rft.date=2024-02-02&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fmenasource%2Farab-israelis-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2024" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Toi (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/244-arab-community-members-said-killed-in-2023-violence-more-than-double-2022-toll/">"244 Arabs said killed in 2023 violence, more than double 2022 toll"</a>. Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=244+Arabs+said+killed+in+2023+violence%2C+more+than+double+2022+toll&rft.pub=Times+of+Israel&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Toi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2F244-arab-community-members-said-killed-in-2023-violence-more-than-double-2022-toll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-786253">"Homicides in Israeli Arab societies rising at unprecedented rate - study"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homicides+in+Israeli+Arab+societies+rising+at+unprecedented+rate+-+study&rft.pub=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.date=2024-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Farticle-786253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2024" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Toi (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/244-arab-community-members-said-killed-in-2023-violence-more-than-double-2022-toll/">"244 Arabs said killed in 2023 violence, more than double 2022 toll"</a>. Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=244+Arabs+said+killed+in+2023+violence%2C+more+than+double+2022+toll&rft.pub=Times+of+Israel&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Toi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2F244-arab-community-members-said-killed-in-2023-violence-more-than-double-2022-toll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreiner2021" class="citation web cs1">Breiner, Josh (8 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-11-08/ty-article/.premium/the-fight-against-arab-organized-crime-groups-aims-to-hit-them-in-the-pocketbook/0000017f-df00-d3ff-a7ff-ffa04a7f0000">"The Fight Against Arab Organized Crime Groups Aims to Hit Them in the Pocketbook"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fight+Against+Arab+Organized+Crime+Groups+Aims+to+Hit+Them+in+the+Pocketbook&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.aulast=Breiner&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2021-11-08%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fthe-fight-against-arab-organized-crime-groups-aims-to-hit-them-in-the-pocketbook%2F0000017f-df00-d3ff-a7ff-ffa04a7f0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2023" class="citation web cs1">May, Davied (12 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/07/12/internal-violence-has-become-a-nightmare-for-israeli-arabs/">"Internal Violence Has Become a Nightmare for Israeli Arabs"</a>. Foundation for Defense of Democracies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internal+Violence+Has+Become+a+Nightmare+for+Israeli+Arabs&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Defense+of+Democracies&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Davied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdd.org%2Fanalysis%2F2023%2F07%2F12%2Finternal-violence-has-become-a-nightmare-for-israeli-arabs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradstein2023" class="citation web cs1">Gradstein, Linda (30 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/crime-in-israel/article-748152">"Israel's Arab citizens don't feel safe amid wave of crime, murders"</a>. The Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Arab+citizens+don%27t+feel+safe+amid+wave+of+crime%2C+murders&rft.pub=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft.aulast=Gradstein&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fcrime-in-israel%2Farticle-748152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67181582">"Israeli Arabs arrested over Gaza social media posts"</a>. BBC News. 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israeli+Arabs+arrested+over+Gaza+social+media+posts&rft.date=2023-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-67181582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/28/thousands-of-gaza-workers-go-missing-in-israel-amid-wartime-mass-arrests">"Thousands of Gaza workers go 'missing' in Israel amid wartime mass arrests"</a>. Al Jazeera. 28 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Gaza+workers+go+%27missing%27+in+Israel+amid+wartime+mass+arrests&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F28%2Fthousands-of-gaza-workers-go-missing-in-israel-amid-wartime-mass-arrests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottasováSaifi2023" class="citation web cs1">Kottasová, Ivana; Saifi, Zeena (5 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/05/middleeast/palestinians-israel-fear-arrest-gaza-intl-cmd/index.html">"'The reaction is extreme': Palestinians fear arrest if they voice sympathy for Gaza civilians"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27The+reaction+is+extreme%27%3A+Palestinians+fear+arrest+if+they+voice+sympathy+for+Gaza+civilians&rft.date=2023-11-05&rft.aulast=Kottasov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft.au=Saifi%2C+Zeena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F11%2F05%2Fmiddleeast%2Fpalestinians-israel-fear-arrest-gaza-intl-cmd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-02/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/systematic-witch-hunt-what-persecution-of-israeli-arabs-looks-like-amid-gaza-war/0000018b-90db-db7e-af9b-fbdb254e0000">"'Systematic Witch Hunt:' What Persecution of Arab-Israelis Looks Like Amid Gaza War"</a>. Haaretz. 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%27Systematic+Witch+Hunt%3A%27+What+Persecution+of+Arab-Israelis+Looks+Like+Amid+Gaza+War&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2023-11-02%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fsystematic-witch-hunt-what-persecution-of-israeli-arabs-looks-like-amid-gaza-war%2F0000018b-90db-db7e-af9b-fbdb254e0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPita2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pita, Antonio (11 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-11-11/israel-aumenta-el-cerco-a-su-minoria-arabe.html">"Israel aumenta el cerco a su minoría árabe"</a>. El País (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Israel+aumenta+el+cerco+a+su+minor%C3%ADa+%C3%A1rabe&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft.aulast=Pita&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Finternacional%2F2023-11-11%2Fisrael-aumenta-el-cerco-a-su-minoria-arabe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-arab-minority-feels-closer-country-war-poll-finds-2023-11-10/">"Israel's Arab minority feels closer to country in war, poll finds"</a>. Reuters. 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Arab+minority+feels+closer+to+country+in+war%2C+poll+finds&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisraels-arab-minority-feels-closer-country-war-poll-finds-2023-11-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAri_Flanzraich2023" class="citation web cs1">Ari Flanzraich (10 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/07/israel-hamas-war-arab-culture-identity/">"'Too Israeli for the Palestinians and too Palestinian for the Israelis'"</a>. Foreign Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=%27Too+Israeli+for+the+Palestinians+and+too+Palestinian+for+the+Israelis%27&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft.au=Ari+Flanzraich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F11%2F07%2Fisrael-hamas-war-arab-culture-identity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliav_Breuer2024" class="citation web cs1">Eliav Breuer (11 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-786419">"Arab Israelis 'oppressed' into silence over Hamas war, Arab MK claims"</a>. Jerusalem Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Arab+Israelis+%27oppressed%27+into+silence+over+Hamas+war%2C+Arab+MK+claims&rft.date=2024-02-11&rft.au=Eliav+Breuer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-hamas-war%2Farticle-786419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ynet-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Ynet_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3345830,00.html">"Statistics Report: Less Enlisting to Army"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. 28 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402131217/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3345830%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Statistics+Report%3A+Less+Enlisting+to+Army&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3345830%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988">, including permanent residents. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabs20132-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Arabs20132_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128173944/http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/hodaot2013n/11_13_097e.pdf">"65th Independence Day – More than 8 Million Residents in the State of Israel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. 14 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/hodaot2013n/11_13_097e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=65th+Independence+Day+%E2%80%93+More+than+8+Million+Residents+in+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2013-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fwww%2Fhodaot2013n%2F11_13_097e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_122-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaffe" class="citation web cs1">Yaffe, Nurit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201024709/http://www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/arab_pop03e.pdf">"The Arab Population of Israel 2003"</a> (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/statistical/arab_pop03e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 December 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Population+of+Israel+2003&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.aulast=Yaffe&rft.aufirst=Nurit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fstatistical%2Farab_pop03e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103839/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/popisr/table5.pdf">"Projections of population(1) in Israel for 2010–2025, by sex, age and population group"</a> (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics\. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cbs.gov.il/popisr/table5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projections+of+population%281%29+in+Israel+for+2010%E2%80%932025%2C+by+sex%2C+age+and+population+group&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics%5C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbs.gov.il%2Fpopisr%2Ftable5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spolsky-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spolsky_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spolsky_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Spolsky_and_Elana_Shohamy1996" class="citation web cs1">Bernard Spolsky and Elana Shohamy (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070406202757/http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/lprc/lprcprof.htm">"National Profiles of Languages in Education: Israel Language Policy"</a>. Language Policy Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/hu/lprc/lprcprof.htm">the original</a> on 6 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles+of+Languages+in+Education%3A+Israel+Language+Policy&rft.pub=Language+Policy+Research+Center&rft.date=1996-07&rft.au=Bernard+Spolsky+and+Elana+Shohamy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2Fhu%2Flprc%2Flprcprof.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muslim2020-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muslim2020_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muslim2020_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muslim2020_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muslim2020_125-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muslim2020_125-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muslim2020_125-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2020/230/11_20_230e.pdf">"The Moslem population of Israel: Data on the Occasion of Eid al-Adha (The Feast of the Sacrifice)"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moslem+population+of+Israel%3A+Data+on+the+Occasion+of+Eid+al-Adha+%28The+Feast+of+the+Sacrifice%29&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2020%2F230%2F11_20_230e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew1-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pew1_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/03/Israel-Survey-Full-Report.pdf">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2016%2F03%2FIsrael-Survey-Full-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOri_Stendel1996" class="citation book cs1">Ori Stendel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Ao8dYsCskC&pg=PA45">The Arabs in Israel</a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-24-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-24-0"><bdi>978-1-898723-24-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-24-0&rft.au=Ori+Stendel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7Ao8dYsCskC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-netanyahu-suggested-to-us-that-arab-israeli-towns-be-placed-in-palestine/">Report: Netanyahu suggested to US that Arab Israeli towns be placed in Palestine</a>, Times of Israel, 4 February 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idi.org.il/media/8292/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-2016-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">"Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli"</a> (PDF). Israel Democracy Institute. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+of+Citizens+Arab+of+Attitudes%3A+Index+Democracy+Israeli&rft.pub=Israel+Democracy+Institute&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idi.org.il%2Fmedia%2F8292%2F%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2593-%25D7%2594%25D7%2593%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2594-%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-2016-%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2590%25D7%2596%25D7%25A8%25D7%2597%25D7%2599-%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%259D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedouin-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bedouin_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedouin_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bedouin_130-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel">The Bedouin in Israel: Demography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026125647/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/1990_1999/1999/7/the%20bedouin%20in%20israel">Archived</a> 26 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> 1 July 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Sa‘ad2005113–114-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Sa‘ad2005113–114_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Sa‘ad2005">Abu-Sa‘ad 2005</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw.org-132"><a href="#cite_ref-hrw.org_132-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2008/iopt0308/">"Off the Map: Land and Housing Rights Violations in Israel's Unrecognized Bedouin Villages"</a>; Human Rights Watch, March 2008 Volume 20, No. 5(E) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf">Bedouin information, ILA, 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135350/http://www.mmi.gov.il/static/HanhalaPirsumim/Beduin_information.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_134-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_134-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_134-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705105228/http://taubcenter.org.il/wp-content/files_mf/arabisraelisinhighereducation.pdf">"Education and Employment Among Young Arab Israelis"</a> (PDF). Taub Center for Social Policy Studies. 13 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taubcenter.org.il/wp-content/files_mf/arabisraelisinhighereducation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taub+Center+for+Social+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Education+and+Employment+Among+Young+Arab+Israelis&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaubcenter.org.il%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles_mf%2Farabisraelisinhighereducation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabri_Jiryis1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabri_Jiryis" title="Sabri Jiryis">Sabri Jiryis</a> (1969) [second impression]. The Arabs in Israel. The Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2"><bdi>978-0-85345-377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-377-2&rft.au=Sabri+Jiryis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockman_2011_259-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockman_2011_259_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockman_2011_259_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert (2011). Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-654-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-654-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-654-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sacred+Places%2C+2nd+Edition+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-654-6&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_Wilson-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Wilson_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Wilson2006" class="citation news cs1">Scott Wilson (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/29/AR2006102900926.html">"Golan Heights Land, Lifestyle Lure Settlers"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Golan+Heights+Land%2C+Lifestyle+Lure+Settlers&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.au=Scott+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F29%2FAR2006102900926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Kershner2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Kershner" title="Isabel Kershner">Isabel Kershner</a> (22 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/world/middleeast/22golan.html?_r=1">"In the Golan Heights, Anxious Eyes Look East"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Golan+Heights%2C+Anxious+Eyes+Look+East&rft.date=2011-05-22&rft.au=Isabel+Kershner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F22%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F22golan.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">"The Druze population in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F122%2F11_19_122b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2018/2.%20shnatonpopulation/st02_17.pdf">"LOCALITIES(1) AND POPULATION, BY POPULATION GROUP, DISTRICT, SUB-DISTRICT AND NATURAL REGION"</a> (PDF). CBS Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. 31 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Israeli+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=LOCALITIES%281%29+AND+POPULATION%2C+BY+POPULATION+GROUP%2C+DISTRICT%2C+SUB-DISTRICT+AND+NATURAL+REGION&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fpublications%2Fdoclib%2F2018%2F2.%2520shnatonpopulation%2Fst02_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelhem2019" class="citation web cs1">Melhem, Ahmad (11 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/04/israel-settlements-golan-heights-trump-syrians.html">"Trump paves way for Israel to expand settlements in Golan"</a>. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Trump+paves+way+for+Israel+to+expand+settlements+in+Golan&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Melhem&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2019%2F04%2Fisrael-settlements-golan-heights-trump-syrians.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2019" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (23 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/world/middleeast/netanyahu-golan-heights-trump.html">"Netanyahu Seeks to Name a Golan Heights Settlement for President Trump"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+Seeks+to+Name+a+Golan+Heights+Settlement+for+President+Trump&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fnetanyahu-golan-heights-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121451/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fthe_middle_east_journal%2Fv064%2F64.4.nisan.pdf">"The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/the_middle_east_journal/v064/64.4.nisan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+Israel%3A+Questions+of+Identity%2C+Citizenship%2C+and+Patriotism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fthe_middle_east_journal%2Fv064%2F64.4.nisan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian_Arabs-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Arabs_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Arabs_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2005" class="citation news cs1">Stern, Yoav (23 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210000545/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=555549">"Christian Arabs / Second in a series – Israel's Christian Arabs don't want to fight to fit in"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=555549">the original</a> on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christian+Arabs+%2F+Second+in+a+series+%E2%80%93+Israel%27s+Christian+Arabs+don%27t+want+to+fight+to+fit+in&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D555549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jiryis-1969-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jiryis-1969_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabri_Jiryis1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabri_Jiryis" title="Sabri Jiryis">Sabri Jiryis</a> (1969) [second impression]. The Arabs in Israel. The Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2"><bdi>978-0-85345-377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-377-2&rft.au=Sabri+Jiryis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhair_Abbas2011" class="citation book cs1">Khair Abbas, Randa (2011). The Israeli Druze Community in Transition. ABC-CLIO. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527567399" title="Special:BookSources/9781527567399"><bdi>9781527567399</bdi></a>. <q>In 1957, the Druze were declared a religious community in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Druze+Community+in+Transition&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781527567399&rft.aulast=Khair+Abbas&rft.aufirst=Randa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2015" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Hillel (2015). Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967. University of California Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520944886" title="Special:BookSources/9780520944886"><bdi>9780520944886</bdi></a>. <q>In 1957, the Druze were recognized as a distinct religious confession.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Arabs%3A+The+Israeli+Security+Agencies+and+the+Israeli+Arabs%2C+1948%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520944886&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasisWeisburd2015" class="citation book cs1">Hasis, Badi; Weisburd, David (2015). Policing in Israel: Studying Crime Control, Community, and Counterterrorism. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498722575" title="Special:BookSources/9781498722575"><bdi>9781498722575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+in+Israel%3A+Studying+Crime+Control%2C+Community%2C+and+Counterterrorism&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781498722575&rft.aulast=Hasis&rft.aufirst=Badi&rft.au=Weisburd%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro1999" class="citation book cs1">Firro, Kais (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C&pg=PA9">The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History</a>. BRILL. pp. 9, 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0"><bdi>90-04-11251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+in+the+Jewish+State%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pages=9%2C+171&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11251-0&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dowhg2R8Ndy8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> '<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingrod1985" class="citation book cs1">Weingrod, Alex (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIYlFNR7hUcC&pg=PA259">Studies in Israeli Ethnicity: After the Ingathering</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 259–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-007-2"><bdi>978-2-88124-007-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Israeli+Ethnicity%3A+After+the+Ingathering&rft.pages=259-279&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-2-88124-007-2&rft.aulast=Weingrod&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIYlFNR7hUcC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nili2019-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNili2019" class="citation book cs1">Nili, Shmuel (2019). The People's Duty: Collective Agency and the Morality of Public Policy. Cambridge University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108480925" title="Special:BookSources/9781108480925"><bdi>9781108480925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Duty%3A+Collective+Agency+and+the+Morality+of+Public+Policy&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108480925&rft.aulast=Nili&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShtern2008" class="citation news cs1">Shtern, Yoav (4 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828113051/http://news.walla.co.il/item/1243983">"רה"מ לדרוזים: לא עוד ברית דמים, אלא ברית חיים [PM to Druze: No more blood pact, but life pact]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walla!" class="mw-redirect" title="Walla!">Walla!</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/item/1243983">the original</a> on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walla%21&rft.atitle=%D7%A8%D7%94%22%D7%9E+%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D%2C+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%5BPM+to+Druze%3A+No+more+blood+pact%2C+but+life+pact%5D&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft.aulast=Shtern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2Fitem%2F1243983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3514638,00.html">"Study: 94% of Druze in Israel define themselves as Druze-Israeli"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a>. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=Study%3A+94%25+of+Druze+in+Israel+define+themselves+as+Druze-Israeli&rft.date=2008-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3514638%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2017. <q>Virtually all Muslims (99%) and Christians (96%) surveyed in Israel identify as Arab. A somewhat smaller share of Druze (71%) say they are ethnically Arab. Other Druze respondents identify their ethnicity as "Other," "Druze" or "Druze-Arab."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fisraels-religiously-divided-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmaraSchnell-155"><a href="#cite_ref-AmaraSchnell_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Amara_and_Izhak_Schnell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Muhammad Amara and Izhak Schnell (2004). "Identity Repertoires among Arabs in Israel". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 30: 175–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183032000170222">10.1080/1369183032000170222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144424824">144424824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.atitle=Identity+Repertoires+among+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=175-193&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369183032000170222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144424824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Muhammad+Amara+and+Izhak+Schnell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idi.org.il/media/8292/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-2016-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">"Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli 2016 The"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+of+Citizens+Arab+of+Attitudes%3A+Index+Democracy+Israeli+2016+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idi.org.il%2Fmedia%2F8292%2F%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2593-%25D7%2594%25D7%2593%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2594-%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-2016-%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2590%25D7%2596%25D7%25A8%25D7%2597%25D7%2599-%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%259D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2000" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Ibtisam (2000). Israel's "ethnic Project" in the City of Shafa-amr: Particularization of Identity Along Religious Lines. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 170–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789651905889" title="Special:BookSources/9789651905889"><bdi>9789651905889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+%22ethnic+Project%22+in+the+City+of+Shafa-amr%3A+Particularization+of+Identity+Along+Religious+Lines&rft.pages=170-175&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789651905889&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Ibtisam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708165844/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467816438&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">"Druse MK next in line for presidency"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467816438&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on 8 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druse+MK+next+in+line+for+presidency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1167467816438%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christians_in_Israel:_Strong_in_education_159-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckman1995" class="citation news cs1">Druckman, Yaron (20 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4323529,00.html">"Christians in Israel: Strong in education - Israel News, Ynetnews"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Israel%3A+Strong+in+education+-+Israel+News%2C+Ynetnews&rft.date=1995-06-20&rft.aulast=Druckman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4323529%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian2020-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christian2020_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian2020_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian2020_160-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/400/11_19_400e.pdf">"Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 29 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+2019+-+Christians+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2019-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F400%2F11_19_400e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/People/SOCIETY-%20Minority%20Communities">Society: Minority Communities</a>, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs </li> <li id="cite_note-MFA2014-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MFA2014_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MFA2014_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017004653/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx">"The Christian communities in Israel"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx">the original</a> on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Christian+communities+in+Israel&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FAboutIsrael%2FSpotlight%2FPages%2FThe-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGahern_2011_51-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2011_51_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGahern_2011_51_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGahern2011" class="citation book cs1">McGahern, Una (2011). Palestinian Christians in Israel: State Attitudes Towards Non-Muslims in a Jewish State. Routledge. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60571-7"><bdi>978-0-415-60571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Christians+in+Israel%3A+State+Attitudes+Towards+Non-Muslims+in+a+Jewish+State&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-60571-7&rft.aulast=McGahern&rft.aufirst=Una&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT01416-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01416_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01416_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01416_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT01416_164-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadid2016" class="citation news cs1">Hadid, Diaa (4 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/in-israeli-city-of-haifa-a-liberal-palestinian-culture-blossoms.html">"In Israeli City of Haifa, a Liberal Palestinian Culture Blossoms"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502175750/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/in-israeli-city-of-haifa-a-liberal-palestinian-culture-blossoms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Israeli+City+of+Haifa%2C+a+Liberal+Palestinian+Culture+Blossoms&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft.aulast=Hadid&rft.aufirst=Diaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F04%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fin-israeli-city-of-haifa-a-liberal-palestinian-culture-blossoms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBligh2004" class="citation book cs1">Bligh, Alexander (2004). The Israeli Palestinians: An Arab Minority in the Jewish State. Routledge. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76077-9"><bdi>978-1-135-76077-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Palestinians%3A+An+Arab+Minority+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76077-9&rft.aulast=Bligh&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansour2004" class="citation book cs1">Mansour, Atallah (2004). Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land Under Muslim and Jewish Rule. Hope Publishing House. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932717-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932717-02-0"><bdi>978-1-932717-02-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrow+Gate+Churches%3A+The+Christian+Presence+in+the+Holy+Land+Under+Muslim+and+Jewish+Rule&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Hope+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932717-02-0&rft.aulast=Mansour&rft.aufirst=Atallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeedan2019" class="citation book cs1">Zeedan, Rami (2019). Arab-Palestinian Society in the Israeli Political System: Integration versus Segregation in the Twenty-First Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-5315-5"><bdi>978-1-4985-5315-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab-Palestinian+Society+in+the+Israeli+Political+System%3A+Integration+versus+Segregation+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-5315-5&rft.aulast=Zeedan&rft.aufirst=Rami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Spotlight/Pages/The-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx">"The Christian communities in Israel"</a>. mfa.gov.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.il&rft.atitle=The+Christian+communities+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FAboutIsrael%2FSpotlight%2FPages%2FThe-Christian-communities-in-Israel-May-2014.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristianYnet-169"><a href="#cite_ref-ChristianYnet_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5431903,00.html">"Celebrating Christmas in Israel's ancient Greek Catholic villages"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynet. 23 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Christmas+in+Israel%27s+ancient+Greek+Catholic+villages&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5431903%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2018/local_authorities16_1722/460_0494.pdf">Daliyat al-Karmel</a> (in Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"15 nominees named for 4 justice posts". <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 14 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=15+nominees+named+for+4+justice+posts&rft.date=2004-04-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/national-news/judge-in-katsav-trial-known-to-be-independent-fearless">"Judge in Katsav trial known to be independent, fearless"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 3 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+in+Katsav+trial+known+to+be+independent%2C+fearless&rft.pub=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fnational-news%2Fjudge-in-katsav-trial-known-to-be-independent-fearless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/magazine/young-israelis-of-the-year-dr-hossam-haick-34-sniffing-out-cancer-155433">"Young Israelis of the year: Dr. Hossam Haick, 34: Sniffing out cancer"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 18 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Young+Israelis+of+the+year%3A+Dr.+Hossam+Haick%2C+34%3A+Sniffing+out+cancer&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmagazine%2Fyoung-israelis-of-the-year-dr-hossam-haick-34-sniffing-out-cancer-155433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimland,_Guy2010" class="citation news cs1">Grimland, Guy (2 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-israeli-scientist-who-is-sniffing-out-cancer-1.299656">"The Israeli scientist who is sniffing out cancer"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 25 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Israeli+scientist+who+is+sniffing+out+cancer&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.au=Grimland%2C+Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fweek-s-end%2Fthe-israeli-scientist-who-is-sniffing-out-cancer-1.299656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-johny-srouji-apple-chief-chipmaker/">"The Most Important Apple Executive You've Never Heard Of"</a>. Bloomberg. 18 February 2016. <q>He was the third child of four. His family was Christian Arab, a minority within a minority in the Jewish state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Most+Important+Apple+Executive+You%27ve+Never+Heard+Of&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Ffeatures%2F2016-johny-srouji-apple-chief-chipmaker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishbusinessnews.com/2017/12/28/israeli-apple-johnny-seruji-receives-24-million-year/">"The Israeli In Apple Johny Srouji Receives $24 Million This Year"</a>. Bloomberg. 28 December 2017. <q>Johny Srouji, who grew up in Haifa for a Christian Arab family and studied at the Technion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+In+Apple+Johny+Srouji+Receives+%2424+Million+This+Year&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishbusinessnews.com%2F2017%2F12%2F28%2Fisraeli-apple-johnny-seruji-receives-24-million-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barakabits.com/2016/03/johny-srouji-arab-vp-behind-apples-chips">"Johny Srouji: The Arab VP Behind Apple's Chips - BarakaBits"</a>. www.barakabits.com. 27 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.barakabits.com&rft.atitle=Johny+Srouji%3A+The+Arab+VP+Behind+Apple%27s+Chips+-+BarakaBits&rft.date=2016-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barakabits.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fjohny-srouji-arab-vp-behind-apples-chips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/56889/in-heartwarming-christmas-story-idf-welcomes-more-pro-israel-christian-arabs-biblical-zionism/">"In Heartwarming Christmas Story, IDF Welcomes More Pro-Israel Christian Arabs"</a>. 23 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630094731/https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/56889/in-heartwarming-christmas-story-idf-welcomes-more-pro-israel-christian-arabs-biblical-zionism/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Heartwarming+Christmas+Story%2C+IDF+Welcomes+More+Pro-Israel+Christian+Arabs&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingisraelnews.com%2F56889%2Fin-heartwarming-christmas-story-idf-welcomes-more-pro-israel-christian-arabs-biblical-zionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLissy_Kaufmann2016" class="citation web cs1">Lissy Kaufmann (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009214720/http://tlv1.fm/news/so-much-to-say/2014/07/28/israeli-arab-christians-take-streets-haifa-unusual-protest-2/">"Israeli-Arab Christians take to the streets of Haifa for an unusual protest"</a>. TLV1 Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tlv1.fm/news/so-much-to-say/2014/07/28/israeli-arab-christians-take-streets-haifa-unusual-protest-2/">the original</a> on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli-Arab+Christians+take+to+the+streets+of+Haifa+for+an+unusual+protest&rft.pub=TLV1+Radio&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.au=Lissy+Kaufmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftlv1.fm%2Fnews%2Fso-much-to-say%2F2014%2F07%2F28%2Fisraeli-arab-christians-take-streets-haifa-unusual-protest-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307132630/https://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/24936/Default.aspx/">"Israeli Christians Officially Recognized as Arameans, Not Arabs"</a>. www.israeltoday.co.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/24936/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.israeltoday.co.il&rft.atitle=Israeli+Christians+Officially+Recognized+as+Arameans%2C+Not+Arabs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israeltoday.co.il%2FNewsItem%2Ftabid%2F178%2Fnid%2F24936%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLis2014" class="citation news cs1">Lis, Jonathan (17 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.616299">"Israel Recognizes Aramean Minority in Israel as Separate Nationality"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Recognizes+Aramean+Minority+in+Israel+as+Separate+Nationality&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft.aulast=Lis&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F1.616299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920194425/http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=20169">"'Aramean' officially recognized as nationality in Israel"</a>. Israel Hayom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=20169">the original</a> on 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Hayom&rft.atitle=%27Aramean%27+officially+recognized+as+nationality+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2Fsite%2Fnewsletter_article.php%3Fid%3D20169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Ariel (28 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Israeli-Greek-Orthodox-Denounce-Move-to-Differentiate-Christians-from-Arabs-376493">"Israeli Greek Orthodox Church denounces Aramaic Christian nationality"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israeli+Greek+Orthodox+Church+denounces+Aramaic+Christian+nationality&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FChristian-News%2FIsraeli-Greek-Orthodox-Denounce-Move-to-Differentiate-Christians-from-Arabs-376493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2013" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Adi (28 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303849604579278722657163880">"Christians in Israel: A minority within a minority"</a>. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Israel%3A+A+minority+within+a+minority&rft.date=2013-12-28&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Adi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303849604579278722657163880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2013" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Adi (28 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303849604579278722657163880">"Israel's Christian Awakening"</a>. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Christian+Awakening&rft.date=2013-12-28&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Adi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303849604579278722657163880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bokra.net-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bokra.net_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bokra.net_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bokra.net/Article-1155836">"المسيحيون العرب يتفوقون على يهود إسرائيل في التعليم"</a>. Bokra. Retrieved 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bokra&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bokra.net%2FArticle-1155836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/item/279897">"הלמ"ס: עלייה בשיעור הערבים הנרשמים למוסדות האקדמיים"</a>. וואלה!.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94%21&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9E%22%D7%A1%3A+%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2Fitem%2F279897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/National-News/CBS-report-Christian-population-in-Israel-growing">"CBS report: Christian population in Israel growing"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 25 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=CBS+report%3A+Christian+population+in+Israel+growing&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FNational-News%2FCBS-report-Christian-population-in-Israel-growing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-המגזר_הערבי_נוצרי_הכי_מצליח_במערכת_החינוך_189-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203194137/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/319/566.html">"חדשות - בארץ nrg - ...המגזר הערבי נוצרי הכי מצליח במערכת"</a>. Nrg.co.il. 25 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/319/566.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA+-+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+nrg+-+...%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA&rft.pub=Nrg.co.il&rft.date=2011-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrg.co.il%2Fonline%2F1%2FART2%2F319%2F566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.676300">"Why Angry Christians in Israel Are Crying Discrimination"</a>, Haaretz. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStierKhattabMiaari2023" class="citation book cs1">Stier, Haya; Khattab, Nabil; Miaari, Sami (15 August 2023). Socioeconomic Inequality in Israel: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. USA. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503636132" title="Special:BookSources/9781503636132"><bdi>9781503636132</bdi></a>. <q>Christians have, on average, higher educational achievements, marry at an older age, have fewer children, and enjoy larger income... Druze and Muslims share many cultural patterns, and they have a similar socioeconomic standing, but while Druze males have to serve in the military, Muslim men (as well as Christian) do not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socioeconomic+Inequality+in+Israel%3A+A+Theoretical+and+Empirical+Analysis&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft.isbn=9781503636132&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Haya&rft.au=Khattab%2C+Nabil&rft.au=Miaari%2C+Sami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-TOI2013-192"><a href="#cite_ref-TOI2013_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/christian-arabs-top-countrys-matriculation-charts/">"Christian Arabs top country's matriculation charts"</a>. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Christian+Arabs+top+country%27s+matriculation+charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fchristian-arabs-top-countrys-matriculation-charts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aruz7-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Aruz7_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/239745">"An inside look at Israel's Christian minority"</a>. Israel National News. 24 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=An+inside+look+at+Israel%27s+Christian+minority&rft.date=2017-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F239745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107232958/http://www.terrasanta.net/tsx/articolo.jsp?wi_number=3483&wi_codseq=&language=en">"Israeli Christians Flourishing in Education but Falling in Number"</a>. Terrasanta.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrasanta.net/tsx/articolo.jsp?wi_number=3483&wi_codseq=&language=en">the original</a> on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrasanta.net&rft.atitle=Israeli+Christians+Flourishing+in+Education+but+Falling+in+Number&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrasanta.net%2Ftsx%2Farticolo.jsp%3Fwi_number%3D3483%26wi_codseq%3D%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/163468">"Christians in Israel Well-Off, Statistics Show: Christians in Israel are prosperous and well-educated - but some fear that Muslim intimidation will cause a mass escape to the West"</a>. Arutz Sheva. 24 December 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Israel+Well-Off%2C+Statistics+Show%3A+Christians+in+Israel+are+prosperous+and+well-educated+-+but+some+fear+that+Muslim+intimidation+will+cause+a+mass+escape+to+the+West&rft.date=2012-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F163468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019125243/http://www.abrahamfund.org/webfiles/fck/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%204%20-%20%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">"פרק 4 פערים חברתיים-כלכליים בין ערבים לבין יהודים"</a> (PDF). Abrahamfund.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamfund.org/webfiles/fck/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%204%20-%20%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abrahamfund.org&rft.atitle=%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7+4+%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abrahamfund.org%2Fwebfiles%2Ffck%2F%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A7%25204%2520-%2520%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2520%25D7%2597%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2520%25D7%259B%25D7%259C%25D7%259B%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2014" class="citation journal cs1">David, Hanna (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7603271">"Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel"</a>. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Studies. 21 (3): 175–187. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Letters+of+Social+and+Humanistic+Studies&rft.atitle=Are+Christian+Arabs+the+New+Israeli+Jews%3F+Reflections+on+the+Educational+Level+of+Arab+Christians+in+Israel&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175-187&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7603271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcef.org/790796657-demonstration-of-christian-schools-in-jerusalem/">"Demonstration of Christian Schools in Jerusalem - Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation"</a>. Hcef.org. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hcef.org&rft.atitle=Demonstration+of+Christian+Schools+in+Jerusalem+-+Holy+Land+Christian+Ecumenical+Foundation&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcef.org%2F790796657-demonstration-of-christian-schools-in-jerusalem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-middleeasteye.net-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye.net_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye.net_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/schools-starved-funds-christians-question-their-future-israel-1522645081">"With schools starved of funds, Christians question their future in Israel"</a>. Middleeasteye.net. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middleeasteye.net&rft.atitle=With+schools+starved+of+funds%2C+Christians+question+their+future+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fschools-starved-funds-christians-question-their-future-israel-1522645081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_Angry_Christians_in_Israel_Are-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why_Angry_Christians_in_Israel_Are_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_Angry_Christians_in_Israel_Are_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.676300">"Why Angry Christians in Israel Are Crying Discrimination - Features"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Why+Angry+Christians+in+Israel+Are+Crying+Discrimination+-+Features&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-1.676300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz_2021-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_2021_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_2021_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_2021_201-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-for-these-young-israelis-lebanon-will-always-be-their-first-home-1.8863641">"These Young Israelis Were Born in Lebanon – but Don't Call Them Arabs"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=These+Young+Israelis+Were+Born+in+Lebanon+%E2%80%93+but+Don%27t+Call+Them+Arabs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-for-these-young-israelis-lebanon-will-always-be-their-first-home-1.8863641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shachmon_2019-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shachmon_2019_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shachmon_2019_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shachmon_2019_202-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShachmonMack2019" class="citation journal cs1">Shachmon, Ori; Mack, Merav (2019). "The Lebanese in Israel – Language, Religion and Identity". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft. 169 (2): 343–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13173%2Fzeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343">10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0341-0137">0341-0137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343">10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211647029">211647029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=The+Lebanese+in+Israel+%E2%80%93+Language%2C+Religion+and+Identity&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=343-366&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0341-0137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211647029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13173%2Fzeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13173%2Fzeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0343&rft.aulast=Shachmon&rft.aufirst=Ori&rft.au=Mack%2C+Merav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs.govs-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbs.govs_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs.govs_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/statistical/arabju.pdf">"The Arab Population in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. Center for Statistical Information. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics.+Center+for+Statistical+Information.&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Population+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fwww%2Fstatistical%2Farabju.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-http-204"><a href="#cite_ref-http_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128143317/http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/11_07_084b.doc">"Selected Statistics on Jerusalem Day 2007 (Hebrew)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>. 14 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2007n/11_07_084b.doc">the original</a> on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Statistics+on+Jerusalem+Day+2007+%28Hebrew%29&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhodaot2007n%2F11_07_084b.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> נכון ינואר 2012, מנתוני <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/yarhon/b1_h.htm">הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220005928/http://www.cbs.gov.il/yarhon/b1_h.htm">Archived</a> 20 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Research-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Research_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Research_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003124409/http://raphael.geography.ad.bgu.ac.il/ojs/index.php/GRF/article/view/413">"Housing Transformation within Urbanized Communities: The Arab Palestinians in Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geography_Research_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography Research Forum">Geography Research Forum</a>. 27 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raphael.geography.ad.bgu.ac.il/ojs/index.php/GRF/article/view/413">the original</a> on 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Housing+Transformation+within+Urbanized+Communities%3A+The+Arab+Palestinians+in+Israel&rft.pub=Geography+Research+Forum&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraphael.geography.ad.bgu.ac.il%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2FGRF%2Farticle%2Fview%2F413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912142625/http://iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-262.pdf">"Topic: Mixed Cities in Israel"</a> (PDF). Inter-Agency Task Force on Israeli Arab Issues. 20 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-262.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Topic%3A+Mixed+Cities+in+Israel&rft.pub=Inter-Agency+Task+Force+on+Israeli+Arab+Issues&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iataskforce.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresource%2Fresource-262.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073526/http://universaljerusalem.eu/sites-and-attractions-holy-land/jaffa.html">"Universal Jerusalem"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://universaljerusalem.eu/sites-and-attractions-holy-land/jaffa.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funiversaljerusalem.eu%2Fsites-and-attractions-holy-land%2Fjaffa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBS_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf">"Israel's Independence Day 2019"</a> (PDF). 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Independence+Day+2019&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F134%2F11_19_134b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988">, Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-arabhra.org-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arabhra.org_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabhra.org_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015162045/http://arabhra.org/factsheets/factsheet0.htm">"The Arab Minority in Israel"</a>. Arab Human Rights Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabhra.org/factsheets/factsheet0.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Minority+in+Israel&rft.pub=Arab+Human+Rights+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabhra.org%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheet0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Bedouin.html">"The Bedouin in Israel"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+Bedouin+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%26_Culture%2FBedouin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israelpopulations-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Israelpopulations_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv">"Regional Statistics"</a>. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Regional+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fen%2Fsettlements%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fmode%3DYeshuv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.jerusaleminstitute.org.il/.upload/jerusalem/Jeruslaem%20Facts%20and%20Trends%202018-%202.Population.pdf">"Jerusalem - Facts and Trends 2018"</a> (PDF). jerusalem.muni.il. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jerusalem.muni.il&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+-+Facts+and+Trends+2018&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.jerusaleminstitute.org.il%2F.upload%2Fjerusalem%2FJeruslaem%2520Facts%2520and%2520Trends%25202018-%25202.Population.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_214-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_214-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511221215/http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php">"Adalah report on JNF lands"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php">the original</a> on 11 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adalah+report+on+JNF+lands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adalah.org%2Feng%2Fjnf.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripodi2011" class="citation book cs1">Tripodi, Lorenzo (2011). Everyday Life in the Segmented City. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78052-258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78052-258-6"><bdi>978-1-78052-258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Life+in+the+Segmented+City&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78052-258-6&rft.aulast=Tripodi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel_Lefkowitz-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_Lefkowitz_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_Lefkowitz_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefkowitz2004" class="citation book cs1">Lefkowitz, Daniel (2004). Words and Stones: The Politics of Language and Identity in Israel. Oxford University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802843-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802843-7"><bdi>978-0-19-802843-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+and+Stones%3A+The+Politics+of+Language+and+Identity+in+Israel&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802843-7&rft.aulast=Lefkowitz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418165852/http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications16/local_authorities14_1642/pdf/318_1061.pdf">"נצרת עילית 2014"</a> (PDF). www.cbs.gov.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications16/local_authorities14_1642/pdf/318_1061.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbs.gov.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fpublications16%2Flocal_authorities14_1642%2Fpdf%2F318_1061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2008" class="citation web cs1">Stern, Yoav (12 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4990394">"Majadele: New Arab city will bolster our sense of belonging"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Majadele%3A+New+Arab+city+will+bolster+our+sense+of+belonging&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.4990394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury2017" class="citation news cs1">Khoury, Jack (17 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-israel-vowed-to-build-its-first-modern-arab-city-since-48-then-nothing-1.5457042">"Israel Promised to Build Its First Modern Arab City Since 1948. Here's What Came of It"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 25 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Promised+to+Build+Its+First+Modern+Arab+City+Since+1948.+Here%27s+What+Came+of+It&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-israel-vowed-to-build-its-first-modern-arab-city-since-48-then-nothing-1.5457042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www1.cbs.gov.il-220"><a href="#cite_ref-www1.cbs.gov.il_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401030834/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/statistical/arab_pop08e.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/statistical/arab_pop08e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbs.gov.il%2Fwww%2Fstatistical%2Farab_pop08e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersburg2007" class="citation news cs1">Petersburg, Ofer (12 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3481768,00.html">"Jewish population in Galilee declining — Ynetnews"</a>. Ynetnews. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Jewish+population+in+Galilee+declining+%E2%80%94+Ynetnews&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft.aulast=Petersburg&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3481768%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.5262454">"Survival of the Fittest"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Survival+of+the+Fittest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.5262454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> "... a fifth column, a league of traitors" (Evelyn Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130706010812/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1157913624780">"No longer the political fringe"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, 14 September 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> "[Avigdor Lieberman] compared Arab MKs to collaborators with Nazis and expressed the hope that they would be executed." (Uzi Benziman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/772911.html">"For want of stability"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100201080146/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/772911.html">Archived</a> 1 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ha%27aretz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'aretz">Ha'aretz</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> "... many Israeli Jews view Israeli Arabs as a security and demographic threat." (Evelyn Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709122234/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178708666171&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer">"'Kassaming' coexistence"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, 23 May 2007.) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> "Why is Arab criticism always labeled as conspiracy to destroy Israel?" (Abir Kopty, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3385477,00.html">"Fifth column forever?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a>, 7 April 2007.) </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> "... they hurl accusations against us, like that we are a 'fifth column.'" (Roee Nahmias, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3285075,00.html">"Arab MK: Israel committing 'genocide' of Shiites"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a>, 2 August 2006.) </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedan,_Gil2003" class="citation news cs1">Sedan, Gil (18 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/netanyahu-israel-s-arabs-are-the-real-demographic-threat-1.109045">"Netanyahu: Israel's Arabs are the real demographic threat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%3A+Israel%27s+Arabs+are+the+real+demographic+threat&rft.date=2003-12-18&rft.au=Sedan%2C+Gil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnetanyahu-israel-s-arabs-are-the-real-demographic-threat-1.109045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/mks-slam-netanyahu-s-remarks-about-israeli-arabs-1.108963">"MKs slam Netanyahu's remarks about Israeli Arabs"</a>. 17 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MKs+slam+Netanyahu%27s+remarks+about+Israeli+Arabs&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fmks-slam-netanyahu-s-remarks-about-israeli-arabs-1.108963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Manski, Rebecca. "A Desert 'Mirage:' Privatizing Development Plans in the Negev/Naqab"; Bustan, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> HRA: Weekly Review of the Arab Press, issue no. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091203114536/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/878895.html">"Haaretz on new head of Population Administration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/878895.html">the original</a> on 3 December 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haaretz+on+new+head+of+Population+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F878895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Bennett Zimmerman, Roberta Seid and Michael L. Wise: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israeldemography.com/Forecast%20for%20Israel%202025%20June%202006.ppt">Population Forecast for Israel and West Bank • 2025</a>. Sixth Herzliya Conference, 23 January 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409102217/http://bustan.org/2006/08/current_strategy_for_negev_development.html">"Negev development plans to address the Bedouin "demographic threat""</a>. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negev+development+plans+to+address+the+Bedouin+%22demographic+threat%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbustan.org%2F2006%2F08%2Fcurrent_strategy_for_negev_development.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenari2011" class="citation web cs1">Benari, Elad (9 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/142226">"Number of Israeli Jews Increases – Inside Israel – News"</a>. Israel National News. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Number+of+Israeli+Jews+Increases+%E2%80%93+Inside+Israel+%E2%80%93+News&rft.pub=Israel+National+News&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Benari&rft.aufirst=Elad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F142226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlArab-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlArab_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlArab_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlArab_236-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlArab_236-3">d</a> Kul Al-Arab (Nazareth, Israel), 28 July 2000, cited in "Um Al-Fahm Prefers Israel", by Joseph Algazy, Haaretz, 1 August 2000. Online copy available <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/358.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140522/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/358.htm">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAluf_Benn2005" class="citation news cs1">Aluf Benn (14 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/13/AR2005081300091_pf.html">"Trading Places"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Trading+Places&rft.date=2005-08-14&rft.au=Aluf+Benn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F08%2F13%2FAR2005081300091_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Amayreh, Khalid.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220184734/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/FED27702-1D56-4699-8BC1-3415D354D3B6.htm">"Israeli minister wants Arabs expelled"</a>. Archived from the original on 20 February 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+minister+wants+Arabs+expelled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2FNR%2Fexeres%2FFED27702-1D56-4699-8BC1-3415D354D3B6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) . Al-Jazeera, 10 May 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?id=15312">Israel's new political reality</a>. ISN, 31 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Prusher, Ilene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0327/p06s02-wome.html">Israeli right nips at Kadima</a>. Christian Science Monitor, 27 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> O'Loughlin, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/israels-shunned-arabs-watch-poll-with-unease/2006/03/23/1143083906255.html">Israel's shunned Arabs watch poll with unease</a>. The Age, 24 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Dromi, Uri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/23/opinion/eddromi.php">Israeli Arabs and the vote</a>. International Herald Tribune, 24 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061127141313/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/23/opinion/eddromi.php">Archived</a> 27 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Halpern, Orly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1139395674991&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">Umm el-Fahm residents angry and apathetic before elections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916151459/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1139395674991&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">Archived</a> 16 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Jerusalem Post, 26 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Sofer, Ronny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3231312,00.html">Kadima's new 'enemy' – Lieberman</a>. Ynetnews, 23 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=165508">"Labor's Paz-Pines resigns as government minister"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 30 October 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Labor%27s+Paz-Pines+resigns+as+government+minister&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D165508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazal_Mualem2006" class="citation news cs1">Mazal Mualem (31 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/pines-paz-i-can-t-sit-in-gov-t-with-racist-1.203813">"Pines-Paz: I can't sit in gov't with racist"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 31 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Pines-Paz%3A+I+can%27t+sit+in+gov%27t+with+racist&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft.au=Mazal+Mualem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fpines-paz-i-can-t-sit-in-gov-t-with-racist-1.203813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/23/opinion/eddromi.php">Israeli Arabs and the Vote</a>. International Herald Tribune, 24 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207200521/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/23/opinion/eddromi.php">Archived</a> 7 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.idi.org.il/articles/46271">"Arab Votes in the 2022 election"</a>. en.idi.org.il (in Hebrew). September 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.idi.org.il&rft.atitle=Arab+Votes+in+the+2022+election&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.idi.org.il%2Farticles%2F46271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-od-249"><a href="#cite_ref-od_249-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/conflict-debate_97/beyond_zionism_4547.jsp">Arabs in Israel: on the move</a> Open Democracy, 19 April 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Frisch, H. (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/arabvote.pdf">The Arab Vote in the Israeli Elections: The Bid for Leadership</a> Israel Affairs, Vol. 7, No. 2 & 3, pp. 153–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtElection.jhtml?itemNo=250560&contrassID=28&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0">Going strong among the Druze</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123202936/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArtElection.jhtml?itemNo=250560&contrassID=28&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0">Archived</a> 23 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haaretz </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=234557&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">The Arab vote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070118071433/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=234557">Archived</a> 18 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haaretz </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAreej_Hazboun_and_Daniel_Estrin2015" class="citation news cs1">Areej Hazboun and Daniel Estrin (27 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/8742e9a3dce1497ca8e762e349b21bfe">"Arab lawmakers shake up Israeli politics with historic union"</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arab+lawmakers+shake+up+Israeli+politics+with+historic+union&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft.au=Areej+Hazboun+and+Daniel+Estrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F8742e9a3dce1497ca8e762e349b21bfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdiv_Sternman2015" class="citation news cs1">Adiv Sternman (25 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-parties-hadash-set-to-announce-unity-deal/">"Arab parties, Hadash set to announce unity deal"</a>. The Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arab+parties%2C+Hadash+set+to+announce+unity+deal&rft.date=2015-01-25&rft.au=Adiv+Sternman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Farab-parties-hadash-set-to-announce-unity-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Khoury2015" class="citation news cs1">Jack Khoury (20 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-election-2015/.premium-1.643361">"Poll: Most Arab voters want Joint List in next government"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Most+Arab+voters+want+Joint+List+in+next+government&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft.au=Jack+Khoury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fisrael-election-2015%2F.premium-1.643361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2011&country=8060">"Country's Report Israel"</a>. Freedom House. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country%27s+Report+Israel&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D363%26year%3D2011%26country%3D8060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan2018" class="citation news cs1">Chazan, Naomi (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-knesset-needs-more-arabs-mks/">"The Israeli government needs more Arab MKs"</a>. Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=The+Israeli+government+needs+more+Arab+MKs&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-knesset-needs-more-arabs-mks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltz2015" class="citation news cs1">Maltz, Judy (18 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel/.premium-1.647598">"More Women and Arabs, Fewer Orthodox in Next Knesset"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=More+Women+and+Arabs%2C+Fewer+Orthodox+in+Next+Knesset&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.aulast=Maltz&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2F.premium-1.647598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/760939.html">"Bar-On wants passports of Arab MKs who visited Syria revoked – Haaretz – Israel News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bar-On+wants+passports+of+Arab+MKs+who+visited+Syria+revoked+%E2%80%93+Haaretz+%E2%80%93+Israel+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F760939.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoffe-Ofir1995" class="citation news cs1">Roffe-Ofir, Sharon (20 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3880679,oo.html">"Gaddafi to Arab MKs: I've nothing against Jews – Israel News, Ynetnews"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Gaddafi+to+Arab+MKs%3A+I%27ve+nothing+against+Jews+%E2%80%93+Israel+News%2C+Ynetnews&rft.date=1995-06-20&rft.aulast=Roffe-Ofir&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3880679%2Coo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214122/http://www.arabhra.org/publications/reports/PDF/SilencingDissentFinal.pdf#search=%22arab%20knesset%20silencing%20dissent%22">"Silencing Dissent Report"</a> (PDF). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silencing+Dissent+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabhra.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2FPDF%2FSilencingDissentFinal.pdf%23search%3D%2522arab%2520knesset%2520silencing%2520dissent%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214122/http://www.arabhra.org/publications/reports/PDF/SilencingDissentFinal.pdf#search=%22arab%20knesset%20silencing%20dissent%22">"Silencing Dissent Report"</a> (PDF). Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silencing+Dissent+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabhra.org%2Fpublications%2Freports%2FPDF%2FSilencingDissentFinal.pdf%23search%3D%2522arab%2520knesset%2520silencing%2520dissent%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2016/02/09/Arab-Israeli-lawmakers-suspended-for-meeting-families-of-killed-Palestinians">"Knesset suspends Arab-Israeli lawmakers from Balad Party"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Knesset+suspends+Arab-Israeli+lawmakers+from+Balad+Party&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2016%2F02%2F09%2FArab-Israeli-lawmakers-suspended-for-meeting-families-of-killed-Palestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.najah.edu/en/local-news/2017/01/11/palestinian-knesset-member-suspended-six-months/">"Local News"</a>. law.najah.edu. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.najah.edu&rft.atitle=Local+News&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.najah.edu%2Fen%2Flocal-news%2F2017%2F01%2F11%2Fpalestinian-knesset-member-suspended-six-months%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzulayHay2018" class="citation news cs1">Azulay, Moran; Hay, Shahar (12 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5109226,00.html">"MK Zoabi removed from Knesset committee after calling IDF soldiers 'murderers'"</a>. ynetnews. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ynetnews&rft.atitle=MK+Zoabi+removed+from+Knesset+committee+after+calling+IDF+soldiers+%27murderers%27&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.aulast=Azulay&rft.aufirst=Moran&rft.au=Hay%2C+Shahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5109226%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36845688">"Israeli parliament passes controversial impeachment law"</a>. BBC News. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israeli+parliament+passes+controversial+impeachment+law&rft.date=2016-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-36845688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/high-court-mk-impeachment-law-is-constitutional-558514">High Court: MK impeachment law is constitutional</a>. Jerusalem Post. By Yonah Jeremy Bob, Lahav Harkov. 27 May 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Haider2003" class="citation web cs1">Ali Haider (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103836/http://www.sikkuy.org.il/2003/english03/pdf/civilEn03.pdf">"Follow up: Arab representation in the civil service, in government corporations and in the court system"</a> (PDF). Sikkuy: The Association for the Advancement of Civic Equality in Israel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikkuy.org.il/2003/english03/pdf/civilEn03.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Follow+up%3A+Arab+representation+in+the+civil+service%2C+in+government+corporations+and+in+the+court+system&rft.pub=Sikkuy%3A+The+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Civic+Equality+in+Israel&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ali+Haider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikkuy.org.il%2F2003%2Fenglish03%2Fpdf%2FcivilEn03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Archive/Current+Events/2005/01/event240105.htm">PM Sharon convenes meeting of ministerial committee on Non-Jewish Sector</a> Prime Minister's Office, 24 January 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womensenews.org/2003/10/aid-girls-going-beyond-schoolhouse/">"Aid for Girls Going Beyond Schoolhouse"</a>. Women's eNews. 19 October 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+eNews&rft.atitle=Aid+for+Girls+Going+Beyond+Schoolhouse&rft.date=2003-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomensenews.org%2F2003%2F10%2Faid-girls-going-beyond-schoolhouse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/1/Saleh%20Tarif">Saleh Tarif</a> Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/818567.html">Cabinet okays appointment of Majadele as first Arab minister</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723152222/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/818567.html">Archived</a> 23 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haaretz, 28 January 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/8/Nawaf%20Massalha">Nawaf Massalha</a> Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/race-row-as-israel-gets-arab-minister/2007/01/12/1168105181421.html">"Race row as Israel gets Arab minister"</a>. www.theage.com.au. 13 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theage.com.au&rft.atitle=Race+row+as+Israel+gets+Arab+minister&rft.date=2007-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frace-row-as-israel-gets-arab-minister%2F2007%2F01%2F12%2F1168105181421.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111140944/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/29/content_5666469.htm">First appointment of Arab minister draws mixed reaction in Israel</a> China View<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosenblit.com/Arab_MK.htm">"In Their Own Words: The Arab Members of Israel's Knesset Speak"</a>. www.rosenblit.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rosenblit.com&rft.atitle=In+Their+Own+Words%3A+The+Arab+Members+of+Israel%27s+Knesset+Speak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosenblit.com%2FArab_MK.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Jubran.html">Salim Jubran</a> Jewish Virtual Library </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarchin2011" class="citation news cs1">Zarchin, Tomer (1 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/judge-who-convicted-moshe-katsav-joins-race-for-supreme-court-seat-1.398817">"Judge Who Convicted Moshe Katsav Joins Race for Supreme Court Seat"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Judge+Who+Convicted+Moshe+Katsav+Joins+Race+for+Supreme+Court+Seat&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.aulast=Zarchin&rft.aufirst=Tomer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fjudge-who-convicted-moshe-katsav-joins-race-for-supreme-court-seat-1.398817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsafa_Peled2006" class="citation news cs1">Asafa Peled (22 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3266233,00.html">"Israel's first Bedouin envoy"</a>. YNetNews. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+first+Bedouin+envoy&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft.au=Asafa+Peled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3266233%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Omri Efraim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4082782,00.html">Muslim police officer ascends to new heights</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/878859.html">Israeli Arab appointed as a JNF director despite court appeal</a> Haaretz, 5 July 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001005736/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/878859.html">Archived</a> 1 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522014353/http://www.abnaa-elbalad.org/">"حركة ابناء البلد – معًا على الدرب"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abnaa-elbalad.org/">the original</a> on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF+%E2%80%93+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8B%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abnaa-elbalad.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051225031257/http://www.arabhra.org/publications/wrap/2004/wrap156.pdf">"Weekly Press Review No. 156"</a> (PDF). Arab Human Rights Association. 7–13 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabhra.org/publications/wrap/2004/wrap156.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weekly+Press+Review+No.+156&rft.pub=Arab+Human+Rights+Association&rft.date=2004-02-07%2F2004-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabhra.org%2Fpublications%2Fwrap%2F2004%2Fwrap156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225085534/http://www.ittijah.org/press/pr_01_05_15.html">"Press Release"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ittijah" title="Ittijah">Ittijah</a>-Union of Arab Community Based Associations. 15 May 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ittijah.org/press/pr_01_05_15.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release&rft.pub=Ittijah-Union+of+Arab+Community+Based+Associations&rft.date=2001-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ittijah.org%2Fpress%2Fpr_01_05_15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522014353/http://www.abnaa-elbalad.org/">"Why Abnaa al-Balad"</a>. Abnaa al-Balad. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Abnaa+al-Balad&rft.pub=Abnaa+al-Balad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abnaa-elbalad.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Payesp112-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payesp112_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payesp112_286-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayes2005" class="citation book cs1">Payes, Shany (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7x0dxnw7RHAC&q=%22High+Follow+Up+Committee%22&pg=PA112">Palestinian NGOs in Israel: the politics of civil society</a> (Illustrated ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-630-0"><bdi>978-1-85043-630-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+NGOs+in+Israel%3A+the+politics+of+civil+society&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-630-0&rft.aulast=Payes&rft.aufirst=Shany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7x0dxnw7RHAC%26q%3D%2522High%2BFollow%2BUp%2BCommittee%2522%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yanivp121-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Yanivp121_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaniv1993" class="citation book cs1">Yaniv, Avner (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JO_UATFXlI4C&q=higher+follow+up+committee&pg=PA121">National security and democracy in Israel</a> (Illustrated ed.). Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-394-3"><bdi>978-1-55587-394-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+security+and+democracy+in+Israel&rft.pages=121&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-394-3&rft.aulast=Yaniv&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJO_UATFXlI4C%26q%3Dhigher%2Bfollow%2Bup%2Bcommittee%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234433/http://www.taayush.org/new/we.html">"Ta'ayush"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taayush.org/new/we.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ta%27ayush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taayush.org%2Fnew%2Fwe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_yesod2.htm#2">"Basic Laws – Summaries"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Laws+%E2%80%93+Summaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fdescription%2Feng%2Feng_mimshal_yesod2.htm%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112144544/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_1_23/ai_76560794/pg_4">"CBSi"</a>. www.findarticles.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_1_23/ai_76560794/pg_4">the original</a> on 12 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.findarticles.com&rft.atitle=CBSi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2501%2Fis_1_23%2Fai_76560794%2Fpg_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112144608/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_1_23/ai_76560794/pg_5">"CBSi"</a>. www.findarticles.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_1_23/ai_76560794/pg_5">the original</a> on 12 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.findarticles.com&rft.atitle=CBSi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2501%2Fis_1_23%2Fai_76560794%2Fpg_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishara2003" class="citation web cs1">Bishara, Azmi (8 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712044927/http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/citizen/2003/0108israeliarab.htm">"The Dilemma of Israeli Arabs"</a>. Global Policy Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/citizen/2003/0108israeliarab.htm">the original</a> on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Policy+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Dilemma+of+Israeli+Arabs&rft.date=2003-01-08&rft.aulast=Bishara&rft.aufirst=Azmi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fnations%2Fcitizen%2F2003%2F0108israeliarab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214035142/http://www.ceci.org.il/eng/research_item.asp?id=126">"Citizens' Empowerment Center in Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceci.org.il/eng/research_item.asp?id=126">the original</a> on 14 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizens%27+Empowerment+Center+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceci.org.il%2Feng%2Fresearch_item.asp%3Fid%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaked2005" class="citation news cs1">Shaked, Ronny (18 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3186040,00.html">"Arab MK: Israel 'robbery of century' – Israel News, Ynetnews"</a>. Ynetnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609090930/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3186040%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Arab+MK%3A+Israel+%27robbery+of+century%27+%E2%80%93+Israel+News%2C+Ynetnews&rft.date=2005-12-18&rft.aulast=Shaked&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3186040%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3395153,00.html">Bishara recommended that Hizbullah attack south of Haifa</a> Ynetnews. Retrieved 3 May 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-glickman-296"><a href="#cite_ref-glickman_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlickman2009" class="citation news cs1">Glickman, Aviad (12 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3654866,00.html">"Arab parties disqualified from elections"</a>. Ynetnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113164604/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3654866%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Arab+parties+disqualified+from+elections&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft.aulast=Glickman&rft.aufirst=Aviad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3654866%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glickman2-297"><a href="#cite_ref-glickman2_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlickman2009" class="citation news cs1">Glickman, Aviad (21 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3659935,00.html">"Arab parties win disqualification appeal"</a>. Ynetnews. Retrieved 21 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Arab+parties+win+disqualification+appeal&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.aulast=Glickman&rft.aufirst=Aviad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3659935%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/megilat_eng.htm">"Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948"</a>. The Knesset, Israel's parliamentary body. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714064157/https://www.knesset.gov.il/docs/eng/megilat_eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Israel%27s+Independence+1948&rft.pub=The+Knesset%2C+Israel%27s+parliamentary+body&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fdocs%2Feng%2Fmegilat_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_yesod.htm">"Basic Laws – Introduction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Laws+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fdescription%2Feng%2Feng_mimshal_yesod.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic3_eng.htm">"Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Law%3A+Human+Dignity+and+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Flaws%2Fspecial%2Feng%2Fbasic3_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic4_eng.htm">"Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation (1994)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Law%3A+Freedom+of+Occupation+%281994%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Flaws%2Fspecial%2Feng%2Fbasic4_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203050855/http://www.jfjfp.org/factsheets/arabsinisrael.htm">"The Arab Citizens of Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfjfp.org/factsheets/arabsinisrael.htm">the original</a> on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Citizens+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfjfp.org%2Ffactsheets%2Farabsinisrael.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803050854/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2001/8/arab%20israelis">"Arab Israelis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2001/8/Arab%20Israelis">the original</a> on 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Israelis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FMFAArchive%2F2000_2009%2F2001%2F8%2FArab%2520Israelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ynetnews2-304"><a href="#cite_ref-ynetnews2_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviel_Magnezi2010" class="citation news cs1">Aviel Magnezi (25 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3974580,00.html">"Rise in Arab National Service Volunteers"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 3 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Rise+in+Arab+National+Service+Volunteers&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.au=Aviel+Magnezi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3974580%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ynetnews1-305"><a href="#cite_ref-ynetnews1_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoee_Nahamias2007" class="citation news cs1">Roee Nahamias (24 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3391545,00.html">"Stop Treating Arab Citizens Like Enemies"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Stop+Treating+Arab+Citizens+Like+Enemies&rft.date=2007-04-24&rft.au=Roee+Nahamias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3391545%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adalah.org/newsletter/eng/dec06/tasawor-mostaqbali.pdf">"The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel"</a> pp. 5–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mossawa-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Mossawa_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossawa2004" class="citation web cs1">Mossawa (6 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206195448/http://www.mossawacenter.org/default.php?lng=3&dp=2&fl=4&pg=2">"Racism in Israel 2004:Thousands of Arab Citizens Suffer from Racism, Xenophobia, Incitement and Violence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mossawacenter.org/default.php?lng=3&dp=2&fl=4&pg=2">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racism+in+Israel+2004%3AThousands+of+Arab+Citizens+Suffer+from+Racism%2C+Xenophobia%2C+Incitement+and+Violence&rft.date=2004-06-06&rft.au=Mossawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mossawacenter.org%2Fdefault.php%3Flng%3D3%26dp%3D2%26fl%3D4%26pg%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Ahmed_Sa'adi2004" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Ahmed Sa'adi (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adalah.org/newsletter/eng/oct04/sadi.pdf">"The Concept of Protest and its Representation by the Or Commission"</a> (PDF). Adalah's Newsletter. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Protest+and+its+Representation+by+the+Or+Commission&rft.pub=Adalah%27s+Newsletter&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Dr.+Ahmed+Sa%27adi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adalah.org%2Fnewsletter%2Feng%2Foct04%2Fsadi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYousef_Munayyer2012" class="citation news cs1">Yousef Munayyer (23 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/24/opinion/not-all-israeli-citizens-are-equal.html?_r=0">"Not All Israeli Citizens Are Equal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Not+All+Israeli+Citizens+Are+Equal&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.au=Yousef+Munayyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F24%2Fopinion%2Fnot-all-israeli-citizens-are-equal.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_2018-310"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2018_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbfingerKershner2018" class="citation news cs1">Halbfinger, David M.; Kershner, Isabel (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/world/middleeast/israel-law-jews-arabic.html">"Israeli Law Declares the Country the 'Nation-State of the Jewish People'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israeli+Law+Declares+the+Country+the+%27Nation-State+of+the+Jewish+People%27&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Halbfinger&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Kershner%2C+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F19%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-law-jews-arabic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Arthur Milner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inroadsjournal.ca/archives/inroads_16/Inroads_16_Milner.pdf">"Arabic in Israel: a pictorial;"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193129/http://www.inroadsjournal.ca/archives/inroads_16/Inroads_16_Milner.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Inroads, 1 January 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Dr. Muhammad Amara.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adalah.org/newsletter/eng/oct06/ar2.pdf">"The Vitality of the Arabic Language in Israel from a Sociolinguistic Perspective"</a>; Adalah Newsletter, Volume 29, October 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Nathan Jeffay.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/13577/">"Knesset Hawks Move To Strip Arabic of Official Status in Israel"</a>; The Jewish Daily Forward, 12 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_National_Committee_for_the_Heads_of_the_Arab_Local_Authorities_in_Israel2006" class="citation web cs1">The National Committee for the Heads of the Arab Local Authorities in Israel (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103836/http://www.mossawacenter.org/files/files/File/Reports/2006/Future%20Vision%20%28English%29.pdf">"The Future Vision of Palestinian Arabs in Israel"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mossawacenter.org/files/files/File/Reports/2006/Future%20Vision%20(English).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+Vision+of+Palestinian+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.date=2006-12&rft.au=The+National+Committee+for+the+Heads+of+the+Arab+Local+Authorities+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mossawacenter.org%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FFile%2FReports%2F2006%2FFuture%2520Vision%2520%28English%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2009" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Jonah (17 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090820162145/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1249418630070&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">"Oren hopes Arabs can salute Israeli flag"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1249418630070&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on 20 August 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Oren+hopes+Arabs+can+salute+Israeli+flag&rft.date=2009-08-17&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1249418630070%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashkenazi-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashkenazi_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEli_Ashkenazi2004" class="citation web cs1">Eli Ashkenazi (26 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=420090">"Israeli Arabs to mark Nakba day with march"</a>. Ha'aretz Online, English Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+Arabs+to+mark+Nakba+day+with+march&rft.pub=Ha%27aretz+Online%2C+English+Edition&rft.date=2004-04-26&rft.au=Eli+Ashkenazi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D420090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> "The Druze in Israel", Dr. Naim Aridi, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303144228/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2002/12/focus%20on%20israel-%20the%20druze%20in%20israel">"Focus on Israel- the Druze in Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/12/Focus%20on%20Israel-%20The%20Druze%20in%20Israel">the original</a> on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+on+Israel-+the+Druze+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FMFAArchive%2F2000_2009%2F2002%2F12%2FFocus%2520on%2520Israel-%2520The%2520Druze%2520in%2520Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> "Israeli Arabs find no joy during Independence Day," Larry Derfner, Jewish News Weekly, 24 April 1998,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/8570/edition_id/162/format/html/displaystory.html">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoffe-Ofir2008" class="citation news cs1">Roffe-Ofir, Sharon (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3501480,00.html">"Arab town plans big celebration for Israel's Independence Day"</a>. Ynetnews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Arab+town+plans+big+celebration+for+Israel%27s+Independence+Day&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.aulast=Roffe-Ofir&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3501480%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-jer-cit-320"><a href="#cite_ref-e-jer-cit_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-05-29/ty-article/why-so-few-palestinians-from-jerusalem-have-israeli-citizenship/00000181-0c46-d090-abe1-ed7fefc20000">"Just 5 Percent of E. Jerusalem Palestinians Have Received Israeli Citizenship Since 1967"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Just+5+Percent+of+E.+Jerusalem+Palestinians+Have+Received+Israeli+Citizenship+Since+1967&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2022-05-29%2Fty-article%2Fwhy-so-few-palestinians-from-jerusalem-have-israeli-citizenship%2F00000181-0c46-d090-abe1-ed7fefc20000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2021" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (6 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/world/middleeast/israel-citizenship-law-failure.html">"Israel's New Government Fails to Extend Contentious Citizenship Law"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+New+Government+Fails+to+Extend+Contentious+Citizenship+Law&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F06%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-citizenship-law-failure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotsman1-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scotsman1_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotsman1_322-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Lynfield2006" class="citation news cs1">Ben Lynfield (15 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=721352006">"Arab spouses face Israeli legal purge"</a>. The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Arab+spouses+face+Israeli+legal+purge&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft.au=Ben+Lynfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.scotsman.com%2Finternational.cfm%3Fid%3D721352006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705102829/http://www.hanitzotz.com/challenge/82/citizenship.htm">"From Challenge"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanitzotz.com/challenge/82/citizenship.htm">the original</a> on 5 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Challenge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanitzotz.com%2Fchallenge%2F82%2Fcitizenship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfgate1-324"><a href="#cite_ref-sfgate1_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/08/01/MN110656.DTL">"Israeli marriage law blocks citizenship for Palestinians"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. 1 August 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Israeli+marriage+law+blocks+citizenship+for+Palestinians&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2003%2F08%2F01%2FMN110656.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130125013129/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/nothing-romantic-in-discrimination-1.183779">"Nothing Romantic in Discrimination"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/698447.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nothing+Romantic+in+Discrimination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F698447.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3152651.stm">"UN blasts Israeli marriage law"</a>. BBC News. 15 August 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UN+blasts+Israeli+marriage+law&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F3152651.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/hrpa.html">"Human Rights Issues for the Palestinian Population"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706062448/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/hrpa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Issues+for+the+Palestinian+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fanti-semitism%2Fhrpa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxerman2021" class="citation news cs1">Boxerman, Aaron (6 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-ban-on-palestinian-family-unification-set-to-expire-what-happens-next/">"With ban on Palestinian family unification expiring, what happens next?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004204506/https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-ban-on-palestinian-family-unification-set-to-expire-what-happens-next/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=With+ban+on+Palestinian+family+unification+expiring%2C+what+happens+next%3F&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Boxerman&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fwith-ban-on-palestinian-family-unification-set-to-expire-what-happens-next%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2021" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (6 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/world/middleeast/israel-citizenship-law-failure.html">"Israel's New Government Fails to Extend Contentious Citizenship Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806154616/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/world/middleeast/israel-citizenship-law-failure.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+New+Government+Fails+to+Extend+Contentious+Citizenship+Law&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F06%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-citizenship-law-failure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/palestinians-start-applying-for-citizenship-under-family-unification-laws-673271">"Palestinians start applying for citizenship under family unification laws"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 8 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Palestinians+start+applying+for+citizenship+under+family+unification+laws&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fpalestinians-start-applying-for-citizenship-under-family-unification-laws-673271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-with-the-budget-approved-these-are-the-challenges-awaiting-israel-s-coalition-1.10357380">"With the Budget Approved, These Are the Challenges Awaiting Israel's Governing Coalition"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=With+the+Budget+Approved%2C+These+Are+the+Challenges+Awaiting+Israel%27s+Governing+Coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-with-the-budget-approved-these-are-the-challenges-awaiting-israel-s-coalition-1.10357380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Or Commission Report, page 33, Israel Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, 25–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-2004-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov-2004_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov-2004_333-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-state.gov-2004_333-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm">"Israel and the occupied territories"</a>. Bureau of Public Affairs. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs.+Department+Of+State.+The+Office+of+Electronic+Information&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+occupied+territories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2004%2F41723.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100597.htm">"Israel and the occupied territories"</a>. Bureau of Public Affairs. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information. 11 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs.+Department+Of+State.+The+Office+of+Electronic+Information&rft.atitle=Israel+and+the+occupied+territories&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2007%2F100597.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2002/06/07/isrlpa4026.htm">Israel: Cuts in Child Allowance Discriminate Against Palestinian Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_336-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_336-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2006" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (6 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/israel/Story/0,,1703245,00.html">"Worlds apart"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Worlds+apart&rft.date=2006-02-06&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fisrael%2FStory%2F0%2C%2C1703245%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1157857.html">"Current Knesset is the most racist in Israeli history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 21 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324042038/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1157857.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Current+Knesset+is+the+most+racist+in+Israeli+history&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1157857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomer_Zarchin" class="citation news cs1">Tomer Zarchin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/israeli-arabs-more-likely-to-be-convicted-for-crimes-than-their-jewish-counterparts-study-shows-1.376521">"Israeli Arabs more likely to be convicted for crimes than their Jewish counterparts, study shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 3 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli+Arabs+more+likely+to+be+convicted+for+crimes+than+their+Jewish+counterparts%2C+study+shows&rft.au=Tomer+Zarchin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fmisc%2Farticle-print-page%2Fisraeli-arabs-more-likely-to-be-convicted-for-crimes-than-their-jewish-counterparts-study-shows-1.376521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_339-1">b</a> Kenneth W. Stein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismi.emory.edu/JournalArticles/MESapr84.html">"The Jewish National Fund: Land Purchase Methods and Priorities, 1924–1939"</a>; Middle Eastern Studies, volume 20, number 2, pp. 190–205, April 1984 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517012132/http://www.ismi.emory.edu/JournalArticles/MESapr84.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418030533/http://bustan.org/2007/12/a_new_law_is_passed_jnf_lands.html">"Bustan backgrounder on the JNF bill: List of related articles"</a>. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bustan+backgrounder+on+the+JNF+bill%3A+List+of+related+articles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbustan.org%2F2007%2F12%2Fa_new_law_is_passed_jnf_lands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfeffer-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfeffer_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfeffer_341-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfeffer_341-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfefferStern,_Yoav2007" class="citation news cs1">Pfeffer, Anshel; Stern, Yoav (24 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/906704.html">"High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121113240/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/906704.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=High+Court+delays+ruling+on+JNF+land+sales+to+non-Jews&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Pfeffer&rft.aufirst=Anshel&rft.au=Stern%2C+Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F906704.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gpo1997may22-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gpo1997may22_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gpo1997may22_342-1">b</a> Government Press Office, Israel, 22 May 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> A. Golan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snunit.k12.il/heb_journals/katedra/63122.html">The Transfer of Abandoned Rural Arab Lands to Jews During Israel's War of Independence</a>, Cathedra, 63, pp. 122–154, 1992 (in Hebrew). English translation: "The Transfer to Jewish Control of Abandoned Arab Land during the War of Independence", in S. I. Troen and N. Lucas (eds [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]), Israel, The First Decade of Independence (Albany, State of New York, US, 1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Barkat2005" class="citation news cs1">A. Barkat (10 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201174658/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=538435&contrassID=1&subContrassID=9&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">"Buying the State of Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=538435&contrassID=1&subContrassID=9&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">the original</a> on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Buying+the+State+of+Israel&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft.au=A.+Barkat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D538435%26contrassID%3D1%26subContrassID%3D9%26sbSubContrassID%3D0%26listSrc%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Benvenisti2007" class="citation news cs1">M. Benvenisti (29 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/864483.html">"With all due respect for the 'blue box'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070601154704/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/864483.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=With+all+due+respect+for+the+%27blue+box%27&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft.au=M.+Benvenisti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F864483.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corner-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corner_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corner_346-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corner_346-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-corner_346-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahar_Ilan2007" class="citation web cs1">Shahar Ilan (30 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/887477.html">"The JNF, backed into a corner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+JNF%2C+backed+into+a+corner&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.au=Shahar+Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F887477.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> Aref Abu-Rabia. The Negev Bedouin and Livestock Rearing: Social, Economic, and Political Aspects, Oxford, 1994, pp. 28, 36, 38 (in a rare move, the ILA has leased on a yearly-basis JNF-owned land in Besor Valley (Wadi Shallala) to Bedouins). </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> Amiram Barkat.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=638729&contrassID=2&subContrassID=15&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">"State offers JNF NIS 1.3b in biggest land deal ever"</a>; Haaretz, 17 June 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Tal Rosner.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3037874,00.html">"Historic Land Decision Made: Attorney General allows land to be purchased by Jews and Arabs alike"</a>, YNet, 27 January 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070503040051/http://www.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=advertorial2">"Jewish National Fund: A Message from Ronald S. Lauder"</a>. 3 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=advertorial2">the original</a> on 3 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+National+Fund%3A+A+Message+from+Ronald+S.+Lauder&rft.date=2007-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnf.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3Dadvertorial2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2009" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (21 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1101682.html">"Most Arabs can't buy most homes in West Jerusalem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Most+Arabs+can%27t+buy+most+homes+in+West+Jerusalem&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1101682.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost1-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpost1_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost1_352-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost1_352-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Arabs-Jews-dont-have-equal-rights-to-recover-property">"Arabs, Jews don't have equal rights to recover property"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Arabs%2C+Jews+don%27t+have+equal+rights+to+recover+property&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FArabs-Jews-dont-have-equal-rights-to-recover-property&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Segev, Tom. 1949: The First Israelis, pp. 68–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819223253/http://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law14/law-2286.pdf">"נבו - דף התחברות"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law14/law-2286.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%95+-+%D7%93%D7%A3+%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nevo.co.il%2Flaw_word%2Flaw14%2Flaw-2286.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-s-high-court-orders-jewish-galilee-town-to-accept-arab-couple-1.384296">Israel's High Court orders Jewish Galilee town to accept Arab couple</a>. Haaretz, 14 Sep. 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-mar-24-la-fg-israel-arab-laws-20110324-story.html">New Israeli laws will increase discrimination against Arabs, critics say</a>. Edmund Sanders, Los Angeles Times, 24 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> SOCIETY: Minority Communities, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Foreign Ministry">Israeli foreign ministry</a> web site in, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/People/SOCIETY-+Minority+Communities.htm">[4]</a>. 1 October 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> "Lost in the blur of slogans", Ishmael Khaldi, San Francisco Chronicle, March 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=163&letter=I">"Intermarriage"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intermarriage&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D163%26letter%3DI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drive-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drive_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drive_360-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drive_360-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2009" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Jonathan (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/israeli-drive-to-prevent-jewish-girls-dating-arabs">"Israeli drive to prevent Jewish girls dating Arabs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israeli+drive+to+prevent+Jewish+girls+dating+Arabs&rft.date=2009-09&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisraeli-drive-to-prevent-jewish-girls-dating-arabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protect-361"><a href="#cite_ref-Protect_361-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/protecting-jewish-girls-from-arabs">"'Protecting' Jewish girls from Arabs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 18 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=%27Protecting%27+Jewish+girls+from+Arabs&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fprotecting-jewish-girls-from-arabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/intergroup-marriage-and-friendship/">"Intergroup marriage and friendship in Israel"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Intergroup+marriage+and+friendship+in+Israel&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fintergroup-marriage-and-friendship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Lucy-Aharish-weds-Fauda-star-Tzachi-Halevy-569118">"Lucy Aharish weds 'Fauda' star Tzachi Halevy"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Lucy+Aharish+weds+%27Fauda%27+star+Tzachi+Halevy&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FLucy-Aharish-weds-Fauda-star-Tzachi-Halevy-569118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/popular-anchor-actor-marry-in-secret-interfaith-wedding/">"Popular anchor, actor marry in secret interfaith wedding"</a>. The Times of Israel. 10 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Popular+anchor%2C+actor+marry+in+secret+interfaith+wedding&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Fpopular-anchor-actor-marry-in-secret-interfaith-wedding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpost.com/Israel-News/Arab-Jewish-celebrities-marriage-sparks-controversy-569145">"Jewish 'Fauda' star sparks controversy over marriage to Muslim news ancho"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Jewish+%27Fauda%27+star+sparks+controversy+over+marriage+to+Muslim+news+ancho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FArab-Jewish-celebrities-marriage-sparks-controversy-569145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-fauda-stars-marriage-to-muslim-newswoman-gets-condemnations-from-right/">"Jewish 'Fauda' star's marriage to Muslim newswoman gets condemnations from right"</a>. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jewish+%27Fauda%27+star%27s+marriage+to+Muslim+newswoman+gets+condemnations+from+right&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fjewish-fauda-stars-marriage-to-muslim-newswoman-gets-condemnations-from-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/10/11/arts/11reuters-israel-wedding.html">"Celebrity Jewish-Arab Wedding Stirs Mixed Feelings in Israel"</a>. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Celebrity+Jewish-Arab+Wedding+Stirs+Mixed+Feelings+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Freuters%2F2018%2F10%2F11%2Farts%2F11reuters-israel-wedding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roffe-Ofir-368">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roffe-Ofir_368-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roffe-Ofir_368-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoffe-Ofir2010" class="citation news cs1">Roffe-Ofir, Sharon (21 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3865696,00.html">"Report: Current Knesset most racist of all time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Current+Knesset+most+racist+of+all+time&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft.aulast=Roffe-Ofir&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3865696%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury2010" class="citation news cs1">Khoury, Jack (21 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1157857.html">"Current Knesset is the most racist in Israeli history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Current+Knesset+is+the+most+racist+in+Israeli+history&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1157857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-370">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_370-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_370-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/themarker/49-khatem-zuabi-ncs-software-services-1.382776">"Haaretz.com"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Haaretz.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fthemarker%2F49-khatem-zuabi-ncs-software-services-1.382776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-economist1-371"><a href="#cite_ref-economist1_371-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5654988">"Shutting itself in, hoping for the best"</a>. The Economist. 23 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Shutting+itself+in%2C+hoping+for+the+best&rft.date=2006-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D5654988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cidcm1-372"><a href="#cite_ref-cidcm1_372-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215113219/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=66601">"Assessment for Arabs in Israel"</a>. Minorities at Risk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=66601">the original</a> on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assessment+for+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pub=Minorities+at+Risk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cidcm.umd.edu%2Fmar%2Fassessment.asp%3FgroupId%3D66601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> Féron, pp. 40–41, see also Kodmani, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichner2006" class="citation news cs1">Eichner, Itamat (10 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3273263,00.html">"Financial benefits for Arab communities – Israel Money, Ynetnews"</a>. Ynetnews. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Financial+benefits+for+Arab+communities+%E2%80%93+Israel+Money%2C+Ynetnews&rft.date=2006-07-10&rft.aulast=Eichner&rft.aufirst=Itamat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3273263%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Israel_Export_and_International_Cooperation_Institute2006" class="citation news cs1">The Israel Export and International Cooperation Institute (12 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3338907,00.html">"State to raise NIS 160 mn for Arab businesses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a>. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+to+raise+NIS+160+mn+for+Arab+businesses&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft.au=The+Israel+Export+and+International+Cooperation+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3338907%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2007" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (8 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/08/world/middleeast/08israel.html">"Noted Arab Citizens Call on Israel to Shed Jewish Identity"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Noted+Arab+Citizens+Call+on+Israel+to+Shed+Jewish+Identity&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F08israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223101659/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6985">"Israel – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2006"</a>. www.freedomhouse.org. 13 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6985">the original</a> on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freedomhouse.org&rft.atitle=Israel+%E2%80%93+Country+report+%E2%80%93+Freedom+in+the+World+%E2%80%93+2006&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2006%26country%3D6985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006054439/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/795055.html">"Haartez "The Bottom Line / Arab municipalities do not believe in equality in debts""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/795055.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haartez+%22The+Bottom+Line+%2F+Arab+municipalities+do+not+believe+in+equality+in+debts%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F795055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226195623/http://news.walla.co.il/?w=%2F%2F1088730">"רוב הערבים בישראל מתגוררים בדירה בבעלותם - וואלה! חדשות"</a>. 6 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//1088730">the original</a> on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9D+-+%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94%21+%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.walla.co.il%2F%3Fw%3D%2F%2F1088730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yemini20April2007-380"><a href="#cite_ref-Yemini20April2007_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYemini2007" class="citation news cs1">Yemini, Ben Dror (20 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725164427/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/571/620.html">"The trap of self-delusion"</a>. Maariv. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/571/620.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maariv&rft.atitle=The+trap+of+self-delusion&rft.date=2007-04-20&rft.aulast=Yemini&rft.aufirst=Ben+Dror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrg.co.il%2Fonline%2F1%2FART1%2F571%2F620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahmLewin-EpsteinSemyonov1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brahm, Iris; Lewin-Epstein, Noah; Semyonov, Moshe (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=4827FCE4666F50EF1AEF78B147CF673D.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=39001">"CJO – Abstract – Changing Labour Force Participation and Occupational Status: Arab Women in the Israeli Labour Force"</a>. Work, Employment and Society. 13 (1): 117–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09500179922117827">10.1177/09500179922117827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154283574">154283574</a>. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Work%2C+Employment+and+Society&rft.atitle=CJO+%E2%80%93+Abstract+%E2%80%93+Changing+Labour+Force+Participation+and+Occupational+Status%3A+Arab+Women+in+the+Israeli+Labour+Force&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-131&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F09500179922117827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154283574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brahm&rft.aufirst=Iris&rft.au=Lewin-Epstein%2C+Noah&rft.au=Semyonov%2C+Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3Bjsessionid%3D4827FCE4666F50EF1AEF78B147CF673D.tomcat1%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D39001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolnik2010" class="citation news cs1">Rolnik, Guy (6 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/a-gateway-into-high-tech-1.312412">"A Gateway into High-tech"</a>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=A+Gateway+into+High-tech&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.aulast=Rolnik&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fbusiness%2Fa-gateway-into-high-tech-1.312412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110315202541/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/InnovativeIsrael/Israeli_Arabs_high-tech-March_2011.htm">"Bringing Israeli Arabs into high-tech"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/InnovativeIsrael/Israeli_Arabs_high-tech-March_2011.htm">the original</a> on 15 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bringing+Israeli+Arabs+into+high-tech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FInnovativeIsrael%2FIsraeli_Arabs_high-tech-March_2011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/arabs-are-israel-s-new-yuppies-1.5483071">"Arabs Are Israel's New Yuppies"</a>. Haaretz. 13 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Arabs+Are+Israel%27s+New+Yuppies&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fbusiness%2Farabs-are-israel-s-new-yuppies-1.5483071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-stats-385">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL-stats_385-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL-stats_385-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL-stats_385-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/israeliarabs.html">"The Ethiopian Church"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%26_Culture%2Fisraeliarabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908214457/http://www.arabhra.org/publications/reports/PDF/CEDAW_FullReport.pdf">[5]</a> NGO ALTERNATIVE REPORT IN RESPONSE TO 'LIST OF ISSUES AND QUESTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE CONSIDERATION OF PERIODIC REPORTS' ON ISRAEL'S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (UN CEDAW) </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsraeli2014" class="citation book cs1">Israeli, Raphael (2014). Narrow Gate Churches: The Christian Presence in the Holy Land Under Muslim and Jewish Rule. Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31514-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31514-6"><bdi>978-1-135-31514-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrow+Gate+Churches%3A+The+Christian+Presence+in+the+Holy+Land+Under+Muslim+and+Jewish+Rule&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-31514-6&rft.aulast=Israeli&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpj-388"><a href="#cite_ref-lpj_388-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151040/http://popefrancisholyland2014.lpj.org/blog/2014/03/05/catholic-hospitals-in-the-holy-land/">"Catholic Hospitals in the Holy Land | Pope Francis in the Holy Land 2014"</a>. popefrancisholyland2014.lpj.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popefrancisholyland2014.lpj.org/blog/2014/03/05/catholic-hospitals-in-the-holy-land/">the original</a> on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=popefrancisholyland2014.lpj.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Hospitals+in+the+Holy+Land+%26%23124%3B+Pope+Francis+in+the+Holy+Land+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpopefrancisholyland2014.lpj.org%2Fblog%2F2014%2F03%2F05%2Fcatholic-hospitals-in-the-holy-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel21c-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel21c_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel21c_389-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israel21c.org/the-small-israeli-village-where-everyones-a-doctor">"The small Israeli village where everyone's a doctor"</a>. Israel21c.org. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2017. <q>According to StandWithUs, 35 percent of all doctors in Israel are from the Arab sector. A 2015 study by Tel Aviv University indicated that Arabs account for 35% of all pharmacists, too.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel21c.org&rft.atitle=The+small+Israeli+village+where+everyone%27s+a+doctor&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israel21c.org%2Fthe-small-israeli-village-where-everyones-a-doctor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoursen-Neff2004" class="citation journal cs1">Coursen-Neff, Zama (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106025024/http://hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/JILPfinal.pdf">"An Update on Discrimination Affecting Palestinian Arab Children in the Israeli Educational System"</a> (PDF). International Law and Politics. 36 (749): 101–162. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/JILPfinal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Law+and+Politics&rft.atitle=An+Update+on+Discrimination+Affecting+Palestinian+Arab+Children+in+the+Israeli+Educational+System&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=749&rft.pages=101-162&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Coursen-Neff&rft.aufirst=Zama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fisrael2%2FJILPfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/12/05/isrlpa3399.htm">"Israeli Schools Separate, Not Equal"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 5 December 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Israeli+Schools+Separate%2C+Not+Equal&rft.date=2001-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2001%2F12%2F05%2Fisrlpa3399.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/israel2/ISRAEL0901-01.htm">"Second Class: Discrimination Against Palestinian Arab Children in Israel's Schools – Summary"</a>. Human Rights Watch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Second+Class%3A+Discrimination+Against+Palestinian+Arab+Children+in+Israel%27s+Schools+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2001%2Fisrael2%2FISRAEL0901-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807221918/http://www.nif.org/content.cfm?id=2343&currbody=1">"Arab Sector: NIF Grantees Fight Discrimination in Arab Education"</a>. New Israel Fund. 13 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nif.org/content.cfm?id=2343&currbody=1">the original</a> on 7 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Sector%3A+NIF+Grantees+Fight+Discrimination+in+Arab+Education&rft.pub=New+Israel+Fund&rft.date=2005-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nif.org%2Fcontent.cfm%3Fid%3D2343%26currbody%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz.com-394">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_394-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_394-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1106955.html">http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1106955.html</a> Haaretz. Israel aids its needy Jewish students more than Arab counterparts by Or Kashti. Last accessed: 12 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcef.org/790796657-demonstration-of-christian-schools-in-jerusalem/">"Demonstration of Christian Schools in Jerusalem - Holy Land Christian Ecumenical Foundation"</a>. Hcef.org. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hcef.org&rft.atitle=Demonstration+of+Christian+Schools+in+Jerusalem+-+Holy+Land+Christian+Ecumenical+Foundation&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcef.org%2F790796657-demonstration-of-christian-schools-in-jerusalem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpj.org/posts/israeli-ministry-of-education-classifies-christian-schools-among-the-best-in-the-country.html">"Israeli Ministry of Education classifies Christian schools among the best in the country"</a>. Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+Patriarchate+of+Jerusalem&rft.atitle=Israeli+Ministry+of+Education+classifies+Christian+schools+among+the+best+in+the+country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpj.org%2Fposts%2Fisraeli-ministry-of-education-classifies-christian-schools-among-the-best-in-the-country.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harman-397">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harman_397-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harman_397-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2013" class="citation news cs1">Harman, Danna (12 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/education/edlife/inside-the-technion-israels-premier-technological-institute-and-cornells-global-partner.html">"Inside the Technion, Israel's premier technological institute and Cornell's global partner"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Technion%2C+Israel%27s+premier+technological+institute+and+Cornell%27s+global+partner.&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Danna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F14%2Feducation%2Fedlife%2Finside-the-technion-israels-premier-technological-institute-and-cornells-global-partner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Outstanding_Arab_Students-398">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Outstanding_Arab_Students_398-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Outstanding_Arab_Students_398-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technion.ac.il/en/2014/05/new-program-for-outstanding-arab-students-2/">"Outstanding Arab Students"</a>. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outstanding+Arab+Students&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technion.ac.il%2Fen%2F2014%2F05%2Fnew-program-for-outstanding-arab-students-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> Atlantic Free Press: Jonathan Cook, Israel's Arab students cross to Jordan – Academic hurdles block access to universities, 11 April 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083317/http://atlanticfreepress.com/news/1/9140-israels-arab-students-cross-to-jordan-academic-hurdles-block-access-to-universities.html">"Israel's Arab students cross to Jordan - Academic hurdles block access to universities | Atlantic Free Press - Hard Truths for Hard Times"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/news/1/9140-israels-arab-students-cross-to-jordan-academic-hurdles-block-access-to-universities.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Arab+students+cross+to+Jordan+-+Academic+hurdles+block+access+to+universities+%26%23124%3B+Atlantic+Free+Press+-+Hard+Truths+for+Hard+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticfreepress.com%2Fnews%2F1%2F9140-israels-arab-students-cross-to-jordan-academic-hurdles-block-access-to-universities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> Moshe Zeidner. Are scholastic aptitude tests in Israel biased towards Arab college student candidates? Higher Education journal, Springer Netherlands, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-1560">0018-1560</a>, volume 15, number 5 / September 1986, pp. 507–522. </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/400/11_19_400b.pdf">"The Christian population in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christian+population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F400%2F11_19_400b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattel2018" class="citation news cs1">Dattel, Lior (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/number-of-arabs-in-israeli-higher-education-grew-79-in-seven-years-1.5763067">"Number of Arabs in Israeli Higher Education Grew 79% in Seven Years"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 12 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Number+of+Arabs+in+Israeli+Higher+Education+Grew+79%25+in+Seven+Years&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.aulast=Dattel&rft.aufirst=Lior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fnumber-of-arabs-in-israeli-higher-education-grew-79-in-seven-years-1.5763067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bedouin_in_israel-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bedouin_in_israel_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bedouin_in_israel_403-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/perspective/profiles/2013/04/24/Bedouin-army-trackers-scale-Israel-social-ladder-">"Muslim Arab Bedouins serve as Jewish state's gatekeepers"</a>. Al Arabiya English. 24 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=Muslim+Arab+Bedouins+serve+as+Jewish+state%27s+gatekeepers&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fperspective%2Fprofiles%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2FBedouin-army-trackers-scale-Israel-social-ladder-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> (in Hebrew) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/protocols/data/html/bikoret/2004-10-11.html">מישיבת הוועדה לענייני ביקורת המדינה (From the meeting of the State Audit Committee)</a>, 11 October 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-caliber1-405"><a href="#cite_ref-caliber1_405-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanaaneh2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kanaaneh, Rhoda (2003). "Embattled Identities: Palestinian Soldiers in the Israeli Military". Journal of Palestine Studies. 32 (3): 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2003.32.3.5">10.1525/jps.2003.32.3.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Embattled+Identities%3A+Palestinian+Soldiers+in+the+Israeli+Military&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2003.32.3.5&rft.aulast=Kanaaneh&rft.aufirst=Rhoda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnshel_Pfeffer" class="citation web cs1">Anshel Pfeffer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514024427/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1070787.html">"Israel minorities see IDF service as key to social mobility"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1070787.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+minorities+see+IDF+service+as+key+to+social+mobility&rft.au=Anshel+Pfeffer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1070787.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeidan_Atashi2001" class="citation web cs1">Zeidan Atashi (15 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp464.htm">"The Druze in Israel and the Question of Compulsory Military Service"</a>. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+Israel+and+the+Question+of+Compulsory+Military+Service&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2001-10-15&rft.au=Zeidan+Atashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Fjl%2Fvp464.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/druzeidf.html">"The Druze in Israel and the Question of Compulsory Military Service"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. 5 September 2000. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+Israel+and+the+Question+of+Compulsory+Military+Service&rft.pub=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.date=2000-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%26_Culture%2Fdruzeidf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> See, for instance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/09/11/1300.htm">Brig. Gen. Mufid Ganam appointed IDF Chief Logistics Officer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721142836/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/09/11/1300.htm">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020342/http://www.arabs48.com/display.x?cid=1&sid=50&id=36313">"Waseem Kheir jailed for refusing compulsory military service for Arab Druze youth (translation of Arabic headline)"</a>. arabs48.com. 24 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabs48.com/display.x?cid=1&sid=50&id=36313">the original</a> on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waseem+Kheir+jailed+for+refusing+compulsory+military+service+for+Arab+Druze+youth+%28translation+of+Arabic+headline%29&rft.pub=arabs48.com&rft.date=2006-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabs48.com%2Fdisplay.x%3Fcid%3D1%26sid%3D50%26id%3D36313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012125647/http://www.jcpa.org/jl/hit06.htm">"The Druze Minority in Israel isen the Mid-1990s by Gabriel Ben-Dor"</a>. www.jcpa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/jl/hit06.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jcpa.org&rft.atitle=The+Druze+Minority+in+Israel+isen+the+Mid-1990s+by+Gabriel+Ben-Dor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Fjl%2Fhit06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-412"><a href="#cite_ref-412">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoav_Stern_and_Jack_Khoury2007" class="citation web cs1">Yoav Stern and Jack Khoury (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802032505/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854636.html">"Balad's MK-to-be: 'Anti-Israelization' conscientious objector"</a>. Ha'aretz, English edition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854636.html">the original</a> on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balad%27s+MK-to-be%3A+%27Anti-Israelization%27+conscientious+objector&rft.pub=Ha%27aretz%2C+English+edition&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.au=Yoav+Stern+and+Jack+Khoury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F854636.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3974580,00.html">Rise in Arab National Service volunteers</a>, by Aviel Magnezi. YNet, 25 October 2010, 14:47. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-414"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_414-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamir" class="citation web cs1">Shamir, Shimon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723133755/http://www.dayan.org/kapjac/files/shamirEng.pdf">"The Arabs in Israel – Two Years after the Or Commission Report"</a> (PDF). The Konrad Adenauer Program for Jewish-Arab Cooperation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dayan.org/kapjac/files/shamirEng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel+%E2%80%93+Two+Years+after+the+Or+Commission+Report&rft.pub=The+Konrad+Adenauer+Program+for+Jewish-Arab+Cooperation&rft.aulast=Shamir&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dayan.org%2Fkapjac%2Ffiles%2FshamirEng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> "Du-Et," 6 June 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> Ha'aretz, 2 October 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> Ashkenazi, Eli and Khoury, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=697458&contrassID=1&subContrassID=7">Poll: 68% of Jews would refuse to live in same building as an Arab</a>. Haaretz. 22 March 2006. Retrieved 30 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-pat-418">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pat_418-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pat_418-1">b</a> Patriotism and Israel's National Security, Herzliya Patriotism Survey 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzliyaconference.org/Eng/_Uploads/1388Pat_e.pdf">Patriotism Survey 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-poll-419"><a href="#cite_ref-poll_419-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501032449/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853564.html">"Poll: 75% of Israeli Arabs support Jewish, democratic constitution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/853564.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poll%3A+75%25+of+Israeli+Arabs+support+Jewish%2C+democratic+constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F853564.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPOU-420"><a href="#cite_ref-IPOU_420-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeevoon_Research2007" class="citation web cs1">Keevoon Research (27 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108090927/http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs021/1101712342378/archive/1101922202301.html">"Overwhelming Majority of Israeli Arabs Would Choose to Remain Israeli Citizens Rather Than Become Citizens of a Future Palestinian State"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs021/1101712342378/archive/1101922202301.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overwhelming+Majority+of+Israeli+Arabs+Would+Choose+to+Remain+Israeli+Citizens+Rather+Than+Become+Citizens+of+a+Future+Palestinian+State&rft.date=2007-12-27&rft.au=Keevoon+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.constantcontact.com%2Ffs021%2F1101712342378%2Farchive%2F1101922202301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard_Kennedy_School" class="citation web cs1">Harvard Kennedy School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080326/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/press-releases/coexistence-in-israel-study">"New Study Finds Strong Jewish and Arab Consensus for Peaceful Coexistence in Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/press-releases/coexistence-in-israel-study">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Study+Finds+Strong+Jewish+and+Arab+Consensus+for+Peaceful+Coexistence+in+Israel&rft.au=Harvard+Kennedy+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hks.harvard.edu%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fcoexistence-in-israel-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd_L._PittinskyJennifer_J._RatliffLaura_A._Maruskin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Todd L. Pittinsky; Jennifer J. Ratliff; Laura A. Maruskin (May 2008). "Coexistence in Israel: A National Study". Center for Public Leadership. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1902.1%2F11947">1902.1/11947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Public+Leadership&rft.atitle=Coexistence+in+Israel%3A+A+National+Study&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1902.1%2F11947&rft.au=Todd+L.+Pittinsky&rft.au=Jennifer+J.+Ratliff&rft.au=Laura+A.+Maruskin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poll_a-423">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poll_a_423-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poll_a_423-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1086115.html">"Poll: 40% of Israeli Arabs believe Holocaust never happened – Haaretz – Israel News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poll%3A+40%25+of+Israeli+Arabs+believe+Holocaust+never+happened+%E2%80%93+Haaretz+%E2%80%93+Israel+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1086115.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-424"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_424-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/932384.html">Civil rights group: Israel has reached new heights of racism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210185410/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/932384.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Yuval Yoaz and Jack Khoury, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> 9 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2008" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Reuven (23 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3559045,00.html">"Poll: 77% of Arabs say won't replace Israel"</a>. Ynetnews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+77%25+of+Arabs+say+won%27t+replace+Israel&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3559045%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFנחמיאס2007" class="citation news cs1">נחמיאס, רועי (27 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3381836,00.html">"Ynet יותר ממחצית היהודים: נישואים לערבי הם בגידה – חדשות"</a>. Ynet. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=Ynet+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8+%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D%3A+%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94+%E2%80%93+%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.aulast=%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A1&rft.aufirst=%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3381836%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poll2010-427"><a href="#cite_ref-Poll2010_427-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashti2010" class="citation news cs1">Kashti, Or (12 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1155627.html">"Poll: Half of Israeli high schoolers oppose equal rights for Arabs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313232639/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1155627.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Half+of+Israeli+high+schoolers+oppose+equal+rights+for+Arabs&rft.date=2010-03-12&rft.aulast=Kashti&rft.aufirst=Or&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1155627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelikovich2010" class="citation news cs1">Zelikovich, Yaheli Moran (11 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3861161,00.html">"Poll: 46% of high-schoolers don't want equality for Arabs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ynetnews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynetnews">Ynetnews</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+46%25+of+high-schoolers+don%27t+want+equality+for+Arabs&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.aulast=Zelikovich&rft.aufirst=Yaheli+Moran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3861161%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYesawich2011" class="citation web cs1">Yesawich, Avi (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=221355">"'62.5% of Israeli Arabs see Jews as fore... JPost – National News"</a>. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=%2762.5%25+of+Israeli+Arabs+see+Jews+as+fore...+JPost+%E2%80%93+National+News&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.aulast=Yesawich&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FNationalNews%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D221355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> Telhami, Shibley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2010/1209_israel_public_opinion_telhami/israeli_arab_powerpoint.pdf">"2010 Israeli Arab/Palestinian Public Opinion Survey"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111100000/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2010/1209_israel_public_opinion_telhami/israeli_arab_powerpoint.pdf">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Maryland with Zogby International, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-2012survey-431">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2012survey_431-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012survey_431-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury2012" class="citation news cs1">Khoury, Jack (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/study-arab-teens-feel-no-connection-to-the-state-1.427879">"Study: Arab teens feel no connection to the state"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Arab+teens+feel+no+connection+to+the+state&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fstudy-arab-teens-feel-no-connection-to-the-state-1.427879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="#cite_ref-432">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/israel/335292/48-of-israeli-jews-back-expulsion-or-transfer-of-arabs-new-pew-survey-says/">48% of Israeli Jews Back 'Expulsion' or 'Transfer' of Arabs, New Pew Survey Says</a> The Forward, 8 March 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-752542">"Israeli, Palestinian support for two-state solution declines - poll"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 29 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israeli%2C+Palestinian+support+for+two-state+solution+declines+-+poll&rft.date=2023-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Farab-israeli-conflict%2Farticle-752542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6333781/israel-hamas-poll-palestine/">"What Israelis Think of the War With Hamas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+Israelis+Think+of+the+War+With+Hamas&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6333781%2Fisrael-hamas-poll-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-778742">"Gazans' well-being is secondary to Israel's war plans, Israeli Jews believe - poll"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Gazans%27+well-being+is+secondary+to+Israel%27s+war+plans%2C+Israeli+Jews+believe+-+poll&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-hamas-war%2Farticle-778742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.idi.org.il/articles/52016">"Most Arab Israelis: October 7 Attack Does Not Reflect Islamic, Palestinian, or Arab Society Values"</a>. en.idi.org.il (in Hebrew). 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.idi.org.il&rft.atitle=Most+Arab+Israelis%3A+October+7+Attack+Does+Not+Reflect+Islamic%2C+Palestinian%2C+or+Arab+Society+Values&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.idi.org.il%2Farticles%2F52016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-terror-437">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terror_437-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-terror_437-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-terror_437-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-terror_437-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140909200646/http://www.shabak.gov.il/SiteCollectionImages/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%20%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D/terror-summary-4years-new.pdf">"שירות הבטחון הכללי"</a> (PDF). www.shabak.gov.il. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shabak.gov.il/SiteCollectionImages/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D/terror-summary-4years-new.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.shabak.gov.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%98%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shabak.gov.il%2FSiteCollectionImages%2F%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA%2B%25D7%2595%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A1%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2Fterror-summary-4years-new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnathan_Wilson2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnathan Wilson (11 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060801424.html">"Loyalties"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Loyalties&rft.date=2006-06-11&rft.au=Johnathan+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F06%2F08%2FAR2006060801424.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/isrl-pa/ISRAELPA1002-08.htm">"APPENDIX ONE: CHRONOLOGY OF ATTACKS"</a>. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APPENDIX+ONE%3A+CHRONOLOGY+OF+ATTACKS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Fisrl-pa%2FISRAELPA1002-08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/832234.html">"3 Israelis convicted of manslaughter for transporting suicide bomber"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3+Israelis+convicted+of+manslaughter+for+transporting+suicide+bomber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F832234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=280844&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=636473">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=643653">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228174803/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=280844&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">Archived</a> 28 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16381128">"Under siege too"</a>. The Economist. 17 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Under+siege+too&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F16381128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyre2005" class="citation news cs1">Myre, Greg (5 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/05/international/middleeast/05mideast.html">"Jewish Militant Opens Fire on Bus of Israeli Arabs, Killing 4"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jewish+Militant+Opens+Fire+on+Bus+of+Israeli+Arabs%2C+Killing+4&rft.date=2005-08-05&rft.aulast=Myre&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F05%2Finternational%2Fmiddleeast%2F05mideast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarnapolsky2021" class="citation news cs1">Tarnapolsky, Noga (4 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-gangland-murders-forcing-israel-to-its-breaking-point?source=articles&via=rss">"The Gangland Murders Forcing Israel to its Breaking Point"</a>. The Daily Beast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Gangland+Murders+Forcing+Israel+to+its+Breaking+Point&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.aulast=Tarnapolsky&rft.aufirst=Noga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fthe-gangland-murders-forcing-israel-to-its-breaking-point%3Fsource%3Darticles%26via%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/terror1952_1989.html">"Worldwide Terror Attacks on Jewish Targets (1952–2003)"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Worldwide+Terror+Attacks+on+Jewish+Targets+%281952%E2%80%932003%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FTerrorism%2Fterror1952_1989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-446">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_446-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_446-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_446-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_446-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_446-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_446-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_446-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVered_Levy-Barzilai" class="citation news cs1">Vered Levy-Barzilai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210003630/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=312052&contrassID=2&subContrassID=14&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">"The other victims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=312052&contrassID=2&subContrassID=14&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y">the original</a> on 10 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+other+victims&rft.au=Vered+Levy-Barzilai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D312052%26contrassID%3D2%26subContrassID%3D14%26sbSubContrassID%3D0%26listSrc%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-447"><a href="#cite_ref-447">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029031101/http://www.israel.org/MFA/Terrorism-%20Obstacle%20to%20Peace/Memorial/2004/George%20Khoury.htm">"George Khoury"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israel.org/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Memorial/2004/George+Khoury.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Khoury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israel.org%2FMFA%2FTerrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace%2FMemorial%2F2004%2FGeorge%2BKhoury.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/postArafatViolence.pdf">[9]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317085359/http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/postArafatViolence.pdf">Archived</a> 17 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-449"><a href="#cite_ref-449">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Avi (13 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3303434,00.html">"Israeli Arabs against Mubarak: Learn from Israel"</a>. Ynetnews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=Israeli+Arabs+against+Mubarak%3A+Learn+from+Israel&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3303434%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210001121/http://www.pressmethod.com/releasestorage/17932.htm">"Israeli Arab Survivors of Bus Overturn in Egypt Want Compensation As Terror Victims"</a>. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+Arab+Survivors+of+Bus+Overturn+in+Egypt+Want+Compensation+As+Terror+Victims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressmethod.com%2Freleasestorage%2F17932.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/5/17/palestinians-in-west-bank-israel-declare-general-strike">"Palestinians in West Bank, Israel declare general strike in unprecedented show of unity"</a>. The New Arab. 17 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517124444/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2021/5/17/palestinians-in-west-bank-israel-declare-general-strike">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Arab&rft.atitle=Palestinians+in+West+Bank%2C+Israel+declare+general+strike+in+unprecedented+show+of+unity&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alaraby.co.uk%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2F2021%2F5%2F17%2Fpalestinians-in-west-bank-israel-declare-general-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/a-second-look-at-the-political-mobilization-of-the-palestinian-citizens-of-israel">"A Second Look at the Political Mobilization of the Palestinian Citizens of Israel"</a>. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=A+Second+Look+at+the+Political+Mobilization+of+the+Palestinian+Citizens+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresponses%2Fa-second-look-at-the-political-mobilization-of-the-palestinian-citizens-of-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkramNessman" class="citation news cs1">Akram, Fares; Nessman, Ravi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-hamas-trade-fire-in-gaza-as-war-enters-2nd-week/2021/05/18/d0ffae66-b7a2-11eb-bc4a-62849cf6cca9_story.html">"Palestinians go on strike as Israel-Hamas fighting rages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527214817/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/israel-hamas-trade-fire-in-gaza-as-war-enters-2nd-week/2021/05/18/d0ffae66-b7a2-11eb-bc4a-62849cf6cca9_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Palestinians+go+on+strike+as+Israel-Hamas+fighting+rages&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Akram&rft.aufirst=Fares&rft.au=Nessman%2C+Ravi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fisrael-hamas-trade-fire-in-gaza-as-war-enters-2nd-week%2F2021%2F05%2F18%2Fd0ffae66-b7a2-11eb-bc4a-62849cf6cca9_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/5/18/in-pictures-palestinians-unite-with-a-general-strike">"In Pictures: In show of unity, Palestinians go on strike"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 18 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522185940/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/5/18/in-pictures-palestinians-unite-with-a-general-strike">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+In+show+of+unity%2C+Palestinians+go+on+strike&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fgallery%2F2021%2F5%2F18%2Fin-pictures-palestinians-unite-with-a-general-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083644/http://imeu.net/news/article003822.shtml">"IMEU: Palestinian embroidery and textiles: A nation's tale"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imeu.net/news/article003822.shtml">the original</a> on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMEU%3A+Palestinian+embroidery+and+textiles%3A+A+nation%27s+tale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimeu.net%2Fnews%2Farticle003822.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070412040520/http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/cms/content/view/86/125">"Global Fund for Women – Grantee Profile – Laqiya"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/cms/content/view/86/125/">the original</a> on 12 April 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Fund+for+Women+%E2%80%93+Grantee+Profile+%E2%80%93+Laqiya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalfundforwomen.org%2Fcms%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F86%2F125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamir_Sorek2015" class="citation book cs1">Tamir Sorek (10 March 2015). Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs (2 ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9520-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-9520-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Commemoration+in+Israel%3A+Calendars%2C+Monuments%2C+and+Martyrs&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9520-3&rft.au=Tamir+Sorek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> Mansour, 2004, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rukHhGrQfHkC&pg=PA256">256</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithBBC-460"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithBBC_460-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Sylvia (11 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-19202612">"First Palestinian male ballet dancer battles prejudices"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=First+Palestinian+male+ballet+dancer+battles+prejudices&rft.date=2012-08-11&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-19202612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shihade456-461">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shihade456_461-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shihade456_461-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shihade456_461-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shihade456_461-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shihade456_461-4">e</a> Shihade 2014, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-ynet-462"><a href="#cite_ref-ynet_462-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckman2013" class="citation news cs1">Druckman, Yaron (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4335235,00.html">"CBS: 27% of Israelis struggle with Hebrew"</a>. Ynetnews. Ynet News. Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=CBS%3A+27%25+of+Israelis+struggle+with+Hebrew&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.aulast=Druckman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4335235%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> Kimary N. Shahin, Palestinian Rural Arabic (Abu Shusha dialect). 2nd ed. University of British Columbia. LINCOM Europa, 2000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-960-0">978-3-89586-960-0</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> Frank A. Rice, Eastern Arabic-English, English-Eastern Arabic: dictionary and phrasebook for the spoken Arabic of Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine/Israel and Syria. New York: Hippocrene Books 1998 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0685-5">978-0-7818-0685-5</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamy_Swayd2015" class="citation book cs1">Samy Swayd (10 March 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4617-1&rft.au=Samy+Swayd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> Gaash, Amir (2016). "Colloquial Arabic written in Hebrew characters on Israeli websites by Druzes (and other non-Jews)". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (43–44): 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-467"><a href="#cite_ref-467">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmal_Jamal2006" class="citation book cs1">Amal Jamal (December 2006). The Culture of Media Consumption among National Minorities: The Case of Arab Society in Israel. I'lam Media Center for Arab Palestinians in Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Media+Consumption+among+National+Minorities%3A+The+Case+of+Arab+Society+in+Israel&rft.pub=I%27lam+Media+Center+for+Arab+Palestinians+in+Israel&rft.date=2006-12&rft.au=Amal+Jamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zvi-468"><a href="#cite_ref-Zvi_468-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Ben_Zvi2006" class="citation web cs1">Tal Ben Zvi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagar-gallery.com/Catalogues/docs/PArt_eng_final.pdf">"Hagar: Contemporary Palestinian Art"</a> (PDF). Hagar Association. Retrieved 5 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hagar%3A+Contemporary+Palestinian+Art&rft.pub=Hagar+Association&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Tal+Ben+Zvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagar-gallery.com%2FCatalogues%2Fdocs%2FPArt_eng_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-469"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_469-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4039399.stm">"Rival rappers reflect Mid-East conflict"</a>. BBC News. 26 November 2004. Retrieved 26 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rival+rappers+reflect+Mid-East+conflict&rft.date=2004-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4039399.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diplomacy-and-politics/pa-bans-druse-singer-from-ramallah-new-years-bash">"PA bans Druse singer from Ramallah New Years bash"</a>. The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 31 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+JPost.com&rft.atitle=PA+bans+Druse+singer+from+Ramallah+New+Years+bash&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiplomacy-and-politics%2Fpa-bans-druse-singer-from-ramallah-new-years-bash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zvi2-471"><a href="#cite_ref-Zvi2_471-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Ben_Zvi2006" class="citation web cs1">Tal Ben Zvi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagar-gallery.com/Catalogues/docs/PArt_eng_final.pdf">"Hagar: Contemporary Palestinian Art"</a> (PDF). Hagar Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hagar%3A+Contemporary+Palestinian+Art&rft.pub=Hagar+Association&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Tal+Ben+Zvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagar-gallery.com%2FCatalogues%2Fdocs%2FPArt_eng_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-City_Mouse_Magazine-472"><a href="#cite_ref-City_Mouse_Magazine_472-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2012" class="citation news cs1">Halperin, Neta (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mouse.co.il/CM.articles_item,416,209,67122,.aspx">"The Palestinian art scene is flourishing"</a>. City Mouse Magazine (Tel Aviv). Retrieved 18 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Mouse+Magazine+%28Tel+Aviv%29&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+art+scene+is+flourishing&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Neta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mouse.co.il%2FCM.articles_item%2C416%2C209%2C67122%2C.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Zvi" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Zvi, Tal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219010140/http://www.levantine-journal.org/Landscape+Representations+in+Palestinian+Art+and+Israeli+Art+Discourse+The+Case+of+Asim+Abu+Shaqra_h_hd_77_14.aspx">"Landscape Representations in Palestinian Art and Israeli Art Discourse: The Case of Asim Abu Shaqra"</a>. Journal of Levantine Studies. 3 (2): 115. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levantine-journal.org/Landscape+Representations+in+Palestinian+Art+and+Israeli+Art+Discourse+The+Case+of+Asim+Abu+Shaqra_h_hd_77_14.aspx">the original</a> on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Levantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Landscape+Representations+in+Palestinian+Art+and+Israeli+Art+Discourse%3A+The+Case+of+Asim+Abu+Shaqra&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115&rft.aulast=Ben+Zvi&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levantine-journal.org%2FLandscape%2BRepresentations%2Bin%2BPalestinian%2BArt%2Band%2BIsraeli%2BArt%2BDiscourse%2BThe%2BCase%2Bof%2BAsim%2BAbu%2BShaqra_h_hd_77_14.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Zvi" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Zvi, Tal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219010140/http://www.levantine-journal.org/Landscape+Representations+in+Palestinian+Art+and+Israeli+Art+Discourse+The+Case+of+Asim+Abu+Shaqra_h_hd_77_14.aspx">"Landscape Representations in Palestinian Art and Israeli Art Discourse: The Case of Asim Abu Shaqra"</a>. Journal of Levantine Studies. 3 (2): 118. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levantine-journal.org/Landscape+Representations+in+Palestinian+Art+and+Israeli+Art+Discourse+The+Case+of+Asim+Abu+Shaqra_h_hd_77_14.aspx">the original</a> on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Levantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Landscape+Representations+in+Palestinian+Art+and+Israeli+Art+Discourse%3A+The+Case+of+Asim+Abu+Shaqra&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=118&rft.aulast=Ben+Zvi&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levantine-journal.org%2FLandscape%2BRepresentations%2Bin%2BPalestinian%2BArt%2Band%2BIsraeli%2BArt%2BDiscourse%2BThe%2BCase%2Bof%2BAsim%2BAbu%2BShaqra_h_hd_77_14.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkenazi2020" class="citation book cs1">Ashkenazi, Michael (2020). Food Cultures of Israel: Recipes, Customs, and Issues. ABC-CLIO. p. XXIII. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6686-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6686-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-6686-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Cultures+of+Israel%3A+Recipes%2C+Customs%2C+and+Issues&rft.pages=XXIII&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6686-9&rft.aulast=Ashkenazi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsalska2018" class="citation book cs1">Isalska, Anita (2018). Lonely Planet Israel & the Palestinian Territories. Lonely Planet. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-924-9"><bdi>978-1-78701-924-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Israel+%26+the+Palestinian+Territories&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78701-924-9&rft.aulast=Isalska&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/food/articles/taste-of-druze-cuisine">"A Taste of Druze Cuisine"</a>. Tabletmag. 20 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Taste+of+Druze+Cuisine&rft.pub=Tabletmag&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fsections%2Ffood%2Farticles%2Ftaste-of-druze-cuisine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> Gur, pg. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilson" class="citation web cs1">Dilson, Jacob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101028100304/http://www.dininghalldigest.com/2009/04/old-man-and-sea-locally-owned-middle.html">"The Old Man and The Sea: A Locally Owned Middle Eastern Restaurant on Israel's Mediterranean Coastline in Jaffa, Tel Aviv"</a>. Dining Hall Digest. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dininghalldigest.com/2009/04/old-man-and-sea-locally-owned-middle.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Man+and+The+Sea%3A+A+Locally+Owned+Middle+Eastern+Restaurant+on+Israel%27s+Mediterranean+Coastline+in+Jaffa%2C+Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=Dining+Hall+Digest&rft.aulast=Dilson&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dininghalldigest.com%2F2009%2F04%2Fold-man-and-sea-locally-owned-middle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmad" class="citation web cs1">Malmad, Yael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/55/ART2/161/237.html">"הזקן והדג: איפה אוכלים דגים טובים במחיר הוגן ביפו?"</a>. NRG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019214401/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/55/ART2/161/237.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%93%D7%92%3A+%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%93%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%3F&rft.pub=NRG&rft.aulast=Malmad&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrg.co.il%2Fonline%2F55%2FART2%2F161%2F237.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humus101.com/EN/2007/02/13/abu-hassan-the-glorious-jaffas-hummus/">"Abu Hassan, the glorious Jaffa's hummus"</a>. The Hummus Blog. Retrieved 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abu+Hassan%2C+the+glorious+Jaffa%27s+hummus&rft.pub=The+Hummus+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumus101.com%2FEN%2F2007%2F02%2F13%2Fabu-hassan-the-glorious-jaffas-hummus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFגרטי2006" class="citation news cs1">גרטי, יעל (19 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3218278,00.html">"הפלאפל הכי טוב - מצפון ועד דרום"</a>. Ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91+-+%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D&rft.date=2006-02-19&rft.aulast=%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99&rft.aufirst=%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3218278%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.co.il/1.3349296">"10 הפלאפליות הכי טובות בישראל"</a>. הארץ [Haaretz]. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.atitle=10+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.date=2009-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2F1.3349296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/55/ART2/096/457.html">"סגנון - אוכל nrg - ...העם אמר את דברו: 10 הפלאפלים הכי"</a>. www.makorrishon.co.il. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.makorrishon.co.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F+-+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C+nrg+-+...%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D+%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8+%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%3A+10+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makorrishon.co.il%2Fnrg%2Fonline%2F55%2FART2%2F096%2F457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFסרדס-טרוטינו2011" class="citation news cs1">סרדס-טרוטינו, שרית (13 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4041031,00.html">"החיים בפיתה: הפלאפל הכי טעים בארץ"</a>. Ynet. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94%3A+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft.aulast=%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1-%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95&rft.aufirst=%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4041031%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-walla-2547349-486"><a href="#cite_ref-walla-2547349_486-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://food.walla.co.il/item/2547349">"המוסד: פלאפל הזקנים - וואלה! אוכל"</a>. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93%3A+%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D+-+%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94%21+%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffood.walla.co.il%2Fitem%2F2547349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore2005" class="citation news cs1">Gilmore, Ingigo (2 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1487028/Arab-players-hailed-as-heroes-in-Israels-World-Cup-campaign.html">"Arab players have been hailed as heroes in Israels World Cup campaign"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1487028/Arab-players-hailed-as-heroes-in-Israels-World-Cup-campaign.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Arab+players+have+been+hailed+as+heroes+in+Israels+World+Cup+campaign&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Ingigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael%2F1487028%2FArab-players-hailed-as-heroes-in-Israels-World-Cup-campaign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081314/http://www.knowledgedb.org/?pageid=44671">"Abbas Suan"</a>. KnowledgeDB. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgedb.org/?pageid=44671">the original</a> on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KnowledgeDB&rft.atitle=Abbas+Suan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgedb.org%2F%3Fpageid%3D44671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessel2005" class="citation news cs1">Kessel, Jerrold (11 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/on-the-couch-stand-up-speak-up-1.149921">"On the Couch / Stand up, Speak up"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=On+the+Couch+%2F+Stand+up%2C+Speak+up&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft.aulast=Kessel&rft.aufirst=Jerrold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fsports%2Fon-the-couch-stand-up-speak-up-1.149921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildman" class="citation web cs1">Wildman, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/05/29/soccer-racism-and-israels-unlikely-world-cup-hero-abbas-suan/">"Soccer, Racism and Israel's Unlikely World Cup Hero: Abbas Suan, Arab Muslim"</a>. Politics Daily. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politics+Daily&rft.atitle=Soccer%2C+Racism+and+Israel%27s+Unlikely+World+Cup+Hero%3A+Abbas+Suan%2C+Arab+Muslim&rft.aulast=Wildman&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicsdaily.com%2F2010%2F05%2F29%2Fsoccer-racism-and-israels-unlikely-world-cup-hero-abbas-suan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chabin-491"><a href="#cite_ref-Chabin_491-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Chabin2005" class="citation web cs1">Michelle Chabin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/world/2005-06-03-arab-israel-team_x.htm">"Arab Players Key to Israel Success"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Players+Key+to+Israel+Success&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Michelle+Chabin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Fsoccer%2Fworld%2F2005-06-03-arab-israel-team_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShor" class="citation web cs1">Shor, Eran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mei.edu/content/search-voice-arab-soccer-players-israeli-media">"In Search of a Voice: Arab soccer players in the Israeli media"</a>. Middle Eastern Institute. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Institute&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+a+Voice%3A+Arab+soccer+players+in+the+Israeli+media&rft.aulast=Shor&rft.aufirst=Eran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fcontent%2Fsearch-voice-arab-soccer-players-israeli-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorYonay2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shor, Eran; Yonay, Yuvel (10 September 2010). "'Play and Shut up': The silencing of Palestinian athletes in Israeli media". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 34 (2): 229–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.2010.503811">10.1080/01419870.2010.503811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145186844">145186844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Play+and+Shut+up%27%3A+The+silencing+of+Palestinian+athletes+in+Israeli+media&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-247&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01419870.2010.503811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145186844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shor&rft.aufirst=Eran&rft.au=Yonay%2C+Yuvel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2005" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven (22 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/22/sports/soccer/22soccer.html?_r=0">"A National Hero One Day, An Enemy to Some the Next"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 7 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+National+Hero+One+Day%2C+An+Enemy+to+Some+the+Next&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F04%2F22%2Fsports%2Fsoccer%2F22soccer.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0202207/">"Salim Dau"</a>. IMDb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Salim+Dau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0202207%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview-496"><a href="#cite_ref-Interview_496-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-hiam-abbas-rapprochement-through-debate">"Interview with Hiam Abbas: Rapprochement through Debate - Qantara.de"</a>. Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. 21 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qantara.de+-+Dialogue+with+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Hiam+Abbas%3A+Rapprochement+through+Debate+-+Qantara.de&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qantara.de%2Fcontent%2Finterview-with-hiam-abbas-rapprochement-through-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg" class="citation web cs1">Steinberg, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-labor-tv-show-sweeps-local-awards-ceremony/">"'Arab Labor' TV show sweeps local awards"</a>. www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=%27Arab+Labor%27+TV+show+sweeps+local+awards&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Farab-labor-tv-show-sweeps-local-awards-ceremony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorek2015" class="citation book cs1">Sorek, Tamir (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23855">Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs</a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9520-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-9520-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Commemoration+in+Israel%3A+Calendars%2C+Monuments%2C+and+Martyrs&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9520-3&rft.aulast=Sorek&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D23855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Sa‘ad2005" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Sa‘ad, Ismael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263086726">"Forced Sedentarisation, Land Rights and Indigenous Resistance: The Bedouin in the Negev"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (ed.). Catastrophe Remembered: Palestine, Israel and the Internal Refugees. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. pp. 113–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-842-77622-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-842-77622-3"><bdi>978-1-842-77622-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forced+Sedentarisation%2C+Land+Rights+and+Indigenous+Resistance%3A+The+Bedouin+in+the+Negev&rft.btitle=Catastrophe+Remembered%3A+Palestine%2C+Israel+and+the+Internal+Refugees&rft.pages=113-141&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-842-77622-3&rft.aulast=Abu-Sa%E2%80%98ad&rft.aufirst=Ismael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263086726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Morris, Benny, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, (2009) Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15112-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15112-1">978-0-300-15112-1</a></li> <li>Orgad, Liav (PhD), IDC, Hertzlia, "Internationalizing the issue of Israeli Arabs", Maariv, 19 March 2006. p. 7.</li> <li>"Israel's Arab Citizens: The Continuing Struggle" by Mark Tessler; Audra K. Grant. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 555, Israel in Transition. (Jan., 1998), pp. 97–113. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1049214">1049214</a>.</li> <li>The Israeli Palestinians: an Arab minority in the Jewish state / Alexander Bligh 2003. (book)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Bligh" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Bligh (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy038/2002154407.html">"Table of contents"</a>. The Israeli Palestinians: an Arab minority in the Jewish state. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002154407">2002154407</a>. Retrieved 14 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Table+of+contents&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Palestinians%3A+an+Arab+minority+in+the+Jewish+state&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002154407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Ftoc%2Ffy038%2F2002154407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+citizens+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tall shadows: interviews with Israeli Arabs / Smadar Bakovic 2006 English Book 313 p. Lanham, MD: Hamilton Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3289-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3289-8">978-0-7618-3289-8</a></li> <li>Israel's Arab Citizens / Laurence Louër; John King 2006 London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-798-9">978-1-85065-798-9</a></li> <li>Arab citizens in Israel: the ongoing conflict with the state / Massoud Ahmad Eghbarieh. Thesis (PhD). University of Maryland at College Park, 1991.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/israelpalestine/identity-crisis-israel-and-its-arab-citizens">Identity crisis: Israel and its Arab citizens</a>. International Crisis Group. 2004.</li> <li>Pappe, Ilan, The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel, (2011) Yale University Press</li> <li>Peleg, Ilan, and Dov Waxman, Israel's Palestinians: The Conflict Within, (2011) Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Reiter, Yitzhak, National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel (Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution), (2009) Syracuse Univ Press (Sd). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3230-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3230-6">978-0-8156-3230-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_citizens_of_Israel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_citizens_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_citizens_of_Israel_footer" title="Template:Arab citizens of Israel footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_citizens_of_Israel_footer" title="Template talk:Arab citizens of Israel footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_citizens_of_Israel_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab citizens of Israel footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_citizens_of_Israel" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab citizens of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nakba" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nakba">al-Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_land_and_property_laws" title="Israeli land and property laws">Israeli land and property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Pitchforks" title="Night of the Pitchforks">Night of the Pitchforks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2000_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2000 riots">October 2000 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious Groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Israel">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druzism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_citizens_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian citizens of Israel">Palestinian citizens of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Arab Muslims</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Settled">Madani and Fellahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Bedouin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Arab areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab localities in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Ara" title="Wadi Ara">Wadi Ara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab-Israeli_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arab-Israeli culture (page does not exist)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Dawn_in_the_Negev" title="A New Dawn in the Negev">A New Dawn in the Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(legal_center)" title="Adalah (legal center)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Midan_Theater" title="Al-Midan Theater">Al-Midan Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tufula_Center" title="Al-Tufula Center">Al-Tufula Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_and_Druze_Scouts_Movement" title="Arab and Druze Scouts Movement">Arab and Druze Scouts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Colony,_Haifa" title="German Colony, Haifa">German colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami,_Jaffa" title="Ajami, Jaffa">Ajami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Arab_Center" title="Jewish-Arab Center">Jewish-Arab Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Yasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Kfar Yasif">Kfar Yasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_(Israeli_newspaper)" title="Al-Madina (Israeli newspaper)">Al-Madina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_(Israeli_newspaper)" title="Al-Ittihad (Israeli newspaper)">Al-Ittihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_33_(Israel)" title="Channel 33 (Israel)">Channel 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I24NEWS" class="mw-redirect" title="I24NEWS">I24NEWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kul_al-Arab" title="Kul al-Arab">Kul al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan_33" title="Makan 33">Makan 33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_(film)" title="Ajami (film)">Ajami (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Orchestra_of_Nazareth" title="Arab Orchestra of Nazareth">Arab Orchestra of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Labor" title="Arab Labor">Arab Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Trumpet_in_the_Wadi" title="A Trumpet in the Wadi">A Trumpet in the Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Disappearance" title="Chronicle of a Disappearance">Chronicle of a Disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Arabs_(novel)" title="Dancing Arabs (novel)">Dancing Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Intervention_(2002_film)" title="Divine Intervention (2002 film)">Divine Intervention (2002 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Between_(2016_film)" title="In Between (2016 film)">In Between (2016 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Syrian_Bride" title="The Syrian Bride">The Syrian Bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Time_That_Remains" title="The Time That Remains">The Time That Remains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_satellite_lists" title="Arab satellite lists">Arab satellite lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Development" title="Agriculture and Development">Agriculture and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democratic_Party_(Israel)" title="Arab Democratic Party (Israel)">Arab Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_List_for_Bedouin_and_Villagers" title="Arab List for Bedouin and Villagers">Arab List for Bedouin and Villagers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_National_Party" title="Arab National Party">Arab National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_(political_party)" title="Balad (political party)">Balad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_Olam" title="Brit Olam">Brit Olam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_and_Brotherhood" title="Cooperation and Brotherhood">Cooperation and Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_and_Development" title="Cooperation and Development">Cooperation and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27am_Workers_Party" title="Da'am Workers Party">Da'am Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_List_for_Israeli_Arabs" title="Democratic List for Israeli Arabs">Democratic List for Israeli Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_List_of_Nazareth" title="Democratic List of Nazareth">Democratic List of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadash" title="Hadash">Hadash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihud_Bnei_HaBrit" title="Ihud Bnei HaBrit">Ihud Bnei HaBrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_in_Israel" title="Islamic Movement in Israel">Islamic Movement in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Arab_Brotherhood" title="Jewish–Arab Brotherhood">Jewish–Arab Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_List" title="Joint List">Joint List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_Bloc" title="Popular Arab Bloc">Popular Arab Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Development" title="Progress and Development">Progress and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Work" title="Progress and Work">Progress and Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_National_Alliance" title="Progressive National Alliance">Progressive National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27al" title="Ta'al">Ta'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List_(1977)" title="United Arab List (1977)">United Arab List (1977)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beitar_al-Amal_Nazareth_F.C." title="Beitar al-Amal Nazareth F.C.">Beitar al-Amal Nazareth F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Sakhnin_F.C." title="Bnei Sakhnin F.C.">Bnei Sakhnin F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnot_Sakhnin_F.C." title="Bnot Sakhnin F.C.">Bnot Sakhnin F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.C._al-Nahda_Nazareth" title="F.C. al-Nahda Nazareth">F.C. al-Nahda Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.C._Bnei_M.M.B.E._HaGolan_VeHaGalil" title="F.C. Bnei M.M.B.E. HaGolan VeHaGalil">F.C. Bnei M.M.B.E. HaGolan VeHaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.C._Tzeirei_Rahat" title="F.C. Tzeirei Rahat">F.C. Tzeirei Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapoel_al-Ittihad_Nazareth_F.C." title="Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth F.C.">Hapoel al-Ittihad Nazareth F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Rahat_F.C." title="Hapoel Rahat F.C.">Hapoel Rahat F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Ahva_Yarka_F.C." title="Maccabi Ahva Yarka F.C.">Maccabi Ahva Yarka F.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Israel_Bank" title="Arab Israel Bank">Arab Israel Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic language in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_threat" title="Demographic threat">Demographic threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Follow-Up_Committee_for_Arab_Citizens_of_Israel" title="High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel">High Follow-Up Committee for Arab Citizens of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Arab_Scouts_Association" title="Israel Arab Scouts Association">Israel Arab Scouts Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_Arab_Warriors" title="Israel's Arab Warriors">Israel's Arab Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze_Faction" title="Israeli Druze Faction">Israeli Druze Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="List of Arab citizens of Israel">List of Arab citizens of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Arab_Muslims" title="List of Israeli Arab Muslims">List of Israeli Arab Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Arab_Christians" title="List of Israeli Arab Christians">List of Israeli Arab Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka">Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_Vision_of_the_Palestinian_Arabs_in_Israel" title="The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel">The Future Vision of the Palestinian Arabs in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsofen" title="Tsofen">Tsofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel" title="Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel">Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Category:Arab citizens of Israel">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_localities_in_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_localities_in_Israel_footer" title="Template:Arab localities in Israel footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_localities_in_Israel_footer" title="Template talk:Arab localities in Israel footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_localities_in_Israel_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab localities in Israel footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_localities_in_Israel" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">Arab localities in Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaljulia" title="Jaljulia">Jaljulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Bara" title="Kafr Bara">Kafr Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim" title="Kafr Qasim">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayibe" title="Tayibe">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tira,_Israel" title="Tira, Israel">Tira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemer" title="Zemer">Zemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%27ara" title="Ar'ara">Ar'ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ara" title="'Ara">'Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqa_al-Gharbiyye" title="Baqa al-Gharbiyye">Baqa al-Gharbiyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqa-Jatt" title="Baqa-Jatt">Baqa-Jatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basma" title="Basma">Basma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barta%27a" title="Barta'a">Barta'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_as-Sahla" title="Ein as-Sahla">Ein as-Sahla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya,_Basma" title="Mu'awiya, Basma">Mu'awiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_City" title="Carmel City">Carmel City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fureidis" title="Fureidis">Fureidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof_HaCarmel_Regional_Council" title="Hof HaCarmel Regional Council">Hof HaCarmel Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hawd" title="Ein Hawd">Ein Hawd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatt,_Israel" title="Jatt, Israel">Jatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_az-Zarqa" title="Jisr az-Zarqa">Jisr az-Zarqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qara" title="Kafr Qara">Kafr Qara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Iron" title="Ma'ale Iron">Ma'ale Iron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayada,_Ma%27ale_Iron" title="Bayada, Ma'ale Iron">Bayada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musmus" title="Musmus">Musmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musheirifa" title="Musheirifa">Musheirifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Ma%27ale_Iron" title="Salem, Ma'ale Iron">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalafa" title="Zalafa">Zalafa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menashe_Regional_Council" title="Menashe Regional Council">Menashe Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arian" title="Al-Arian">Al-Arian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiser" title="Meiser">Meiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qutuf" title="Umm al-Qutuf">Umm al-Qutuf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Fahm" title="Umm al-Fahm">Umm al-Fahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zevulun_Regional_Council" title="Zevulun Regional Council">Zevulun Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibtin" title="Ibtin">Ibtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaled" title="Khawaled">Khawaled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Ali" title="Ras Ali">Ras Ali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghosh" title="Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jimal" title="Beit Jimal">Beit Jimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Safafa" title="Beit Safafa">Beit Safafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateh_Yehuda_Regional_Council" title="Mateh Yehuda Regional Council">Mateh Yehuda Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Naqquba" title="Ein Naqquba">Ein Naqquba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Rafa" title="Ein Rafa">Ein Rafa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tor" title="Abu Tor">Abu Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanina" title="Beit Hanina">Beit Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isawiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Isawiya">Isawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabel_Mukaber" title="Jabel Mukaber">Jabel Mukaber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)">Muslim Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Amud" title="Ras al-Amud">Ras al-Amud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah" title="Sheikh Jarrah">Sheikh Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuafat" title="Shuafat">Shuafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silwan" title="Silwan">Silwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Baher" title="Sur Baher">Sur Baher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At-Tur_(Mount_of_Olives)" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Tur (Mount of Olives)">At-Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Tuba" title="Umm Tuba">Umm Tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Joz" title="Wadi al-Joz">Wadi al-Joz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Akbara" title="'Akbara">'Akbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Snan" title="Abu Snan">Abu Snan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Batuf_Regional_Council" title="Al-Batuf Regional Council">Al-Batuf Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamaam,_Israel" title="Hamaam, Israel">Hamaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumana,_Israel" title="Rumana, Israel">Rumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumat_al-Heib" title="Rumat al-Heib">Rumat al-Heib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzeir" title="Uzeir">Uzeir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arraba,_Israel" title="Arraba, Israel">Arraba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beitegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitegen">Beitegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%27ina" title="Bi'ina">Bi'ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Maksur" title="Bir al-Maksur">Bir al-Maksur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%27eine_Nujeidat" title="Bu'eine Nujeidat">Bu'eine Nujeidat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustan_al-Marj_Regional_Council" title="Bustan al-Marj Regional Council">Bustan al-Marj Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Dahi">Ed Dahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Misr" title="Kafr Misr">Kafr Misr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulam" title="Sulam">Sulam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daburiyya" title="Daburiyya">Daburiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Asad" title="Deir al-Asad">Deir al-Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Hanna" title="Deir Hanna">Deir Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilabun" title="Eilabun">Eilabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Mahil" title="Ein Mahil">Ein Mahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fassuta" title="Fassuta">Fassuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilboa_Regional_Council" title="Gilboa Regional Council">Gilboa Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqeible" title="Muqeible">Muqeible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%27ura" title="Na'ura">Na'ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandala_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandala (town)">Sandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamra,_Galilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamra, Galilee">Tamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Taibe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurfeish" title="Hurfeish">Hurfeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27billin" title="I'billin">I'billin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksal" title="Iksal">Iksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilut" title="Ilut">Ilut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeidi-Makr" title="Jadeidi-Makr">Jadeidi-Makr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley_Regional_Council" title="Jezreel Valley Regional Council">Jezreel Valley Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manshiya_Zabda" title="Manshiya Zabda">Manshiya Zabda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suweid_Hamira" title="Suweid Hamira">Suweid Hamira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julis" title="Julis">Julis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre" title="Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre">Ka'abiyye-Tabbash-Hajajre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul,_Israel" title="Kabul, Israel">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Kanna" title="Kafr Kanna">Kafr Kanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Manda" title="Kafr Manda">Kafr Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukab_Abu_al-Hija" title="Kaukab Abu al-Hija">Kaukab Abu al-Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisra-Sumei" title="Kisra-Sumei">Kisra-Sumei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghar,_Israel" title="Maghar, Israel">Maghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majd_al-Krum" title="Majd al-Krum">Majd al-Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad,_Israel" title="Mashhad, Israel">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateh_Asher_Regional_Council" title="Mateh Asher Regional Council">Mateh Asher Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Aramshe" title="Arab al-Aramshe">Arab al-Aramshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Danun" title="Sheikh Danun">Sheikh Danun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazra%27a" title="Mazra'a">Mazra'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merom_HaGalil_Regional_Council" title="Merom HaGalil Regional Council">Merom HaGalil Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Asad" title="Ein al-Asad">Ein al-Asad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misgav_Regional_Council" title="Misgav Regional Council">Misgav Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Na%27im" title="Arab al-Na'im">Arab al-Na'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdon" title="Hamdon">Hamdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmeide" title="Dmeide">Dmeide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussniyya" title="Hussniyya">Hussniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamanneh" title="Kamanneh">Kamanneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ein" title="Ras al-Ein">Ras al-Ein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallama" title="Sallama">Sallama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahf" title="Nahf">Nahf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameh" title="Rameh">Rameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reineh" title="Reineh">Reineh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajur" title="Sajur">Sajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhnin" title="Sakhnin">Sakhnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ab,_Israel" title="Sha'ab, Israel">Sha'ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghur,_Israel" title="Shaghur, Israel">Shaghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli%E2%80%93Umm_al-Ghanam" title="Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam">Shibli–Umm al-Ghanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamra" title="Tamra">Tamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba-Zangariyye" title="Tuba-Zangariyye">Tuba-Zangariyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur%27an" title="Tur'an">Tur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Yafa an-Naseriyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanuh-Jat" title="Yanuh-Jat">Yanuh-Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarka" title="Yarka">Yarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzir" title="Zarzir">Zarzir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buq%27ata" title="Buq'ata">Buq'ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Qiniyye" title="Ein Qiniyye">Ein Qiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghajar" title="Ghajar">Ghajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mas%27ade" title="Mas'ade">Mas'ade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Basma_Regional_Council" title="Abu Basma Regional Council">Abu Basma Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar%27arat_an-Naqab" title="Ar'arat an-Naqab">Ar'arat an-Naqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasom_Regional_Council" title="Al-Kasom Regional Council">Al-Kasom Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid,_Israel" title="Al-Sayyid, Israel">al-Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drijat" title="Drijat">Drijat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukhleh" title="Kukhleh">Kukhleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhul" title="Makhul">Makhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulada" title="Mulada">Mulada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirabin_al-Sana" title="Tirabin al-Sana">Tirabin al-Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Batin" title="Umm Batin">Umm Batin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hura" title="Hura">Hura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuseife" title="Kuseife">Kuseife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Midbar_Regional_Council" title="Neve Midbar Regional Council">Neve Midbar Regional Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talul" title="Abu Talul">Abu Talul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qrenat" title="Abu Qrenat">Abu Qrenat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Hadaj" title="Bir Hadaj">Bir Hadaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Sir" title="Qasr al-Sir">Qasr al-Sir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakiya" title="Lakiya">Lakiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahat" title="Rahat">Rahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqib_al-Salam" title="Shaqib al-Salam">Shaqib al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Sheva" title="Tel Sheva">Tel Sheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel" title="Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel">Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Arad,_Israel" title="Tel Arad, Israel">Tel Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Hiran" title="Umm al-Hiran">Umm al-Hiran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_cities" title="Mixed cities">Mixed cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbas,_Haifa" title="Abbas, Haifa">Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Colony,_Haifa" title="German Colony, Haifa">German Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halisa" title="Halisa">Halisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kababir" title="Kababir">Kababir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajami,_Jaffa" title="Ajami, Jaffa">Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv%27at_Aliyah" title="Giv'at Aliyah">Giv'at Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Jaffa" title="Old Jaffa">Old Jaffa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot-Tarshiha" title="Ma'alot-Tarshiha">Ma'alot-Tarshiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a></li> <li>Cooperative village <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom" title="Neve Shalom">Neve Shalom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Category:Arab localities in Israel">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israelis by religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Israel">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druzism</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahai_faith_in_israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahai faith in israel">Bahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Israel">Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ashkenazi Jews in Israel">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Romanian Jews in Israel">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mizrahi Jews in Israel">Mizrahim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bukharan Jews in Israel">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Georgian Jews in Israel">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iraqi Jews in Israel">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iranian Jews in Israel">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mountain Jews in Israel">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews_in_Israel" title="Yemenite Jews in Israel">Yemenite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bulgarian Jews in Israel">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Turkish Jews in Israel">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#Karaites_today" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Indian Jews in Israel">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Menashe" title="Bnei Menashe">Bnei Menashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Ephraim" title="Bene Ephraim">Bene Ephraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Arab Muslims</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Settled">Madani and Fellahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin#Israel" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_Bedouin" title="Galilee Bedouin">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Semitic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans_in_Israel" title="Arameans in Israel">Arameans</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-Semitic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Israel" title="Dutch people in Israel">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Israel" title="Indians in Israel">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Israel" title="Russians in Israel">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushnak" title="Bushnak">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_refugees_in_Israel" title="Vietnamese refugees in Israel">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem">African-American Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Israel" title="Filipinos in Israel">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Israel" title="Greeks in Israel">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Israel" title="Kurds in Israel">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_workers_in_Israel" title="Palestinian workers in Israel">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Doms (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Druze have a status aparte from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957.</li> <li>2 Arameans have a status aparte from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204333#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX623738">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007409826705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&oldid=1257881929">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&oldid=1257881929</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Category:Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_people_of_Palestinian_descent" title="Category:Israeli people of Palestinian descent">Israeli people of Palestinian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Category:Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Israel" title="Category:Society of Israel">Society of Israel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:Articles with Hebrew-language sources (he)">Articles with Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2016">Articles with dead external links from November 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2019">Articles with dead external links from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2016">Articles with dead external links from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors" title="Category:Pages with broken anchors">Pages with broken anchors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_September_2010" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2010">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_November_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from November 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 02:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_citizens_of_Israel&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6x78m","wgBackendResponseTime":200,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.745","walltime":"4.034","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32565,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":870464,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33047,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1553220,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3426.660 1 -total"," 54.67% 1873.370 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.30% 729.904 204 Template:Cite_web"," 14.36% 491.957 125 Template:Cite_news"," 7.63% 261.288 46 Template:Cite_book"," 7.12% 243.979 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 4.99% 170.941 1 Template:Sfn"," 4.91% 168.098 1 Template:Nobold"," 4.76% 163.214 2 Template:Lang"," 4.12% 141.273 20 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.183","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18902819,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._Barkat2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu-Sa‘ad2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Shehadeh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdiv_Sternman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkramNessman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_Bligh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli_Haider2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAluf_Benn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmal_Jamal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmal_Jamal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmaraMarʻi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmrawi,_Ahmad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnshel_Pfeffer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAreej_Hazboun_and_Daniel_Estrin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAri_Flanzraich2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsafa_Peled2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshkenazi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAviel_Magnezi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziz_Haidar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzulayHay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumontKierszenbaumTaha2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Lynfield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Zvi\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBenari2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Spolsky_and_Elana_Shohamy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBligh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxerman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxerman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrahmLewin-EpsteinSemyonov1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreiner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChazan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoursen-Neff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDattel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDilson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Ahmed_Sa\u0026#039;adi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruckman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruckman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenstadt1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEli_Ashkenazi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliav_Breuer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarzan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance_242021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmore2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlickman2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGold2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGradstein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimland,_Guy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadid2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalbfingerKershner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalperin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvard_Kennedy_School\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasisWeisburd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlan_PelegDov_Waxman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsabel_Kershner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsalska2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmael_Abu-Saad2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsraeli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack_Khoury2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob_M._Landau1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJim_Teeple2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnathan_Marcus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnathan_Wilson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanaaneh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKashti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeevoon_Research2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKessel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhair_Abbas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoury2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoury2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoury2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoury2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoningsveld2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottasováSaifi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefkowitz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLissy_Kaufmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynfield2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFM._Benvenisti2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalmad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaltz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansour2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargalith,_Haim1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalhaSaid2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazal_Mualem2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGahern2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelhem2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelle_Chabin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMossawa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMossawa_Center:_The_Advocacy_Center_for_Arab_Citizens_of_Israel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Amara1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Amara_and_Izhak_Schnell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyre2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNili2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donoghue2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOri_Stendel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelegShezafKhoury2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersburg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfefferStern,_Yoav2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilologos_(pen_name)2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPita2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProfessor_(Emeritus)_Shimon_Shamir2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinowitzAbu_Baker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRebecca_B._Kook2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoee_Nahamias2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffe-Ofir1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffe-Ofir2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoffe-Ofir2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolnik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudnitzky2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudoren2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSabri_Jiryis1969\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSamy_Swayd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Wilson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedan,_Gil2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShachmonMack2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahar_Ilan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaked2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherry_Lowrance2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorYonay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShtern2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmooha2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmooha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Dinero2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStierKhattabMiaari2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTal_Ben_Zvi2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTamir_Sorek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarnapolsky2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesslerAudra_K_Grant1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesslerGrant1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Israel_Export_and_International_Cooperation_Institute2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Committee_for_the_Heads_of_the_Arab_Local_Authorities_in_Israel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy_Waters2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd_L._PittinskyJennifer_J._RatliffLaura_A._Maruskin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomer_Zarchin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorstrick2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripodi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVered_Levy-Barzilai\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaxman,_Dov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeingrod1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitte2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYaffe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaniv1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYemini2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYesawich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoav_Stern2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoav_Stern_and_Jack_Khoury2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYousef_Munayyer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarchin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeedan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeidan_Atashi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelikovich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZureik1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFגרטי2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFנחמיאס2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFסרדס-טרוטינו2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"Arab citizens of Israel footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab localities in Israel footer\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 4,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 14,\n [\"Better ref needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Block quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Broken anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 126,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 203,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Arab Citizens Of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Demographics of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Graph:Chart\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Israel populations\"] = 5,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Repeat\"] = 5,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 2,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Seealso\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Update-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 24,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","17.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","11.1"],["?","240","10.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.4"],["type","80","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.6"],["[others]","720","30.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lnt6z","timestamp":"20241124053133","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arab citizens of Israel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_citizens_of_Israel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q204333","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q204333","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-28T06:02:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T02:34:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Map_of_Arabic_speaking_localities_in_Israel.png","headline":"overview of the ethnic Arab citizens and residents of Israel"}</script> </body> </html>