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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th-_to_19th-century_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>16th- to 19th-century England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th-_to_19th-century_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beach_evolution_and_sedimentation_accretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beach_evolution_and_sedimentation_accretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beach evolution and sedimentation accretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beach_evolution_and_sedimentation_accretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groyne_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groyne_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Groyne fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groyne_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminal_groyne_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminal_groyne_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Terminal groyne syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminal_groyne_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headland_groyne_/_Headland_breakwater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headland_groyne_/_Headland_breakwater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Headland groyne / Headland breakwater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headland_groyne_/_Headland_breakwater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coastal management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>River management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_their_planview_shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_their_planview_shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>By their planview shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_their_planview_shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_cross-section_based_on_material_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_cross-section_based_on_material_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>By cross-section based on material used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_cross-section_based_on_material_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_permeability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_permeability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>By permeability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_permeability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_whether_they_are_submerged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_whether_they_are_submerged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>By whether they are submerged</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_whether_they_are_submerged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_their_effect_on_stream_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_their_effect_on_stream_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>By their effect on stream flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_their_effect_on_stream_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC" title="مصد الموج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصد الموج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grwyn" title="Grwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8fde" title="Høfde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Høfde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhne" title="Buhne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buhne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buun" title="Buun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Buun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86" title="آبشکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبشکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pi_(maritime)" title="Épi (maritime) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épi (maritime)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%9C" title="방사제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방사제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin" title="Groin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Groin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benteng_hakisan" title="Benteng hakisan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Benteng hakisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krib_(rivier)" title="Krib (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krib (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%B6" title="水制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8fde" title="Høfde – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høfde" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostroga_brzegowa" title="Ostroga brzegowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ostroga brzegowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buun" title="Buun – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Buun" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Полузапруда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полузапруда" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structure extending into a body of water to alter water flow</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the city in Spain formerly known as The Groyne, see <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:53sitges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/53sitges.jpg/330px-53sitges.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/53sitges.jpg/500px-53sitges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/53sitges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Groynes in <a href="/wiki/Sitges" title="Sitges">Sitges</a>, Catalonia, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>groyne</b> (in the U.S. <b>groin</b>) is a rigid <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_structure" title="Hydraulic structure">hydraulic structure</a> built perpendicularly from an ocean shore (in <a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">coastal engineering</a>) or a river bank, interrupting water flow and limiting the movement of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>. It is usually made out of wood, concrete, or stone. In the ocean, groynes <a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">create beaches</a>, prevent <a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">beach erosion</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> where this is the dominant process and facilitate <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a>. There is also often cross-shore movement which if longer than the groyne will limit its effectiveness. In a river, groynes slow down the process of erosion and prevent <a href="/wiki/Ice_jam" title="Ice jam">ice-jamming</a>, which in turn aids navigation. </p><p>All of a groyne may be underwater, in which case it is a <i>submerged groyne</i>. They are often used in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a> and other coastal engineering features. Groynes, however, may cause a shoreline to be perceived as unnatural. Groynes are generally straight but could be of various plan view shapes, permeable or impermeable, built from various materials such as wood, sand, stone rubble, or <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a>, etc. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>groyne</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">groign</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">grunium</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">snout</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Egypt_and_Nubia">Ancient Egypt and Nubia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt and Nubia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of groynes were found along a 1,000-kilometre stretch of the river <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, between the first and the fourth <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">cataract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reich_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest ones dated so far were found to be over 3,000 years old, but researchers are hypothising that the technique might already have been understood in the fourth millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Reich_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly discovered groynes are located in what are now <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>), but mainly in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, in areas of ancient <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, some of them built by the Egyptian overlords and some possibly the work of local Nubians.<sup id="cite_ref-Reich_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="16th-_to_19th-century_England">16th- to 19th-century England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 16th- to 19th-century England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest mentions of groynes is in connection with the planned improvements to the silted-up <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dover#History" title="Port of Dover">Dover harbour</a>, by one Fernando Poyntz in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1713 the first wooden groyne to protect <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>'s seafront and coastline was built, which had been heavily damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Great_storm_of_1703" title="Great storm of 1703">Great storm of 1703</a>, and again in 1705.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, the first concrete groyne was built near East Street, Brighton as a promenade 195 feet (59 m) long.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Bright_Beach_Jetty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sea_Bright_Beach_Jetty.jpg/220px-Sea_Bright_Beach_Jetty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sea_Bright_Beach_Jetty.jpg/330px-Sea_Bright_Beach_Jetty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sea_Bright_Beach_Jetty.jpg/440px-Sea_Bright_Beach_Jetty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Rock groyne at <a href="/wiki/Sea_Bright,_New_Jersey" title="Sea Bright, New Jersey">Sea Bright Beach</a>, New Jersey.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beach_evolution_and_sedimentation_accretion">Beach evolution and sedimentation accretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beach evolution and sedimentation accretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a></div> <p>A groyne gradually creates and maintains a wide area of beach on its updrift side by trapping the sediments suspended in the ocean current. This process is called accretion of sand and gravel or <a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">beach evolution</a>. It reduces erosion on the other, i.e. downdrift, side by reducing the speed and power of the waves striking the shore. It is a physical barrier to stop <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a> in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a> (also called longshore transport). If a groyne is correctly designed, then the amount of material it can hold will be limited, and excess sediment will be free to move on through the system. However, if a groyne is too large it may trap too much sediment, which can cause severe beach erosion on the down-drift side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groyne_fields">Groyne fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Groyne fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></div> <p>Groynes are generally placed in series, generally all perpendicular to the shore. The areas between groups of groynes are <b>groyne fields</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminal_groyne_syndrome">Terminal groyne syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terminal groyne syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="TG"></span><span class="anchor" id="tg"></span><span class="anchor" id="Terminal_groyne"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a></div> <p>A poorly designed groyne (too long and not suited to the unique features of the coast) can also accelerate the erosion of the downdrift beach, which receives little or no sand from longshore drift. This process is known as terminal groyne syndrome, because in a series of groynes it occurs after the <b>terminal groyne</b> (last groyne on the downdrift side of the beach or coastline). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headland_groyne_/_Headland_breakwater"><span id="Headland_groyne_.2F_Headland_breakwater"></span>Headland groyne / Headland breakwater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Headland groyne / Headland breakwater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="HG"></span><span class="anchor" id="hg"></span><span class="anchor" id="headland_groyne"></span><span class="anchor" id="Headland"></span> </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a></i> is an artificial offshore structure built parallel to the shore -- similar to naturally formed <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier islands</a> -- that normally remains unattached to the shore. When a groyne is built to attach the breakwater to the shore, it is called a <b>"<a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headland</a> groyne"</b>, also known as "bulkhead groyne", "headland breakwater", "T-head groyne", or "T-shaped groyne". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_management">Coastal management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coastal management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hard_engineering" title="Hard engineering">Hard engineering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG/220px-Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG/330px-Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG/440px-Groyne_at_Mundesley%2C_Norfolk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Wooden groyne, <a href="/wiki/Mundesley" title="Mundesley">Mundesley</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>A groyne's length and elevation, and the spacing between groynes is determined according to local wave energy and beach slope. Groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion, and are ineffective because they trap too much sediment. Groynes that are too short, too low, or too <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(fluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (fluid)">permeable</a> are ineffective because they trap too little sediment. If a groyne does not extend far enough landward, water (for example at a high tide combined with a storm surge) may flow past the landward end and erode a channel bypassing the groyne, a process known as <i>flanking</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_management">River management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: River management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wing_dam" title="Wing dam">Wing dam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BullsIslandNJ-aerial-hi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BullsIslandNJ-aerial-hi.svg/220px-BullsIslandNJ-aerial-hi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BullsIslandNJ-aerial-hi.svg/330px-BullsIslandNJ-aerial-hi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BullsIslandNJ-aerial-hi.svg/440px-BullsIslandNJ-aerial-hi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of the Lumberville Dam on the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>. Some water is pouring over the <a href="/wiki/Wing_dam" title="Wing dam">wing dams</a> or groins; there is a navigation channel between them.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>River groynes</b> (<b>spur dykes</b>, wing dykes, or <a href="/wiki/Wing_dam" title="Wing dam">wing dams</a>) are often constructed nearly perpendicular to the riverbanks, beginning at a riverbank with a root and ending at the regulation line with a head. They maintain a channel to prevent ice jamming, and more generally improve navigation and control over lateral erosion, that would form from <a href="/wiki/Meanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Meanders">meanders</a>. Groynes have a major impact on the <a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">river morphology</a>: they cause autonomous degradation of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are also used around bridges to prevent <a href="/wiki/Bridge_scour" title="Bridge scour">bridge scour</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Carolina_road_sign_warning_of_SUBMERGED_GROIN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/North_Carolina_road_sign_warning_of_SUBMERGED_GROIN.jpg/220px-North_Carolina_road_sign_warning_of_SUBMERGED_GROIN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/North_Carolina_road_sign_warning_of_SUBMERGED_GROIN.jpg/330px-North_Carolina_road_sign_warning_of_SUBMERGED_GROIN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/North_Carolina_road_sign_warning_of_SUBMERGED_GROIN.jpg/440px-North_Carolina_road_sign_warning_of_SUBMERGED_GROIN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Submerged groin (US spelling), Hunting Island, South Carolina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrightonGroynes5890.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BrightonGroynes5890.JPG/250px-BrightonGroynes5890.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BrightonGroynes5890.JPG/330px-BrightonGroynes5890.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BrightonGroynes5890.JPG/500px-BrightonGroynes5890.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A "Keep off the groynes" sign in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, England, with a groyne showing in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Groynes can be distinguished by how they are constructed, whether they are submerged, their effect on stream flow or by shape.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_their_planview_shape">By their planview shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: By their planview shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groynes can be built with different planview shapes. Some examples include straight groynes, hockey stick or curved, inverted hockey stick groynes, tail or checkmark shaped groynes, L head, straight groynes with pier head (seaward end raised on the stilts, since the pier head is raised on the stilts it does not act as the breakwater), T-head (<a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution#Groynes_and_Headland_groyne" title="Beach evolution">headland groyne</a>, breakwater attached to the shore with straight groyne, the head/breakwater itself could be shaped straight, Y-shaped, arrow or wing shaped head). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_cross-section_based_on_material_used">By cross-section based on material used</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: By cross-section based on material used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wooden groynes, sheetpile groynes, <a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">sandbag</a> groynes, rubble mound or <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">gabion</a> groynes, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_permeability">By permeability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By permeability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groynes can be permeable, allowing the water to flow through at reduced velocities, or impermeable, blocking and deflecting the current. </p> <ul><li><b>Permeable groynes</b> are large rocks, bamboo or timber</li> <li><b>impermeable groynes</b> (<b>solid groynes</b> or <b>rock armour groynes</b>) are constructed using rock, gravel, gabions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_whether_they_are_submerged">By whether they are submerged</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: By whether they are submerged"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groynes can be submerged or not under normal conditions. Usually impermeable groynes are non-submerged, since flow over the top of solid groynes may cause severe erosion along the shanks. Submerged groynes, on the other hand, may be permeable depending on the degree of flow disturbance needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_their_effect_on_stream_flow">By their effect on stream flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: By their effect on stream flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groynes can be attracting, deflecting or repelling. </p> <ul><li><b>Attracting groynes</b> point downstream, serving to attract the stream flow toward themselves and not repel the flow toward the opposite bank. They tend to maintain deep current close to the bank.</li> <li><b>Deflecting groynes</b> change the direction of flow without repelling it. They are generally short and used for limited, local protection.</li> <li><b>Repelling groynes</b> point upstream; they force the flow away from themselves. A single groyne may have one section, for example, attracting, and another section deflecting.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duisburg,_M%C3%BCndelheim,_Rheinbogen,_2020-04_CN-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groynes on the Rhine, Germany"><img alt="Groynes on the Rhine, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duisburg%2C_M%C3%BCndelheim%2C_Rheinbogen%2C_2020-04_CN-02.jpg/330px-Duisburg%2C_M%C3%BCndelheim%2C_Rheinbogen%2C_2020-04_CN-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duisburg%2C_M%C3%BCndelheim%2C_Rheinbogen%2C_2020-04_CN-02.jpg/500px-Duisburg%2C_M%C3%BCndelheim%2C_Rheinbogen%2C_2020-04_CN-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Duisburg%2C_M%C3%BCndelheim%2C_Rheinbogen%2C_2020-04_CN-02.jpg/960px-Duisburg%2C_M%C3%BCndelheim%2C_Rheinbogen%2C_2020-04_CN-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2417" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groynes on the Rhine, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GROYNES_in_the_Dutch_Rhine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groynes in the Waal, part of the Rhine in the Netherlands"><img alt="Groynes in the Waal, part of the Rhine in the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/GROYNES_in_the_Dutch_Rhine.jpg/276px-GROYNES_in_the_Dutch_Rhine.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/GROYNES_in_the_Dutch_Rhine.jpg/414px-GROYNES_in_the_Dutch_Rhine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/GROYNES_in_the_Dutch_Rhine.jpg/552px-GROYNES_in_the_Dutch_Rhine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groynes in the <a href="/wiki/Waal_(river)" title="Waal (river)">Waal</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_with_groynes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Groyne on the east coast of England"><img alt="Groyne on the east coast of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Beach_with_groynes.JPG/297px-Beach_with_groynes.JPG" decoding="async" width="198" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Beach_with_groynes.JPG/445px-Beach_with_groynes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Beach_with_groynes.JPG/593px-Beach_with_groynes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groyne on the east coast of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cresbeach-groyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groyne in Crescent Beach, British Columbia, Canada"><img alt="Groyne in Crescent Beach, British Columbia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cresbeach-groyne.jpg/250px-Cresbeach-groyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cresbeach-groyne.jpg/500px-Cresbeach-groyne.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groyne in <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Beach,_Surrey" title="Crescent Beach, Surrey">Crescent Beach</a>, British Columbia, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ennore_Expressway_gyrones.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Groynes off the Ennore Expressway near Chennai, India"><img alt="Groynes off the Ennore Expressway near Chennai, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ennore_Expressway_gyrones.JPG/240px-Ennore_Expressway_gyrones.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ennore_Expressway_gyrones.JPG/360px-Ennore_Expressway_gyrones.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ennore_Expressway_gyrones.JPG/480px-Ennore_Expressway_gyrones.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groynes off the Ennore Expressway near <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrogi_Wis%C5%82a_Warszawa_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groynes on the Vistula, Warsaw, Poland"><img alt="Groynes on the Vistula, Warsaw, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ostrogi_Wis%C5%82a_Warszawa_001.jpg/330px-Ostrogi_Wis%C5%82a_Warszawa_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ostrogi_Wis%C5%82a_Warszawa_001.jpg/500px-Ostrogi_Wis%C5%82a_Warszawa_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ostrogi_Wis%C5%82a_Warszawa_001.jpg/960px-Ostrogi_Wis%C5%82a_Warszawa_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groynes on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estuary_in_Pozhikara,_Paravur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groynes on the Arabian Sea at Pozhikara on the Malabar Coast of India"><img alt="Groynes on the Arabian Sea at Pozhikara on the Malabar Coast of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Estuary_in_Pozhikara%2C_Paravur.jpg/330px-Estuary_in_Pozhikara%2C_Paravur.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Estuary_in_Pozhikara%2C_Paravur.jpg/500px-Estuary_in_Pozhikara%2C_Paravur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Estuary_in_Pozhikara%2C_Paravur.jpg/960px-Estuary_in_Pozhikara%2C_Paravur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groynes on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pozhikara" title="Pozhikara">Pozhikara</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Sarasota_Cortez_Beach_Sea_Wall_Groyne_at_Sunset_1_FRD_7204.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A groyne at Cortez Beach on Anna Maria Island, Florida at sunset"><img alt="A groyne at Cortez Beach on Anna Maria Island, Florida at sunset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2017_Sarasota_Cortez_Beach_Sea_Wall_Groyne_at_Sunset_1_FRD_7204.jpg/330px-2017_Sarasota_Cortez_Beach_Sea_Wall_Groyne_at_Sunset_1_FRD_7204.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2017_Sarasota_Cortez_Beach_Sea_Wall_Groyne_at_Sunset_1_FRD_7204.jpg/500px-2017_Sarasota_Cortez_Beach_Sea_Wall_Groyne_at_Sunset_1_FRD_7204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2017_Sarasota_Cortez_Beach_Sea_Wall_Groyne_at_Sunset_1_FRD_7204.jpg/960px-2017_Sarasota_Cortez_Beach_Sea_Wall_Groyne_at_Sunset_1_FRD_7204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="2575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A groyne at Cortez Beach on <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Island" title="Anna Maria Island">Anna Maria Island</a>, Florida at sunset</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Beach_Sydney.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Groyne at Silver Beach, Sydney, Australia"><img alt="Groyne at Silver Beach, Sydney, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Silver_Beach_Sydney.jpg/240px-Silver_Beach_Sydney.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Silver_Beach_Sydney.jpg/360px-Silver_Beach_Sydney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Silver_Beach_Sydney.jpg/480px-Silver_Beach_Sydney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Groyne at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_Beach_(Kurnell)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver Beach (Kurnell) (page does not exist)">Silver Beach</a>, Sydney, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otago_Harbour_entrance,_Otago,_New_Zealand,_12th._Dec._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1200-metre-long mole at Aramoana (centre left of image), protects the mouth of New Zealand's Otago Harbour"><img alt="A 1200-metre-long mole at Aramoana (centre left of image), protects the mouth of New Zealand's Otago Harbour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Otago_Harbour_entrance%2C_Otago%2C_New_Zealand%2C_12th._Dec._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/289px-Otago_Harbour_entrance%2C_Otago%2C_New_Zealand%2C_12th._Dec._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Otago_Harbour_entrance%2C_Otago%2C_New_Zealand%2C_12th._Dec._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/434px-Otago_Harbour_entrance%2C_Otago%2C_New_Zealand%2C_12th._Dec._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Otago_Harbour_entrance%2C_Otago%2C_New_Zealand%2C_12th._Dec._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/578px-Otago_Harbour_entrance%2C_Otago%2C_New_Zealand%2C_12th._Dec._2010_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3825" data-file-height="2384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1200-metre-long <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">mole</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aramoana" title="Aramoana">Aramoana</a> (centre left of image), protects the mouth of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Otago_Harbour" title="Otago Harbour">Otago Harbour</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Similar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolos" title="Dolos">Dolos</a>, a wave-dissipating concrete block for coastal management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_(civil)" title="Training (civil)">Training (civil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">Breakwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetty" title="Jetty">Jetty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach#Erosion_and_accretion" title="Beach">Beach erosion and accretion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">Beach nourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Modern recession of beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a>, to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landforms#Coastal_and_oceanic_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Landforms">Coastal and oceanic landforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">Coastal development hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_and_Estuarine_Research_Federation" title="Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation">Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation</a> (CERF)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioerosion" title="Bioerosion">Bioerosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(sediment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (sediment)">Deposition (sediment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_supply" title="Coastal sediment supply">Coastal sediment supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_dune_stabilization" title="Sand dune stabilization">Sand dune stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222050121/https://www.lexico.com/definition/groyne">"Groyne | Meaning of Groyne by Lexico"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/groyne">the original</a> on February 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%26%23124%3B+English&rft.atitle=Groyne+%26%23124%3B+Meaning+of+Groyne+by+Lexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fgroyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reich-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reich_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reich_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reich_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.jpost.com/archaeology/article-747047#/">Ancient Egyptian hydraulic engineering shown in walls along Nile - study</a>, Aaron Reich for <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>, June 21, 2023. For original scientific article published on 27 May 2023, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gea.21965">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/81928?rskey=zMyXBm&result=1#eid">"groyne, n."</a></span>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=groyne%2C+n.&rft.btitle=OED+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F81928%3Frskey%3DzMyXBm%26result%3D1%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroyne" class="Z3988"></span> Subscription or UK public library membership needed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemon1865" class="citation book cs1">Lemon, Robert, ed. (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924091775266/page/44/mode/1up"><i>Calendar of State Papers, Domestic series, of the reign of Elizabeth, 1581–1590</i></a>. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green. pp. 44, 59, 67, 77, 80, 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Domestic+series%2C+of+the+reign+of+Elizabeth%2C+1581%E2%80%931590&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44%2C+59%2C+67%2C+77%2C+80%2C+96&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts+and+Green&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924091775266%2Fpage%2F44%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroyne" class="Z3988"></span> There were complaints by 1583 that the haven was in a worse state than in 1575 (p. 96); Poyntz was sidelined and the work was finished by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Digges" title="Thomas Digges">Thomas Digges</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsh2004" class="citation book cs1">Ash, Eric H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfyHKqKewugC&dq=fernando+poyntz&pg=PA66"><i>Power, Knowledge, and Expertise in Elizabethan England</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801879922" title="Special:BookSources/0801879922"><bdi>0801879922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Expertise+in+Elizabethan+England&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0801879922&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfyHKqKewugC%26dq%3Dfernando%2Bpoyntz%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErredge1862" class="citation book cs1">Erredge, John Ackerson (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbrighth00erre/page/n95/mode/2up"><i>History of Brighthelmston or, Brighton as I view it and others knew it</i></a>. Brighton: Printed by E. Lewis, "Observer" office. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Brighthelmston+or%2C+Brighton+as+I+view+it+and+others+knew+it&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Printed+by+E.+Lewis%2C+%22Observer%22+office&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Erredge&rft.aufirst=John+Ackerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbrighth00erre%2Fpage%2Fn95%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2011" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Fred (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DwHPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">"Three Views of Brighton as Port and Resort"</a>. In Borsay, Peter; Walton, John K. (eds.). <i>Resorts and Ports: European Seaside Towns Since 1700</i>. Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Channel View Publications. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845411978" title="Special:BookSources/9781845411978"><bdi>9781845411978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three+Views+of+Brighton+as+Port+and+Resort&rft.btitle=Resorts+and+Ports%3A+European+Seaside+Towns+Since+1700&rft.place=Bristol%2C+Buffalo%2C+Toronto&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781845411978&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwHPBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroyne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yossef (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Przedwojski <i>et al.</i> (1995)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Construction Industry Research and Information Association (1990) <i>Groynes in coastal engineering : data on performance of existing groyne systems</i>, CIRIA technical note <b>135</b>, London : CIRIA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86017-314-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86017-314-3">0-86017-314-3</a></li> <li>Crossman, M. and Simm, J. (2004) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ws0mE2im--QC">Manual on the use of timber in coastal and river engineering</a></i>, HR Wallingford, London : Thomas Telford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7277-3283-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7277-3283-8">0-7277-3283-8</a></li> <li>French, P.W. (2001) <i>Coastal defences : processes, problems and solutions</i>, London : Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19844-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19844-5">0-415-19844-5</a></li> <li>Hoyle, J.W. and King, J.T. (1971) <i>The principles of coast protection</i>, Lyndhurst : the authors, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903015-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-903015-00-5">0-903015-00-5</a></li> <li>Przedwojski, B., Błażejewski, R and Pilarczyk, K.W. (1995) <i>River training techniques : fundamentals, design and applications</i>, Rotterdam : Balkema, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5410-196-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-5410-196-2">90-5410-196-2</a></li> <li>Walker, D.J. (1987) <i>Nearshore hydrodynamics and the behaviour of groynes on sandy beaches</i>, PhD thesis, Imperial College London, 277 p.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYossef2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Yossef, M.F.M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3Aa1016625-5503-41df-b80e-dc4de15cb0d7/"><i>Morphodynamics of rivers with groynes</i></a> (Thesis). Delft University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-407-2607-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-407-2607-8"><bdi>90-407-2607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Morphodynamics+of+rivers+with+groynes&rft.inst=Delft+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-407-2607-8&rft.aulast=Yossef&rft.aufirst=M.F.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.tudelft.nl%2Fview%2Fir%2Fuuid%253Aa1016625-5503-41df-b80e-dc4de15cb0d7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroyne" class="Z3988"></span> Also published in the <i>Delft Hydraulics Select Series</i> (No. 7/2005).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groyne&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Groynes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Groynes">Groynes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322133003/http://www.citg.tudelft.nl/nl/over-faculteit/afdelingen/hydraulic-engineering/sections/coastal-engineering/staff/verhagen-hj/miscellaneous/groynes-nl">Groynes in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070826160750/http://www.channelcoast.org/programme_design/defence_type/?link=groynes.html">Channel Coastal Observatory - Groynes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYossef2002" class="citation report cs1">Yossef, M. F. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.tudelft.nl/view/ir/uuid%3Ab9545ba7-2423-4c20-ace2-0e1cd799d18a/">The Effect of Groynes on Rivers - Literature review</a> (Report). 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title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Liman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/250px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/330px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography593" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography593" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draupner_wave" title="Draupner wave">Draupner wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> 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