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#eut-header.eut-default .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-default .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-default .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #231f20; } #eut-header.eut-default .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-default .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-default .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #b5b4b4; } #eut-header.eut-default #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-item > a, #eut-header.eut-default #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-parent > a, #eut-header.eut-default #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_item > a, #eut-header.eut-default #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-default #eut-main-menu > ul > li:hover > a, #eut-header.eut-default #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-default #eut-main-menu > ul > li.active > a, #eut-header.eut-default .eut-menu-options li a:hover , #eut-hidden-menu ul.eut-menu > li.open > a, #eut-header.eut-default .eut-cart-button a:hover { color: #b5b4b4; } #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li ul, #eut-header #eut-main-menu > ul > li.megamenu > ul { background-color: #ffffff; } #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li ul a, #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li a:hover .label { color: #646464; } #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li.current-menu-item > a { color: #231f20; } #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li ul a:hover { color: #231f20; background-color: #e3e3e3; } #eut-header #eut-main-menu > ul > li.megamenu > ul > li { border-color: #e3e3e3; } #eut-header #eut-main-menu > ul > li.megamenu > ul > li > a, #eut-header #eut-main-menu > ul > li.megamenu li.menu-item-has-children > a { color: #231f20; background-color: transparent; } #eut-header.eut-light #eut-inner-header, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-menu-elements-wrapper, #eut-header.eut-light #eut-top-bar { border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0); } #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li > a, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-menu-options li a, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-logo.eut-logo-text a, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-responsive-menu-text, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-cart-button a, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-cart-button .eut-purchased-items { color: #f2f2f2; } #eut-header.eut-light .eut-menu-button-line { background-color: #f2f2f2; } #eut-header.eut-light .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #f2f2f2; } #eut-header.eut-light .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #ffffff; } #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-item > a, #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-parent > a, #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_item > a, #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li.active > a, #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li:hover > a, #eut-header.eut-light #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-menu-options li a:hover, #eut-header.eut-light .eut-cart-button a:hover { color: #ffffff; } #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-inner-header, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-menu-elements-wrapper, #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-top-bar { border-color: rgba(94,94,94,0); } #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li > a, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-menu-options li a, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-logo.eut-logo-text a, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-responsive-menu-text, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-cart-button a, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-cart-button .eut-purchased-items { color: #5e5e5e; } #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-menu-button-line { background-color: #5e5e5e; } #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #5e5e5e; } #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #3c3c3c; } #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-item > a, #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-parent > a, #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_item > a, #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li.active > a, #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li:hover > a, #eut-header.eut-dark #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-menu-options li a:hover, #eut-header.eut-dark .eut-cart-button a:hover { color: #3c3c3c; } #eut-header.eut-default.eut-header-sticky #eut-inner-header, #eut-header.eut-light.eut-header-sticky #eut-inner-header, #eut-header.eut-dark.eut-header-sticky #eut-inner-header, #eut-header[data-sticky-header='advanced'] #eut-inner-header:before { background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.95); } #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-inner-header, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-menu-elements-wrapper, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-top-bar { border-color: rgba(35,31,32,0); } #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-menu-options li a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-logo.eut-logo-text a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-responsive-menu-text, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-cart-button a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-cart-button .eut-purchased-items { color: #231f20; } #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-item > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-parent > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_item > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current_page_ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li.active > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li:hover > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky #eut-main-menu > ul > li.current-menu-ancestor > a, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-menu-options li a:hover, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-cart-button a:hover { color: #b4b4b4; } #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-button-icon .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #231f20; } #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:after, #eut-header.eut-header-sticky .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-line-icon:before { background-color: #b4b4b4; } #eut-page-title { background-color: #45b779; } #eut-portfolio-title { background-color: #e3e3e3; } #eut-page-title.eut-blog-title { background-color: #45b779; } #eut-post-title { background-color: ; } #eut-anchor-menu { height: 70px; line-height: 70px; } #eut-anchor-menu-wrapper { height: 70px; } #eut-anchor-menu, #eut-anchor-menu.eut-responsive-bar ul li, #eut-anchor-menu ul li ul { background-color: #231f20; } #eut-anchor-menu ul li a { color: #b4b4b4; background-color: #231f20; } #eut-anchor-menu .eut-menu-button .eut-menu-button-line { background-color: #b4b4b4; } #eut-anchor-menu ul li.current-menu-item a, #eut-anchor-menu ul li a:hover, #eut-anchor-menu ul li.primary-button a, #eut-anchor-menu ul li.current > a, #eut-anchor-menu.eut-current-link ul li.active > a { color: #ffffff; background-color: #231f20; } #eut-anchor-menu ul li, #eut-anchor-menu ul li ul li, #eut-anchor-menu.eut-responsive-bar ul li, #eut-anchor-menu.eut-responsive-bar ul li ul, #eut-anchor-menu.eut-incontainer > ul > li:first-child { border-color: #3c3c3c; } #eut-main-content, .eut-single-wrapper, #eut-main-content.eut-error-404, #eut-feature-section { background-color: #ffffff; } a { color: #616595; } a:hover { color: #45b779; } #eut-footer-area { background-color: #b4b4b4; } /* Widget Title Color */ #eut-footer-area h1, #eut-footer-area h2, #eut-footer-area h3, #eut-footer-area h4, #eut-footer-area h5, #eut-footer-area h6, #eut-footer-area .eut-widget-title, #eut-footer-area .widget.widget_recent_entries li span.post-date, #eut-footer-area .widget.widget_rss .eut-widget-title a, #eut-footer-area .input-text, #eut-footer-area input[type='text'], #eut-footer-area input[type='input'], #eut-footer-area input[type='password'], #eut-footer-area input[type='email'], #eut-footer-area input[type='number'], #eut-footer-area input[type='date'], #eut-footer-area input[type='url'], #eut-footer-area input[type='tel'], #eut-footer-area input[type='search'], #eut-footer-area textarea { color: #ffffff; } /* Footer Text Color */ #eut-footer-area, #eut-footer-area .widget.widget_tag_cloud a{ color: #f2f2f2; } #eut-footer-area .widget li a, #eut-footer-area a { color: #ffffff; } /* Footer Text Hover Color */ #eut-footer-area .widget li a:hover, #eut-footer-area a:hover { color: #45b779; } #eut-footer-area input, #eut-footer-area input[type='text'], #eut-footer-area input[type='input'], #eut-footer-area input[type='password'], #eut-footer-area input[type='email'], #eut-footer-area input[type='number'], #eut-footer-area input[type='date'], #eut-footer-area input[type='url'], #eut-footer-area input[type='tel'], #eut-footer-area input[type='search'], #eut-footer-area .eut-search button[type='submit'], #eut-footer-area textarea, #eut-footer-area select, #eut-footer-area .widget.widget_calendar table th, #eut-footer-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a, #eut-footer-area .widget li, #eut-footer-area .widget li ul { border-color: ; } #eut-footer-bar { background-color: rgba(120,120,120,1); color: #3c3c3c; } #eut-footer-bar #eut-second-menu li a, #eut-footer-bar .eut-social li a, #eut-footer-bar .eut-social li:after, #eut-footer-bar a { color: #cdcdcd; } #eut-footer-bar #eut-second-menu li a:hover, #eut-footer-bar .eut-social li a:hover, #eut-footer-bar a:hover { color: #71c999; } .eut-dark-overlay:before { background-color: #222222; } .eut-light-overlay:before { background-color: #ffffff; } .eut-primary-1-overlay:before { background-color: #45b779; } .eut-primary-2-overlay:before { background-color: #616595; } .eut-primary-3-overlay:before { background-color: #dcd8ea; } .eut-primary-4-overlay:before { background-color: #5e5e5e; } .eut-primary-5-overlay:before { background-color: #a88694; } .eut-color-text, a.eut-color-text, a .eut-color-text, .eut-color-text a, #eut-main-content, .eut-bg-light, #eut-main-content .eut-sidebar-colored.eut-bg-light a, #eut-anchor-menu, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_categories li a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_pages li a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_archive li a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_nav_menu li a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_tag_cloud a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_meta a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_recent_entries a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_recent_comments a.url, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-comments a.url, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-social li a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_categories li a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_pages li a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_archive li a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_nav_menu li a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_tag_cloud a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_meta a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_recent_entries a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_recent_comments a.url, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-comments a.url, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-latest-news a, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a, #eut-comments .eut-comment-item .eut-comment-date a:hover, .eut-pagination ul li a, input[type='text'], input[type='input'], input[type='password'], input[type='email'], input[type='number'], input[type='date'], input[type='url'], input[type='tel'], input[type='search'], textarea, select, .eut-map-infotext p, #eut-main-content .eut-portfolio .eut-light.eut-caption, #eut-main-content .eut-eut-gallery .eut-light.eut-caption, .eut-comment-nav ul li a, .eut-pagination ul li:after, .eut-search button[type='submit'] .fa.fa-search, #eut-social-share li a, .eut-blog-item.format-link a:not(.eut-read-more), .vc_tta-panel .vc_tta-controls-icon, #eut-main-menu span.eut-no-assigned-menu, .eut-read-more:hover, #eut-main-content .more-link:hover { color: #231f20; } .eut-color-heading, a.eut-color-heading, a .eut-color-heading, .eut-color-heading a, .eut-color-hover-heading:hover, a.eut-color-hover-heading:hover, a .eut-color-hover-heading:hover, .eut-color-hover-heading a:hover, #eut-main-content h1, #eut-main-content h2, #eut-main-content h3, #eut-main-content h4, #eut-main-content h5, #eut-main-content h6, #eut-main-content .eut-h1, #eut-main-content .eut-h2, #eut-main-content .eut-h3, #eut-main-content .eut-h4, #eut-main-content .eut-h5, #eut-main-content .eut-h6, #eut-main-content .eut-post-title, #eut-main-content .more-link, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_rss cite, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_rss .eut-widget-title a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_recent_comments a:hover, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-comments a:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_recent_entries li span.post-date, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-comments .eut-comment-date, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_rss cite, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_rss .eut-widget-title a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_recent_comments a:hover, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-comments a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_recent_entries li span.post-date, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-comments .eut-comment-date, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-latest-news .eut-latest-news-date, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-latest-news a, .widget.widget_calendar table th, #eut-comments .comment-reply-link:hover, #eut-comments .eut-comment-item .eut-author a, #eut-comments .comment-edit-link, #respond .comment-reply-title small a:hover, #respond .comment-notes, #eut-main-content .more-link:hover, .eut-toggle .eut-title.active, input[type='text']:hover, input[type='input']:hover, input[type='password']:hover, input[type='email']:hover, input[type='number']:hover, input[type='date']:hover, input[type='url']:hover, input[type='tel']:hover, input[type='search']:hover, textarea:hover, select:hover, input[type='text']:focus, input[type='password']:focus, input[type='email']:focus, input[type='number']:focus, input[type='date']:focus, input[type='url']:focus, input[type='tel']:focus, input[type='search']:focus, textarea:focus, #eut-main-content .eut-portfolio .eut-light.eut-title, #eut-main-content .eut-eut-gallery .eut-light.eut-title, .eut-related-wrapper small, .vc_tta-tabs .vc_tta-title-text, .eut-tabs-title li.active, .widget.widget_tag_cloud a:before, #eut-nav-bar .eut-nav-item a.eut-backlink { color: #231f20; } .eut-color-primary-1, .eut-hover-color-primary-1:hover, a.eut-hover-color-primary-1:hover, a .eut-hover-color-primary-1:hover, .eut-color-primary-1:before, .eut-color-primary-1:after, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-1 h1, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-1 h2, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-1 h3, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-1 h4, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-1 h5, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-1 h6, #eut-main-content h1.eut-primary-1, #eut-main-content h2.eut-primary-1, #eut-main-content h3.eut-primary-1, #eut-main-content h4.eut-primary-1, #eut-main-content h5.eut-primary-1, #eut-main-content h6.eut-primary-1, #eut-feature-section .eut-title.eut-primary-1, #eut-page-title .eut-title.eut-primary-1, #eut-post-title .eut-title.eut-primary-1, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-title.eut-primary-1, #eut-feature-section .eut-goto-section.eut-primary-1, .widget.widget_calendar a, #eut-main-content .eut-post-title:hover, .eut-blog.eut-isotope[data-type='pint-blog'] .eut-isotope-item .eut-media-content .eut-post-icon, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_categories li a:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_archive li a:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_pages li a:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_nav_menu li a:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_nav_menu li.current-menu-item a, #eut-main-content .widget li .rsswidget, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_recent_comments a.url:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_recent_comments a, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-comments a.url:hover, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-comments a, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_meta a:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_recent_entries a:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.eut-contact-info a, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-latest-news a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_categories li a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_archive li a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_pages li a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_nav_menu li a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_nav_menu li.current-menu-item a, #eut-side-area .widget li .rsswidget, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_recent_comments a.url:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_recent_comments a, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-comments a.url:hover, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-comments a, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_meta a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.widget_recent_entries a:hover, #eut-side-area .widget.eut-contact-info a, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-latest-news a:hover, .eut-tags li a:hover, .eut-categories li a:hover, #eut-main-content .more-link, #eut-comments .comment-reply-link, #eut-comments .eut-comment-item .eut-author a:hover, #eut-comments .eut-comment-item .eut-comment-date a, #eut-comments .comment-edit-link:hover, #respond .comment-reply-title small a, .eut-blog .eut-like-counter span, .eut-pagination ul li a.current, .eut-pagination ul li a:hover, .eut-toggle .eut-title.active:before, .eut-portfolio-item .eut-portfolio-btns li a:hover, .eut-hr .eut-divider-backtotop:after, .eut-list li:before, #eut-feature-section .eut-description.eut-primary-1, #eut-page-title .eut-description.eut-primary-1, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-description.eut-primary-1, .eut-carousel-wrapper .eut-custom-title-content.eut-primary-1 .eut-caption, .eut-comment-nav ul li a:hover, .eut-pagination ul li .current, .eut-search button[type='submit']:hover .fa.fa-search, #eut-social-share li a:hover i, .eut-portfolio .eut-hover-style-1 .eut-like-counter, .eut-portfolio .eut-hover-style-1 .eut-portfolio-btns, .eut-portfolio .eut-hover-style-2.eut-light .eut-media:after, .eut-filter ul li:hover:not(.selected) span, #eut-theme-wrapper #eut-search-modal .eut-search button[type='submit'] .fa.fa-search, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-social li a:not(.eut-simple):not(.eut-outline):hover, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a:not(.eut-simple):not(.eut-outline):hover, #eut-footer-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a:not(.eut-simple):not(.eut-outline):hover, #eut-main-content a:hover .eut-team-name, .eut-blog .eut-label-post.format-quote a:before, ul.eut-fields li:before, .vc_tta-panel.vc_active .vc_tta-controls-icon, #eut-theme-wrapper #eut-search-modal .eut-close-search:hover, #eut-main-content .widget.widget_tag_cloud a:hover, #eutside-area .widget.widget_tag_cloud a:hover, #eut-footer-area .widget.widget_tag_cloud a:hover, #eut-nav-bar .eut-nav-item a.eut-backlink:hover, .eut-testimonial-name:before, .eut-read-more, #eut-main-content .more-link, #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li.eut-plus a span:after { color: #45b779; } .eut-isotope.eut-shadow-mode .eut-post-date.eut-primary-box:before, .eut-large-media .eut-post-date.eut-primary-box:after, .eut-single-post .eut-post-date.eut-primary-box:after, blockquote, .eut-blog-item.sticky:after { border-color: #45b779; } .eut-color-primary-2, .eut-color-primary-2:before, .eut-color-primary-2:after, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-2 h1, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-2 h2, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-2 h3, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-2 h4, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-2 h5, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-2 h6, #eut-feature-section .eut-title.eut-primary-2, #eut-feature-section .eut-goto-section.eut-primary-2, #eut-page-title .eut-title.eut-primary-2, #eut-post-title .eut-title.eut-primary-2, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-title.eut-primary-2, #eut-feature-section .eut-description.eut-primary-2, #eut-page-title .eut-description.eut-primary-2, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-description.eut-primary-2, .eut-carousel-wrapper .eut-custom-title-content.eut-primary-2 .eut-caption { color: #616595; } .eut-color-primary-3, .eut-color-primary-3:before, .eut-color-primary-3:after, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-3 h1, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-3 h2, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-3 h3, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-3 h4, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-3 h5, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-3 h6, #eut-feature-section .eut-title.eut-primary-3, #eut-feature-section .eut-goto-section.eut-primary-3, #eut-page-title .eut-title.eut-primary-3, #eut-post-title .eut-title.eut-primary-3, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-title.eut-primary-3, #eut-feature-section .eut-description.eut-primary-3, #eut-page-title .eut-description.eut-primary-3, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-description.eut-primary-3, .eut-carousel-wrapper .eut-custom-title-content.eut-primary-3 .eut-caption { color: #dcd8ea; } .eut-color-primary-4, .eut-color-primary-4:before, .eut-color-primary-4:after, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-4 h1, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-4 h2, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-4 h3, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-4 h4, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-4 h5, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-4 h6, #eut-feature-section .eut-title.eut-primary-4, #eut-feature-section .eut-goto-section.eut-primary-4, #eut-page-title .eut-title.eut-primary-4, #eut-post-title .eut-title.eut-primary-4, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-title.eut-primary-4, #eut-feature-section .eut-description.eut-primary-4, #eut-page-title .eut-description.eut-primary-4, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-description.eut-primary-4, .eut-carousel-wrapper .eut-custom-title-content.eut-primary-4 .eut-caption { color: #5e5e5e; } .eut-color-primary-5, .eut-color-primary-5:before, .eut-color-primary-5:after, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-5 h1, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-5 h2, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-5 h3, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-5 h4, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-5 h5, #eut-main-content .eut-primary-5 h6, #eut-feature-section .eut-title.eut-primary-5, #eut-feature-section .eut-goto-section.eut-primary-5, #eut-page-title .eut-title.eut-primary-5, #eut-post-title .eut-title.eut-primary-5, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-title.eut-primary-5, #eut-feature-section .eut-description.eut-primary-5, #eut-page-title .eut-description.eut-primary-5, #eut-portfolio-title .eut-description.eut-primary-5, .eut-carousel-wrapper .eut-custom-title-content.eut-primary-5 .eut-caption { color: #a88694; } #eut-main-content .eut-dark h1, #eut-main-content .eut-dark h2, #eut-main-content .eut-dark h3, #eut-main-content .eut-dark h4, #eut-main-content .eut-dark h5, #eut-main-content .eut-dark h6, .eut-carousel-wrapper .eut-custom-title-content.eut-dark .eut-caption { color: #000000; } #eut-main-content .eut-light h1, #eut-main-content .eut-light h2, #eut-main-content .eut-light h3, #eut-main-content .eut-light h4, #eut-main-content .eut-light h5, #eut-main-content .eut-light h6, .eut-carousel-wrapper .eut-custom-title-content.eut-light .eut-caption { color: #ffffff; } #eut-main-content .eut-grey h1, #eut-main-content .eut-grey h2, #eut-main-content .eut-grey h3, #eut-main-content .eut-grey h4, #eut-main-content .eut-grey h5, #eut-main-content .eut-grey h6 { color: #cccccc; } #eut-main-content .eut-green h1, #eut-main-content .eut-green h2, #eut-main-content .eut-green h3, #eut-main-content .eut-green h4, #eut-main-content .eut-green h5, #eut-main-content .eut-green h6 { color: #83ad00; } #eut-main-content .eut-orange h1, #eut-main-content .eut-orange h2, #eut-main-content .eut-orange h3, #eut-main-content .eut-orange h4, #eut-main-content .eut-orange h5, #eut-main-content .eut-orange h6 { color: #faa500; } #eut-main-content .eut-aqua h1, #eut-main-content .eut-aqua h2, #eut-main-content .eut-aqua h3, #eut-main-content .eut-aqua h4, #eut-main-content .eut-aqua h5, #eut-main-content .eut-aqua h6 { color: #23b893; } #eut-main-content .eut-blue h1, #eut-main-content .eut-blue h2, #eut-main-content .eut-blue h3, #eut-main-content .eut-blue h4, #eut-main-content .eut-blue h5, #eut-main-content .eut-blue h6 { color: #23a5d1; } #eut-main-content .eut-red h1, #eut-main-content .eut-red h2, #eut-main-content .eut-red h3, #eut-main-content .eut-red h4, #eut-main-content .eut-red h5, #eut-main-content .eut-red h6 { color: #ff0042; } #eut-main-content .eut-purple h1, #eut-main-content .eut-purple h2, #eut-main-content .eut-purple h3, #eut-main-content .eut-purple h4, #eut-main-content .eut-purple h5, #eut-main-content .eut-purple h6 { color: #940AE5; } .eut-border, #eut-about-author, #eut-comments, #eut-comments .eut-comment-item, #eut-comments .children:before, #eut-comments .children article.comment, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-social li a, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a, #respond input[type='text'], #respond textarea, .eut-blog.eut-large-media .eut-blog-item, .eut-blog.eut-small-media .eut-blog-item, .eut-search input[type='text'], .eut-toggle-wrapper li, .eut-bar, .eut-pricing-table, .eut-pricing-table ul li, #eut-main-content table, #eut-main-content tr, #eut-main-content td, #eut-main-content th, pre, hr, .eut-hr.eut-element div, #eut-main-content input[type='text'], #eut-main-content input[type='input'], #eut-main-content input[type='password'], #eut-main-content input[type='email'], #eut-main-content input[type='number'], #eut-main-content input[type='date'], #eut-main-content input[type='url'], #eut-main-content input[type='tel'], #eut-main-content input[type='search'], .eut-search button[type='submit'], #eut-main-content textarea, #eut-main-content select, .eut-pagination ul, .eut-pagination ul li, .eut-portfolio-info + .widget, .eut-team figure .eut-team-social ul, #eut-hidden-menu ul.eut-menu li, #eut-hidden-menu ul.eut-menu li ul, .vc_tta-accordion .vc_tta-panel, .vc_tta-tabs-position-top .vc_tta-tabs-list, #eut-content-area .vc_tta.vc_tta-tabs-position-left.vc_general .vc_tta-tab > a, .eut-tabs-title, #respond { border-color: #e3e3e3; } #eut-main-content .eut-widget-title-line svg polyline, #eut-side-area .eut-widget-title-line svg polyline { stroke: #e3e3e3; } .eut-bg-dark { background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; } .eut-bg-light { background-color: #ffffff; } .eut-bg-primary-1, .eut-bar-line.eut-primary-1-color, #eut-header #eut-main-menu > ul > li.primary-button > a span, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title.eut-primary-1 span, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-simple, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-simple, #eut-footer-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-simple, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-outline:hover, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-outline:hover, #eut-footer-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-outline:hover, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-1 .eut-title:after, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title:before, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title span:before, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title:after, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title span:after, .widget.widget_calendar caption, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-1 ul li a, .wpcf7-validation-errors, .eut-title-line span:after, .eut-blog.eut-isotope[data-type='pint-blog'] .eut-isotope-item .eut-media-content .eut-read-more:before, .eut-blog.eut-isotope[data-type='pint-blog'] .eut-isotope-item .eut-media-content .more-link:before, input[type='submit']:not(.eut-custom-btn), input[type='reset'], input[type='button'], button, .eut-slider-item .eut-slider-content span:after, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-1, .eut-image-hover a.eut-no-image:before, #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li a .label, #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li ul a:hover .label, button.mfp-arrow:hover, #eut-content-area .vc_tta.vc_general .vc_tta-tab > a:after, .eut-tabs-title li.active:after, #eut-main-menu span.eut-no-assigned-menu a, #eut-header .eut-side-area-button .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-dot-icon, #eut-header .eut-side-area-button .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-dot-icon:before, #eut-header .eut-side-area-button .eut-button-icon:hover .eut-dot-icon:after, .woocommerce #respond input#submit, .eut-element.eut-text ul li:before, .eut-top-btn:hover, #eut-header #eut-main-menu ul li ul li a:before { background-color: #45b779; color: #ffffff; } .eut-btn.eut-btn-line.eut-bg-primary-1, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-1 { color: #45b779; border-color: #45b779; } #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-social li a:hover, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a:hover, #eut-footer-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a:hover, #eut-header .eut-side-area-button .eut-button-icon { border-color: #45b779; } .eut-btn.eut-bg-primary-1:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-1:hover, #eut-header #eut-main-menu > ul > li.primary-button > a:hover span, input[type='submit']:not(.eut-custom-btn):hover, input[type='reset']:hover, input[type='button']:hover, button:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-1:hover, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-1 ul li a:hover, #eut-main-content .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-simple:hover, #eut-side-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-simple:hover, #eut-footer-area .eut-widget.eut-social li a.eut-simple:hover, #eut-main-menu span.eut-no-assigned-menu a:hover, .woocommerce #respond input#submit:hover { background-color: #71c999; border-color: #71c999; color: #ffffff; } @-webkit-keyframes loadanim { 0%, 80%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 2.5em 0 -1.3em #e3e3e3; } 40% { box-shadow: 0 2.5em 0 0 #e3e3e3; } } @keyframes loadanim { 0%, 80%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 2.5em 0 -1.3em #e3e3e3; } 40% { box-shadow: 0 2.5em 0 0 #e3e3e3; } } ::-moz-selection { color: #ffffff; background: #45b779; } ::selection { color: #ffffff; background: #45b779; } .eut-bg-primary-2, .eut-bar-line.eut-primary-2-color, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title.eut-primary-2 span, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-2 ul li a, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-2 { background-color: #616595; color: #ffffff; } .eut-btn.eut-btn-line.eut-bg-primary-2, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-2 { color: #616595; border-color: #616595; } .eut-btn.eut-bg-primary-2:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-2:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-2:hover, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-2 ul li a:hover { background-color: #dcd8ea; border-color: #dcd8ea; color: #ffffff; } .eut-bg-primary-3, .eut-bar-line.eut-primary-3-color, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title.eut-primary-3 span, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-3 ul li a, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-3 { background-color: #dcd8ea; color: #ffffff; } .eut-btn.eut-btn-line.eut-bg-primary-3, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-3 { color: #dcd8ea; border-color: #dcd8ea; } .eut-btn.eut-bg-primary-3:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-3:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-3:hover, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-3 ul li a:hover { background-color: #616595; border-color: #616595; color: #ffffff; } .eut-bg-primary-4, .eut-bar-line.eut-primary-4-color, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title.eut-primary-4 span, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-4 ul li a, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-4 { background-color: #5e5e5e; color: #ffffff; } .eut-btn.eut-btn-line.eut-bg-primary-4, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-4 { color: #5e5e5e; border-color: #5e5e5e; } .eut-btn.eut-bg-primary-4:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-4:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-4:hover, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-4 ul li a:hover { background-color: #3c3c3c; border-color: #3c3c3c; color: #ffffff; } .eut-bg-primary-5, .eut-bar-line.eut-primary-5-color, #eut-feature-section .eut-style-4 .eut-title.eut-primary-5 span, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-5 ul li a, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-5 { background-color: #a88694; color: #ffffff; } .eut-btn.eut-btn-line.eut-bg-primary-5, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-5 { color: #a88694; border-color: #a88694; } .eut-btn.eut-bg-primary-5:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-simple.eut-bg-primary-5:hover, .eut-element.eut-social ul li a.eut-outline.eut-bg-primary-5:hover, #eut-post-title #eut-social-share.eut-primary-5 ul li a:hover { background-color: #886977; border-color: #886977; color: #ffffff; } #eut-main-content .eut-portfolio .eut-hover-style-2 .eut-like-counter { color: #231f20; } .eut-portfolio .eut-hover-style-2 .eut-light-overlay .eut-portfolio-btns:hover, .eut-portfolio .eut-hover-style-2 .eut-dark-overlay .eut-portfolio-btns:hover { background-color: #45b779; color: #ffffff; } #eut-privacy-bar { background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.90); color: #ffffff; } .eut-privacy-agreement { background-color: #2bc137; color: #ffffff; } .eut-privacy-refresh-btn { background-color: #2bc137; color: #ffffff; } .eut-privacy-preferences { background-color: transparent; color: #ffffff; } .eut-privacy-agreement:hover { background-color: #17a523; } .eut-privacy-refresh-btn:hover { background-color: #17a523; } .eut-privacy-switch .eut-switch input[type='checkbox']:checked + .eut-switch-slider { background-color: #2bc137; } .compose-mode .vc_element .eut-row { margin-top: 30px; } .compose-mode .vc_vc_column .wpb_column { width: 100% !important; margin-bottom: 40px; border: 1px dashed rgba(125, 125, 125, 0.4); } .compose-mode .vc_controls > .vc_controls-out-tl { left: 15px; } .compose-mode .vc_controls > .vc_controls-bc { bottom: 15px; } .compose-mode .vc_welcome .vc_buttons { margin-top: 60px; } .compose-mode .eut-image img { opacity: 1; } .compose-mode #eut-inner-header { top: 0 !important; } .compose-mode .vc_controls > div { z-index: 9; } .compose-mode .eut-bg-image { opacity: 1; } .compose-mode #eut-theme-wrapper .eut-section[data-section-type='fullwidth-background'], .compose-mode #eut-theme-wrapper 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eut-h1">Enter your<br>text here</div> <input type="text" class="eut-search-textfield" id="engic-eutf-search-674181e2d16b5" value="" name="s" autocomplete="off"/> <input type="submit" value="Start Searching"></form></div></div><div id="eut-main-content" class="eut-single-post-content"><div class="eut-container eut-right-sidebar"><div id="eut-content-area"><article id="post-351644" class="eut-single-post post-351644 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-admin-ecobiz category-climate-change tag-carbon-emissions" itemscope itemType="http://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <span class="eut-hidden"> <span class="eut-structured-data entry-title">Q&A: Can ‘carbon border adjustment mechanisms’ help tackle climate change?</span> <span class="eut-structured-data" itemprop="image" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject"> <span itemprop='url' >https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1-1024x734.jpg</span> <span itemprop='height' >1024</span> <span itemprop='width' >734</span> </span> <span class="eut-structured-data vcard author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <span itemprop="name" class="fn">Moxie Future</span> </span> <span class="eut-structured-data" itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <span itemprop='name'>Moxie Future</span> <span itemprop='logo' itemscope itemtype='http://schema.org/ImageObject'> <span itemprop='url'>https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1-1024x734.jpg</span> </span> </span> <time class="eut-structured-data date published" itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2024-11-04T10:30:00+08:00">4 Nov 2024</time> <time class="eut-structured-data date updated" itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2024-11-06T11:11:10+08:00">6 Nov 2024</time> <span class="eut-structured-data" itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" itemid="https://moxiefuture.com/2024/11/qa-can-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanisms-help-tackle-climate-change/"></span> </span><div id="eut-single-media"><div class="eut-media"> <img width="1024" height="734" src="https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1-1024x734.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1-1024x734.jpg 1024w, https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1-300x215.jpg 300w, https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1-768x551.jpg 768w, https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1.jpg 1360w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></div></div><div id="eut-post-content"> <h1 class="eut-single-post-title" itemprop="headline"><span>Q&A: Can ‘carbon border adjustment mechanisms’ help tackle climate change?</span></h1> <div id="eut-single-post-meta"><ul class="eut-small-text eut-post-meta"><li class="eut-field-date"><time datetime="2024-11-04T10:30:00+08:00">4 Nov 2024</time></li></ul></div><div itemprop="articleBody"><p>By taxing carbon-intensive imports, the EU <a href="https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">says</a> it will help its domestic companies take ambitious climate action while still remaining competitive with firms in nations where environmental laws are less strict.</p><p>There is <a href="https://www.rff.org/publications/reports/how-carbon-border-adjustments-might-drive-global-climate-policy-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> that the CBAM is also driving other governments to launch tougher carbon-pricing policies of their own, to avoid paying border taxes to the EU.</p><p>It has also <a href="https://ieta.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IETA_INTL-REACTION-TO-CBAM-REPORT.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">helped to shift</a> climate and trade up the international climate agenda, potentially contributing to a broader increase in ambition.</p><p>However, at a time of <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2023/08/29/protectionism-is-failing-to-achieve-its-goals-and-threatens-the-future-of-critical-industries" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growing protectionism</a> and economic rivalry between major powers, the new levy has proved controversial.</p><p>Many developing countries have branded CBAMs as “<a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-sees-eu-carbon-tax-proposal-unfair-not-acceptable-official-says-2024-07-29/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unfair</a>” policies that will leave them worse off financially, saying they will <a href="https://www.politico.eu/article/brazil-anger-eu-carbon-tax-infiltrates-cop28-luiz-ignazio-lula-da-silva-china-india-south-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">make it harder</a> for them to decarbonise their economies.</p><p><a href="https://www.adb.org/news/eu-carbon-tariff-likely-have-limited-impact-emissions-without-global-efforts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Analysis</a> also suggests that the EU’s CBAM, in isolation, will have a limited impact on global emissions.</p><p>In this Q&A, Carbon Brief explains how the CBAM works and the impact on climate policies it is already having in the EU and around the world, as nations such as the UK and the US consider implementing CBAMs and related policies of their own.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">What is a carbon border adjustment mechanism?</h4><p>A carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) is a tax applied to certain imported goods, based on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released during their production.</p><p>It targets industries that are typically emissions-intensive and relatively easy to trade internationally, such as steel, aluminium and cement.</p><p>CBAMs work on the basis that climate laws and standards in some nations – usually those in the global north – are tighter than those found elsewhere.</p><p>This means that the producer of a particular emissions-intensive product might have to pay a domestic carbon price, for example, whereas an overseas competitor might not.</p><p>Under a CBAM, a nation that applies a carbon price to its domestic steel industry would apply an equivalent charge at the border, to steel imported from overseas.</p><p>This is meant to “<a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_ATA(2023)745713" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">level the playing field</a>” between producers in different countries. Those that make goods at a lower cost, but without a domestic carbon price of their own, would have to pay an equivalent fee when exporting to the country imposing a CBAM. This would allow domestic industries in the importing country to compete, while still curbing their own emissions.</p><p>CBAMs have been proposed as a response to fears of “<a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/free-allocation/carbon-leakage_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon leakage</a>”.</p><p>If nations lose carbon-intensive businesses because they close down or choose to do business elsewhere, this could harm the economies of nations trying to implement carbon pricing. At the same time, it could increase global emissions, if domestic manufacturing is simply replaced by more carbon-intensive imports.</p><p>This issue has risen to prominence in recent years, as the EU has become the first actor to introduce a CBAM.</p><p>CBAMs have been discussed ever since the <a href="https://ariadneprojekt.de/en/publication/analysis-selling-cbam-diplomacy-for-the-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early days</a> of international climate action <a href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12971/1/MPRA_paper_12971.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in the 1990s</a>. There was recognition at that time of the risks of carbon leakage, as developed countries were being tasked with cutting their emissions under the <a href="https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyoto Protocol</a>.</p><p>In particular, the EU launching its <a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions trading system</a> (ETS) in 2005<strong> </strong>prompted what <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2023.2190074" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">one study</a> describes as “heated discussion” of the role that border taxes could play in preventing high-emitting industries moving away from EU member states to other countries.</p><p>(Despite these concerns, there has to date been <a href="https://www.bruegel.org/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PC-05-2020-050320v2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">essentially</a> <a href="https://www.bruegel.org/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/PC-05-2020-050320v2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">no evidence</a> of carbon leakage. However, researchers have <a href="https://www.mcc-berlin.net/fileadmin/data/C18_MCC_Publications/MCC_Policy_Brief_Carbon_Leakage.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noted</a> that this could be because high-emitting industries are yet to face strict carbon pricing: those in the EU generally receive free emissions allowances.)</p><p>The EU frames its CBAM as not only a means of placing a “fair price” on emissions bound up in imported goods, but also a way to “encourage cleaner industrial production” in the nations it imports goods from.</p><p>However, <a href="https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critics</a> say variously that it is more to do with economic <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/proposed-eu-carbon-tax-protectionist-says-economic-survey/article68433025.ece" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protectionism</a>, or that it will <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/carbon-tax-proposed-by-eu-unilateral-arbitrary-to-hurt-indias-export-fm-sitharaman/articleshow/114085692.cms?from=mdr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harm trade</a>, or that it will <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667325823000791" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exacerbate</a> existing inequalities between nations.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">Why was the CBAM introduced in the EU?</h4><p>The <a href="https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EU CBAM</a> was <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brought in</a> as part of the <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Green Deal</a>, the EU’s strategy to reach net-zero emissions by 2050.</p><p>A CBAM has been under consideration in the EU <a href="https://ariadneprojekt.de/en/publication/analysis-selling-cbam-diplomacy-for-the-european-unions-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">for years</a>. The European Commission informally proposed a border adjustment in 2007, following the launch of the ETS. In the years that followed, France suggested such a scheme on two more separate occasions.</p><p>In her 2019 <a href="https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/063d44e9-04ed-4033-acf9-639ecb187e87_en?filename=political-guidelines-next-commission_en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manifesto</a> to become European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen raised the issue again, saying she would “introduce a carbon border tax to avoid carbon leakage” to “ensure our companies can compete on a level playing field”.</p><p>In recent years, there has been much concern around how the EU can avert “<a href="https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/resource/claims-of-deindustrialisation-in-europe-are-overblown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deindustrialisation</a>” and maintain its <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-what-the-draghi-report-says-about-eu-climate-action-and-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">competitive edge</a> against other major powers, such as the US and China. The CBAM is one of the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-the-eu-wants-to-race-to-net-zero-with-green-deal-industrial-plan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">measures</a> launched under Von der Leyen’s leadership in an effort to tackle these threats, whether perceived or real.</p><p>The idea came to fruition in 2021, when it was presented by the commission as part of its “<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-fit-for-55-reforms-will-help-eu-meet-its-climate-goals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fit for 55</a>” package to drive the EU’s transition to net-zero. Following negotiations with EU member state governments and members of the European Parliament, the CBAM <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023R0956" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">became law</a> in May 2023.</p><p>One reason the CBAM was finally adopted in the EU was because of a perceived need to avoid carbon leakage, while also ramping up overall emissions reductions. Emissions from heavy industry in the EU <a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/maps-and-charts/eu-ets-emissions-by-activity-type-2#tab-chart_2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">have not</a> fallen considerably since 1990, despite being covered by the EU ETS for two decades.</p><p>This is partly because these sectors, many of which are <a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets/free-allocation/carbon-leakage_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">considered</a> “exposed” to international trade – and, therefore, carbon leakage – are handed free allowances in the EU ETS. These allowances enable businesses to continue emitting greenhouse gases at no extra cost – or even to profit from <a href="https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/policy-brief-carbon-leakage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">selling free allowances</a>, if their own production falls.</p><p>Companies in these sectors are, therefore, able to compete with foreign imports from countries that do not have carbon-pricing systems. However, the free allowances also mean those companies have less of a financial incentive to decarbonise.</p><p>The CBAM is <a href="https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explicitly described</a> as a replacement for the free allowances given to companies making steel, cement and other trade-exposed goods. It will be phased in as those allowances are phased out, a process that will be complete in 2034.</p><p>The CBAM has been framed as an “<a href="https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/files/cbam_report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enabling policy</a>” that boosts the political acceptability of higher carbon prices within the EU and, in doing so, drives industrial decarbonisation.</p><p>However, it has also been described as a policy to encourage global emissions cuts. After Von der Leyen took over as commission president, a <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52019DC0640" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> concerning the European Green Deal said the CBAM would be introduced “should differences in levels of ambition worldwide persist, as the EU increases its climate ambition”.</p><p>Finally, another reason for the measure is that the European Commission <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/da/qanda_23_3329" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">estimates</a> it will raise €1.5bn in revenue in 2028 – and this will increase as the mechanism expands. <a href="https://www.eiu.com/n/cbam-will-force-change-in-carbon-intensive-sectors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Of this</a> total, 75 per cent will go to the EU budget and the rest to member states.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">How will the EU’s CBAM work?</h4><p>The EU CBAM is being rolled out gradually. Between October 2023 and the end of 2025, any company that imports goods covered by the CBAM into the EU will have to declare them in quarterly reports.</p><p>The products covered by the CBAM include those <a href="https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deemed</a> “at most significant risk of carbon leakage” by the EU, initially including cement, iron, steel, aluminium, fertilisers and hydrogen, as well as electricity transmitted from other countries.</p><p>This list is expected to expand, following further assessments by the EU, to cover sectors such as ceramics and paper.</p><p>Reporting will cover all of the emissions generated when those products are made. This includes “direct” emissions, such as the carbon dioxide (CO2) released <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-why-cement-emissions-matter-for-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">during cement production</a>, and “indirect” emissions, such as those from the fossil-fuel generated electricity used to power cement factories.</p><p>The full compliance phase of the CBAM will begin from the start of 2026. From this point, companies bringing CBAM-covered goods into the EU will have to purchase enough CBAM certificates to cover their associated emissions. The cost of these certificates <a href="https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-12/Questions%20and%20Answers_Carbon%20Border%20Adjustment%20Mechanism%20%28CBAM%29.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">will be</a> the same as the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-will-reformed-eu-emissions-trading-system-raise-carbon-prices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EU ETS market price</a>.</p><p>If companies can demonstrate that they have paid a carbon price for goods in their country of origin, they will be able to deduct a corresponding amount from their certificate purchases to avoid taxing the products twice.</p><p>Initially, exporters in relevant sectors will only have to buy certificates <a href="https://ptx-hub.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/International-PtX-Hub_202312_CBAM-implications-for-PtX-imports-to-the-EU.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">equivalent t</a>o 2.5 per cent of the emissions associated with producing their goods. This obligation will rise to 100 per cent by 2034, in line with the removal of free allowances for EU industries.</p><p>The EU <a href="https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">says</a> that, when “fully phased in”, the CBAM will apply to more than half of the emissions covered by the ETS overall.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">How is the mechanism expected to cut emissions?</h4><p>The CBAM will add a carbon cost to EU imports that could encourage emissions cuts both domestically and internationally.</p><p>The mechanism is supposed to drive industrial decarbonisation by facilitating the removal of free EU ETS allowances for industries such as steel and cement.</p><p>Maintaining domestic industries in the EU is also intended to avoid an increase in global emissions due to carbon leakage.</p><p>Yet <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam--12271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">various</a> <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam--12271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calculations</a> of the overall impact of the EU CBAM on global emissions have produced fairly modest results.</p><p>An initial 2021 <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2021:0644:FIN:EN:PDF" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">assessment</a> by the European Commission estimated that its proposed CBAM design would reduce emissions from affected EU industries by 1 per cent by 2030. It calculated that global emissions from these industries would be cut by 0.4 per cent over the same timescale.</p><p>More recent <a href="https://www.adb.org/news/eu-carbon-tariff-likely-have-limited-impact-emissions-without-global-efforts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a>, conducted by the <a href="https://www.adb.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asian Development Bank</a> (ADB), considers the impact of the CBAM at a carbon price of €100 per tonne of CO2 – a level that was reached <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/7a0dd553-fa5b-4a58-81d1-e500f8ce3d2a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">for the first time</a> last year before <a href="https://ember-climate.org/data/data-tools/carbon-price-viewer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falling again</a>.</p><p>It concludes that the CBAM would reduce global emissions by less than 0.2 per cent, relative to the ETS on its own. This would be accompanied by a 0.4 per cent drop in global exports to the EU.</p><p><a href="https://www.cgdev.org/expert/ian-mitchell" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ian Mitchell</a>, a senior policy fellow and co-director of the Europe programme at the <a href="https://www.cgdev.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Global Development</a> (CGD), tells Carbon Brief:</p><p>“It’s not so surprising that CBAM has a modest impact on global emissions. As a unilateral measure, most of the trade in carbon it affects will be diverted to other jurisdictions without similar charges.”</p><p>However, he adds that CBAM is still “extremely important and valuable”, because it establishes the principle of carbon pricing and a “level playing field” globally.</p><p>Another key way that the CBAM could drive emissions cuts is by encouraging other nations to implement their own climate measures, including carbon pricing.</p><p>A recent report by the NGO <a href="https://www.rff.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resources for the Future</a> says the hope is that CBAMs will “lead to a virtuous cycle, where more and more countries adopt carbon pricing”. It explains that CBAMs can allow governments to overcome domestic political constraints to carbon pricing:</p><p>“The external pressure of a CBAM can provide both impetus and a scapegoat, akin to pushing an open door, as policymakers can point out that exporting firms would have to pay these fees when they export regardless of domestic policy action.”</p><p>The EU CBAM has already sparked a wave of responses from other countries. These have ranged from threats of <a href="https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/energy-transition/041824-eus-cbam-to-spur-other-countries-to-introduce-carbon-border-levies-ieta" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retaliatory measures</a> to plans for domestic CBAMs of their own</p><p>Yet there is some debate about how much the EU’s policy is spurring on climate action.</p><p><a href="https://www.cgdev.org/blog/eus-carbon-border-tax-how-can-developing-countries-respond" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Analysis</a> by CGD at the end of 2023 concluded that the “vast majority of lower-income countries are a long way from implementing any carbon price”. At that time, no low-income countries were considering carbon pricing and only 11 per cent of lower-middle income countries had one “scheduled or under consideration”, the group concluded.</p><p>Others assessments have been more optimistic. One early <a href="https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/Alert_CBAM_effect.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> from think tank <a href="https://www.clingendael.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clingendael</a> linked new climate policies from nations including <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/carbon-brief-profile-turkey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Turkey</a> and <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Russia</a> to the looming threat of CBAM.</p><p>A more recent <a href="https://ieta.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IETA_INTL-REACTION-TO-CBAM-REPORT.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> for the <a href="https://www.ieta.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Emissions Trading Association</a> (IETA), which speaks for companies involved in global carbon markets, tracks responses from countries trading with the EU.</p><p><a href="https://x.com/julia_michalak?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Julia Michalak</a>, EU policy head at IETA, tells Carbon Brief that, ultimately, the CBAM is “not in itself a global mitigation policy tool”. However, she points to evidence of impacts, including Turkey, India and Brazil advancing work on their own ETSs, as well as China <a href="https://www.mining.com/web/china-plans-to-include-steel-cement-and-aluminum-in-its-carbon-market-in-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moving to expand</a> its ETS to include cement, steel and aluminium – mirroring the EU CBAM.</p><p>Critical experts from global-south institutions have <a href="https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/eu-carbon-border-tax-will-do-little-cut-emissions-says-adb-study-2024-02-26/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">argued</a> that sharing emissions-cutting technologies and <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam--12271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scaling up</a> climate finance would be more effective measures to decarbonise industries in developing countries.</p><p>(The EU CBAM <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/956/oj" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">text</a> includes language about supporting “efforts towards the decarbonisation and transformation of…manufacturing industries” in developing countries.)</p><p>There has been <a href="https://ercst.org/the-use-of-cbam-revenues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discussion</a> around using CBAM revenues to support industrial decarbonisation in other countries, although there has so far been no formal agreement to do this.</p><p>A <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam--12271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> by the <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centre for Science and Environment</a> (CSE) argues that CBAM revenues could be a new form of climate finance for developing countries. The think tank suggests that this could function in a similar way to the EU’s <a href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-funding-climate-action/modernisation-fund_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modernisation fund</a>, which is financed with ETS revenue and supports clean energy in low-income EU states.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">What are the reactions from developing countries?</h4><p>Some of the most vocal opponents of the EU’s CBAM are among those expected to be most exposed to its impacts.</p><p>The map below is colour-coded according to nations’ relative exposure, <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/interactive/2023/06/15/relative-cbam-exposure-index" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">according</a> to the World Bank, based on the carbon intensity of their industries and how much they rely on exporting CBAM-covered products to the EU.</p><p>Nations shaded green <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/brief/technical-note-for-the-cbam-exposure-index" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">could gain</a> export competitiveness to the EU, while those shaded red could lose competitiveness.</p><div class="story-image"><p><img decoding="async" class="lazyload" src="https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1.jpg" alt="CB_CBAM_1" data-src="https://moxiefuture.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Screenshot-2024-10-24-at-10_1.jpg" /></p><p class="caption">Map showing the World Bank’s aggregate relative CBAM exposure index, with green indicating an increase in relative competitiveness in trade with the EU and red indicating a decrease. The score considers CBAM-covered products (iron and steel, fertiliser, cement, electricity and aluminium) and is based on trade-weighted relative CO2 intensity compared to the EU average; exports to the EU and a carbon price of US$100 per tonne of CO2. Source: <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/interactive/2023/06/15/relative-cbam-exposure-index" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Bank</a>.</p><p>Many of the most exposed nations have <a href="https://www.e3g.org/news/trade-meets-cop28-an-uneasy-introduction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocally opposed</a> what they describe as “<a href="https://www.export.org.uk/insights/trade-news/south-africa-leads-brics-call-for-reconsideration-of-eu-cbam/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unilateral</a>” trade measures, both at UN climate negotiations and at the World Trade Organization (WTO), where they have questioned their compatibility with international trade rules.</p><p>Some of them have <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam--12271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">argued</a> that the costs of compliance will leave less money for dealing with poverty and meeting their Paris Agreement targets.</p><p><a href="https://www.cgdev.org/blog/eus-carbon-border-tax-how-can-developing-countries-respond" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observers</a> have <a href="https://www.cseindia.org/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam--12271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cited</a> the principle of “<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-but-differentiated-responsibilities" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common but differentiated responsibilities</a>”, arguing that the EU is penalising developing countries despite its <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">historic</a> – and current – high levels of emissions, relative to much of the global south. <a href="https://x.com/aygoswami?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Avantika Goswami</a>, climate change programme lead at CSE, tells Carbon Brief:</p><p>“You are imposing these external standards onto developing countries whilst not specifically earmarking funding that would enable this decarbonisation effort.”</p><p>China is one of the developing countries affected by the CBAM that has <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/china-briefing-15-june-cbam-fight-new-energy-milestone-extreme-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">criticised</a> the EU’s new policy.</p><p>China’s steel and aluminium sector would see the biggest impacts, according to an <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GmuYxivwCZpNufCPxeXKRQ">analysis</a> from the Center for Eco-Finance Studies at <a href="https://www.ruc.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Renmin University</a>. It estimated a 4-6 per cent (US$200m-400m) increase in export costs for the steel industry, for example.</p><p>(The analysis does not appear to account for potential price rises in EU steel markets, which could allow producers to recoup higher costs at the expense of consumers within the bloc.)</p><p>Li Chenggang, China’s ambassador to WTO, <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3223047/china-berates-eu-world-trade-organization-policies-it-calls-unfair" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">said</a> at a meeting last June:</p><p>“We fully understand the EU’s environmental goals and appreciate its efforts…However, it is regrettable that the [CBAM] measures…fail to follow the basic principles of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement [the principle of “<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/common-but-differentiated-responsibilities" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common but differentiated responsibilities</a>”], as well as WTO rules. In fact, this measure may cause discrimination and market access restrictions on imported products, especially those from developing members.”</p><p>A <a href="http://economy.enorth.com.cn/system/2023/06/14/054015586.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> by the China office of consultancy PwC says about US$35bn of trade between China and the EU could eventually be affected by the CBAM.</p><p>African countries have raised similar concerns. <a href="https://african.business/2023/12/energy-resources/afdb-eus-carbon-tax-could-cost-africa-25bn-a-year" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">According to</a> Akinwumi Adesina, president of African Development Bank, the continent could lose up to US$25bn per year as a “direct result of CBAM”.</p><p>However, the US$25bn figure cited by Adesina comes from a <a href="https://africanclimatefoundation.org/news_and_analysis/implications-for-african-countries-of-a-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-in-africa/#:~:text=The%20CBAM%20will%20be%20introduced,in%20from%202026%20to%202034." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modelling</a> scenario that does not correspond to the EU’s actual approach, says <a href="https://au.linkedin.com/in/tennant-reed-427baa16" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tennant Reed</a>, director of climate change and energy at the <a href="https://www.aigroup.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Industry Group</a>, in a post on <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/eu-cbam-cost-africa-25-billion-what-do-tennant-reed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LinkedIn</a>.</p><p>In his post, Reed points to a series of issues with the underlying modelling in this and other studies of the impact of the EU’s CBAM on developing countries’ economies. He tells Carbon Brief:</p><p>“CBAM analysis can easily go awry if it: considers higher supply costs for covered products but not higher selling prices; assumes manufacturers and nations have static emissions intensities; or fails to represent the actual structure of policy. A genuinely non-discriminatory border adjustment should not disadvantage developing country exporters at all. Instead it can create a firmer commercial basis for clean industrial investment everywhere and a chance for developing countries that price carbon to effectively raise tax revenue from Europe.”</p><p>In July 2024, India’s economic affairs secretary Ajay Seth <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-sees-eu-carbon-tax-proposal-unfair-not-acceptable-official-says-2024-07-29/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">commented</a> that the EU’s CBAM was “unfair and detrimental to domestic market costs”.</p><p>There have even been <a href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Sep/21/india-to-take-retaliatory-measures-against-eus-safeguard-duty-on-steel" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reports</a> of India <a href="https://www.deccanherald.com/world/as-india-threatens-retaliation-european-commission-says-preventing-carbon-leakage-sole-aim-of-cbam-2803740" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planning</a> “retaliatory” trade measures and the Indian government has <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/business/eus-cbam-deforestation-norms-unilateral-arbitrary-fm/article68737455.ece" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">indicated</a> its concerns will feed into discussions around India’s prospective free-trade agreement with the EU.</p><p>In addition, <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/9f4b0c97-dc0a-4511-bfdf-da452c98dfbb?j=eyJ1IjoiNmFtNHIifQ.uJOEemq3aaQBisLcqTalUd1tvTt45-mKRPh7a7Mt204" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Göss</a>, managing director of the Berlin-based consulting firm <a href="https://substack.com/redirect/715df989-085a-4387-b2e3-58505da4b5ab?j=eyJ1IjoiNmFtNHIifQ.uJOEemq3aaQBisLcqTalUd1tvTt45-mKRPh7a7Mt204" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carboneer</a>, tells Carbon Brief that, for smaller companies, “hir[ing] [data] experts and set[ting] up monitoring systems…might make the end product more expensive”. He adds:</p><p>“In the short-term – until the end of 2024 – monitoring and reporting real emissions for producers of CBAM-goods in non-EU countries represents a huge challenge for smaller companies in technologically less advanced countries.”</p><p>Despite their criticisms, some developing country analyses have pointed to positive steps that their industries can take in response to the EU’s CBAM.</p><p>Beijing-based thinktank <a href="https://www.igdp.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iGDP</a>, for example, <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/haHPZlV8c6-rudAC-XGEjw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">says</a>, “looking at the long-term trend, <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-chinas-carbon-market-to-cover-steel-aluminium-and-cement-in-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China’s steel industry</a> striv[ing] to reduce emissions is more economical than to pay the CBAM adjustment fee”.</p><p>Similarly, <a href="https://www.ruc.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Renmin University</a> says in a CBAM <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/GmuYxivwCZpNufCPxeXKRQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> that China’s steel industry should accelerate its shift to lower emissions and the country’s own carbon market “should be improved”.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading">Are other countries introducing their own mechanisms?</h4><p>Other nations are expected to implement CBAMs and related measures of their own in response to the EU’s new policy.</p><p>Progress on this has been fairly slow, but <a href="https://ieta.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IETA_INTL-REACTION-TO-CBAM-REPORT.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">there are signs</a> that some nations in the global north are considering this approach in order to protect trade with the EU and support their own industrial decarbonisation.</p><p>Perhaps the most advanced CBAM outside of the EU is the UK’s effort. The UK government <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/addressing-carbon-leakage-risk-to-support-decarbonisation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">announced</a> at the end of 2023 that it would implement the mechanism by 2027.</p><p>Unlike the EU’s CBAM, the UK’s version, in its initial stage, will include ceramics and glass. It will also not include the electricity the UK imports from its European neighbours via interconnectors. <a href="https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2024-07/border-carbon-adjustments-united-kingdom.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Some observers</a> have called for greater harmonisation with the EU, suggesting that this would reduce the economic risk to the UK.</p><p>The Canadian government also announced plans to establish its own CBAM in the 2021 budget and <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/consultations/2021/border-carbon-adjustments/exploring-border-carbon-adjustments-canada.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">launched a consultation</a> to this effect.</p><p>Australia has also <a href="https://www.ey.com/en_gl/tax-alerts/australia-considers-cbam-to-address-carbon-leakage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">been considering</a> a CBAM, with the government launching a review in 2023 to assess its potential to prevent carbon leakage – <a href="https://ieta.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IETA_INTL-REACTION-TO-CBAM-REPORT.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">especially</a> targeting steel and cement.</p><p>As for the US, there has been <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/crafting-robust-us-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">much</a> <a href="https://www.e3g.org/wp-content/uploads/US-perspectives-on-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanisms-E3G-briefing.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">debate</a> around how it could implement a CBAM, despite lacking a domestic carbon-pricing system. (Carbon pricing has <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-united-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long proved</a> controversial in the US. In fact an <a href="https://www.e3g.org/wp-content/uploads/US-perspectives-on-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanisms-E3G-briefing.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early form</a> of CBAM was blocked in 2010 by Senate Republicans in the <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/lobbying-against-key-us-climate-regulation-cost-society-60bn-study-finds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infamous Waxman-Markey bill</a>, along with a national carbon pricing scheme.)</p><p>US leaders were <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/3d00d3c8-202d-4765-b0ae-e2b212bbca98" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">initially hostile</a> to the EU’s CBAM, even though the nation does not export large amounts of CBAM-covered products to the bloc. However, in the context of industrial rivalry with China, US lawmakers have proposed various <a href="https://www.wri.org/update/4-us-congress-bills-related-carbon-border-adjustments-2023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBAM-like policies</a> in recent years, with a view to avoiding carbon leakage and ensuring global competitiveness.</p><p>These include the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/3422?s=5&r=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clean Competition Act</a>, backed by Democrats, and the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/3198/text" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foreign Pollution Fee Act</a>, backed by Republicans, both of which involve adding a carbon-intensity fee to imports.</p><p><a href="https://www.rff.org/publications/reports/transatlantic-cues-how-the-united-states-and-european-union-influence-each-others-climate-policies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Analysis</a> by NGO <a href="https://www.rff.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resources for the Future</a> describes these proposals as a “significant sign of bipartisan interest in climate and trade policy”. Moreover, it says these actions can be attributed to the EU’s leadership in this area:</p><p>“Just as it is hard to imagine the EU coming up with as extensive a green industrial policy as it has without the [<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-us-inflation-reduction-act-and-the-global-clean-energy-arms-race/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Inflation Reduction Act</a>], it is equally hard to imagine the US devising specific climate and trade proposals without the impetus of CBAM.”</p><p><a href="https://www.e3g.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ellie Belton</a>, a senior policy advisor on trade and climate at the thinktank <a href="https://www.e3g.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">E3G</a>, tells Carbon Brief that, while the EU CBAM “may well have kickstarted a new wave of climate ambition globally”, there is a need for “better diplomacy” to avoid disrupting multilateral progress:</p><p>“There is also an emerging risk of divergent CBAM schemes creating a patchwork of disjointed regulations worldwide, which would disproportionately impact developing countries and exacerbate the inequity in climate outcomes.”</p><p>Reflecting concerns about the impact such a “patchwork” could have on businesses, the <a href="https://iccwbo.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Chamber of Commerce</a> has released a set of “<a href="https://iccwbo.org/news-publications/policies-reports/global-principles-for-effective-border-adjustments/#:~:text=Border%20carbon%20adjustments%20must%20be,arbitrary%20discrimination%20or%20disguised%20protectionism." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global principles</a>” to guide countries in introducing their own CBAMs.</p><p>Among other things, they include compliance with WTO rules and the principles of the Paris Agreement, as well as exemptions for least-developed countries and small island states.</p><p><em>This story was published with permission from <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-can-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanisms-help-tackle-climate-change/">Carbon Brief</a>.</em></p></div><h6></h6><hr /><h6><em>Originally published on <a href="https://www.eco-business.com/news/qa-can-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanisms-help-tackle-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Eco-Business</a> and reproduced with permission.</em></h6></div></div></article><div id="eut-tags-categories" class="eut-border eut-border-top eut-padding-top-sm eut-margin-bottom-sm"><div class="eut-tags eut-color-text eut-hover-color-primary-1"><ul class="eut-small-text"><li><span class="eut-color-heading">Post Tags:</span></li><li><a href="https://moxiefuture.com/tag/carbon-emissions/" rel="tag">carbon emissions</a></li></ul></div><div class="eut-categories eut-color-text eut-hover-color-primary-1"><ul class="eut-small-text"><li><span class="eut-color-heading">Posted In:</span></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-210"><a 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