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Minhua – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Li Minhua" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Minhua" title="Li Minhua – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Li Minhua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Minhua" title="Li Minhua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Li Minhua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="لى مينهوا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لى مينهوا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%95%8F%E5%8D%8E" title="李敏华 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="李敏华" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%95%8F%E5%8D%8E" title="李敏华 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="李敏华" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11096665#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the customs official, see <a href="/wiki/Lai_Minhua" title="Lai Minhua">Lai Minhua</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Li_(surname_%E6%9D%8E)" title="Li (surname 李)">Li</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Li Minhua</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">李敏华</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Minhua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Li_Minhua.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="277" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Li Minhua, c. 1943</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-11-02</span>)</span>2 November 1917<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wu_County" title="Wu County">Wu County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-01-19)</span> (aged 95)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Minghua Lee Wu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">National Southwestern Associated University</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhonghua" title="Wu Zhonghua">Wu Zhonghua</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943; died 1992)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">Solid mechanics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Flight_Propulsion_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory">Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn">Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn</a>,<br />Institute of Mechanics, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Theses</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mit.edu/item/000630890">Three-dimensional photoelasticity problems</a> </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mit.edu/item/000659709">Subharmonic resonance of system having non-linear spring with variable coefficient</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1948)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pieter_Den_Hartog" title="Jacob Pieter Den Hartog">J.P. Den Hartog</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data">W.M. Murray</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">李敏華</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">李敏华</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Mǐnhuá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Li Min-hua</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Li Minhua</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">李敏华</span>; 2 November 1917 – 19 January 2013), also known as <b>Minghua Lee Wu</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Chinese aerospace engineer and physicist who was an expert in <a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">solid mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first woman to earn a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in mechanical engineering from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, she was one of the founding scientists at the Institute of Mechanics of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> (CAS), and was elected as an academician in 1980. Her husband <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhonghua" title="Wu Zhonghua">Wu Zhonghua</a> was also an accomplished physicist and CAS academician. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Minhua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Li was born on 2 November 1917 in <a href="/wiki/Wu_County" title="Wu County">Wu County</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China. She graduated from <a href="/wiki/Wu_Pen_Girls%27_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Pen Girls' School">Wu Pen Girls' School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> broke out in 1937, Tsinghua and several other universities evacuated Beijing and moved south to <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> Province, where they combined their diminished resources to form the temporary <a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">National Southwestern Associated University</a> (Lianda). Deeply affected by Japanese aggression, Li chose to study <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineering">aeronautical engineering</a> in order to contribute to China's national defense. She was among the first class of students to graduate from Lianda's Department of Aeronautical Engineering in 1940, and was hired as a faculty member by the university.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, she married <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhonghua" title="Wu Zhonghua">Wu Zhonghua</a>, a fellow physicist and Tsinghua/Lianda alumnus and faculty member.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_the_United_States">Career in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Minhua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, Li and Wu went to the United States to study at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Li studied mechanical engineering, while Wu specialized in the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>. She gave birth to two sons while at MIT, and the couple took turns looking after the children.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She earned her master's degree in 1945 and her <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">ScD</a> (PhD-equivalent) in 1948, overcoming then-prevalent <a href="/wiki/Sexual_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual discrimination">sexual discrimination</a> and becoming the first female MIT student to earn a PhD in mechanical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduation from MIT, Li and Wu both joined the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Flight_Propulsion_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory">Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA, the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>) as research scientists. She published several NACA reports, and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Xi" title="Sigma Xi">Sigma Xi</a> honor society.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, relations between the US and the newly established People's Republic of China turned openly hostile, and Li and Wu decided they could no longer work for the US military. They resigned from NACA and became professors at the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn">Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, they resolved to return to China. To avoid suspicion of the US government, the family flew to Britain in August ostensibly for a vacation. From there they traveled through Switzerland and Austria to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, finally arriving in Beijing at the end of the year via the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_China">Career in China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Minhua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Back in China, Li and Wu were received personally by Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>. She joined the Institute of Mechanics of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> (CAS), which was being established by <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qian_Weichang" title="Qian Weichang">Qian Weichang</a>, and served as head of the <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plasticity</a> group, one of the four research groups under the institute.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, Li was appointed head of solid mechanics at the newly established <a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">University of Science and Technology of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, she became a senior scientist at the First Design Institute of the CAS and participated in the design of China's <a href="/wiki/Satellite_launch_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite launch system">satellite launch system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was elected an academician of the CAS in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li made major contributions to aerospace research in China. Her paper "General plastic behaviour and method of solution for plane stress problems with axial symmetry in strain hardening range considering finite strain" won the <a href="/wiki/State_Natural_Science_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="State Natural Science Award">State Natural Science Award</a> (third class) in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, she led a team that designed China's first instantaneous heat load testing system for the satellite carrier rocket. In the 1970s, she developed a method to analyze defects in aerospace <a href="/wiki/Turbomachinery" title="Turbomachinery">turbomachinery</a>, and won the 1978 Major Achievement Award from the CAS.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her research on engine defects led to her later focus on <a href="/wiki/Material_fatigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Material fatigue">material fatigue</a>, which she extensively researched until she was in her eighties. Starting in 1982, she organized a biennial national conference on material fatigue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li died on 19 January 2013, at the age of 95.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Minhua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.imech.cas.cn/sci/cm/200907/t20090729_26052.html">"Li Minhua"</a>. <i>Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Mechanics%2C+Chinese+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Li+Minhua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.imech.cas.cn%2Fsci%2Fcm%2F200907%2Ft20090729_26052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Minhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWu1945" class="citation web cs1">Wu, Minghua Lee (1945-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/68266/27001890-MIT.pdf?sequence=2">"Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity Problems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2007-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.atitle=1925%3A+The+First+Chinese+Woman+Student+at+MIT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearlychinesemit.mit.edu%2F1925-first-chinese-woman-student-mit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Minhua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbLHHB1Vo6QC&pg=PA303"><i>30 Years' Review of China's Science & Technology, 1949–1979</i></a>. 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