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</li> <li id="toc-Divisions_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Divisions of time </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Divisions_of_time-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Divisions of time subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Seasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_24_sekki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_24_sekki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 The 24 sekki </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_24_sekki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zassetsu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zassetsu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Zassetsu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zassetsu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Months </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_the_Month" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_the_Month"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Division of the Month </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_the_Month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Week </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10-Days_(jun)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10-Days_(jun)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 10-Days (jun) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10-Days_(jun)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_other_notable_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_other_notable_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Holidays and other notable days </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Holidays_and_other_notable_days-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Holidays and other notable days subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_other_notable_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-April_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 April 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rokuyō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rokuyō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rokuyō </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rokuyō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 National Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_Creation_of_and_Changes_to_National_Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_Creation_of_and_Changes_to_National_Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Timeline of Creation of and Changes to National Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_Creation_of_and_Changes_to_National_Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Seasonal Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customary_issues_in_modern_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customary_issues_in_modern_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Customary issues in modern Japan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customary_issues_in_modern_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Customary issues in modern Japan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Customary_issues_in_modern_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gregorian_months_and_the_"One-Month_Delay"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gregorian_months_and_the_"One-Month_Delay""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gregorian months and the "One-Month Delay" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gregorian_months_and_the_"One-Month_Delay"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Japanese calendar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تقويم ياباني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقويم ياباني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="ژاپون تقویمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژاپون تقویمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Япон календары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Япон календары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Японски календар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японски календар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deiziadur_japanek" title="Deiziadur japanek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deiziadur japanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendari_japon%C3%A8s" title="Calendari japonès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calendari japonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%BD_kalend%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Japonský kalendář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonský kalendář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Zeitrechnung" title="Japanische Zeitrechnung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanische Zeitrechnung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_japon%C3%A9s" title="Calendario japonés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendario japonés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniar_egutegia" title="Japoniar egutegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniar egutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گاه‌شماری ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dates_en_japonais" title="Dates en japonais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dates en japonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_kalendar" title="Japanski kalendar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japanski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Jepang" title="Kalender Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_giapponese" title="Calendario giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calendario giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იაპონური კალენდარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონური კალენდარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dat_an_japon%C3%A8" title="Dat an japonè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dat an japonè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C5%B3_kalendorius" title="Japonų kalendorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japonų kalendorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_napt%C3%A1r" title="Japán naptár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán naptár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Јапонски календар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јапонски календар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იაპონური კალენდარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იაპონური კალენდარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="تقويم يابانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تقويم يابانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takwim_Jepun" title="Takwim Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takwim Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%9A%A6" title="日本の暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarz_japo%C5%84ski" title="Kalendarz japoński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalendarz japoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Японский календарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японский календарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Japanese calendar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonski_koledar" title="Japonski koledar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japonski koledar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_kalendar" title="Japanski kalendar – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Japanski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_kalendar" title="Japanski kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japanski kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A9nder_Jepang" title="Kalénder Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalénder Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ปฏิทินญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิทินญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendars used in Japan past and present</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jokyo-reki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokyo-reki.jpg/300px-Jokyo-reki.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokyo-reki.jpg/450px-Jokyo-reki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jokyo-reki.jpg/600px-Jokyo-reki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>1729 calendar, which used the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_calendar" title="Jōkyō calendar">Jōkyō calendar</a> procedure, published by <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Grand Shrine</a></figcaption></figure> Japanese calendar types have included a range of official and unofficial systems. At present, Japan uses the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> together with year designations stating the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">year of the reign of the current Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The written form starts with the year, then the month and finally the day, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> standard. For example, February 16, 2003, can be written as either 2003年2月16日 or 平成15年2月16日 (the latter following the regnal year system). 年 reads nen and means "year", 月 reads gatsu and means "month", and finally 日 (usually) reads nichi (its pronunciation depends on the number that precedes it, see below) and means "day". Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunisolar">lunisolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-Calendar-Color-Woodcut-1867.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Japanese-Calendar-Color-Woodcut-1867.png/280px-Japanese-Calendar-Color-Woodcut-1867.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Japanese-Calendar-Color-Woodcut-1867.png/420px-Japanese-Calendar-Color-Woodcut-1867.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Japanese-Calendar-Color-Woodcut-1867.png/560px-Japanese-Calendar-Color-Woodcut-1867.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1115" /></a><figcaption>Japanese Calendar (<a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, 1867)</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Briefly_Abridged_Calendar_of_1873,_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Briefly Abridged Calendar of 1873"><img alt="Briefly Abridged Calendar of 1873" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Briefly_Abridged_Calendar_of_1873%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG/99px-Briefly_Abridged_Calendar_of_1873%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Briefly_Abridged_Calendar_of_1873%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG/148px-Briefly_Abridged_Calendar_of_1873%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Briefly_Abridged_Calendar_of_1873%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG/197px-Briefly_Abridged_Calendar_of_1873%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1605" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Briefly Abridged Calendar of 1873</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_for_1907,_Nakai_Tokujiro_(Pub.),_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Calendar for 1907"><img alt="Calendar for 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Calendar_for_1907%2C_Nakai_Tokujiro_%28Pub.%29%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG/82px-Calendar_for_1907%2C_Nakai_Tokujiro_%28Pub.%29%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Calendar_for_1907%2C_Nakai_Tokujiro_%28Pub.%29%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG/123px-Calendar_for_1907%2C_Nakai_Tokujiro_%28Pub.%29%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Calendar_for_1907%2C_Nakai_Tokujiro_%28Pub.%29%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG/164px-Calendar_for_1907%2C_Nakai_Tokujiro_%28Pub.%29%2C_Hiroshige_Museum_of_Art.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2637" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calendar for 1907</div> </li> </ul> Over the centuries, Japan has used up to four systems for designating years:<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">sexagenary cycle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">era name</a> (元号, gengō) system, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperial_year" title="Japanese imperial year">Japanese imperial year</a> (皇紀 (kōki) or 紀元 (kigen)) and the Western <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>) (西暦, seireki) system. In the 21st century, however, the era system (gengō) and Western system (seireki) are the only ones still widely used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Calendar">Chinese Calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chinese Calendar">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a> was introduced to Japan via Korea in the middle of the sixth century. After that, Japan calculated its calendar using various Chinese calendar procedures, and from 1685, using Japanese variations of the Chinese procedures.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">sexagenary cycle</a> was often used together with era names, as in the 1729 Ise calendar shown above, which is for "the 14th year of Kyōhō, tsuchi-no-to no tori", i.e., 己酉. In modern times, the old Chinese calendar is virtually ignored; celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_New_Year" title="Lunar New Year">Lunar New Year</a> are thus limited to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Chinese</a> and other Asian immigrant communities. However, its influence can still be felt in the idea of "lucky and unlucky days" (described below), the traditional meanings behind the name of each month, and other features of modern Japanese calendars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_Names_(gengō)">Era Names (gengō)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Era Names (gengō)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">era name</a> (元号, gengō) system was also introduced from China, and has been in continuous use since AD 701.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The reigning <a href="/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emperors of Japan">Emperor</a> chooses the name associated with their <a href="/wiki/Regnal_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnal years">regnal eras</a>; before 1868, multiple names were chosen throughout the same emperor's rule, such as to commemorate a major event.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-6">[6]</a> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Emperor Kōmei</a>'s reign (1846–1867) was split into seven eras, one of which lasted <a href="/wiki/Man%27en" title="Man'en">only one year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-6">[6]</a> Starting with Kōmei's son the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> in 1868, there has only been one gengō per emperor representing their entire reign. The nengō system remains in wide use, especially on official documents and government forms.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It is also in general use in private and personal business. The present era, <a href="/wiki/Reiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa</a>, formally began on 1 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-10">[10]</a> The name of the new era was announced by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese government">Japanese government</a> on 1 April 2019, a month prior to <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>'s accession to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-10">[10]</a> The previous era, <a href="/wiki/Heisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei</a>, came to an end on 30 April 2019, after Japan's former emperor, <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>, abdicated the throne.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-10">[10]</a> Reiwa is the first era name whose characters come from a Japanese root source; prior eras' names were taken from Chinese classic literature.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_Imperial_Years_(kōki_or_kigen)">Japanese Imperial Years (kōki or kigen)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japanese Imperial Years (kōki or kigen)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperial_year" title="Japanese imperial year">Japanese imperial year</a> (皇紀 (kōki) or 紀元 (kigen)) is based on the date of the legendary founding of Japan by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a> in 660 BC.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> For instance, 660 BC is counted as Kōki 1. It was first used in the official calendar in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Kōki 2600 (1940) was a special year. The <a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940 Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_expo" class="mw-redirect" title="World expo">Tokyo Expo</a> were planned as anniversary events, but were canceled due to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. The Japanese naval <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Zero Fighter</a> was named after this year. After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/USFJ" class="mw-redirect" title="USFJ">United States occupied Japan</a>, and stopped the use of kōki by officials.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-17">[17]</a> Today, kōki is rarely used, except in some judicial contexts.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-17">[17]</a> Usage of kōki dating can be a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">nationalist</a> signal, pointing out that the history of Japan's imperial family is longer than that of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> (AD) system. The 1898 law determining the placement of <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap years</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> is officially based on the kōki years, using a formula that is effectively equivalent to that of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>: if the kōki year number is evenly divisible by four, it is a leap year, unless the number minus 660 is evenly divisible by 100 and not by 400. Thus, for example, the year Kōki 2560 (AD 1900) is divisible by 4; but 2560 − 660 = 1900, which is evenly divisible by 100 and not by 400, so kōki 2560 (1900) was not a leap year, just as in most of the rest of the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregorian_Calendar_(seireki)">Gregorian Calendar (seireki)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gregorian Calendar (seireki)">edit</a>]</div> The Western <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>) (西暦, seireki) system, based on the <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, was first introduced in 1873 as part of the Japan's <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> modernization.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-3">[3]</a> Nowadays, Japanese people know it as well as the regnal eras. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_of_time">Divisions of time</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Divisions of time">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasons">Seasons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seasons">edit</a>]</div> There are four seasons corresponding to the West's: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English name</th> <th>Japanese name</th> <th>Romanisation</th> <th>Traditional dates </th></tr> <tr> <td>Spring</td> <td>春</td> <td>haru</td> <td>February 5 – May 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Summer</td> <td>夏</td> <td>natsu</td> <td>May 7 – August 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fall</td> <td>秋</td> <td>aki</td> <td>August 9 – November 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Winter</td> <td>冬</td> <td>fuyu</td> <td>November 8 – February 4 </td></tr></tbody></table> However, there is also a traditional system of <a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">72 microseasons</a> (候, kō), consisting of <a href="/wiki/Jieqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jieqi">24 solar terms</a> (節気, sekki) each divided into three sets of five days,<a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto9-22">[22]</a> and with specially-named days or Zassetsu (雑節) indicating the start and end of each. This system was adapted from the Chinese in 1685 by court astronomer Shibukawa Shunkai, rewriting the names to better match the local climate and nature in his native Japan.<a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21">[21]</a> Each kō has traditional customs, festivals, foods, flowers and birds associated with it:<a href="#cite_note-auto9-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_24_sekki">The 24 sekki</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The 24 sekki">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Microseason Number</th> <th>Traditional Dates</th> <th>Japanese Name</th> <th>Romanization</th> <th>English Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Risshun" class="mw-redirect" title="Risshun">Risshun</a> (立春, Beginning of Spring) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>February 4–8</td> <td>東風解凍</td> <td>Harukaze kōri o toku</td> <td>The east wind melts the thick ice. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>February 9–13</td> <td>黄鶯睍睆</td> <td>Kōō kenkan su</td> <td>Bush warblers sing in the countryside. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>February 14–18</td> <td>魚上氷</td> <td>Uo kōri o izuru</td> <td>Ice cracks, allowing fish to emerge. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Usui" class="mw-redirect" title="Usui">Usui</a> (雨水, Rain Water) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>February 19–23</td> <td>土脉潤起</td> <td>Tsuchi no shō uruoi okoru</td> <td>Rain falls, moistening the soil. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>February 24–28</td> <td>霞始靆</td> <td>Kasumi hajimete tanabiku</td> <td>Mist lies over the land. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>March 1–5</td> <td>草木萌動</td> <td>Sōmoku mebae izuru</td> <td>Trees and plants put forth buds. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keichitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Keichitsu">Keichitsu</a> (啓蟄, Insects Awakening) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>March 6–10</td> <td>蟄虫啓戸</td> <td>Sugomori mushito o hiraku</td> <td>Hibernating insects emerge. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>March 11–15</td> <td>桃始笑</td> <td>Momo hajimete saku</td> <td>Peach trees begin to bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>March 16–20</td> <td>菜虫化蝶</td> <td>Namushi chō to naru</td> <td>Cabbage whites emerge from their cocoons. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shunbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunbun">Shunbun</a> (春分, Spring Equinox) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>March 21–25</td> <td>雀始巣</td> <td>Suzume hajimete sukū</td> <td>Sparrows begin building their nests. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>March 26–30</td> <td>櫻始開</td> <td>Sakura hajimete saku</td> <td>Cherry blossoms begin to bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>March 31–April 4</td> <td>雷乃発声</td> <td>Kaminari sunawachi koe o hassu</td> <td>Thunder rumbles far away. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qingming" class="mw-redirect" title="Qingming">Seimei</a> (清明, Fresh Green) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>April 5–9</td> <td>玄鳥至</td> <td>Tsubame kitaru</td> <td>Swallows return from the south. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>April 10–14</td> <td>鴻雁北</td> <td>Kōgan kaeru</td> <td>Wild geese fly north. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>April 15–19</td> <td>虹始見</td> <td>Niji hajimete arawaru</td> <td>Rainbows begin to appear. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kokuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokuu">Kokuu</a> (穀雨, Grain Rain) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>April 20–24</td> <td>葭始生</td> <td>Ashi hajimete shōzu</td> <td>Reeds begin to sprout. </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>April 25–29</td> <td>霜止出苗</td> <td>Shimo yamite nae izuru</td> <td>Rice seedlings grow. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>April 30–May 4</td> <td>牡丹華</td> <td>Botan hana saku</td> <td>Peonies bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lixia" title="Lixia">Rikka</a> (立夏, Beginning of Summer) </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>May 5–9</td> <td>蛙始鳴</td> <td>Kawazu hajimete naku</td> <td>Frogs begin croaking. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>May 10–14</td> <td>蚯蚓出</td> <td>Mimizu izuru</td> <td>Worms wriggle to the surface. </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>May 15–20</td> <td>竹笋生</td> <td>Takenoko shōzu</td> <td>Bamboo shoots sprout. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōman">Shōman</a> (小満, Lesser Fullness) </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>May 21–25</td> <td>蚕起食桑</td> <td>Kaiko okite kuwa o hamu</td> <td>Silkworms feast on mulberry leaves. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>May 26–30</td> <td>紅花栄</td> <td>Benibana sakau</td> <td>Safflowers bloom in abundance. </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>May 31–June 5</td> <td>麦秋至</td> <td>Mugi no toki itaru</td> <td>Barley ripens, ready to be harvested. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bōshu">Bōshu</a> (芒種, Grain in Ear) </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>June 6–10</td> <td>蟷螂生</td> <td>Kamakiri shōzu</td> <td>Praying mantises hatch and come forth. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>June 11–15</td> <td>腐草為螢</td> <td>Kusaretaru kusa hotaru to naru</td> <td>Fireflies fly out from moist grass. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>June 16–20</td> <td>梅子黄</td> <td>Ume no mi kibamu</td> <td>Plums ripen, turning yellow. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiazhi" title="Xiazhi">Geshi</a> (夏至, Summer Solstice) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>June 21–26</td> <td>乃東枯</td> <td>Natsukarekusa karuru</td> <td>Prunella flowers wither. </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>June 27–July 1</td> <td>菖蒲華</td> <td>Ayame hana saku</td> <td>Irises bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>July 2–6</td> <td>半夏生</td> <td>Hange shōzu</td> <td>Crowdipper sprouts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dsho" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōsho">Shōsho</a> (小暑, Lesser Heat) </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>July 7–11</td> <td>温風至</td> <td>Atsukaze itaru</td> <td>Warm winds blow. </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>July 12–16</td> <td>蓮始開</td> <td>Hasu hajimete hiraku</td> <td>Lotuses begin to bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>July 17–22</td> <td>鷹乃学習</td> <td>Taka sunawachi waza o narau</td> <td>Young hawks learn to fly. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dashu_(solar_term)" title="Dashu (solar term)">Taisho</a> (大暑, Greater Heat) </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>July 23–28</td> <td>桐始結花</td> <td>Kiri hajimete hana o musubu</td> <td>Paulownia trees begin to produce seeds. </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>July 29–August 2</td> <td>土潤溽暑</td> <td>Tsuchi uruōte mushi atsushi</td> <td>The ground is damp, the air hot and humid. </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>August 3–7</td> <td>大雨時行</td> <td>Taiu tokidoki furu</td> <td>Heavy rains fall. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Risshū">Risshū</a> (立秋, Beginning of Autumn) </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>August 8–12</td> <td>涼風至</td> <td>Suzukaze itaru</td> <td>Cool winds blow. </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>August 13–17</td> <td>寒蝉鳴</td> <td>Higurashi naku</td> <td>Evening cicadas begin to sing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>August 18–22</td> <td>蒙霧升降</td> <td>Fukaki kiri matō</td> <td>Thick fog blankets the land. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shosho" class="mw-redirect" title="Shosho">Shosho</a> (処暑, Shosho (End of Heat)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>August 23–27</td> <td>綿柎開</td> <td>Wata no hana shibe hiraku</td> <td>Cotton bolls open. </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>August 28–September 1</td> <td>天地始粛</td> <td>Tenchi hajimete samushi</td> <td>The heat finally relents. </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>September 2–7</td> <td>禾乃登</td> <td>Kokumono sunawachi minoru</td> <td>Rice ripens. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuro">Hakuro</a> (白露, White Dew) </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>September 8–12</td> <td>草露白</td> <td>Kusa no tsuyu shiroshi</td> <td>White dew shimmers on the grass. </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>September 13–17</td> <td>鶺鴒鳴</td> <td>Sekirei naku</td> <td>Wagtails begin to sing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>September 18–22</td> <td>玄鳥去</td> <td>Tsubame saru</td> <td>Swallows return to the south. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shūbun">Shūbun</a> (秋分, Autumnal Equinox) </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>September 23–27</td> <td>雷乃収声</td> <td>Kaminari sunawachi koe o osamu</td> <td>Thunder comes to an end. </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>September 28–October 2</td> <td>蟄虫坏戸</td> <td>Mushi kakurete to o fusagu</td> <td>Insects close up their burrows. </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>October 3–7</td> <td>水始涸</td> <td>Mizu hajimete karuru</td> <td>Fields are drained of water. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanro">Kanro</a> (寒露, Cold Dew) </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>October 8–12</td> <td>鴻雁来</td> <td>Kōgan kitaru</td> <td>Wild geese begin to fly back. </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>October 13–17</td> <td>菊花開</td> <td>Kiku no hana hiraku</td> <td>Chrysanthemums bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>October 18–22</td> <td>蟋蟀在戸</td> <td>Kirigirisu to ni ari</td> <td>Crickets chirp by the door. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōkō">Sōkō</a> (霜降, First Frost) </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>October 23–27</td> <td>霜始降</td> <td>Shimo hajimete furu</td> <td>Frost begins to form. </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>October 28–November 1</td> <td>霎時施</td> <td>Kosame tokidoki furu</td> <td>Drizzling rain falls gently. </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>November 2–6</td> <td>楓蔦黄</td> <td>Momiji tsuta kibamu</td> <td>Maple leaves and ivy turn yellow. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lidong" title="Lidong">Rittō</a> (立冬, Beginning of Winter) </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>November 7–11</td> <td>山茶始開</td> <td>Tsubaki hajimete hiraku</td> <td>Sasanqua camellias begin to bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>November 12–16</td> <td>地始凍</td> <td>Chi hajimete kōru</td> <td>The land begins to freeze. </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>November 17–21</td> <td>金盞香</td> <td>Kinsenka saku</td> <td>Daffodils bloom. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dsetsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōsetsu">Shōsetsu</a> (小雪, Light Snow) </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>November 22–26</td> <td>虹蔵不見</td> <td>Niji kakurete miezu</td> <td>Rainbows disappear. </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>November 27–December 1</td> <td>朔風払葉</td> <td>Kitakaze konoha o harau</td> <td>The north wind blows leaves off the trees. </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>December 2–6</td> <td>橘始黄</td> <td>Tachibana hajimete kibamu</td> <td>Tachibana citrus trees begin to turn yellow. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taisetsu" title="Taisetsu">Taisetsu</a> (大雪, Heavy Snow) </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>December 7–11</td> <td>閉塞成冬</td> <td>Sora samuku fuyu to naru</td> <td>The skies stay cold as winter arrives. </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>December 12–16</td> <td>熊蟄穴</td> <td>Kuma ana ni komoru</td> <td>Bears hide away in their dens to hibernate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>December 17–21</td> <td>鱖魚群</td> <td>Sake no uo muragaru</td> <td>Salmon swim upstream en masse. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_(solar_term)" title="Dongzhi (solar term)">Tōji</a> (冬至, Winter Solstice) </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>December 22–26</td> <td>乃東生</td> <td>Natsukarekusa shōzu</td> <td>Prunella sprouts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>December 27–31</td> <td>麋角解</td> <td>Sawashika no tsuno otsuru</td> <td>Deer shed their antlers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>January 1–4</td> <td>雪下出麦</td> <td>Yuki watarite mugi nobiru</td> <td>Barley sprouts under the snow. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōkan">Shōkan</a> (小寒, Lesser Cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>January 5–9</td> <td>芹乃栄</td> <td>Seri sunawachi sakau</td> <td>Parsley thrives. </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>January 10–14</td> <td>水泉動</td> <td>Shimizu atataka o fukumu</td> <td>Springs once frozen flow once more. </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>January 15–19</td> <td>雉始雊</td> <td>Kiji hajimete naku</td> <td>Cock pheasants begin to call. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dahan_(solar_term)" title="Dahan (solar term)">Daikan</a> (大寒, Greater Cold) </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>January 20–24</td> <td>款冬華</td> <td>Fuki no hana saku</td> <td>Butterburs put forth buds. </td></tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td>January 25–29</td> <td>水沢腹堅</td> <td>Sawamizu kōri tsumeru</td> <td>Mountain streams gain a cover of thick ice. </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>January 30–February 3</td> <td>鶏始乳</td> <td>Niwatori hajimete toya ni tsuku</td> <td>Hens begin to lay eggs. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zassetsu">Zassetsu</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zassetsu">edit</a>]</div> Zassetsu (雑節) is a collective term for special seasonal days within the 24 sekki. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Kanji</th> <th>Romaji</th> <th>Comment </th></tr> <tr> <td>February 3</td> <td>節分</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Setsubun" title="Setsubun">Setsubun</a></td> <td>The eve of Risshun by one definition. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 18–March 24</td> <td>春彼岸</td> <td>Haru higan</td> <td>The seven days surrounding Shunbun. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vernal Equinox day</td> <td>春社日</td> <td>Haru shanichi</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>. 彼岸中日 (Higan Chūnichi) in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 2</td> <td>八十八夜</td> <td>Hachijū hachiya</td> <td>Literally meaning 88 nights (since Risshun). </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 11</td> <td>入梅</td> <td>Nyūbai</td> <td>Literally meaning entering <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">tsuyu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 2</td> <td>半夏生</td> <td>Hangeshō</td> <td>One of the 72 Kō. Farmers take five days off in some regions. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 15</td> <td>中元</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chugen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chugen">Chūgen</a></td> <td>Officially July 15. August 15 in many regions (Tsuki-okure). </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 20</td> <td>夏の土用</td> <td>Natsu no doyō</td> <td>Custom of eating <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a> on this day. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1</td> <td>二百十日</td> <td>Nihyaku tōka</td> <td>Literally meaning 210 days (since Risshun). </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 11</td> <td>二百二十日</td> <td>Nihyaku hatsuka</td> <td>Literally meaning 220 days. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 20–September 26</td> <td>秋彼岸</td> <td>Aki higan</td> <td>The seven days surrounding Shūbun. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Autumal Equinox</td> <td>秋社日</td> <td>Aki shanichi</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>. 彼岸中日 (Higan Chūnichi) in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table> Shanichi dates can vary by as much as 5 days. Chūgen has a fixed day. All other days can vary by one day. Many zassetsu days occur in multiple seasons: <ul><li>Doyō (土用) refers to the 18 days before each season, especially the one before fall which is known as the hottest period of a year.</li> <li>Higan (彼岸) is the seven middle days of spring and autumn, with Shunbun at the middle of the seven days for spring, Shūbun for fall.</li> <li>Shanichi (社日) is the Tsuchinoe (戊) day closest to Shunbun (middle of spring) or Shūbun (middle of fall), which can be as much as 5 days before to 4 days after Shunbun/Shūbun.</li></ul> The term <a href="/wiki/Setsubun" title="Setsubun">Setsubun</a> (節分) originally referred to the eves of <a href="/wiki/Risshun" class="mw-redirect" title="Risshun">Risshun</a> (立春, 315°, the beginning of Spring), <a href="/wiki/Lixia" title="Lixia">Rikka</a> (立夏, 45°, the beginning of Summer), <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Risshū">Risshū</a> (立秋, 135°, the beginning of Autumn), and <a href="/wiki/Lidong" title="Lidong">Rittō</a> (立冬, 225°, the beginning of Winter); however, it now only refers to the day before Risshun. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Months">Months</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Months">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kisaragi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kisaragi (disambiguation)">Kisaragi (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannazuki_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kannazuki (disambiguation)">Kannazuki (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShinOchaEkiMuralHachigatsu8540.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ShinOchaEkiMuralHachigatsu8540.jpg/220px-ShinOchaEkiMuralHachigatsu8540.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ShinOchaEkiMuralHachigatsu8540.jpg/330px-ShinOchaEkiMuralHachigatsu8540.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ShinOchaEkiMuralHachigatsu8540.jpg/440px-ShinOchaEkiMuralHachigatsu8540.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>This mural on the wall of <a href="/wiki/Shin-Ochanomizu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin-Ochanomizu Station">Shin-Ochanomizu</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Chiyoda_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line">subway</a> station in Tokyo celebrates Hazuki, the eighth month.</figcaption></figure> As mentioned above, the Japanese calendar used to be based on an adaptation of the Chinese lunar calendar, which begins 3 to 7 weeks later than the Gregorian. In other words, the Gregorian "first month" and the Chinese "first month" do not align, which is important in historical contexts. The "traditional names" for each month, shown below, are still used by some in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>; of the twelve, Shiwasu is still widely used today. The opening paragraph of a letter or the greeting in a speech might borrow one of these names to convey a sense of the season. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_(given_name)" title="Yayoi (given name)">Yayoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satsuki" title="Satsuki">Satsuki</a>, do double duty as <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> (for women). These month names also appear from time to time on <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">jidaigeki</a>, contemporary television shows and movies set in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> or earlier. The Japanese names for the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> months literally translate to "first month", "second month", and so on. The corresponding number is combined with the suffix 月 (-gatsu, "month"). The table below uses traditional numerals, but the use of <a href="/wiki/Western_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Western numerals">Western numerals</a> (１月, ２月, ３月, etc.) is common. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_calendar_december.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Japanese_calendar_december.jpg/220px-Japanese_calendar_december.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Japanese_calendar_december.jpg/330px-Japanese_calendar_december.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Japanese_calendar_december.jpg/440px-Japanese_calendar_december.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese calendar from 2011 depicting the month of December, shiwasu (師走)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English name</th> <th>Common Japanese name</th> <th>Traditional Japanese name </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>January</td> <td>一月 (ichigatsu) </td> <td>Mutsuki (睦月, "Month of Love," alternatively "Month of Affection").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>February</td> <td>二月 (nigatsu) </td> <td>Kisaragi (如月) or Kinusaragi (衣更着, "Changing Clothes").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>March</td> <td>三月 (sangatsu) </td> <td>Yayoi (弥生, "New Life").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>April</td> <td>四月 (shigatsu) </td> <td>Uzuki (卯月, "u-no-hana month").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> The u-no-hana (卯の花) is a flower, of the genus <a href="/wiki/Deutzia" title="Deutzia">Deutzia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>May</td> <td>五月 (gogatsu) </td> <td>Satsuki (皐月) or Sanaetsuki (早苗月, "Early-rice-planting Month").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>June</td> <td>六月 (rokugatsu) </td> <td>Minazuki (水無月, "Month of Water"). The 無 character, which normally means "absent" or "there is no", is <a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">ateji</a> here, and is only used for the na sound. In this name the na is actually a possessive particle, so minazuki means "month of water", not "month without water", and this is in reference to the flooding of the rice fields, which require large quantities of water.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>July</td> <td>七月 (shichigatsu) </td> <td>Fuzuki (文月, "Month of Erudition").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>August</td> <td>八月 (hachigatsu) </td> <td>Hazuki (葉月, "Month of Leaves"). In old Japanese, the month was called 葉落ち月 (Haochizuki, or "Month of Falling Leaves").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>September</td> <td>九月 (kugatsu) </td> <td>Nagatsuki (長月, "The Long Month").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>October</td> <td>十月 (jūgatsu) </td> <td>Kannazuki or Kaminazuki (神無月, "Month of the Gods"). The 無 character, which normally means "absent" or "there is not", was here probably originally used as an <a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">ateji</a> for the possessive particle na, so Kaminazuki may have originally meant "Month of the Gods", not "Month without Gods" (Kaminakizuki), similarly to Minatsuki, the "Month of Water".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, by what may be <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">false etymology</a>, the name became commonly interpreted to mean that, because in that month all the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> gather at <a href="/wiki/Izumo-taisha" title="Izumo-taisha">Izumo shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Izumo_Province" title="Izumo Province">Izumo Province</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture" title="Shimane Prefecture">Shimane Prefecture</a>), there are no gods in the rest of the country. Thus in Izumo Province, the month is called Kamiarizuki (神有月 or 神在月, "Month with Gods").<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Various other etymologies have also been suggested from time to time.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>November</td> <td>十一月 (jūichigatsu) </td> <td>Shimotsuki (霜月, "Month of Frost").<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>December</td> <td>十二月 (jūnigatsu) </td> <td>Shiwasu (師走, "Priests Running"). This is in reference to priests being busy at the end of the year for <a href="/wiki/Shogatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogatsu">New Year's</a> preparations and blessings.<a href="#cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_the_Month">Division of the Month</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Division of the Month">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Week">Week</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Week">edit</a>]</div> Japan uses a <a href="/wiki/Seven-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven-day week">seven-day week</a>, aligned with the Western calendar. The seven-day week, with names for the days corresponding to the Latin system, was brought to Japan around AD 800 with the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a>. The system was used for astrological purposes and little else until 1876. Much like in multiple European languages, in which the names for weekdays are, partially or fully, based on what the Ancient Romans considered the seven visible planets, meaning the five visible planets and the sun and the moon, in The Far East the five visible planets are named after the <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">five Chinese elements</a> (metal, wood, water, fire, earth.) On the origin of the names of the days of the week, also see <a href="/wiki/Week-day_names#East_Asian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Week-day names">East Asian Seven Luminaries</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Japanese</th> <th>Romanization</th> <th>Element (planet)</th> <th>English name </th></tr> <tr> <td>日曜日</td> <td>nichiyōbi</td> <td>Sun</td> <td>Sunday </td></tr> <tr> <td>月曜日</td> <td>getsuyōbi</td> <td>Moon</td> <td>Monday </td></tr> <tr> <td>火曜日</td> <td>kayōbi</td> <td>Fire (<a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>)</td> <td>Tuesday </td></tr> <tr> <td>水曜日</td> <td>suiyōbi</td> <td>Water (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>)</td> <td>Wednesday </td></tr> <tr> <td>木曜日</td> <td>mokuyōbi</td> <td>Wood (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>)</td> <td>Thursday </td></tr> <tr> <td>金曜日</td> <td>kin'yōbi</td> <td>Metal (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>)</td> <td>Friday </td></tr> <tr> <td>土曜日</td> <td>doyōbi</td> <td>Earth (<a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>)</td> <td>Saturday </td></tr></tbody></table> Sunday and Saturday are regarded as "Western style take-a-rest days". Since the late 19th century, Sunday has been regarded as a "full-time holiday", and Saturday a half-time holiday (半ドン, han-don). These days have no religious meaning (except those who believe in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>). Many Japanese retailers do not close on Saturdays or Sundays, because many office workers and their families are expected to visit the shops during the weekend. Sunday is traditionally the first day of the week. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="10-Days_(jun)">10-Days (jun)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 10-Days (jun)">edit</a>]</div> Japanese people also use 10-day periods called jun (旬). Each month is divided into two 10-day periods and a third with the remaining 8 to 11 days: <ul><li>The first (from the 1st to the 10th) is jōjun (上旬, upper jun)</li> <li>The second (from the 11th to the 20th), chūjun (中旬, middle jun)</li> <li>The last (from the 21st to the end of the month), gejun (下旬, lower jun).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li></ul> These are frequently used to indicate approximate times, for example, "the temperatures are typical of the jōjun of April"; "a vote on a bill is expected during the gejun of this month." The magazine <a href="/wiki/Kinema_Junpo" title="Kinema Junpo">Kinema Junpo</a> was originally published once every jun (i.e. three times a month).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days">Days</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Days">edit</a>]</div> The table below shows dates written with traditional numerals, but use of Arabic numerals (１日, ２日, ３日, etc.) is extremely common in everyday communication, almost the norm. <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50pt">Day number</th> <th width="50pt">Japanese name</th> <th width="50pt">Romanisation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>一日</td> <td>tsuitachi </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>二日</td> <td>futsuka </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>三日</td> <td>mikka </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>四日</td> <td>yokka </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>五日</td> <td>itsuka </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>六日</td> <td>muika </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>七日</td> <td>nanoka </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>八日</td> <td>yōka </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>九日</td> <td>kokonoka </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>十日</td> <td>tōka </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>十一日</td> <td>jūichi-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>十二日</td> <td>jūni-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>十三日</td> <td>jūsan-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>十四日</td> <td>jūyokka jūyon-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>十五日</td> <td>jūgo-nichi </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>   </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Day number</th> <th>Japanese name</th> <th>Romanisation </th></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>十六日</td> <td>jūroku-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td width="10%">17</td> <td width="25%">十七日</td> <td>jūshichi-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>十八日</td> <td>jūhachi-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>十九日</td> <td>jūkyū-nichi jūku-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>二十日</td> <td>hatsuka </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>二十一日</td> <td>nijūichi-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>二十二日</td> <td>nijūni-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>二十三日</td> <td>nijūsan-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>二十四日</td> <td>nijūyokka nijūyon-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>二十五日</td> <td>nijūgo-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>二十六日</td> <td>nijūroku-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>二十七日</td> <td>nijūshichi-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>二十八日</td> <td>nijūhachi-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>二十九日</td> <td>nijūkyū-nichi nijūku-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>三十日</td> <td>sanjū-nichi </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>三十一日</td> <td>sanjūichi-nichi </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Each day of the month has a semi-systematic name. The days generally use kun (native Japanese) <a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals#Basic_numbering_in_Japanese" title="Japanese numerals">numeral readings</a> up to ten, and thereafter on (Chinese-derived) readings, but there are some irregularities. Tsuitachi is a worn-down form of tsuki-tachi (月立ち), literally "month start." The last day of the month was called tsugomori, which means "Moon hidden." This classical word comes from the tradition of the lunisolar calendar. The 30th was also traditionally called misoka, just as the 20th is called hatsuka. Nowadays, the terms for the numbers 28–31 plus nichi are much more common. However, misoka is much used in contracts, etc., specifying that a payment should be made on or by the last day of the month, whatever the number is. <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> is known as <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmisoka" title="Ōmisoka">Ōmisoka</a> (大晦日, big 30th), and that term is still in use. As mentioned below, there is traditional belief that some days are lucky (kichijitsu) or unlucky. For example, there are some who will avoid beginning something on an unlucky day.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays_and_other_notable_days">Holidays and other notable days</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Holidays and other notable days">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April_1">April 1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: April 1">edit</a>]</div> The first day of April has broad significance in Japan. It marks the beginning of the government's fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Many corporations follow suit. In addition, corporations often form or merge on that date. In recent years, municipalities have preferred it for mergers. On this date, many new employees begin their jobs, and it is the start of many real-estate leases. The <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">school year</a> begins on April 1. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rokuyō">Rokuyō</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rokuyō">edit</a>]</div> The rokuyō (六曜) are a series of six days calculated from the date of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a> that supposedly predict whether there will be good or bad fortune during that day. The rokuyō are commonly found on Japanese calendars and are often used to plan weddings and funerals, though most people ignore them in ordinary life. The rokuyō are also known as the rokki (六輝). In order, they are: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kanji </th> <th>Romanization </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>先勝 </td> <td>Senshō </td> <td>Good luck before noon, bad luck after noon. Good day for beginnings (in the morning). </td></tr> <tr> <td>友引 </td> <td>Tomobiki </td> <td>Your friends may be "drawn-in" towards good and evil. Funerals are avoided on this day (tomo = friend, biki = pull, thus a funeral might pull friends toward the deceased). Typically crematoriums are closed this day. But, for instance, weddings are fine on this day. </td></tr> <tr> <td>先負 </td> <td>Senbu </td> <td>Bad luck before noon, good luck after noon. </td></tr> <tr> <td>仏滅 </td> <td>Butsumetsu </td> <td>Symbolizes the day <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> died. Considered the most unlucky day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Weddings are best avoided. Some <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> shrines close their offices on this day. </td></tr> <tr> <td>大安 </td> <td>Taian </td> <td>The most lucky day. Good day for weddings and events like shop openings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>赤口 </td> <td>Shakkō </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_clock" title="Japanese clock">hour of the horse</a> (11 am to 1 pm) is lucky. The rest is bad luck. </td></tr> </tbody></table> The rokuyō days are easily calculated from the Japanese lunisolar calendar. The first day of the first month is always senshō, with the days following in the order given above until the end of the month. Thus, the 2nd day is tomobiki, the 3rd is senbu, and so on. The 1st day of the 2nd month restarts the sequence at tomobiki. The 3rd month restarts at senbu, and so on for each month. The latter six months repeat the patterns of the first six, so the 1st of the 7th is senshō, the 1st of the 12th is shakkō and the <a href="/wiki/Tsukimi" title="Tsukimi">moon-viewing day</a> on the 15th of the 8th is always butsumetsu. This system did not become popular in Japan until the end of the Edo period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Holidays">National Holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: National Holidays">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koinobori4797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Koinobori4797.jpg/220px-Koinobori4797.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Koinobori4797.jpg/330px-Koinobori4797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Koinobori4797.jpg/440px-Koinobori4797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Koinobori, flags decorated like <a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">koi</a>, are popular decorations around Children's Day.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holidays_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays of Japan">Holidays of Japan</a></div> After World War II, the names of Japanese national holidays were completely changed because of the secular state principle (Article 20, The Constitution of Japan). Although many of them actually originated from <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and important events relating to the Japanese imperial family, it is not easy to understand the original meanings from the superficial and vague official names. Notes: Single days between two national holidays are taken as a bank holiday. This applies to May 4, which is a holiday each year. When a national holiday falls on a Sunday the next day that is not a holiday (usually a Monday) is taken as a holiday. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Japanese national holidays </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>English name</th> <th>Official name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>January 1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">New Year's Day</a></td> <td>元日</td> <td>Ganjitsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Monday of January</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_Day" title="Coming of Age Day">Coming of Age Day</a></td> <td>成人の日</td> <td>Seijin no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_Day_(Japan)" title="National Foundation Day (Japan)">National Foundation Day</a>†</td> <td>建国記念の日</td> <td>Kenkoku kinen no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Birthday" title="The Emperor's Birthday">The Emperor's Birthday</a> </td> <td>天皇誕生日 </td> <td>Tennō tanjōbi </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 20 or 21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vernal_Equinox_Day" title="Vernal Equinox Day">Vernal Equinox Day</a></td> <td>春分の日</td> <td>Shunbun no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Day" title="Shōwa Day">Shōwa Day</a>*</td> <td>昭和の日</td> <td>Shōwa no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Memorial_Day" title="Constitution Memorial Day">Constitution Memorial Day</a>*</td> <td>憲法記念日</td> <td>Kenpō kinenbi </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenery_Day" title="Greenery Day">Greenery Day</a>*</td> <td>みどりの日</td> <td>Midori no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Children's Day</a>*</td> <td>こどもの日</td> <td>Kodomo no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Monday of July</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marine_Day" title="Marine Day">Marine Day</a></td> <td>海の日</td> <td>Umi no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Day" title="Mountain Day">Mountain Day</a></td> <td>山の日</td> <td>Yama no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Monday of September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Respect_for_the_Aged_Day" title="Respect for the Aged Day">Respect for the Aged Day</a></td> <td>敬老の日</td> <td>Keirō no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 22 or 23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autumnal_Equinox_Day" title="Autumnal Equinox Day">Autumnal Equinox Day</a></td> <td>秋分の日</td> <td>Shūbun no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Monday of October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sports_Day_(Japan)" title="Sports Day (Japan)">Sports Day</a></td> <td>スポーツの日</td> <td>Supōtsu no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Culture_Day" title="Culture Day">Culture Day</a></td> <td>文化の日</td> <td>Bunka no hi </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Thanksgiving_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Thanksgiving Day">Labour Thanksgiving Day</a></td> <td>勤労感謝の日</td> <td>Kinrō kansha no hi </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><dl><dd>† Traditional date on which according to legend <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a> founded Japan in 660 BC.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>* Part of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Week_(Japan)" title="Golden Week (Japan)">Golden Week</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timeline_of_Creation_of_and_Changes_to_National_Holidays">Timeline of Creation of and Changes to National Holidays</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Timeline of Creation of and Changes to National Holidays">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, 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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>1948: The following national holidays were introduced in the Public Holiday Law (国民の祝日に関する法律, Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'An Act on public holidays'; Act No. 178 of 1948): <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">New Year's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coming-of-Age_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming-of-Age Day">Coming-of-Age Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Memorial_Day" title="Constitution Memorial Day">Constitution Memorial Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autumnal_Equinox_Day" title="Autumnal Equinox Day">Autumnal Equinox Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_Day" title="Culture Day">Culture Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labor_Thanksgiving_Day" title="Labor Thanksgiving Day">Labor Thanksgiving Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-34">[34]</a></li> <li>1966: A supplementary provision to create <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Sports_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Sports Day">Health and Sports Day</a> was introduced in memory of the 1964 <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">Tokyo Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernal_Equinox_Day" title="Vernal Equinox Day">Vernal Equinox Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Foundation_Day_(Japan)" title="National Foundation Day (Japan)">National Foundation Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respect_for_the_Aged_Day" title="Respect for the Aged Day">Respect for the Aged Day</a> were also introduced.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-34">[34]</a></li> <li>1985: Reform to the national holiday law made days like May 4, sandwiched between two other national holidays, a generic national holiday (国民の休日, kokumin no kyūjitsu).<a href="#cite_note-auto10-34">[34]</a></li> <li>1989: After the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa Emperor">Shōwa Emperor</a> died on January 7, his birthday, April 29, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Greenery_Day" title="Greenery Day">Greenery Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Birthday" title="The Emperor's Birthday">The Emperor's Birthday</a> (observed as a national holiday since 1868) moved to December 23 for the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>.</li> <li>1995: Reform to the national holiday law added <a href="/wiki/Marine_Day" title="Marine Day">Marine Day</a>, to be celebrated July 20.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-34">[34]</a></li> <li>2000, 2003: <a href="/wiki/Happy_Monday_System" title="Happy Monday System">Happy Monday System</a> (ハッピーマンデー制度, Happī Mandē Seido) moved several holidays to Monday. Starting with 2000: Coming-of-Age Day (formerly January 15, now the second Monday in January) and Health and Sports Day (formerly October 10, now the second Monday in October).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Starting with 2003: Marine Day (formerly July 20, now the third Monday in July) and Respect for the Aged Day (formerly September 15, now the third Monday in September).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li> <li>2005, 2007: April 29 was renamed <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Day" title="Shōwa Day">Shōwa Day</a>, and May 4, previously a generic national holiday (国民の休日, kokumin no kyūjitsu), became the new <a href="/wiki/Greenery_Day" title="Greenery Day">Greenery Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Day" title="Mountain Day">Mountain Day</a> was established as a new holiday, to be observed starting 2016<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto10-34">[34]</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>'s birthday is December 23; however, he abdicated April 30, 2019, in favor of his son <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>, which moved the "Emperor's Birthday" holiday to February 23. Because the transition happened before <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>'s birthday but after <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>'s, the "Emperor's Birthday" holiday was not celebrated that year.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li>2020: The speech given by <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a> during the New Year was the first given since 2017, when <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> halted the practice to reduce his workload.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>2021, 2022: Because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> crisis, <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>'s New Year's greetings were delivered via a televised speech instead of in-person.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto6-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>2023: The imperial family's New Year's greetings were held publicly for the first time in three years.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Emperor's Birthday on February 23 will also be the first time public celebrations will be held for the occasion since <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Naruhito</a>'s ascension in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The latter events in 2020, 2021 and 2022 had all been cancelled due to concerns over <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_Festivals">Seasonal Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seasonal Festivals">edit</a>]</div> The following are known as the five seasonal festivals (節句, sekku), also known as <a href="/wiki/Gosekku" title="Gosekku">gosekku</a> (五節句). The sekku were made official holidays during <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> on Chinese <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a>. The dates of these festivals are confused nowadays; some on the Gregorian calendar, others on "Tsuki-okure". <ol><li>7th day of the 1st month: 人日 (<a href="/wiki/Jinjitsu" title="Jinjitsu">Jinjitsu</a>), 七草の節句 (<a href="/wiki/Nanakusa_no_sekku" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanakusa no sekku">Nanakusa no sekku</a>) held on 7 January</li> <li>3rd day of the 3rd month: 上巳 (Jōshi), 桃の節句 (Momo no sekku) held on 3 March or 3 April depending on the area <ul><li>雛祭り (<a href="/wiki/Hinamatsuri" title="Hinamatsuri">Hina matsuri</a>, Girls' Day).</li></ul></li> <li>5th day of the 5th month: <a href="/wiki/Double_Fifth" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Fifth">Tango</a> (端午): mostly held on 5 May <ul><li>端午の節句 (<a href="/wiki/Tango_no_sekku" title="Tango no sekku">Tango no sekku</a>), 菖蒲の節句 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayame_no_sekku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayame no sekku (page does not exist)">Ayame no sekku</a>)</li> <li>Boys' Day. Overlaps with the national holiday <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>7th day of the 7th month: 七夕 (Shichiseki, <a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a>), 星祭り (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoshi_matsuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoshi matsuri (page does not exist)">Hoshi matsuri</a>) held on 7 July in many areas, but in northern Japan held on 7 August (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>)</li> <li>9th day of the 9th month: 重陽 (Chōyō), 菊の節句 (<a href="/wiki/Kiku_no_sekku" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiku no sekku">Kiku no sekku</a>) almost out of vogue today</li></ol> Not sekku: <ul><li>January 1: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></li> <li>August 15: <a href="/wiki/Obon" title="Obon">Obon</a> – the date is "Tsuki-okure". In central <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Obon is held on July 15 (the local culture of Tokyo tends to dislike Tsuki-okure custom[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>])</li> <li>December 31: <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmisoka" title="Ōmisoka">Ōmisoka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customary_issues_in_modern_Japan">Customary issues in modern Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Customary issues in modern Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gregorian_months_and_the_"One-Month_Delay"">Gregorian months and the "One-Month Delay"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gregorian months and the "One-Month Delay"">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to other East Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, Japan has almost completely forgotten the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>. Since 1876, January has been officially regarded as the "first month" even when setting the date of Japanese traditional <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> events (other months are the same: February as the second month, March as the third, and so on). But this system often brings a strong seasonal sense of gap since the event is 3 to 7 weeks earlier than in the traditional calendar. Modern Japanese culture has invented a kind of "compromised" way of setting dates for festivals called Tsuki-okure ("One-Month Delay") or Chūreki ("The Eclectic Calendar"). The festival is celebrated just one solar calendar month later than the date on the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Buddhist festival of <a href="/wiki/Obon" title="Obon">Obon</a> was the 15th day of the 7th month. In many places the religious services are held on 15 July. However, in some areas, the rites are normally held on 15 August, which is more seasonally close to the old calendar. (The general term "Obon holiday" always refers to the middle of August.) Although this is just de facto and customary, it is broadly used when setting the dates of many folklore events and religious festivals. But <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a> is the great exception. The date of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a> is always 1 January. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">East Asian age reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Jikkan Jūnishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kigo" title="List of kigo">List of kigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Japanese festivals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2272.html">"Calendar" at Japan-guide.com</a>; Bramsen, William. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ/page/n33">Japanese chronological tables, p. 25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Clement, Ernest W. (1902). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iq8BAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=">Japanese Calendars</a>", in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. 30–31, p. 3, </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_3-1">b</a> See the page on the history of the calendar at the National Diet Library site: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Bramsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ/page/n71">pp. 5–11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Bramsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ/page/n65">pp. 2–5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_6-1">b</a> See list of nengō with the reasons for the changes in Rekishi Dokuhon, January 2008 ("Nihon no Nengo Tokushuu"), pp. 196–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tofugu.com/2014/07/15/understanding-the-ways-that-japan-tells-time/">"Understanding The Ways That Japan Tells Time"</a>. 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April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=New+Japan+era+to+be+called+%27Reiwa%2C%27+or+pursuing+harmony&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fbfb2106efca04461a1dd17675a85f18f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2019" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/01/reiwa-how-japans-new-era-name-is-breaking-tradition">"Reiwa: How Japan's new era name is breaking tradition"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Reiwa%3A+How+Japan%27s+new+era+name+is+breaking+tradition&rft.date=2019-04&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fapr%2F01%2Freiwa-how-japans-new-era-name-is-breaking-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Japan-unveils-dawn-of-the-Reiwa-era">"Japan unveils dawn of the 'Reiwa' era"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+unveils+dawn+of+the+%27Reiwa%27+era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FJapan-s-Reiwa-era%2FJapan-unveils-dawn-of-the-Reiwa-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Bramsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ/page/n19">p. 11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> See "2533 years since Jinmu's accession" in the heading <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/history/pic10_2_lar.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122230000/http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/history/pic10_2_lar.html">Archived</a> January 22, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_17-1">b</a> "kigen" in Kokushi Daijiten, vol. 4 (Yoshikawa Kôbunkan, 1983). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> 閏年ニ關スル件 (Japanese Imperial <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a> No. 90, May 11, 1898) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Bramsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_mk8aAAAAIAAJ/page/n33">p. 25</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/features/h00124/">"Japan's 72 Microseasons"</a>. October 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+72+Microseasons&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Ffeatures%2Fh00124%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.takasago.com/en/new">"Takasago website has adopted a new theme. | Takasago International Corporation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Takasago+website+has+adopted+a+new+theme.+%26%23124%3B+Takasago+International+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.takasago.com%2Fen%2Fnew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/b09701/?cx_recs_click=true">"Japan's 24 Solar Terms"</a>. February 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+24+Solar+Terms&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fjapan-topics%2Fb09701%2F%3Fcx_recs_click%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/b09702/?cx_recs_click=true">"Risshun (Beginning of Spring)"</a>. February 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risshun+%28Beginning+of+Spring%29&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fjapan-topics%2Fb09702%2F%3Fcx_recs_click%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-about.com_old_names-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about.com_old_names_24-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928025148/http://japanese.about.com/library/blqow34.htm">"Can you tell me the old names of the months?"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanese.about.com/library/blqow34.htm">the original</a> on September 28, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+you+tell+me+the+old+names+of+the+months%3F&rft.pub=About.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapanese.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fblqow34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988">[ About.com, Can you tell me the old names of the months?] </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/jn/%E5%8D%AF%E6%9C%88/m0u/">"「卯月」で始まる言葉 – 国語辞書の検索結果 – goo辞書"</a> (in Japanese). Retrieved November 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3Dja%3E%E3%80%8C%E5%8D%AF%E6%9C%88%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A7%E5%A7%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89+%E2%80%93+%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C+%E2%80%93+goo%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.goo.ne.jp%2Fsrch%2Fjn%2F%25E5%258D%25AF%25E6%259C%2588%2Fm0u%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/jn/%E6%B0%B4%E7%84%A1%E6%9C%88/m0u/">"「水無月」で始まる言葉 – 国語辞書の検索結果 – goo辞書"</a> (in Japanese). Retrieved November 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3Dja%3E%E3%80%8C%E6%B0%B4%E7%84%A1%E6%9C%88%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A7%E5%A7%8B%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89+%E2%80%93+%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C+%E2%80%93+goo%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.goo.ne.jp%2Fsrch%2Fjn%2F%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E7%2584%25A1%25E6%259C%2588%2Fm0u%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Entries in the standard dictionaries Daijisen 大辞泉 (Shōgakukan 小学館), Daijirin 大辞林 (Sanseidō 三省堂), Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 日本国語大辞典 (Shōgakukan 小学館). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Reader_and_George_J._Tanabe_Jr.1998" class="citation book cs1">Ian Reader and George J. Tanabe Jr. (1998). Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2090-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2090-8"><bdi>0-8248-2090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practically+Religious%3A+Worldly+Benefits+and+the+Common+Religion+of+Japan&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8248-2090-8&rft.au=Ian+Reader+and+George+J.+Tanabe+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 日本国語大辞典 (Shōgakukan 小学館) lists nine more besides. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehtonen2019" class="citation web cs1">Lehtonen, Erynn (February 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oteRDwAAQBAJ&q=month%22+three+jun%22&pg=PT253">"Spirit of the Dragon"</a>. Erynn Lehtonen via PublishDrive – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+the+Dragon&rft.pub=Erynn+Lehtonen+via+PublishDrive&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.aulast=Lehtonen&rft.aufirst=Erynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoteRDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmonth%2522%2Bthree%2Bjun%2522%26pg%3DPT253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyao2014" class="citation book cs1">Miyao, Daisuke (July 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXD1AQAAQBAJ&q=%22Kinema+Junpo%22++month&pg=PA150">The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Cinema</a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199731664" title="Special:BookSources/9780199731664"><bdi>9780199731664</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Japanese+Cinema&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2014-07-12&rft.isbn=9780199731664&rft.aulast=Miyao&rft.aufirst=Daisuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXD1AQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Kinema%2BJunpo%2522%2B%2Bmonth%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Nussbaum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA513&dq=">"Kichijitsu"</a> at p. 513. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025023143/http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/english/publication/annual/2002/169.pdf">"The Japanese Fiscal Year and Miscellaneous Data"</a> (PDF). Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/english/publication/annual/2002/169.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 25, 2007. 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December 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+Emperor%27s+Birthday+Greeting+Event+to+Resume&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fyjj2022121900007%2F%3Fcx_recs_click%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+calendar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_calendar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nosi-mizuhiki.com/modules/tinyd4/">Rokuyo – Lucky and Unlucky Days of the Japanese Calendar</a> in Japanese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/">"The Japanese Calendar"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402230356/http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/calendar.htm">The Lunar Calendar in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_calendar21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_calendars" title="Template:Japanese calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_calendars" title="Template talk:Japanese calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_calendar21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese calendar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genka_calendar" title="Genka calendar">Genka calendar</a> 692–696</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gih%C5%8D_calendar" title="Gihō calendar">Gihō calendar</a> 697–763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taien_calendar" title="Taien calendar">Taien calendar</a> 764–862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goki_calendar" title="Goki calendar">Goki calendar</a> 858–861</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanming_calendar" title="Xuanming calendar">Semmyō calendar</a> 862–1685</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_calendar" title="Jōkyō calendar">Jōkyō calendar</a> 1685–1755</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dryaku_calendar" title="Hōryaku calendar">Hōryaku calendar</a> 1755–1798</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansei_calendar" title="Kansei calendar">Kansei calendar</a> 1798–1844</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenp%C5%8D_calendar" title="Tenpō calendar">Tenpō calendar</a> 1844–1872</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> 1873–present</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_calendar" title="Mizo calendar">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_calendar" title="Digital calendar">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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